@museumwnf/the-table-is-set-data 1.0.1

package/translations/glossary.en.json

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+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"e2af48f9-49cb-51b7-84fd-bbcca177f07b":{"definition":"Masonry technique used in facades of historical buildings and characterised by alternating rows of light (yellow or white) and dark (red or black) stones or bricks.  \n  \nThe first fortress built in this style in northern Arabia during the 5th century AD was the fortress of Samawal. The style spread from al-Andalus, specifically from the Great Mosque of Cordoba (AH 170 / AD 776) into Islamic architecture. It became popular in the Levant due to the availability of white limestone and black basalt. A notable example is the Azem (or Ablaq) Palace in Damascus. Examples in Cairo include Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir and the mosque built by Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun.","spellings":["Ablaq","Iplik"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"A practice of ritual cleansing with water to be performed before prayer.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"c94f90f7-949a-50b0-93a1-337d3f7e80bf":{"definition":"Abu Zayd Kashani was an Iranian ceramicist, painter, calligrapher, and poet from the late 6th to early 7th century AH (late 12th to early 13th century AD). Abu Zayd is one of the most renowned ceramic artists from before the Mongol era, producing exquisite Minai and Zarrin-faam (gilded) ceramics over an extended period from 582 to 616 AH (1186-1219 AD). His works are considered among the earliest and most significant historical examples in the field of Iranian ceramics.","spellings":["Abu Zayd"]},"85a0ff83-d0ac-53f5-8e2f-e782ef2dbb2b":{"definition":"An official chronicle of the reign of Akbar, the Akbarnama is a collection of texts and illustrated manuscripts written in Farsi by the court historian and biographer Abu’l Fazl ibn Mubarak and commissioned by Akbar himself. Composed between 1590 and 1597 CE, the manuscript consists of 274 folios of text interspersed with 116 illustrated folios and one illuminated front piece.","spellings":["Akbarnama"]},"34f3c711-7719-5478-a311-2b54051f81d0":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Just, fair.","spellings":["Adil","Adili","Al Adl","Al-Adili"]},"747e800c-2146-5632-889b-02f277a7ec61":{"definition":"From the Arabic word *Dawla*, meaning to turn, alternate, or come around in a cyclical fashion. The sense of alternating periods of fortune or misfortune led Arab writers to use the word when speaking of dynastic succession. In the 19th century, as Western distinctions between the state and the government began to filter into Muslim countries, Dawla became increasingly disentangled from its more personalistic connotations and began to be used almost exclusively in the sense of \"state\".","spellings":["Ad-Dawla","Al-Dawla"]},"201d853b-4474-51af-9e70-8502823535b6":{"definition":"The 48th Chapter/Surah of the Quran, meaning \"The Victory\". It is composed of 29 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fath"]},"5da091ab-2521-5fd0-9c6b-804078feb293":{"definition":"An honorific Islamic religious title given to Sunni Muslim religious scholars, generally means highly qualified Islamic scholar.","spellings":["Al-Mawlawi","Maulvi","Mawlawi","Mawlvi","Moulavi","Moulvi"]},"55aae703-bcda-5ede-aedc-b02a0583cc19":{"definition":"The 67th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Sovereignty\". It is composed of 30 verses.","spellings":["Al-Mulk"]},"081c777a-a6b8-599a-b2cc-1ea7f2513031":{"definition":"Pottery jar for apothecaries’ ointments and dry drugs made in the Near East and in Spain and produced in Italy from the 15th through the 18th century. Since the jar had to be easy to hold, use, and shelve, its basic form was cylindrical but incurved for grasping and wide-mouthed for access.","spellings":["Albarello"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"22b53494-49b4-56ac-8f6f-9b4231d55ce1":{"definition":"(Pl. *alfices* (Es), *alfizes* (Pt)) From Ar. *hayyiz*. Rectangular surround to the Arabic arch, which frames the spandrels and starts from either the imposts or the base.","spellings":["Alfices","Alfiz","Alfizes","Alhayyiz","Alhiz"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"13b13347-73d9-5e9b-896e-e43453a70910":{"definition":"(pl. of *rabat*). In Sufi tradition, an *arbita *refers to a hospice combined with an educational establishment.**","spellings":["Arbita"]},"4b276222-ccaa-52f9-9e53-a26c705c0197":{"definition":"On the 10th day of Muharram, in Türkiye, both Sunni and Alevi-Bektashi Muslims prepare and share Ashura (also known as Noah’s pudding), a ritual dish believed to symbolise prosperity.","spellings":["Ashura"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Commander-in-chief of the armies. Atabegs were appointed as tutors for young Seljuq princes acting as governors of important towns but they gained power and in time their independence.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"From Ar. *tawriq*. Stylised plant motif ornamentation inspired by the classical acanthus, much used in Hispano-Muslim art.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘attarin*) Merchant of perfume, incense and medicinal plants.","spellings":["‘Attar","Attarin","Ittar"]},"f8abb38d-e51e-5fc5-9493-dc1508482dcf":{"definition":"Plural of Wakf, meaning religious endowments. Also meaning endowments.","spellings":["Awkaf","Awqaf"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"A Spanish and Portuguese term for glazed tiles which have been set into a larger pattern to cover walls in courtyards of mosques and palaces. It is a term common all over the Maghreb. See also *zellij*.","spellings":["Azulejo"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"c7d29783-477c-5904-b170-0ec614236c60":{"definition":"Type of bowl.","spellings":["Badiye"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"ac8a2874-8a19-55b3-9857-60843740d359":{"definition":"Dignitary. See also pasha.","spellings":["Basha"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Public market or designated place for commerce; covered market with doors (Persia). Fr. bazar. See also *arasta*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bazaar","Bazar"]},"46ff785b-9dcb-5b17-8c61-bc0e30c11ace":{"definition":"Mystical Sufi order that emerged within Kalenderism in the 13th century, subsequently developing in Anatolia towards the end of the 15th century, arising from traditions of Hacı Bektaş-ı Velî. It exerted significant influence over the Ottoman military, specifically the Janissary corps, and played a pivotal role in the dissemination of Islam throughout the Balkan region.","spellings":["Bektashism"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"The ruler of an independent emirate; a title of respect for a man of the upper classes; title held by the sovereign vassals of the sultan. *Beylerbeyi*: The bey of beys: the highest rank in the provincial government of the Ottoman Empire. *Beylicat*, *beylik*: soverignty of or territory ruled by a bey. See also *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey","Beylicat","Beylik"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital, infirmary or asylum.  \n  \nTr. *darüşşifa*, *şifahane*.","spellings":["Bimarestan","Bimaristan","Darüşşifa","Maristan","Şifahane"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"9c5b0b5e-062a-5b06-ace2-d6a40e4d5cb9":{"definition":"The term \"Bustaan\" or \"Bustan\" directly translates to \"Garden\" or \"Orchard.\" It is also the title of a poetry book penned by the Persian poet Saadi in AH 655/ AD 1257. The book is rich with valuable spiritual guidance and practical wisdom.","spellings":["Boostaan","Boostan","Bostan","Boustan","Bustaan","Bustan"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortress, citadel, usually equated with the city centre. Ar. *qasba*. *Ksiba*: small kasbah, the name of a neighbourhood in Bizerte, Tunisia. See also *hisn*, *qal’a*.","spellings":["Casbah","Kasbah","Ksiba","Ksibah","Qasaba","Qasba","Qasbah"]},"ecd12214-7b80-5d96-a6e4-054647695519":{"definition":"Curved concave sweep.","spellings":["Cavetto"]},"8013dd99-b044-5c32-9cd2-44d308c0c03d":{"definition":"A term used in enamelled metalworking. Enamel glass powder is fired and fixed within depressions incised in the surface of the metal. In pottery this term is used for vessels with decoration standing out in relief obtained by taking away a slip and receiving an additional covering with a lead glaze.","spellings":["Champlevé"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"ecb796d7-8a47-5b6b-b1de-735827242cfc":{"definition":"\"Corals, like pearls, are an organic material which have earned their place within the world of precious stones. They are valued not only for their physical properties and beauty, but also because of their symbolic and spiritual properties. Corals are miniature sea organisms called polyps, which live in warm and clear waters. Their skeletons consist mainly of calcium carbonate, which hardens after a coral dies. Coral colonies are made up of individual coral “trees” which, while growing, intertwine. Corals come in many colors, but the most common is red in a variety of shades.  \nCorals are widely used for jewelry and other decorative arts. Many traits, positive and negative, have been attributed to corals, and they are mentioned in the histories of all cultures that had the opportunity to encounter them. The Quran briefly mentions corals, as well as rubies, as the stones that symbolize celestial women in paradise. In Hindu culture, it is believed that the tender young leaves of the Kalpa tree, a symbolical offering to the gods, were made of corals. In general, corals symbolize loyalty and sacrifice, and have also been associated with cures for the plague and other diseases. Belief in the healing powers of the stone has affiliated it with the protection of children.\"","spellings":["Coral","Corals"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Literally “dry cord”, a way of separating different coloured glazes on a tile during firing with greased cords. The term is also used for the technique of delineating the contours of a design with a mixture of wax or vegetable fat and manganese oxide. It is also known as “coloured glaze technique” in Turkish art and is seen in Turkey in the AH 9th–10th / AD 15th–16th centuries.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Member of a Muslim religious order noted for its devotional practices. Fr. *derviche*.","spellings":["Darvesh","Darwish","Derviche","Dervish"]},"0c6702be-079c-5910-88ee-33a290820f45":{"definition":"Holder of Sultan's ink bottle (from Persian دوات‌دار meaning bearer of the ink bottle), sometimes also referred to as secretary.","spellings":["Dawadar"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Term used in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria for a high-ranking officer in the Turkish militia elected by a local council of janissaries. Below the Ottoman *Beylerbeyi* in rank deys nevertheless represented absolute power in the region. When they came into conflict with the Ottoman court, they were punished heavily. Tr. *dayı*. See also *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Daya","Dayi","Dey"]},"eb4ec166-81db-5b55-9f7c-de12b453b102":{"definition":"The term dhikr comes from the triliteral root that means \"to remember\". In the context of the Islamic tradition, dhikr means the remembrance of God. This remembrance of God can take many forms. The word dhikr is also used to mean litanies and specific phrases in remembrance of God. This term could mean the Quran.","spellings":["Dhikr","Thikr","Zekr","Zikar","Zikr"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"361e7ea5-af46-528c-85be-3f4949c08398":{"definition":"Date syrup.","spellings":["Dibs"]},"f68bb09f-0323-528e-a7bc-c97eec5531d8":{"definition":"Monetary unit used in several countries. It was first introduced as an Islamic coinage in the late 7th century CE by Abd al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty. The dinar dates from the Roman times, when it was known as denarius. Made of gold.","spellings":["Dinar","Dinara"]},"dc07b2ea-551e-5012-a166-43402ac5534c":{"definition":"Silver coins, also used as a weight standard (2.97g).","spellings":["Dirham","Dirhem","Dirhm"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"16e5e640-a860-5917-bc5f-7e13a3825ded":{"definition":"\"Emeralds are gemstones from the beryl mineral group which develop in a hexagonal shape. The gemstone got its name because of its color (from the Greek *Smaragdos*, meaning green stone), and it is said to symbolize the force of cosmic life, strength and inner peace.  \nEmeralds are considered to be the gemstones of alchemists, who believe the emerald of wisdom gives life to nature. In Central America, they are related to fertility. In ancient Egypt, emeralds decorated funerary jewelry of noblemen and other high-ranking individuals. Because the gems were extremely rare, green colored glass or pottery were sometimes used instead.\"","spellings":["Emerald","Emeralds"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Another name for slip, now largely obsolete.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"cd62ef51-dfea-5e66-a924-b9ac8fd72a21":{"definition":"A French term for maiolica, tin-glazed earthenware of post-Medieval Europe. Also a ceramic composed of a body of crushed quartz and an overlying glaze, common in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Capable of being moulded into small objects which were initially confused with earthenware with a white tin glaze and the term faience, incorrectly applied, has remained in use.","spellings":["Faience"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"38f9b696-41fe-5bb6-aea9-f97476afeed6":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nFez  \nCity in northern Morocco  \n  \nFez  \nA brimless cylindrical or somewhat cone-shaped hat with a flat top that usually has a tassel, is typically made of red felt, and is worn especially by men in eastern Mediterranean countries","spellings":["Fes","Fez"]},"9710d010-10f2-5ad9-b13d-b664a92335eb":{"definition":"A Persian poet who authored the Shahnameh. This monumental work stands as one of the most extensive epic poems ever composed by a single poet, and holds the esteemed position of being the preeminent epic within Persian-speaking nations.","spellings":["Ferdausi","Ferdowsi","Firdausi","Firdawsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"A designation for a ceramic body consisting mainly of quartz and some glaze mixture. In the firing process the quartz and the glaze fuse to a white body, sometimes also called stonepaste.","spellings":["Fritware"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"A leaf with illustration preceding the title-page of a book.","spellings":["Frontispiece"]},"d0a5c7c0-4aea-55a1-99af-300a6e2be808":{"definition":"A type of knife. Could also refer to the ubiquitous short lyric whose cultivated formal rhetoric readily allows its expressions of private feeling to achieve widespread public outreach through recitation and musical performance as well as written dissemination. Also, could refer to a gazelle.","spellings":["Ghazal"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"From ghazwa (military raid), referring to a noble title for those who participated in battles for Islam. It became a military rank during the Mamluk period and was notably applied to Mahmud of Ghazni, as inscribed on Mahmud’s Tower in Ghazni in AH 421 / AD 1030. Tr. *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"ed99231a-c0b2-5d20-a744-24e1dda99d0d":{"definition":"Literally meaning rose garden. It also refers to a literary work, a book of Persian prose written in 1258 by Sheikh Sadi Shirazi, a writer widely recognized as one of the greatest masters of the classical Persian literary tradition.","spellings":["Golastan","Golestan","Gulistan"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"A gift of real estate bequeathed in perpetuity under certain conditions in favour of a mosque or other religious institution, such as a *madrasa* or *khanqah*, or a civil institution such as a *sabil*, or even a house. See also *waqf*.","spellings":["Habus"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"34de20aa-0e07-573b-bdd7-f5b965cda195":{"definition":"\"Seven Thrones,\" known in Persian as \"Haft Awrang,\" is a renowned work of Persian literature by the poet Jami, believed to have been written between AH 872- 890 / AD 1468 and 1485.","spellings":["Haft Awrang"]},"78fbda06-59a1-5c53-968c-a29d97e17693":{"definition":"Haft rang is a type of decorative ceramic tile that is famous for its vibrant and colourful designs. Haft Rang Tiles have a long history, dating back to ancient Persia (modern-day Iran). They have been used for centuries to decorate architectural structures, palaces, mosques, and other important buildings. Becasue of this, these tiles are considered a significant part of both Persian and Islamic art and architecture.","spellings":["Haft rang"]},"15a4f195-ae31-5896-b05c-fd48066bbab1":{"definition":"In Persian literally “seven colours”. A polychrome glazing technique used in Persia in the Middle Ages, in which the pigments developed into brilliant colours under an alkaline glaze after a second firing.","spellings":["Haft-rang","Haftrang"]},"9cfbd1b0-7a85-51d2-aebc-fd0b6ad1c5b6":{"definition":"A celebration observed on the 15th of Sha’ban in the United Arab Emirates and other Gulf Cooperation Countries to welcome the coming holy month of Ramadan.","spellings":["Hag al Layla"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"7357d832-1e4b-5e25-ae5c-44e119c49d9f":{"definition":"Hamadan, historically known as Ecbatana/ , is a city in western Iran and the capital of the Hamadan Province. Renowned for its historical significance, it is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world. Hamadan has a rich cultural heritage, with landmarks such as the Ganj Nameh inscriptions and is home to many notable tombs, including those of Esther and Mordechai. The city has played a pivotal role throughout various periods in Iranian history and offers a blend of historical sites and traditional markets giving it a vibrant atmosphere.","spellings":["Hamadaan","Hamadan","Hamedan"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Tr. Hanbeli. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"98126354-fd6d-514c-b8f3-e1e9c98539e5":{"definition":"Sacred plant and the drink made from it. Haoma is also personified as a divinity. It bestows essential vital qualities—health, fertility, husbands for maidens, even immortality.","spellings":["Haoma","Hauma","Homa"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castle. See also *qal’a*, *kasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"1cde97a5-238a-57b7-ae98-c6e06d4dd4a2":{"definition":"A small metal pot, usually of copper, with a long metal handle, used for preparing Turkish, Arabic, or Greek style coffee. Could also refer to a spouted jug made of metal or clay, usually used for ablution.","spellings":["Ibrik"]},"73a0a800-b933-53ac-9f7a-3030985394ef":{"definition":"Meaning fortune.","spellings":["Eqbal","Igbal","Ikbal","Iqbal"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Political entity officially known as Iranzamin. It was established and ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.","spellings":["Ilkhanate","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"7fb96b21-abb1-5f60-883e-2d6e33ce522d":{"definition":"This is a term in Swahili meaning flourishing, strong.","spellings":["Imara"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"From Ar. *imara*. A complex of buildings and institutions supported by a *waqf*. After the AH 10th / AD 16th century a public soup-kitchen for the poor.","spellings":["imaret"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"A technique in which cut ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoiseshell or the like are arranged in a geometrical pattern, often within a wooden framework.","spellings":["Inlaying"]},"ffd69886-00a2-5968-b0e0-16249a1412eb":{"definition":"A cultural and historical treasure in central Iran, often referred to as \"Nesf-e Jahan\" (Half of the World) due to its grandeur and beauty. Isfahan is famous for its stunning architecture, including the Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, and the historic Naqsh-e Jahan Square. It has a rich history as a capital of the Persian Empire during the Safavid dynasty and is renown for its Persian handicrafts and exquisite tilework.","spellings":["Esfahan","Isfahan"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"A vaulted hall or domed hall, walled on three sides with a large opening arch. Tr. eyvan.","spellings":["Eyvan","Ivan","Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Mountain, mountainous terrain. *Jabaliya*: mountain dwellers.","spellings":["Djebel","Jabal","Jabliya","Jebel"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"b1ec8e21-3e6a-5dda-9949-a516128c3408":{"definition":"An officer in the army of India, or any of several police or other officials of the government of India.","spellings":["Jamadar","Jamdar","Jemadar"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"The Ottoman sultan’s standing infantry corps, recruited from non-Muslims under the devşirme system and paid from the Treasury. Tr. *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Janissary","Yeniçeri Ocağı"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"b3d75c6a-1878-50e5-88da-5dc169dc75c0":{"definition":"A spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the Qurʾān, and they are conceptualized in Islam as creatures parallel to human beings who are capable of choosing between good and evil and must thus face eventual salvation or damnation. They are beings of smokeless flame by nature, in the same manner in which humans are said to be made of earth, and they cannot be seen by human beings.","spellings":["Djinn","Genie","Jinn"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"a440e09c-19a4-5c75-a54b-ddacd997f4c6":{"definition":"Colourful decoration done with a k*alem* (brush) on a plastered surface.","spellings":["K'alem","Kalemişi"]},"04f42d3e-3607-5497-ac48-4aa51fe765d3":{"definition":"A small room or cell (sometimes an independent building) with few or no windows to which Sufis retreat. It corresponds to the *halvet* of a Turkish bath – see *hammam*.","spellings":["Halvet","Khalwa"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"This term has two meanings:  \n  \nHAND OF FATIMA  \nThe “Hand of Fatima” or “Khamsa”, which can be found in souks all around Morocco, be it metallic, ceramic, coloured or made from camel bone, is a very widespread talisman. Khamsa means “five” and refers to the five fingers of the hand. Khamsa is an amulet which is typical of both the Islamic and Jewish religion.  \n  \nQUINTET OF POEMS  \n\"Khamsa\" typically refers to the quintet of poems composed by the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi in the 12th century. This collection, recognized as the \"Khamsa,\" which means five in Persian and Arabic, or \"Quintet,\" the term used in Europe, comprises five epic poems),\" “Makhzan al-Asrar” ( The Treasury of Mysteries), \"Khosrow and Shirin,\" \"The Seven Beauties,\" \"Eskandar-Nameh\" (The Book of Alexander), and \"Layla and Majnun.\" \"Khamsa\" is a compilation of Mathnawi poems, employing rhyming couplets, a specific form of Persian poetry well-suited for longer narrative works. Nezami's \"Khamsa\" is esteemed for its poetic beauty, moral depth, and the adept interweaving of historical and mythical elements. This masterpiece has left an enduring impact on Persian literature, being actively studied and appreciated for its literary and cultural significance.","spellings":["Hamsa","Hamza","Khamsa","Khamse","Khamseh"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"976efb7f-99d5-5674-b712-cbe4e60c4166":{"definition":"Type of dagger.","spellings":["Hançer","Handžar","Khanjar"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastery or hostel for itinerant Sufis or dervishes. Tr. *hanikah*, *hankah*. See also *zawiya*.","spellings":["Hanikah","Hankah","Khankah","Khanqa","Khanqah"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"An Arabised version of the Turkish *Hatun*, a title of respect for women of the upper classes.","spellings":["Hatun","Khatun"]},"389f98f7-38be-5c5a-8cb5-ec62be7a3d9c":{"definition":"A type of flatbread.","spellings":["Khubz"]},"2a3c0ddd-2061-5547-b807-78d7dfc8a700":{"definition":"A vast historical region in north-eastern Iran, known for its diverse culture and history. It encompasses several major urban centres, including Mashhad, the holiest city in Iran due to it being home to the Imam Reza Shrine. Khurasan has been a centre of trade, scholarship, and civilization for centuries, with influences from various dynasties and empires.","spellings":["Khorasan","Khurasan"]},"5e01e09b-4d1f-5455-951d-7bc5119dd368":{"definition":"Table.","spellings":["Khwan"]},"c7a6e5ba-2a85-5491-b7e4-4bdb152f4a22":{"definition":"A historically significant city and province located in south-eastern Iran. Kerman is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like carpet weaving, as well as its architectural marvels such as the Ganjali Khan Complex and the Jameh Mosque. The region is known for its desert landscapes, particularly the Lut Desert, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerman is also celebrated for its unique cuisine, blending Persian and Baluchi flavours, and its pivotal role as a hub on the historic Silk Road, fostering trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West.","spellings":["Kerman","Kirman"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Book. Kitabat: inscriptions.","spellings":["Kitaab","Kitab","Kitabat","Kuttab"]},"493375fc-3554-5e13-aecc-2cf8ffc093d8":{"definition":"Term used to describe a dome.","spellings":["Kubpa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"An Ottoman Turkish term that refers to religious and charitable complexes comprising several buildings with the mosque is at the centre. The other buildings were the hospital, bathhouse, soup-kitchen *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (bathhouse), *han* (lodgings), *imaret* (soup-kitchen), *madrasa* (school).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"efe31d1d-66e8-5909-b11e-f8bc1f80884a":{"definition":"A form of jewellery made from gold, usually with a core of wax. The term kundan itself means highly refined pure gold, and this type of jewellery generally involves 24k pure gold.","spellings":["Kundan"]},"f857adf7-6659-5214-8d3f-6b14fce488af":{"definition":"A type of yogurt that is a staple in the Islamic world.","spellings":["Laban"]},"747c42e9-649d-5559-a7b6-1d32a0a36949":{"definition":"A ceramic technique (from Persian *lajvard*, – lapis lazuli) in which a monochrome coloured glaze was applied to a tile or vessel, which was then fired. The ceramic was then painted with an enamel colour and fired a second time. Like lustreware, *lajvard*ina wares were costly to produce and are only found in Ilkhanid Iran.","spellings":["Lajvard","Lajvardina"]},"806d0653-a690-5716-8f8b-94ca4052b605":{"definition":"Term often designating lustre ceramic produced in Al-Andalus.  \n  \nFrom Spanish \"gilded ceramic\".","spellings":["Loza dorada"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which a thin coating of metal oxide resulted in an iridescent and golden shining surface on glazed ceramics. The lustre technique was introduced to many different regions by travelling potters.","spellings":["lustre","lustre-painted ware","Lustreware"]},"771802a5-edca-59b2-932c-9952378c6dae":{"definition":"A natural region of the northern Sahara Desert in Ghardaïa Province, Algeria.","spellings":["M'zab","Mzab"]},"f2c933f6-93e1-5c11-a123-36ceacc8076f":{"definition":"Comes from ضيف (*dayf*guest). A *madafa* is a building or specific room within a home designated for receiving guests.","spellings":["Madafa"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"0ef7f8f7-4076-532a-bb30-309094400dcb":{"definition":"A spoon, could also mean scoop, depending on the context.","spellings":["Magharif"]},"4d0ea53b-609e-5e3d-817e-8067fab67fc3":{"definition":"(pl. majalis). Meeting hosted by the ruler or a high official. Designate also the audience hall in which the assembly was held.","spellings":["Majles","Majlis"]},"9e4b2650-05be-581f-8706-c2064eac74ce":{"definition":"A traditional elementary school that historically taught Quran, reading, writing, and basic Islamic studies. See also *kuttab*.  \n  \nTr. *mektep*, *sıbyan mektebi*.","spellings":["Maktab","Mektep","Sıbyan mektebi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Light, lamp, beacon. See also *fanar*.","spellings":["Manar","Manara","Me'zana","Minar","Minaret"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Wooden lattice screens made of turned pieces of wood assembled to form a window grille. Fr: *machrabiyya*. Tr. *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mashrabiya","Mashrabiyya","Meşrebiye"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literally, “place of prostration”. A mosque where daily prayers are held, usually with the exception of the Friday prayers, which cannot take place in a *meşrebiye* owing to the absence of a *minbar*. Tr. *mescit*. See also *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid","Mescit"]},"0cdf2b3a-f444-5757-a5d7-009cdb4ac1b7":{"definition":"(Turkish *Mevlid*) Birthday of the Prophet. Along with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid refers to the \"text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration\" or \"a text recited or sung on that day\".**","spellings":["Mawlid al-nabi","Mevlid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"1eec6d02-be45-5c34-aad1-32d6dd772a28":{"definition":"A designation for fritware pottery made at Kashan/Iran which uses enamel colours on a differently coloured ground (white, turquoise etc.) for ornamental and figural painting and inscriptions.  \n  \nMinakari, also known as Minai, is a traditional Persian enamelworking technique, distinguished by intricate designs and vibrant colours. This art form involves applying colourful enamel paints onto metal surfaces, such as copper, and then firing them in a kiln to achieve a glossy and durable finish. Minakari often features intricate patterns, floral motifs, and other details, creating visually captivating pieces of art. It has been used to embellish various objects, including pottery, vases, plates, and jewellery, and holds cultural significance as a celebrated art form in Iran.","spellings":["Mina'i","Minai","Minai ware","Minakari"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"A stepped pulpit for delivering the sermon during the Friday prayers and the first morning prayers during the two big Muslim feasts. It is placed to the right of the *mihrab* in a mosque. *minbar*s first appeared in the Umayyad period.","spellings":["Mimber","Minbar"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"The Ming dynasty ruled in China 1368–1644. Blue-and-white Ming porcelain is distinguished by the integration of dragon motifs with floral compositions. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming-style pottery"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"a26fcbf5-43f5-53e6-8d77-b2efc78c5302":{"definition":"Funerary stele which is usually made out of marble. Mqabriya is an equivalent of a tomb stone.","spellings":["Mashrabiyya","Mqabriya"]},"432a631d-9c77-5598-9224-35e8479385c8":{"definition":"(Pl. *murabitun*) A religious Muslim, sanctified by asceticism, whose tomb is a place of pilgrimage; a warrior-monk living in a *ribat*. The name of a dynasty known in English as Almoravid that ruled al-Andalus AH 454–541 / AD 1062–1147. Fr. *mourabit*, *mourabitoun*.","spellings":["Mourabit","Mourabitoun","Murabit"]},"b01a26b1-9ff1-5e29-aedd-bb4316a59907":{"definition":"A volume measuring instrument that has been widely used as a reference measure in the Islamic region for the payment of *zakat*, *fidya* and *kaffara*. Many well-known literatures have their own definition of the mudd, but never being discussed technically in term of volume calibration. It equals to 628 ml (KSA).","spellings":["Mudd"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"03227851-5ee8-50c8-854d-1dd15bf4e700":{"definition":"Roasted almonds coated with a thin layer of sugar mixed with rose water.","spellings":["Mulabbas"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"From Ar. *muwallad*. Christians who were converted to Islamism and lived as Muslims during the domination of the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula.","spellings":["Muladi","Mullawad"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literally “copied”. One of the most widespread styles of Islamic calligraphy used in Qur’ans and other books. It combines the flexibility of the *farsi* style with the harmony of the *kufic* script. Tr. *nesih*.","spellings":["Naskhi","Nesih"]},"ea137b2c-4b18-5db2-bba2-703e333c897d":{"definition":"Whilst prevailing belief is that Naskh calligraphy emerged in 310 AH (922-23 AD), recent research suggests it evolved from the Kufic script that dates back to the early days of Islam. Over time, Naskh supplanted Kufic as the preferred script for the Qur'an. Today, Naskh is the dominant script used in Qur'an transcription, surpassing all other scripts combined due to its enhanced legibility.","spellings":["Naskh"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"One the most widespread styles of Arabic calligraphy (with *thuluth* and *naskhi*), developed by Persian calligraphers. A stronger and more stylish form of *ta’liq*, it is characterised by its rounded forms, clarity and geometrical purity. Although written without vowel marks it was much favoured as it was easy to read. Tr. *nestalik*.  \n  \nEmerged as the prominent form of Persian calligraphy during the 15th and 16th centuries. This cursive style was a fusion of the naskhi and taʿliq scripts, characterised by elongated horizontal strokes and exaggerated rounded shapes. In nastaʿliq, diacritical marks were informally positioned, and lines flowed with a curvaceous grace rather than adhering to a strict straightness. This script often found its way into the artwork of the early Safavid era (16th century) and is traditionally regarded as the most refined among Persian calligraphic styles.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq","Nastaleeq","Nastaliq","Nestalik"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"A technique used in metalwork, where engraved areas are filled with a mixture of different materials such as lead, copper and silver. Fr. *niel*.","spellings":["Niel","Niello"]},"78098713-2d8f-5314-b786-0c0cdd7710a0":{"definition":"Waterwheel","spellings":["Na'ura","Nawa'ir","Norias"]},"459f8079-3081-520c-95f1-def76fceb958":{"definition":"Stringed musical instrument prominent in medieval and modern Islamic music. It is the parent of the European lute. The oud has a deep pear-shaped body, a fretless fingerboard.","spellings":["Oud","Ūd"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"a2005bd2-bdc7-54c7-b3c5-a7cd040e82bc":{"definition":"Reception hall where guests are received.","spellings":["Qa'a"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"edfade68-77b4-50e0-9ff7-afb7a8c25e32":{"definition":"Coffee.","spellings":["Qahwa"]},"4d18e8e6-08e9-5718-a909-b32176922d68":{"definition":"Person who prepares coffee.","spellings":["Qahwaji"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"3569da80-2a51-50bb-afca-141112480550":{"definition":"A term used only in Tunisia for Ottoman-inspired polychrome pottery for architectural decoration produced in an area in the city of Tunis called Qallalin.","spellings":["Qallalin ware"]},"59b4beee-e4d9-52ef-99f1-2a66945a3694":{"definition":"A term for glazed tile panels derived from the Iranian city of Kashan, where tiles to decorate buildings had been produced since the Seljuq period. The term was used by the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battutah in Iran for the tile panels that reminded him of the *zellij* tiles of the Maghreb.","spellings":["Qashani"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction of the Ka‘ba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. The qibla wall of the mosque is where the *mihrab* is situated.","spellings":["Kibla","Qibla","Qiblah","Quibla"]},"ea57d4ad-03a1-5d50-8738-499eaa736d91":{"definition":"Earthen jar or jug.","spellings":["Qolla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"The fourth month of the Islamic calendar. Its name means  the 'second spring'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani","Rabi‘","Rabi’a"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"The ninth month of the Hijri / lunar calendar when Muslims fast. It is the last of the three consecutive holy months. Tr. Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan","Ramadhan","Ramathan","Ramazan"]},"732e2f9b-afda-508f-9938-c167d92f40f2":{"definition":"Reza Abbasi was a renowned Persian artist associated with the Esfahan school. He held a special place as the preferred painter of Shah Abbas I, often referred to as Shah Abbas the Great. Reza Abbasi was born around AH 977 / AD 1570 in Mashhad, which was part of Safavid Iran. His father, Ali Asghar of Kashan, was an artist who worked in the court of Prince Ibrahim Mirza, the Safavid viceroy in Mashhad. During that period (AH 963- 984 / AD 1556-1577), Mashhad was a prominent hub for the development of the arts in Iran.","spellings":["Aqa Reza","Reza Abbasi","Riza yi 'Abbasi"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"40f27447-6ac4-5d17-9557-f1bd3868060b":{"definition":"Arcade or portico. Tr. *revak*.","spellings":["Revak","Riwaq"]},"9b3eb14d-ccb9-5bdf-b3a6-ae4fd27367cf":{"definition":"Rosewater is a fragrant liquid crafted by immersing rose petals in water. Prior to the advancement of the distillation method for producing rosewater, Persian cuisine already employed rose petals to enhance the aroma and taste of dishes. Rose water likely had its beginnings in Persia, where it was identified as \"gulab\". The technique of steam distillation to create rosewater was perfected by Persian chemist, Ibn Sina/ Avicenna, within the medieval Islamic world.","spellings":["Gulab","Rose Water","Rosewater"]},"e86b778e-eb99-506f-b636-43526557b90f":{"definition":"\"Rubies are red colored gemstones made of aluminium oxide, and they come from the mineral group of corundum. Like other gemstones, they are formed deep under the Earth’s surface, but at a shallower depth than most. Rubies owe their notable red color to the presence of chromium oxide during crystal formation. Rubies rank relatively low on the Mohs scale (used to measure mineral hardness), and therefore require extra attention when being polished and set into jewelry.  \nDue to its vivid color, the stone is the ultimate symbol of fire, and it symbolizes humility, kindness and godly love. It is considered the most precious gemstone in India and the Hindu religion, where it is referred to as the *Ratna Raj*, or “Queen of All Gemstones”. Islamic tradition has similar symbolism in the story of Abraham’s ruby, which was brought to Kabba by Archangel Michael but has been transformed into a black stone due to the sins of the human race. It is believed that this ruby has eyes, ears and a tongue, and therefore can witness for the righteous in the Last Judgement. As a gemstone that equally represents religious and secular power, it was frequently present on crowns of Christian monarchs, as a symbol of Christ’s blood.\"","spellings":["Rubies","Ruby"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Split-palmette motif. One of the most popular and basic motifs in Islamic decorative arts, applied to every medium from woodcarving to tiles. It is mostly seen in arabesques. It was named after an earlier name for Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"e6f3286c-05d3-51b8-bc2f-6985190c9563":{"definition":"Large tray.","spellings":["S'ni","Sni"]},"85c2ecc8-51b1-5e22-90ca-051cf297fa08":{"definition":"\"Sleeve  \nFrom the beginning of the palm to the middle of the elbow.\"","spellings":["Sa’ed"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"8f59f848-6089-5df5-ac39-251f4a455901":{"definition":"Often a two-story structure where the ground level is reserved for the *sabil* (public water source) and the upper level is the elementary school or *kuttab*.","spellings":["Sabil-Kuttab"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safavid Dynasy.","spellings":["Safavid","Safawid"]},"666f9f0d-ec06-57a2-97c0-3e53a22763e2":{"definition":"A type of griddle.","spellings":["Saj"]},"2bb5ecc8-e92a-5a56-9cf7-af083c7cb851":{"definition":"A small alcove where new Mevlevi apprentices observed elders of the order.","spellings":["Saka Postu"]},"33cef020-667f-52b7-8e7c-a6746c1827af":{"definition":"High court official responsible for overseeing food and drink service or servant providing drinks or entertainment. The sultan had several cupbearers led by the *Saqi al-sultan* (chief cupbearer). The *saqi *was represented by the symbol of a cup.**","spellings":["Al-saqi","Saqi"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"9ba68a24-0e40-52cc-9957-968da7055d9a":{"definition":"Arabic title of respect, meaning Heir to the grandson of the prophet Muhammad.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi, the Shahnama or Shahnameh is a long epic poem which dwells on the mythical and historical past of the Persian Empire.","spellings":["Šāhnāme","Shahnama","Shahnameh"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Literally, “road”. Islamic precepts that the believer must follow in order to be on the right road that leads to God. The *Shari‘a* rules the behaviour of the faithful in the spiritual, legal, social and political spheres, and also in the concrete aspects of daily life.","spellings":["Shari‘a","Sharia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"3f35b372-188c-5440-a3a1-24902734c0d8":{"definition":"Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shiʿa, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.","spellings":["Shi'i","Shi'ite","Shii","Shīʿī"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"1a911f25-2169-5473-b48f-e5e9bf7e6aff":{"definition":"A culturally significant city in southern Iran, often referred to as the \"City of Poets\" and \"City of Gardens.\" This is because of its numerous lush gardens, including the famous Eram Garden, and for being the hometown of renowned Persian poets, such as Hafez and Saadi. Shiraz is also known for its historical sites, including the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque and the Tomb of Cyrus the Great.","spellings":["Shiraz"]},"619209ad-bef6-58a2-a777-4ddd92b2d94f":{"definition":"Refers to the “lotus tree” in the Quran. The Sidrat al-Muntaha marks the celestial boundary between those who attain the highest place in heaven (prophets, angels) and Allah (the divine).","spellings":["Sidra","Sidrah","Sidrat"]},"717dbbdd-a73f-5072-9370-1b0902785426":{"definition":"A huge ancient bird of Persian legend credited with possessing great wisdom.","spellings":["Senmurv","Simorg","Simorgh","Simorq","Simourv","Simurg","Simurgh"]},"ea7ba680-cfdb-5f45-9030-dd43782bebb2":{"definition":"A style of Islamic calligraphy originating from China for using the Arabic script. It gained importance and fame through its hybrid style, and its historic value is related to the hybrid nature of the Chinese Muslim ethnic group, known as the Hui. It can also refer to Chinese ceramics.","spellings":["Sini"]},"60d18096-8ef8-5848-9e25-fc081e078906":{"definition":"A wash of diluted clay applied to a ceramic vessel to cover the clay body before applying decoration.","spellings":["Slip"]},"cc6539b5-6a87-5bb1-bf6f-15172aea31c8":{"definition":"Turkish word of Arabic origin, used for referring to any type of floor spread, but also short-legged tables commonly placed in dining rooms for eating.","spellings":["Sofra","Sofre","Sufra"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"An arch placed diagonally at each corner of a square and filled decoratively with a variety of methods, providing the transition from the cubical walls to the sphere of the dome.","spellings":["Squinch"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"c6c1f0b5-a735-54a6-b4c2-b29f31182464":{"definition":"Meal that Muslims eat before dawn during Ramadan; also the first meal of the day before fasting begins.","spellings":["Suhur"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"ab99a408-a9e3-547f-9a94-45b205e6a57b":{"definition":"Sultan Muḥammad, who lived during the 16th century in Safavid Iran, is regarded as one of the most exceptional Persian painters and stands out as the most prominent artist of the Safavid school based in Tabriz, Iran. Between AH 900- 928 / AD 1495 and 1522, Sultan Muḥammad likely held a preeminent position within the Turkmen school of painting, which was prevalent in western Iran during the reign of the Ak Koyunlu (\"White Sheep\") and Kara Koyunlu (\"Black Sheep\") Turkmens.","spellings":["Sultan Muhammad"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"aa9eeba9-8ad8-555a-8988-13c068bdac81":{"definition":"Turkish word for box or chest.","spellings":["Sanadiq","Sanduq","Senduq","Sunduq"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"665383f5-4a15-5f32-8010-a19d807b45a5":{"definition":"Guestroom at a mosque for itinerant dervishes and other travellers. From the AH 10th / AD 16th century *tabhanes* became part of the mosque’s prayer hall.","spellings":["Tabhane"]},"83f6772d-09b7-5ad2-a480-9c2c0c7c4320":{"definition":"Small board or a tablet with which a gap is covered, such as a socarrena or the front of a wooden step.","spellings":["Tabica"]},"e492236b-2179-5d42-b894-3fc913a09686":{"definition":"From Ar. *tabiya*. A wall made from mud, which is compressed between caissons. The technique was perfected further in military constructions by introducing lime mortar into the framework. Tr. *tabya*.","spellings":["Tabiyya","Tabya"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Factions or groups. The term usually refers to the disintegration of Muslim Spain into several smaller kingdoms during the 5th/11th century.","spellings":["Ta'ifa","Taïfa"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"From Tr. *tekke*, literally “place where food is served free of charge”. Centre where dervishes meet, worship and live. Architectural type introduced by the Ottomans. See also *imaret*, *khan*qah, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya","Tekke"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"981185ad-712a-5385-bd54-6a070bd661ca":{"definition":"A type of clay oven.","spellings":["Tannur"]},"df95e636-1ccf-5f43-af09-acfeaa8bdd39":{"definition":"Circle, collar, also could be used to refer to a necklace.","spellings":["Tawq"]},"0b7b13a1-8533-5472-85a2-1c589c3a076e":{"definition":"Crafted by Zakariya' al-Qazwini in various Persian and Arabic editions in the years following the Mongol conquest and sack of Baghdad in AH 656  (1258 AD), 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat (The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence) emerged as the preeminent medieval compendium of natural history. The author's primary objective was to guide readers in recognising the omnipotence and benevolence of God by inspiring them to marvel at the astounding diversity within creation, and the remarkable perfection evident in all its celestial and terrestrial components.","spellings":["Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Mawjudat","Ajayeb al-Makhluqat va Gharayeb al-Mowjudat","The Wonders of Creation and the Oddities of Existence"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"9c8dfd7c-96f7-590d-8c3e-dacf904f0e4a":{"definition":"A brass alloy usually referred to as red bronze. It is also mentioned as gilded copper and as a technique which uses copper and zinc alloy and gilt. Could also refer to tobacco.","spellings":["Tombac","Tombak"]},"744d1b33-89fe-5377-a4fb-132f67bbf758":{"definition":"Meaning \"blessedness\", a tree which grows in Jannah, also considered as the three of paradise.","spellings":["Tuba"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"84d9ad68-024a-5ca8-9f67-268e29d1e040":{"definition":"A particular style of calligraphy, originating from India.","spellings":["Turabi"]},"21c32408-3e62-5ec5-a0a4-ea90126bed70":{"definition":"Turabi Bek Khurasani appears to be an artist, or possibly a collector, known for creating paintings that imitated and adapted various Persian painting styles. This artist's identity remains somewhat mysterious and may have been used for commercial purposes, potentially to cater to the tastes of collectors outside Iran. The paintings attributed to Turabi Bek Khurasani were designed to be perceived as genuine Safavid-period works, although they incorporated elements of both reproduction and selective adaptation. It is believed that there may have been an intention to deceive and profit from such deception, indicating a fraudulent aspect to these works. Turabi/Turabasi Bek Khurasani's creations were an attempt to blend traditional Persian painting practices with a contemporary approach for the sake of appealing to collectors in a different cultural context.","spellings":["Turabi Bek Khurasani"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausoleum, tomb, private burial place, sometimes with a crypt below, an architectural practice introduced by the Turks. Tr. *kümbet*, a monumental tomb, usually covered with a dome hidden under a spire. See also *darih*, *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*.","spellings":["Kümbet","Turba","Turbat","Türbe","Turbet"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"\"Turquoise is a blue-green gemstone made from hydrated copper aluminium phosphate. It between five and six on the Mohs scale, and is mainly cut in the cabochon style since it is not transparent. This gemstone comes in a variety of shades of blue and green. Turquoise was known in Egypt from a very early time and was later described by Pliny the Elder under the name *callias*. For him and those who studied his works, the blueish-green stone was attributed only virtues shared by other green or blue gems. However, in the 13th century, the term turquoise was introduced in Western Europe, and the gemstone started to be affiliated with new powers. These included the ability to prevent injuries from falling, especially from horseback, and the power to protect horses from sickness. For this reason Turks were said to attach turquoise stones to the bridles and stirrups of their horses.  \nTurquoise has traditionally been sold in Turkey, since it mostly originates in Iran. It still passes through Turkey on the way to Europe. Ancient Persians fully appreciated the beauty and power of this gemstone, and it was the national stone of the vast empire. There is a saying that good fortune can be obtained by seeing the reflection of the new moon either on a friend’s face, on a copy of the Quran, or on a turquoise. Turquoise is also popular for religious use in Hindu mystic circles, as well as among Indigenous people of North and Central America.\"","spellings":["Turquoise"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"fbb75391-7625-52c9-8a1c-5ab26a82c52c":{"definition":"A deputy, delegate or agent who acts on behalf of a principal. It can refer to an attorney, a diplomat or the custodian of a mosque or religious order. Also, could mean prime minister.","spellings":["Vakeel","Vakel","Vakil","Wakil"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Endowment in perpetuity, usually of land or property, from which the revenue was reserved for the upkeep of religious foundations. *waqfiyya*: the deed of endowment of a *waqf*. Tr. *vakıf*, *vakfiye*. See also *habus*.","spellings":["Vakif","Vakifiye","Wakf","Waqf"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"Trading establishment with lodgings for merchants. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *khan*.","spellings":["Wakala","Wakalat","wikala","Wikalat"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"An officer’s rank in the Turkish army. Tr. Ağa. See also *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hostel for merchants and their pack animals, a store for merchandise, a commercial centre. See also *caravanserai*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"676dd2c8-ade4-5066-9242-2d2dc6e9b274":{"definition":"Daily ablutions before prayers","spellings":["Al-wudu","Udu","Wudu","Wudu'"]},"babd8299-36a4-5030-94fb-4d24368825d6":{"definition":"Abu Yahya Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Qazwini (AH 599- 680 / AD 1203-1282) was a Persian polymath with expertise in medicine, astronomy, and geography. He was born in Qazwin and undertook extensive travels in regions such as Mesopotamia and the Levant. He dedicated his work on cosmography, titled 'Aja'ib al-Makhluqat wa Ghara'ib al-Maujudat, to 'Ata-Malik Juwayni (d. AH 681 / AD 1283), a Persian historian who, following the sack of Baghdad in AH 656 / AD 1258, was appointed as governor of the city by the Mongol ruler Hulaqu.","spellings":["Zakaria al-Qazwini","Zakaria bin Muhammad al-Qazwini","Zakaria Qazvini","Zakaria Qazwini"]},"00cb9155-a05e-57be-b845-f2828bcd7de6":{"definition":"Another of the five pillars of Islam, Zakat is a tithe that is to be paid each year by all Muslim adults in the amount of 2.5 percent of their income and wealth.","spellings":["Zakah","Zakat","Zakat al-mal"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"Small glazed ceramic tiles or cut-out parts of tiles set like mosaics to form a complex geometric design in interiors and exteriors of buildings. Fr. *zellige*.","spellings":["Zellige","Zellij","Zillij"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e2af48f9-49cb-51b7-84fd-bbcca177f07b":{"definition":"Del tr. *iplik*, “cuerda” o “hilo”. Técnica de construcción que consiste en la disposición alterna de hileras de piedras en dos colores diferentes.","spellings":["Ablaq","Iplik"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Purificación ritual con agua que se realiza antes de la oración.","spellings":["Ablución"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjetivo cuyo significado es «la más lejana», denomina la mezquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalén, reverenciada por los musulmanes como la primera *qibla* (ver) y el primer lugar sagrado, donde tuvo lugar el ascenso del Profeta al cielo (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).**","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"13e5a720-86da-5489-8550-6975b61c89fd":{"definition":"(del ár. *qasabah*) Fortaleza, ciudadela. Ciudadela y residencia del cabeza local, por lo general el centro de la ciudad.","spellings":["Alcazaba"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"22b53494-49b4-56ac-8f6f-9b4231d55ce1":{"definition":"Del ár. *hayyiz*. Recuadro del arco árabe, que envuelve las albanegas y arranca, bien desde las impostas, bien desde el suelo.","spellings":["Alfiz","Hayyiz"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dibujo de adorno en dos dimensiones muy frecuente en el arte islámico, compuesto de tracerías, follajes, cintas y roleos que crean un motivo continuo, a veces combinado con volutas o elementos geométricos.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"(del. turco *ata*, «padre», y *beg*, «líder».) Comandante en jefe del ejército. Los atabegs eran empleados para enseñar a los príncipes las artes de la guerra.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"Del ár. *tawriq*. Este adorno, inspirado en la hoja de acanto clásica, con motivos vegetales estilizados, fue utilizado abundantemente en el arte hispano-musulmán.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. *attarin*) Vendedor de perfumes, incienso y plantas medicinales.","spellings":["Attar"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Puerta.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"dd3cf38a-f162-5d5c-ab24-2d36d3b5de1c":{"definition":"Movimiento artístico europeo del siglo xvii. En el periodo otomano, la influencia occidental se deja sentir en el arte islámico con la incorporación de formas barrocas.","spellings":["Barroco"]},"ac8a2874-8a19-55b3-9857-60843740d359":{"definition":"Dignatario. Arabización del turco *paşa* (pachá o bajá).","spellings":["Bajá","Basha"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Fórmula, *bi-’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, frecuentemente traducida como “En nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso”.","spellings":["Basmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Mercado público o lugar destinado al comercio; mercado cubierto, con puertas. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bazar"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigente de un emirato independiente; título de respeto atribuido a una persona de las clases superiores; título detentado por los soberanos que rendían vasallaje al sultán. *Beylerbey*: bey de beyes, el más alto rango del gobierno provincial del imperio otomano. *Beylicato*, *beylik*: soberanía o territorio bajo el poder de un bey. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Región a menudo denominada «Levante» o «Gran Siria», comprende las actuales Siria, Jordania, Líbano y Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital o sanatorio que disponía también de una biblioteca médica y funcionaba como centro de formación científica. Era de carácter benéfico, y los enfermos recibían gratuitamente tratamientos que incluían remedios a base de hierbas, música y reposo.","spellings":["Bimaristan","Maristan"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"En el mundo islámico, la cerámica azul y blanca apareció en Mesopotamia en el siglo III/IX. La porcelana azul y blanca de China producida a partir del siglo VIII/XIV tuvo gran influencia en el mundo islámico, donde fue recibida en la corte e imitada en los talleres del Iznik otomano y el Irán safawí.","spellings":["Azul y blanco","Blanquiazul"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fuerte, bastión, torre, a veces rodeada por un muro exterior. El término ingresó en la toponimia portuguesa medieval bajo las formas *alvorge* o *porches*. En Túnez, el término designa así mismo una segunda residencia rodeada de jardines; una residencia de verano. *Borj* o *bordj* en el Magreb; *burg* en Egipto.","spellings":["Bury"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortaleza, ciudadela, habitualmente situada en el centro de una ciudad. *Ksiba*: pequeña kasba, nombre de un barrio de Bizerta, en Túnez. Palabras relacionadas: *hisn*, *qalaa*.","spellings":["Qasbah"]},"8013dd99-b044-5c32-9cd2-44d308c0c03d":{"definition":"Término francés que designa una técnica de esmaltado de metales. Se talla en hueco la superficie del metal y en las cavidades practicadas se vierte un polvo de esmalte vítreo que luego se cuece. En alfarería, este término se utiliza para designar los recipientes que presentan una decoración en relieve, que se obtiene retirando barbotina [pasta de arcilla o caolín licuado] y aplicando una capa suplementaria de vidriado de plomo.","spellings":["Champlevé"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Método de separación de los vidriados de diferentes colores sobre azulejos durante la cocción, mediante cuerdas engrasadas. El término designa también la técnica de delimitación del contorno de un motivo con una mezcla de cera o grasa vegetal y óxido de manganeso. En el arte turco es conocida también como “técnica de vidriado coloreado”, en los siglos IX-X/XV-XVI.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Miembro de una orden religiosa musulmana conocida por sus prácticas devotas.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Término utilizado en Libia, Túnez y Argelia para designar a un oficial de alto rango de la milicia turca, elegido por un consejo local de jenízaros. Situados jerárquicamente bajo los *beylerbey* otomanos, los deyes representaban sin embargo el poder absoluto en la región. Cuando entraron en conflicto con la corte otomana, fueron severamente castigados. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Estilo de caligrafía otomana utilizada en los documentos oficiales del *Divan-ı Hümayun*, de donde procede su nombre. Aunque presenta similitudes con el *taliq*, también fue desarrollado por los turcos otomanos y representaba un poder grandioso. Se llama *jali diwani* cuando se escribe con letras grandes y *divani kirmasi* cuando adopta una forma más simple. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Diván","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solución de arcilla diluida que se aplica a un recipiente de cerámica para recubrirlo antes de decorarlo.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Término que designa un material cerámico compuesto principalmente de cuarzo y de un vidriado mixto. Durante la cocción, el cuarzo y el vidriado se funden y generan un cuerpo blanco, muchas veces llamado también “pasta de piedra”.","spellings":["Frita"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Página de un libro anterior a la portada, que suele contener el título y alguna ilustración.","spellings":["Frontispicio"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerreros que combaten por la causa del Islam, organizados en grados militares en el seno del Imperio Otomano.","spellings":["Gazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Técnica consistente en aplicar a la superficie cerámica una fina capa de vedrío antes de la cocción. En el horno, el vedrío se funde, protege la cerámica, la vuelve impermeable y la prepara para diferentes usos. El vidriado plumbífero es transparente y suave, pero vulnerable a las roturas y la deformación química. El vidriado estannífero es un vidriado blanco opaco que contiene estaño; se perfeccionó en Bagdad en el siglo III/IX para competir con las porcelanas chinas, y se extendió hasta la España musulmana y luego al resto de Europa.","spellings":["Vidriado"]},"15f99ce5-e2bb-5a62-b80f-3c61ce352a95":{"definition":"Estilo arquitectónico vigente entre los siglos xii a xvi en Europa. Los cruzados trasplantaron formas de la arquitectura gótica al mundo musulmán.","spellings":["Gótico"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legado de bienes inmuebles a perpetuidad y bajo determinadas condiciones a favor de una mezquita u otra institución religiosa, como una *madrasa* o una *janqa*, o una institución civil como un *sabil*, o incluso una casa. Palabras relacionadas: *waqf*.","spellings":["Habiz"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literalmente “dicho”. Conjunto de tradiciones relacionadas con palabras y acciones del profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros. *Dar al-Hadiz*: ver *dar*.","spellings":["Hadiz"]},"15a4f195-ae31-5896-b05c-fd48066bbab1":{"definition":"Término que significa literalmente “siete colores” en persa. Técnica de vidriado policromo utilizada en Persia en la Edad Media, mediante la cual los pigmentos se transformaban en colores brillantes bajo un vidriado alcalino, después de una segunda cocción.","spellings":["Haft-rang"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Baños públicos o privados. Se dividen en: *apodyterium* (tr.: *soyunmalık*), vestuario; *caldarium*, sala caliente; *hipocausto*, sistema de calefacción por suelo y paredes, mediante vapor, en las villas y termas romanas; *tepidarium* (tr.: *ılıklık*), sala caliente donde se descansaba después del baño. Existían también en los baños turcos: *aralik*: pasaje entre el *soyunmalık* y el *ılıklık*; *halvet*: habitaciones privadas en los baños públicos; *traşlık*: pequeña habitación utilizada para la eliminación del vello. Así mismo, en los baños sirios: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): sala fría de los baños que normalmente se encuentra más alejada de la caldera; *yuwwani*: la parte interior, cerca de la sala de calderas: la sala de vapor; *wustani*: cámaras intermedias designadas como “salas de agua caliente”. Palabras relacionadas: *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*.","spellings":["Hanbalíes"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"b653a1f8-bca3-5070-8ee8-9e24eef5e3ed":{"definition":"Peregrinación a La Meca y quinto pilar del islam. Es obligación de todos los musulmanes realizar el *hayy* al menos una vez en la vida, si disponen de medios económicos y su salud se lo permite.","spellings":["Hayy"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castillo. Palabras relacionadas: *qalaa*, *qasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nombre arabizado de «África»; región que en nuestros días comprendería aproximadamente Túnez.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entidad política conocida oficialmente como Iranzamin. Fue establecido y gobernado por la casa mongola de Hulagu.","spellings":["Ikanato","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"Del ár. *imara*. Conjunto de edificios e instituciones financiado por un *waqf*. Desde el siglo X/XVI, el término alude a un comedor de beneficencia.","spellings":["Imaret"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"Técnica de embutido de piezas de marfil tallado, nácar, carey o materiales similares formando motivos decorativos, normalmente sobre una base de madera.","spellings":["Taracea"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Gran nicho abovedado o con cúpula, cerrado por tres lados y con un gran arco de abertura.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Montaña, terreno montañoso. *Yabaliya*: habitantes de las montañas.","spellings":["Yabal"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"2b77385d-f9a6-5d6a-bb79-403b38118bce":{"definition":"Posada en las rutas principales de comercio o peregrinaje, donde los viajeros se alojaban y la mercancía podía guardarse de forma segura. (Ver *caravasar*.)","spellings":["Jan"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"Miembro de la guardia imperial del sultán otomano, reclutado entre los no musulmanes bajo el sistema del *devşirme* y pagado por el Tesoro. Tr.: *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Jenízaro"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literalmente, “bello jardín”. Paraíso.","spellings":["Yanna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeño templo de La Meca que pasó a convertirse en el centro del islam. Se cree que fue construido por el profeta Abraham y su hijo Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"a440e09c-19a4-5c75-a54b-ddacd997f4c6":{"definition":"Decoración coloreada realizada con ayuda de un *kalem* (brocha) sobre una superficie enyesada.","spellings":["Kalemişi"]},"04f42d3e-3607-5497-ac48-4aa51fe765d3":{"definition":"Celda o habitación pequeña (a veces un edificio independiente), desprovista de aberturas o con muy pocas, en la cual se retiran los sufíes. Corresponde al *halvet* de los baños turcos. Palabras relacionadas: *hammam*.","spellings":["Jalwa"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monasterio o albergue para sufíes o derviches itinerantes. Palabras relacionadas: *zawiya*.","spellings":["Janqa"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"Arabización del turco *hatun*, título respetuoso que se aplica a las mujeres de las clases superiores.","spellings":["Jatun"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Manto compuesto de varias piezas para cubrir la Kaaba de La Meca. Está bordado en seda y oro, con aleyas del Corán. La *kiswa* se sustituye cada año durante el *hayy*, cuando la antigua tela se corta y distribuye entre los peregrinos. También se llama *kiswa* (por ejemplo, en Palestina) a las telas con motivos caligráficos en zigzag con las que se cubren los cenotafios de los mausoleos.","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Libro. *Kitabat*: inscripciones.","spellings":["Kitab","Kuttab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Conjunto de edificios distribuidos alrededor de la mezquita: *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (baños), *jan* (alojamientos), *imaret* (comedor de beneficencia), *madrasa* (escuela).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"747c42e9-649d-5559-a7b6-1d32a0a36949":{"definition":"(Del persa *lajvard*, ‘lapislázuli’.) Técnica cerámica en la que se aplicaba un vedrío monocromo a un azulejo o a un recipiente que luego se cocía. La cerámica se pintaba con un esmalte de color y se volvía a cocer. Al igual que la cerámica de reflejo metálico, la *layvardina* era de producción costosa y sólo se fabricó durante el periodo iljaní de Irán.","spellings":["Layvardina"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"Técnica de decoración de la cerámica que consiste en aplicar una fina capa de óxido metálico para dar un brillo dorado e iridiscente a la cerámica vidriada. Esta técnica se extendió a muchas regiones de la mano de alfareros itinerantes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escuela islámica de ciencias religiosas (teología, derecho, Corán, etc.) y residencia de los estudiantes. Actualmente, el término designa un colegio.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"4d0ea53b-609e-5e3d-817e-8067fab67fc3":{"definition":"Reunión de personas con fines religiosos o civiles.","spellings":["Majlis"]},"9e4b2650-05be-581f-8706-c2064eac74ce":{"definition":"Escuela elemental coránica. Palabras relacionadas: *kuttab*.","spellings":["Maktab"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Luz, linterna, lámpara, baliza.","spellings":["Manar"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Construcción de una o más unidades arquitectónicas, que por lo general incluye un espacio con cúpula que alberga el sepulcro de una importante figura religiosa. Lugar de culto y peregrinación. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *kubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Mampara de madera constituida por piezas torneadas y ensambladas. Celosía.","spellings":["Mashrabiyya"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literalmente, “lugar de prosternación”. Mezquita donde se rezan las plegarias diarias, excepto, en general, las del viernes, que no pueden pronunciarse debido a la ausencia de *minbar*. Palabras relacionadas: *yamaa*.","spellings":["Masyid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"1eec6d02-be45-5c34-aad1-32d6dd772a28":{"definition":"Término que designa la alfarería hecha con frita que se producía en Kachan (Irán), utilizando colores esmaltados sobre un fondo de un color diferente (blanco, turquesa, etc.) para las inscripciones y la pintura ornamental y figurativa.","spellings":["Minai"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito de las mezquitas desde donde el imam dirige el sermón a los fieles durante las oraciones del viernes y las primeras plegarias de la mañana en las dos grandes fiestas musulmanas. Está situado a la derecha del *mihrab*. Los *minbar* aparecieron en el periodo omeya.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dinastía Ming gobernó China entre 1368 y 1644. La porcelana Ming azul y blanca se caracteriza por la integración de motivos de dragones y composiciones florales.","spellings":["Ming (cerámica)"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"En los reinos cristianos de la Península Ibérica, nombre dado a los musulmanes que se convirtieron oficialmente al cristianismo después de la Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"432a631d-9c77-5598-9224-35e8479385c8":{"definition":"(Del ár. *murabit*) Musulmán muy piadoso, santificado por el ascetismo, cuya tumba es un lugar de peregrinaje; monje guerrero que vive en un *ribat*. El término dio nombre a la dinastía almorávide, que dominó el Magreb y al-Andalus en los años 454-541/1062–1147.","spellings":["Morabito"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"Del ár. *muwallad*. Cristiano convertido al Islam que vivía como musulmán durante la dominación árabe en la Península Ibérica.","spellings":["Muladí"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Adorno arquitectónico en forma de estalactitas o panal que adorna las superficies de cúpulas, ménsulas, cornisas, etc. En el Magreb, *muqarbas*.","spellings":["Mocárabe o almocárabe"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literalmente, “copiado”. Uno de los estilos más difundidos de caligrafía islámica, utilizado en coranes y otras obras. Une la flexibilidad del estilo *farsi* con la armonía de la escritura *cúfica*.","spellings":["Nasji"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Técnica utilizada en la metalistería y que consiste en rellenar las zonas grabadas con una mezcla de diferentes materiales, como el plomo, el cuero y la plata.","spellings":["Niel","Nielado"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"3569da80-2a51-50bb-afca-141112480550":{"definition":"Cerámica policromada de inspiración otomana destinada a la decoración arquitectónica y que se producía en el barrio de Qallaline de Túnez.","spellings":["Qallaline (cerámica de)"]},"59b4beee-e4d9-52ef-99f1-2a66945a3694":{"definition":"Término que designa los paneles de azulejos al estilo de los producidos en la ciudad iraní de Kashan desde el periodo selyuqí para la decoración de edificios. El término fue empleado por el viajero marroquí Ibn Battuta en Irán para designar los paneles de azulejos que le recordaban los alizares del Maghreb.","spellings":["Qashani"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Dirección de la Kaaba de La Meca, hacia donde se vuelven los musulmanes durante la oración. En el muro de la *qibla* de la mezquita se encuentra el *mihrab*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"El cuarto mes del calendario islámico. Su nombre significa la 'segunda primavera'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Noveno mes del calendario lunar, durante el cual los musulmanes ayunan entre la salida y la puesta del sol. Es el último de los tres meses santos consecutivos.","spellings":["Ramadán"]},"eeddc1f9-aa34-58f7-8a63-ff3e19765ad6":{"definition":"Decoración cerámica con pigmentos de cobre, hierro y plata que se aplican sobre el esmalte y se cuecen en atmósfera reductora. Este tipo de decoración nació en Mesopotamia, en los primeros años del islam, y se propagó por todos los territorios musulmanes.","spellings":["Reflejo metálico"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"40f27447-6ac4-5d17-9557-f1bd3868060b":{"definition":"Arcada o pórtico.","spellings":["Riwaq"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motivo en media palmeta. Uno de los motivos más populares y elementales de las artes decorativas islámicas. Se encuentra en todos los soportes, desde la madera tallada hasta los azulejos. Aparece principalmente en arabescos. Toma su nombre del antiguo nombre de Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* o *asbila*) Pequeña edificación desde la que se distribuye agua potable; fuente pública. Tr.: *sebil*, sala donde un criado ofrece bebidas al público.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Escrito por el poeta persa Ferdowsi, el Shahnama o Shahnameh es un largo poema épico que trata sobre el pasado mítico e histórico del Imperio Persa.","spellings":["Shahnama"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Literalmente, “ruta”. Preceptos islámicos que el creyente debe obedecer con el fin de seguir el camino que conduce a Dios. La","spellings":["Sharia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *sayyid*.","spellings":["Jerife"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Triángulo curvilíneo en cada ángulo de una habitación cuadrada que sirve para hacer la transición a la línea de imposta circular de una cúpula.","spellings":["Pechina"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un acético y místico musulmán que representa el aspecto místico del Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Orden islámica ascética o mística. Su nombre deriva de *suf*, lana, con la que los seguidores (sufíes) tejían su ropa.","spellings":["Sufismo"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"Estado o territorios gobernados por un sultán. Sultán es el título dado al gobernante de dicho lugar.","spellings":["Sultanato"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"665383f5-4a15-5f32-8010-a19d807b45a5":{"definition":"Habitación de huéspedes en una mezquita para los derviches itinerantes y demás viajeros. Desde el siglo X/XVI, los *tabhane* se convirtieron en parte integrante de la sala de oración de la mezquita.","spellings":["Tabhane"]},"e492236b-2179-5d42-b894-3fc913a09686":{"definition":"Albañilería a base de barro apisonado entre dos tableros paralelos. La técnica se perfeccionó en las construcciones militares con el añadido de mortero de cal.","spellings":["Tapial"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Facción o grupo. El término designa usualmente a los pequeños reinos en que se dividió al-Andalus en el siglo xi.","spellings":["Taifa"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"Del turco *tekke*, literalmente “lugar donde se ofrece alimento”. Lugar donde se encuentran, rezan y viven los derviches. Este tipo de edificio fue introducido por los otomanos. Palabras relacionadas: *imaret*, *janqah*, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Firma caligráfica de un sultán otomano en documentos oficiales. Cada sultán tenía su propia *tugra*.","spellings":["Tugra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausoleo, tumba, sepultura privada, a veces cripta subterránea. Esta estructura arquitectónica fue introducida por los turcos. *Kümbet*, tumba monumental, por lo general cubierta con una cúpula oculta bajo un chapitel. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *maqam*, *qubba*.","spellings":["Türbe"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotación a perpetuidad, por lo general de tierras o de una propiedad, cuyas rentas se destinaban al mantenimiento de fundaciones religiosas. *Waqfiyya*: acto de dotación de un *waqf*. Palabras relacionadas: *habiz*.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"Establecimiento comercial con alojamiento para los mercaderes. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *jan*.","spellings":["Wikala"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grado de oficial en el ejército turco. Tr.: *Ağa*. Otros grados eran *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Aga"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hospedería para los comerciantes y sus animales de carga, almacén para las mercancías, centro de comercio. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"Cada uno de los pequeños azulejos cortados de diferentes formas en función de un motivo decorativo. El paño de azulejos así formado se denomina “alizar”. Ár. *zelish*.","spellings":["Alicer o alizar","Alizar"]},"8ca93b84-c4ed-547e-8e58-c374951cce31":{"definition":"(del ár. *suq*) Mercado, centro de la ciudad musulmana y de la vida urbana.","spellings":["Zoco"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e2af48f9-49cb-51b7-84fd-bbcca177f07b":{"definition":"Du Tr. : *iplik*, “corde” ou “fil”. Technique de construction présentant une alternance de rangées de pierres en deux couleurs différentes.","spellings":["Ablaq","Iplik"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"Toilette rituelle à l’eau, à réaliser avant la prière.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectif signifiant “extrême” ; al-Aqsa désigne la Grande Mosquée de Jérusalem, révérée par les musulmans comme première *qibla* (direction de la prière) et principal lieu saint de l’islam – c’est de là que le Prophète est monté au Ciel (voir *Isra*).","spellings":["Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"22b53494-49b4-56ac-8f6f-9b4231d55ce1":{"definition":"(Pl. *alfices* \\[es.\\], *alfizes* \\[pt.\\].) De l’ar. *hayyiz*. Encadrement rectangulaire de l’arc arabe autour des pendentifs, qui démarre soit des impostes, soit de la base.","spellings":["Alfices","Alfiz","Alfizes"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Motifs décoratifs caractéristiques de l’art islamique formés d’éléments végétaux stylisés et de lignes géométriques.","spellings":["Arabesques"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Commandant en chef des armées (du turc *ata*, père, et *beg*, leader). Les atabegs étaient chargés d’enseigner les arts militaires aux jeunes princes.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"De l’ar. *tawriq*. Inspiré par la feuille d’acanthe classique, cet ornement présentant des motifs de plantes stylisées fut abondamment utilisée dans l’art hispano-musulman.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. ‘*attarine*) Marchand de parfums, d’encens et de plantes médicinales.","spellings":["‘Attar"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"Terme espagnol et portugais, très courant dans tout le Maghreb, désignant les carreaux de faïence émaillés assemblés pour générer de grands motifs, notamment pour couvrir les murs des cours des mosquées et des palais. Voir également *zelliges*.","spellings":["Azulejo"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Portail, porte.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(sg. Bin/Ibn) “Fils de”, désigne les membres d’un clan ou d’une tribu.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"ac8a2874-8a19-55b3-9857-60843740d359":{"definition":"Dignitaire. Voir également *pacha*.","spellings":["Bacha"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Formule, bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim, souvent traduite par “Au nom de Dieu, le Clément, le Miséricordieux”.","spellings":["Besmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. **bayt* al-Hikma* : tribunal. **bayt* al-D*iwan** : hall de réception. **bayt* al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Marché public ou place destinée au commerce ; marché couvert avec portes (en Perse). Voir également *arasta*, *bedestan*, *qaysariyya*, *souk*.","spellings":["Bazar"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigeant d’un émirat indépendant ; titre de respect attribué à une personne des classes supérieures ; titre détenu par les vassaux souverains du sultan. *Beylerbey* : le *bey* des *beys*, le plus haut rang dans le gouvernement provincial de l’empire ottoman. *Beylicat*, *beylik* : souveraineté ou territoire sous le pouvoir d’un *bey*. Voir également *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Région comprenant les actuels Syrie, Jordanie, Liban et Palestine ; souvent appelée Levant ou Grande Syrie.","spellings":["Bilad al-Cham"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hôpital ou infirmerie comprenant aussi une bibliothèque médicale et fonctionnant comme centre d’enseignement scientifique. Le traitement médical était à base de plantes, de musique et de relaxation.","spellings":["Bimaristan","Maristan"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"Dans le monde islamique, la céramique bleu-et-blanc est apparue en Mésopotamie au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.). La porcelaine bleu-et-blanc de Chine produite à partir du VIIIe/XIVe siècle a eu une forte influence sur le monde islamique, où elle était reçue à la cour et imitée dans les ateliers d’Iznik l’ottomane et l’Iran séfévide.","spellings":["Bleu-et-blanc"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tour, parfois entourée d’un mur extérieur. Le terme est entré dans la toponymie portugaise médiévale sous les formes *alvorge* ou *porches*. En Tunisie, le terme désigne également une résidence secondaire entourée de jardins ; une résidence de villégiature. *Borj* ou *bordj* au Maghreb. *Burg* en Égypte.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burg"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi **khan**) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Forteresse, citadelle, résidence du leader local, souvent au centre de la ville. Le terme *kasbah* ou *kasbah* est surtout utilisé dans les régions occidentales du monde islamique – Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie.","spellings":["Casbah"]},"8013dd99-b044-5c32-9cd2-44d308c0c03d":{"definition":"Technique de décoration du métal émaillé. Une poudre de verre émaillé est cuite puis placée dans les cavités creusées dans la surface du métal. En poterie, ce terme est utilisé pour désigner les récipients présentant une décoration en relief, obtenue en retirant de la barbotine et en appliquant une couche supplémentaire de glaçure plombifère.","spellings":["Champlevé"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"En matière de monnaie, les premières sociétés musulmanes continuaient à utiliser des solidus byzantins en or et des dirhams sassanides argent. On ajouta au fil du temps des versets coraniques, le lieu d’émission, des noms de califes et de sultans et la date hégirienne. Avec la révolution omeyyade de la monnaie en 696-697 H / 1296-1297 J.-C, des pièces purement épigraphiques commencèrent à être utilisées. Akche : pièce en argent, unité de base du système monétaire ottoman ; dinar : pièce en or valant 10 dirhams ; fils : pièce en cuivre.","spellings":["Monnaie"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Littéralement “corde sèche”, méthode de séparation des glaçures de différentes couleurs sur un carreau pendant la cuisson au moyen de cordes graissées. Le terme désigne également la technique de délimitation des contours d’un motif avec un mélange de pâte ou de graisse végétale et d’oxyde de manganèse. Elle porte également le nom de “technique de glaçage coloré” dans l’art turc et on pouvait l’observer en Turquie aux IXe et Xe siècles H (XVe et XVIe siècles J.-C.).","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausolée. Voir également *maqam, *koubba*, *türbe*, turbe, *turbé*, *turbet**.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Membre d’un ordre religieux musulman connu pour ses pratiques de dévotion.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Terme utilisé en Libye, en Tunisie et en Algérie pour désigner un officier de haut rang de la milice turque élu par un conseil local de janissaires. Situés hiérarchiquement en dessous des *Beylerbeys* ottomans, les *deys* représentaient néanmoins le pouvoir absolu dans la région. Lorsqu’ils entrèrent en conflit avec la cour ottomane, ils furent sévèrement punis. Voir également *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bureau du gouvernement ; salle d’audience, salle de réception ; collection de poèmes. Tr. : divan; Divan-ı Hümayun : Conseil impérial présidé par le Grand Vizir et formant l’organe central du gouvernement ottoman.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Solution d’argile diluée appliquée à un récipient en céramique pour recouvrir le corps d’argile avant d’ajouter une décoration.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"cd62ef51-dfea-5e66-a924-b9ac8fd72a21":{"definition":"Terme français (également majolique) désignant une poterie stannifère de l’Europe postmédiévale. Désigne également une céramique composée d’un corps en quartz pilé recouvert d’une glaçure, courant au Proche-Orient antique et le bassin Méditerranéen. Peut être moulé en petits objets initialement confondus avec les poteries couvertes d’une glaçure stannifère blanche ; le terme faïence, incorrectement appliqué, est resté dans l’usage.","spellings":["Faïence"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"Terme désignant un matériau céramique composé principalement de quartz et d’une glaçure mixte. En cours de cuisson, le quartz et la glaçure fondent et génèrent un corps blanc, parfois également appelé pâte de pierre.","spellings":["Fritte"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Feuillet illustré précédant la page de titre d’un livre.","spellings":["Frontispice"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"Guerriers combattant pour la cause de l’islam, organisés en grades militaires au sein de l’empire ottoman. Tr. : *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Une fine couche de verre est appliquée à la surface de la céramique avant la cuisson. Dans le four, la glaçure fond, protège la céramique, la rend imperméable et la prépare à différents usages. La glaçure plombifère est transparente et douce mais vulnérable aux craquelures et à la déformation chimique. La glaçure stannifère est une glaçure blanche opaque contenant de l’étain, mise au point à Bagdad au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.) pour rivaliser avec les porcelaines chinoises, qui s’est étendue à l’Espagne musulmane, puis dans le reste de l’Europe. La faïence, la majolique et la faïence de Delft sont à glaçure stannifère.","spellings":["Glaçure"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"Legs sous forme de terres concédées à perpétuité, et sous certaines conditions, au profit d’une mosquée ou autre institution religieuse, telle qu’une *madrasa* ou une *khanqah*, ou une institution civile telle qu’un *sabil*, ou même une maison. Voir également *waqf*.","spellings":["Habous"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Littéralement, “dits”. Ensemble de traditions liées aux paroles et actions du prophète Muhammad et de ses compagnons. *dar al-Hadith* : voir *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"15a4f195-ae31-5896-b05c-fd48066bbab1":{"definition":"Terme signifiant littéralement “sept couleurs” en perse. Technique de glaçure polychrome utilisée en Perse au Moyen Age, par laquelle les pigments se transformaient en couleurs éclatantes sous une glaçure alcaline après une seconde cuisson.","spellings":["Haft-rang"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (lit. Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (litt. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : partie la plus intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : la principalement la partie intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridiques Sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Tr. : Hanbeli. Voir également *fuqaha’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Château. Voir également *qalaa*, *casbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Entité politique officiellement connue sous le nom d'Iranzamîn. Elle fut établie et gouvernée par la maison mongole de Houlagou.","spellings":["Ilkhanat"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"De l’arabe *imara*. Ensemble de bâtiments et d’institutions financé par un *waqf*. Après le Xe siècle H (XVIe siècle J.-C.), le terme désigne la soupe populaire pour les démunis.","spellings":["Imaret"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"Technique dans laquelle l’ivoire sculpté, la nacre, l’écaille ou des matériaux similaires sont disposés pour former un motif géométrique, souvent au sein d’un cadre de bois.","spellings":["Inlaying"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Salle voûtée avec des parois sur trois côtés seulement. Cet élément typique de l’architecture islamique s’ouvre généralement sur une cour ornée d’une fontaine.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Montagne, terrain montagneux. *Djabaliya* : habitants des montagnes.","spellings":["Djebel"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"Membre de l’infanterie de garnison du sultan ottoman, recruté auprès de non-musulmans sous le système du devchirmé et payé sur le budget du Trésor. Tr. : *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Janissaire"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Littéralement “beau jardin”. Paradis. Tr. : *cennet*.","spellings":["Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(litt. “cube”) Petit temple de La Mecque devenu le centre de l’islam et supposé avoir été initialement construit par Abraham et son fils Ismaïl.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"a440e09c-19a4-5c75-a54b-ddacd997f4c6":{"definition":"Décoration colorée réalisée à l’aide d’un k*alem* (brosse) sur une surface plâtrée.","spellings":["Kalemişi"]},"04f42d3e-3607-5497-ac48-4aa51fe765d3":{"definition":"Petite pièce ou cellule (parfois un bâtiment indépendant) dépourvue de fenêtres ou percée de quelques rares ouvertures, dans laquelle se retirent les Soufis. Elle correspond au *halvet* d’un bain turc – voir *hammam*.","spellings":["Khalwa"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastère ou hôtellerie pour les soufis ou les derviches.","spellings":["Khanqah"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"Version arabisée du *Hatun* turc, un titre de respect pour les femmes des classes supérieures.","spellings":["Khatun"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Tissu composé de différentes pièces pour couvrir la Kaaba à la Mecque. Il est brodé de soie et d’or, avec des versets du Coran. La *kiswa* est remplacée chaque année, le changement s’opérant pendant le Hadjdj, lorsque l’ancienne couverture est découpée et distribuée parmi les pèlerins. Les étoffes aux motif calligraphiques en zigzag de qui couvrent les cénotaphes des mausolées sont également nommés *kiswa* (par ex. en Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Livre. Kitabat : inscriptions.","spellings":["Kitab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Ensemble de bâtiments distribués autour de la mosquée. Les autres bâtiments étaient le darüşşifa (hôpital), le *hammam* (bains), le *han* (logements), l’*imaret* (soupe populaire), la *madrasa* (école).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"747c42e9-649d-5559-a7b6-1d32a0a36949":{"definition":"Technique de céramique (du persan *lajvard*, lapis-lazuli) dans laquelle une glaçure monochrome était appliquée à un carreau ou à un récipient, qui était cuit ensuite. La céramique était peinte avec une couleur à l’émail et cuite une deuxième fois. A l’instar des poteries lustrées, les céramiques *lajvardina* étaient coûteuses à produire et ne se trouvent que dans l’Iran ilkhanide.","spellings":["Lajvardina"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"(décor au lustre, lustre métallique) Décor présentant un somptueux aspect métallique obtenu grâce à une technique de cuisson très élaborée, utilisant des oxydes de cuivre et d’argent. Le procédé a été inventé au début de l’âge islamique en Mésopotamie et a prospéré dans tous les pays musulmans.","spellings":["Lustre","Lustre à reflets métalliques,","peinture au lustre"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"École de sciences islamiques (théologie, droit, Coran, etc.) et lieu d’hébergement pour les étudiants.","spellings":["Madrasa","Médersa"]},"4d0ea53b-609e-5e3d-817e-8067fab67fc3":{"definition":"Rassemblement religieux ou séculier.","spellings":["Majlis"]},"9e4b2650-05be-581f-8706-c2064eac74ce":{"definition":"Ecole élémentaire coranique. Voir également *kuttab*. Tr. : *mektep, sıbyan mektebi*.","spellings":["Maktab","Mektep"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Lumière, lanterne, lampe, balise. Voir également *fanar*.","spellings":["Manar"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Bâtiment à une ou plusieurs unités architecturales, comprenant généralement un dôme abritant la sépulture d’un personnage religieux important. Lieu de culte et de pèlerinage. Voir également *darih*, *koubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Ecrans en treillis de bois constitué de pièces de bois tournées et assemblées pour former une grille de fenêtre. Tr. : *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Machrabiyya","Moucharabieh"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Littéralement, “lieu de prosternement”. Mosquée où l’on dit les prières quotidiennes, à l’exception, généralement, des prières du vendredi, qui ne peuvent s’y prononcer à cause de l’absence d’un *minbar*. Tr. : *mescit*. Voir également *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"1eec6d02-be45-5c34-aad1-32d6dd772a28":{"definition":"Terme désignant la poterie frittée fabriquée à Kachan (Iran) utilisant des couleurs émaillées sur un fond d’une couleur différente (blanc, turquoise, etc.) pour les inscriptions et la peinture ornementale et figurative.","spellings":["Minai"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Chaire d’une mosquée d’où l’imam prononce le sermon au cours de la prière du Vendredi.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"016aabef-bd66-5afb-8b53-eec9959e0d50":{"definition":"La dynastie Ming a dirigé la Chine entre 1368 et 1644. La porcelaine Ming bleu et blanc se caractérise par l’intégration de motifs de dragons et de compositions florales. Voir également Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Ming"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"Dans les royaumes chrétiens de la Péninsule, nom donné aux musulmans qui se sont officiellement convertis au christianisme après la “Reconquista”.","spellings":["Morisque"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"432a631d-9c77-5598-9224-35e8479385c8":{"definition":"(Pl. *mourabitoun*) Musulman très pieux sanctifié par l’ascétisme, dont la tombe est un lieu de pèlerinage ; moine guerrier vivant dans un *ribat*. Nom d’une dynastie connue en français sous le nom d’Almoravide, qui a dirigé al-Andalus en 454-541 H / 1062–1147 J.-C.","spellings":["Mourabit"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *muwallad*. Chrétiens convertis à l’islam qui vivaient comme des musulmans pendant la domination des Arabes dans la péninsule Ibérique.","spellings":["Mouladi"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Cet ornement alvéolé en forme de stalactites est l’une des caractéristiques de l’architecture islamique. Les *mouqarnas* peuvent décorer les coupoles, les encorbellements d’un bâtiment, les portails d’accès en retrait, etc.","spellings":["Mouqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(litt. “copié”) L’une des calligraphies arabes les plus répandues, aux caractères souples et arrondis, couramment utilisée pour la copie de manuscrits.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"ddabdcad-fe35-518d-a9c0-32923e6bd220":{"definition":"Un des styles de calligraphie arabe les plus répandus (avec le *thoulouth* et le *naskhi*), développé par les calligraphes perses. Forme plus robuste et plus stylisée de *taliq*, elle se caractérise par ses courbes, sa clarté et sa pureté géométrique. Bien qu’elle soit écrite sans marques de voyelle, elle était très appréciée en raison de sa grande lisibilité. Tr. : *nes*talik**.","spellings":["Nasta‘liq"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Technique utilisée dans le travail des métaux, où les zones gravées sont remplies d’un mélange de différents matériaux tels que le plomb, le cuivre et l’argent.","spellings":["Niel","Niellage","Nielle"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"3569da80-2a51-50bb-afca-141112480550":{"definition":"Terme utilisé uniquement en Tunisie pour la poterie polychrome d’inspiration ottomane destinée à la décoration architecturale, produite dans un quartier Qallaline à Tunis.","spellings":["Qallaline","Qallaline (poterie)"]},"59b4beee-e4d9-52ef-99f1-2a66945a3694":{"definition":"Terme désignant des panneaux de carreaux émaillés provenant de la ville iranienne de Kachan, où les carreaux destinés à décorer les bâtiments étaient produits depuis la période seldjoukide. Le terme fut utilisé par le voyageur marocain Ibn Battutah en Iran pour désigner les panneaux de carrelage qui lui rappelaient les *zelliges* du Maghreb.","spellings":["Qachani"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction de la Kaaba, vers laquelle se tournent les fidèles pour prier. Elle est matérialisée dans la mosquée par le *mihrab* percé dans le mur orienté dans cette même direction et que l’on appelle donc mur *qibla*, ou mur de (la) *qibla*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"Quatrième mois du calendrier islamique qui signifie \"second printemps\".","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi`a ath-thani"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Neuvième mois de l’Hégire / calendrier lunaire, au cours duquel les musulmans observent le jeûne. C’est le dernier des trois mois saints consécutifs. Tr. : Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"40f27447-6ac4-5d17-9557-f1bd3868060b":{"definition":"Arcade ou portique. Tr. : *revak*.","spellings":["Riwaq"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motif en demi-palmette. Un des motifs les plus populaires et les plus  élémentaires des arts décoratifs islamiques, appliqué sur chaque support, du bois sculpté aux carreaux de céramique. Il apparaît principalement dans les arabesques. Il tire son nom de l’ancien nom de l’Anatolie.","spellings":["Roumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Édifice caritatif destiné à la distribution d’eau potable. Fontaine publique.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Dinastie Safavide.","spellings":["Safavide"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Écrit par le poète perse Ferdowsi, Shâhnâmeh est une épopée qui raconte les mythes et l'histoire de l'Empire perse.","spellings":["Shâhnâmeh"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Littéralement, “route”. Préceptes islamiques que le croyant doit suivre afin de parcourir le chemin qui mène à Dieu. La *Charia* régit le comportement des croyants dans les sphères spirituelle, juridique, sociale et politique, ainsi que dans les aspects concrets de la vie quotidienne.","spellings":["Charia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(litt. “noble”, “digne”) Les familles dont les ancêtres remontent au Prophète sont appelées *Achraf* ou *Chourafa* et occupent souvent des postes religieux et politiques prestigieux.","spellings":["Chérif","Sharif","Shérif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"Arc placé en diagonale à chaque coin d’une pièce carrée et emplie de manière décorative selon diverses méthodes, assurant la transition entre la surface carrée et la sphère de la coupole.","spellings":["Pendentifs"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un musulman ascétique et mystique qui représente l'aspect mystique de l'islam.","spellings":["Soufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Ordre islamique ascétique ou mystique. Dérivé de *souf*, laine, fibre utilisée par les adeptes (*soufis*) pour tisser leurs vêtements.","spellings":["Soufisme"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"État ou territoires gouvernés par un sultan. Le titre de sultan est donné à la personne qui règne sur ces lieux.","spellings":["Sultanat"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"665383f5-4a15-5f32-8010-a19d807b45a5":{"definition":"Chambre d’hôte dans une mosquée pour les derviches itinérants et autres voyageurs. Depuis le Xe siècle H (XVIe siècle. J.-C.), les tabhane sont devenus partie intégrante de la salle de prière de la mosquée.","spellings":["Tabhane"]},"e492236b-2179-5d42-b894-3fc913a09686":{"definition":"Maçonnerie à base de boue compressée dans des caissons. La technique a été encore perfectionnée dans les constructions militaires avec l’intégration du mortier de chaux dans la charpente.","spellings":["Pisé militaire"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"(faction, groupe)  Petit royaume issu de la désintégration de l’Espagne musulmane en plusieurs royaumes plus petits au cours du Ve/XIe siècle.","spellings":["Taïfa"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"Du turc *tekke*, littéralement “lieu où la nourriture est offerte”. Centre où se rencontrent, prient et vivent les derviches. Type d’architecture introduit par les Ottomans. Voir également *imaret*, *khanqah*, *zaouïa*, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Signature calligraphique d’un sultan ottoman apposée aux documents officiels. Chaque sultan avait son propre *tughra*. Tr. : *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausolée, tombe, sépulture privée, parfois crypte souterraine – une pratique architecturale mise en œuvre par les Turcs. Tr. : *kümbet*, sépulture monumentale, généralement couverte d’un dôme caché sous une flèche. Voir également *darih*, maqam, *koubba*.","spellings":["Türbe","Turbet"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Bien de mainmorte, donation à perpétuité concernant généralement des terrains et des propriétés, dont les revenus étaient destinés à l’entretien de fondations religieuses.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"Etablissement commercial avec des logements pour les marchands. Voir également *caravansérail*, *fondouk*, *khan*.","spellings":["Wikala"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grade d’officier dans l’armée turque. Tr. : *Ağa*. Voir également *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","Agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Auberge pour les commerçants et leurs bêtes de somme, magasin pour les marchandises, centre de commerce. Voir également *caravansérail*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Fondouk"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"Petits carreaux de céramique émaillée ou fragments de carreaux disposés en mosaïque pour former un motif géométrique complexe à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur des bâtiments.","spellings":["Zelliges"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome della penisola iberica (Spagna e Portogallo) sotto il dominio musulmano (dal 711 al 1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Aggettivo che significa ‘il più lontano’, è riferito alla moschea di Gerusalemme, che è stata cronologicamente la prima *qibla* (direzione della preghiera) e il principale luogo sacro che ha visto l’ascensione in cielo del profeta (vedi anche *al-Israa’* wa *al-Mi’raj*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Disegni decorativi di foglie intrecciate e forme geometriche che furono creati in epoca islamica.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Comandante in capo militare. Il termine è turco (atabeg) *ata* significa padre e *beg* significa capo. Gli atabeg furono assunti per insegnare ai principi il comando nelle arti militari.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Figli di, usato per indicare gli appartenenti ad una tribù. Il singolare è Ibn/Bin.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Regione spesso tradotta col nome di ‘Levante’ o ‘Grande Siria’ che comprende, ai nostri giorni, la Siria, la Giordania, il Libano e la Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Ospedale o infermeria fornita anche di biblioteca medica, era adibito a centro di formazione scientifica. Le cure mediche erano prestate gratis a titolo caritativo e le terapie facevano ricorso anche all’erboristeria, alla musica e alle tecniche di rilassamento.","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(Khalifa) parola araba che indica il supremo capo della comunità musulmana, successore del profeta.","spellings":["Califfo"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(Caravansarai, vedi anche *khan*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Caravanserraglio"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristiani soprattutto egiziani, seguaci di una delle più antiche dottrine cristiane, con comunità presenti anche in Africa orientale ed Etiopia. Usano una propria lingua, il copto, e un proprio calendario.","spellings":["Copti"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante militare, principe o alto ufficiale veterano.","spellings":["Emiro"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nome islamico arcaico dato alla regione che oggi comprende grosso modo la Tunisia.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Colui che presiede la preghiera comunitaria del venerdì, guida, capo spirituale, sacerdote; normalmente riconosciuto per la sua coerenza religiosa e saggezza, a volte può anche essere un capo politico.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Spazio coperto peculiare dell’architettura islamica, con muri su tre lati, normalmente aperto su di un cortile con fontana.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cubo’) Un piccolo tempio alla Mecca che è diventato il centro dell’Islam; si pensa che originariamente fosse stato costruito dal profeta Abramo e da suo figlio Ismaele.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(vedi anche *caravanserraglio*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastero o ostello riservato a musulmani mistici come i sufi.","spellings":["Khanqah"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Una delle prime forme di calligrafia araba riconoscibile per il suo stile angolato, che prende nome dalla città di Kufa in Iraq.","spellings":["Kufico"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"(tecnica a) Tipologia di ceramica lucida prodotta con una tecnica sofisticata di cottura di vari ossidi di metalli per ottenere riflessi splendenti. Fu inventata agli inizi dell’era islamica in Mesopotamia e si diffuse in tutto il mondo islamico.","spellings":["Lustro"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Scuola islamica di scienze religiose (come teologia, legge coranica, ecc.) e alloggio per studenti e insegnanti.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titolo nobiliare paragonabile a principe o re.","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicchia ad arco presente nelle moschee o luoghi di preghiera, normalmente concava, ma talvolta piatta indica la direzione della Mecca verso cui rivolgersi in preghiera ed è la parte più decorata di una moschea o di un luogo di preghiera.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Pulpito rialzato da cui si declama il sermone durante la preghiera del venerdì.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Ornamentazione architettonica a forma di stalattite o a celle di alveare. Elemento peculiare dell’architettura islamica, compare su molti tipi di volte, comprese quelle di cupole e portali.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Uno dei più diffusi stili calligrafici arabi, che comprende anche un corsivo fluente. Il significato letterale del termine è correlato con il copiare e produrre manoscritti.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Cittadella, fortezza con evidenti attributi architettonici di difesa, come alte mura impenetrabili, torri, feritoie e fossati.","spellings":["Qala"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palazzo, castello, dal latino *castrum*, residenza monumentale.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direzione della *Kaba* verso cui pregano i credenti.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortificazione abitata da monaci guerrieri (Maghreb), ospizio per pellegrini (Egitto mamelucco, Palestina e Siria).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edificio per istituzione caritativa, progettato per distribuire acqua potabile e fornire un’educazione di base a titolo gratuito.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(o *sherif*) Discendente del profeta Maometto, alla lettera significa ‘degno d’onore’. Le famiglie imparentate in origine col profeta assunsero il titolo di *Ashraf* o *Shurafa* e spesso ricoprirono cariche religiose e politiche di rilievo.","spellings":["Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Per esteso ‘Shi‘at ‘Ali’, significa ‘partito di Ali’ e si riferisce ai musulmani che scelsero ‘Ali dopo la morte del profeta, come capo, ed in seguito disconobbero la legittimità dei califfi che salirono al trono dopo l’assassinio di Ali avvenuto nel 661.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titolo che significa sovrano, con cui si indica generalmente il governante supremo la cui autorità però non mette in discussione la riconosciuta superiorità nominale del califfo.","spellings":["Sultano"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘tradizione’) Si riferisce ad avvenimenti e detti del profeta, tramandati per tradizione, utilizzati da esperti e teologi per integrare con necessari chiarimenti la base della legge islamica così come è scritta nel Corano.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercato, il punto nevralgico della città islamica, centro della vita urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Fazioni o gruppi. Il termine si riferisce generalmente alla frammentazione della Spagna musulmana in una moltitudine di piccoli regni durante il secolo XI.","spellings":["Taifa"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titolo onorifico dato ad amministratori decani; ministro.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotazione non tassabile consistente in terre o altre proprietà le cui rendite erano usate per sovvenzionare istituzioni religiose islamiche.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome dos territórios da Península Ibérica sob domínio muçulmano entre 711 e 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectivo cujo significado é «a mais longínqua», denomina a meaquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalém, reverenciada pelos muçulmanos como a primeira *qibla* (ver) e o primeiro lugar sagrado, onde teve lugar a ascensão do Profeta ao céu (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"13e5a720-86da-5489-8550-6975b61c89fd":{"definition":"(do ár. *qasabah*) Fortaleza, cidadela. Cidadela e residência do chefe local, em geral no centro da cidade.","spellings":["Alcáçova"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Decoração composta por folhas e formas geométricas entrelaçadas que se desenvolveu  no período islâmico.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"(do turco *ata*, «pai», e beg, «líder».) Comandante em chefe do exército. Os atabegs tinham a função de ensinar aos príncipes as artes da guerra.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Banu"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Região frequentemente denominada «Levante» ou «Grande Síria», compreende as actuais Síria, Jordânia, Líbano e Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital ou sanatório que dispunha também de uma biblioteca médica e funcionava como centro de formação científica. Tinha carácter de beneficência, e os doentes recibiam gratuitamente tratamentos que incluiam remédios à base de ervas, música e repouso.","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(do ár. *jalifah*, «sucessor») Chefe supremo da comunidade muçulmana na linha sucessória do Profeta.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifah"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Hospedarias situadas nas grandes rotas do comércio e peregrinação, destinadas a albergar viajantes e a armazenar as suas mercadorias. (ver também *khan*.)","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Eram, em grande, parte, cristãos egípcios; seguidores de uma das formas mais antigas de cristianismo, que comprendia comunidades da África oriental até à Etiopía. Tinham a sua própria língua, o copta, e o seu próprio calendário.","spellings":["Coptas"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe ou alto funcionário.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Nome arabizado de «África»; região que, nos nossos dias, corresponde aproximadamente à Tunísia.","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Pessoa que dirige a oração muçulmana, guia, chefe, modelo espiritual ou clérigo; é sempre famoso pela sua pureza e sabedoria, convertendo-se, por vezes, em líder político.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Sala abóbadada, fechada em três dos seus lados. É típica da arquitectura islâmica e costuma abrir para um pátio com uma fonte.","spellings":["Iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeno templo da Meca que se converteu no centro do Islão. Acredita-se que tenha sido construído pelo profeta Abraão e pelo seu filho Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Pousada nas principais rotas de comércio ou de peregrinação, onde os viajantes se alojavam e as mercadorias podíam ser guardadas de forma segura. (ver *caravanserai*.)","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Mosteiro ou hospederia para os muçulmanos que levam uma vida mística ou sufí.","spellings":["Khanqahs"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Uma das primeiras formas de caligrafía árabe, distingue-se pelo seu estilo anguloso. Deve o seu nome à ciudad de Kufa (Iraque).","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escola islâmica de ciências religiosas (teologia, direito, Alcorão, etc.) e lugar de alojamento para estudantes.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Título que significa «príncipe» ou «rei».","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco nas mesquitas ou salas de oração, quase sempre côncavo, que marca o muro da qibla (ver) ou direcção da Meca. Costuma ser a parte mais decorada das mesquitas.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito das mesquitas, a partir do qual se faz o sermão de sexta-feira. (Ver *khotba*.)","spellings":["Minbar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"(do ár. muqarnas) Ornamentação arquitectónica de estalactites ou prismas. É característica da arquitectura islâmica e aparece em superfícies de cúpulas e de pórticos.","spellings":["Mucarna"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(«copiado») Um dos estilos caligráficos árabes mais divulgados, e que consiste num cursivo fluido.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palácio, castelo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direcção da Kaaba (ver), em direcção à qual rezam os crentes.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"eeddc1f9-aa34-58f7-8a63-ff3e19765ad6":{"definition":"Decoração cerâmica com pigmentos de cobre, ferro e prata que se aplicam sobre o esmalte e se cozem em atmosfera redutora. Este tipo de decoração nasceu na Mesopotâmia, nos primeiros anos do Islão, e propagou-se por todos os territórios muçulmanos.","spellings":["Reflexo metálico"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monges guerreiros (norte de África e al-Andalus); hospedaria para peregrinos (Egipto, Palestina e Síria na época mameluca).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edifício de beneficência construído para proporcionar água potável; fonte pública.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(lit. “nobre”, “digno”) As famílias cujos antepassados remontam ao Profeta são chamadas Acraf ou Chourafa e ocupam com frequência lugares religiosos e políticos de prestígio.","spellings":["Cherif","Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa os muçulmanos que escolheram Ali como líder depois da morte do Profeta; depois do assassinato de Ali, em 661, rejeitaram a legitimidade dos califas.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica ao chefe político supremo, cuja autoridade não ameaça  a superioridade nominal do califa regente.","spellings":["Sultão"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(«tradição») Denomina as tradições do Profeta de que se serviram os letrados e os teólogos para fundamentarem convenientemente a criação da Lei Islâmica segundo o Alcorão.","spellings":["Sunita","Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, centro da cidade muçulmana e da vida urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Facção ou grupo. O termo designa usualmente os pequenos reinos em que se dividiu o al-Andalus no século xi.","spellings":["Taifa"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"(dol ár. *wazir*) Título honorífico de altos cargos; ministro.","spellings":["Visir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Legado de terras ou propriedades cujos rendimentos se destinan à manutenção de fundações pias islâmicas.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"Faixa na parte inferior das paredes composta por peças cortadas irregularmente em função do motivo decorativo.","spellings":["Alizar"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tvådimensionellt ornament i islamisk konst, uppbyggt kring växter med blad och skott som slingrar sig runt varandra och skapar ett kontinuerligt mönster.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Sjukhus","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"efterträdare\" och betecknar den högste ledaren i den muslimska världen. Kalifatet var riket som kalifen behärskade.","spellings":["Kalif"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Särskilt anlagd handelsplats längs vägen, med värdshus för köpmän och andra resande. Se också *khan*, *wikala*, *suq* och *bedestan*.","spellings":["Karavanseralj"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fästning eller citadell, där den lokale härskaren bodde och som ofta också fungerade som centrum i staden. Ordet har framför allt använts i den västra delen av den muslimska världen, i Tunisien, Algeriet och Marocko.","spellings":["Kasbah"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Betyder egentligen \"torrt snöre\", ett sätt att skapa mönster på kakelplattorna genom att skilja de olika glasyrfärgerna åt under bränningen med hjälp av inoljade snören. Termen används också för en teknik att dra upp konturerna i ett mönster med en blandning av vax eller vegetabiliskt fett och manganoxid.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militär befälhavare, prins eller hög tjänsteman som styrde över ett större område, ett emirat.","spellings":["Emir"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"Ett tunt lager som läggs utanpå keramiken och som under bränningen i ugnen  förglasas, så att ytan blir ogenomtränglig för vätska och gör keramiken mer användbar. Blyglasyr är genomskinlig, men ömtålig. Tennglasyr är en vit glasyr som utvecklades i Bagdad  på 200-talet / 800-talet för att konkurrera med porslinet från Kina. Den tennglaserade keramiken spreds sedan till det moriska Spanien och övriga Europa. Fajanser som Delftfajanser och så kallad majolika har tennglasyr.","spellings":["Glasyr"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Allmänt eller privat badhus.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"Gammalt muslimskt namn på det landområde som ungefär motsvarar dagens Tunisien (jfr Afrika).","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Imamen är den som leder den islamiska bönen, som är en andlig förebild och som kan vara religiös befattningshavare. I vissa muslimska samhällen också politisk ledare.","spellings":["imam"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"Anläggning med byggnader och institutioner som tillsammans stöddes av en *waqf* (religiös stiftelse). Från 900-talet / 1500-talet betecknar ordet *imaret* också den soppa som serverades åt de fattiga.","spellings":["imaretan"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"Rum med takvalv, med väggar åt tre håll och en stor bågformad öppning.","spellings":["iwan"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"kub\". Litet tempel i Mekka som har kommit att bli centrum för islam. Antas från början ha byggts av Abraham och hans son Ismael.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Handelshus där köpmän kunde övernatta. Se också *karavanseralj* och *wikala*.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Kloster eller vandrarhem för kringvandrande sufier eller dervischer (muslimska mystiker).","spellings":["Khanqa"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Kabans täcke som är broderat med verser ur Koranen i silke och guldtråd. Kiswa är hopsatt av flera delar och byts ut varje år i samband med Hadj. Då klipps den gamla kiswa upp i smådelar och delas ut bland pilgrimerna.","spellings":["kiswa"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Koranskola för barn.","spellings":["kuttab"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Arabisk skrivstil med stiliserade och rätvinkliga bokstäver. Den har att göra med den irakiska staden Kufa, och den användes i Koranerna under den första islamiska tiden, men från och med 300-talet / 900-talet inte så ofta, eftersom den var svårläst. Ibland kombineras kufisk skrift med dekorativa växtornament i slutet av bokstäverna.","spellings":["kufisk"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Gravkapell, oftast en byggnad som innehåller en känd religiös personlighets grav.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Bågformad eller välvd nisch i en islamisk religiös byggnad som visar böneriktningen mot Mekka.","spellings":["mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Predikstol, talarstol med trappsteg, varifrån bland annat fredagsbönens predikan hålls. Minbar är placerad till höger om mihrab, bönenischen, i en moské.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Av arabiskans *mudajjan*: muslimer som stannade kvar bland de kristna erövrarna, i utbyte mot att de betalade skatt. Adjektivet *mudejar*\\- används också för de traditionella islamiska hantverksprodukter som sedan fortsatte att tillverkas för kristna kunder.","spellings":["Mudejar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Dekoration som liknar bikakor eller stalaktiter. Motivet finns på många ytor i arkitekturen, till exempel i takvalven.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Betyder egentligen \"kopierad\". En av de mest spridda kalligrafiska stilarna som använts i Koranen och andra böcker.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"78098713-2d8f-5314-b786-0c0cdd7710a0":{"definition":"Vattenhjul.","spellings":["Noria"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Av det latinska ordet för befäst slott eller fästning. Diminutivformen, som alltså betyder en mindre fästning, är *qusayr*.**","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Qibla är böneriktningen, den  riktning som visar var Kaba i Mekka finns.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"Den nionde månaden i Hijri, månkalendern, när muslimerna fastar. Ramadan är den sista i raden av tre heliga månader.","spellings":["Ramadan"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fästning för religiösa krigare (Nordafrika); härbärge för pilgrimer (det mamlukiska Egypten, Palestina och Syrien. Staden Rabats namn kommer från Ribat al-Fath (Erövringens ribat).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Brunnsbyggnad, vattenkiosk.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Sharia betyder \"vägen\", d v s vägen till Gud. Sharia styr hur den troende uppträder i det dagliga livet och andligen, juridiskt, socialt och politiskt.","spellings":["Sharia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel som betyder \"härskare\". Det är en politisk titel, och sultanen är därför underställd kalifen.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Riktning inom islam vars anhängare, sunniter, stöder Sunna-berättelserna om Muhammed.","spellings":["Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marknadsplats.","spellings":["Suq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Skrivstil som uppkallats efter storleken på den penna som användes. Thuluth betyder på arabiska \"en tredjedel\". De utdragna bokstavsformerna ger utrymme för komplicerade dekorativa kompositioner. Stilen användes både i arkitektur och i böcker och från 1100-talet / 1700-talet ser man den ofta på paneler i den ottomanska konsten.","spellings":["Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"De ottomanska sultanernas kalligrafiska signatur, som sattes på officiella dokument. Varje sultan hade sin egen tughra.","spellings":["Tughra"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Honnörstitel som gavs till höga hovfunktionärer; minister.","spellings":["Vesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Stiftelse i form av en gåva av land eller annan egendom för all framtid. Avkastningen användes för underhållet av en religiös inrättning.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"Särskilt anlagd handelsplats med övernattningslokaler för ditresta köpmän. Se också *karavanseralj*, *suq* och *bedestan*.","spellings":["Wikala"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"spellings":["Nesih"]}}