@bornengine/engine 0.4.16

package/src/math/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+import { Vec2 as Vec2Type, Vec3 as Vec3Type, Vec4 as Vec4Type, Quat, Ray, BoundingBox, Mat4, FrustumPlanes, RayHit, Model } from '../core/types';
+type Vec2 = Vec2Type;
+type Vec3 = Vec3Type;
+type Vec4 = Vec4Type;
+
+// Vec2 operations
+
+export function vec2(x: number, y: number): Vec2 {
+  return { x, y };
+}
+
+export function vec2Add(a: Vec2, b: Vec2): Vec2 {
+  return { x: a.x + b.x, y: a.y + b.y };
+}
+
+export function vec2Sub(a: Vec2, b: Vec2): Vec2 {
+  return { x: a.x - b.x, y: a.y - b.y };
+}
+
+export function vec2Scale(v: Vec2, scalar: number): Vec2 {
+  return { x: v.x * scalar, y: v.y * scalar };
+}
+
+export function vec2Length(v: Vec2): number {
+  return Math.sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y);
+}
+
+export function vec2LengthSq(v: Vec2): number {
+  return v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y;
+}
+
+export function vec2Normalize(v: Vec2): Vec2 {
+  const len = vec2Length(v);
+  if (len === 0) return { x: 0, y: 0 };
+  return { x: v.x / len, y: v.y / len };
+}
+
+export function vec2Dot(a: Vec2, b: Vec2): number {
+  return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y;
+}
+
+export function vec2Distance(a: Vec2, b: Vec2): number {
+  const dx = b.x - a.x;
+  const dy = b.y - a.y;
+  return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
+}
+
+export function vec2Lerp(a: Vec2, b: Vec2, t: number): Vec2 {
+  return { x: a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t, y: a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t };
+}
+
+// Vec3 operations
+
+export function vec3(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vec3 {
+  return { x: x, y: y, z: z };
+}
+
+export function vec3Add(a: Vec3, b: Vec3): Vec3 {
+  return { x: a.x + b.x, y: a.y + b.y, z: a.z + b.z };
+}
+
+export function vec3Sub(a: Vec3, b: Vec3): Vec3 {
+  return { x: a.x - b.x, y: a.y - b.y, z: a.z - b.z };
+}
+
+export function vec3Scale(v: Vec3, scalar: number): Vec3 {
+  return { x: v.x * scalar, y: v.y * scalar, z: v.z * scalar };
+}
+
+export function vec3Length(v: Vec3): number {
+  return Math.sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z);
+}
+
+export function vec3LengthSq(v: Vec3): number {
+  return v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z;
+}
+
+export function vec3Normalize(v: Vec3): Vec3 {
+  const len = vec3Length(v);
+  if (len === 0) return { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+  return { x: v.x / len, y: v.y / len, z: v.z / len };
+}
+
+export function vec3Dot(a: Vec3, b: Vec3): number {
+  return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+}
+
+export function vec3Cross(a: Vec3, b: Vec3): Vec3 {
+  return {
+    x: a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y,
+    y: a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z,
+    z: a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x,
+  };
+}
+
+export function vec3Distance(a: Vec3, b: Vec3): number {
+  const dx = b.x - a.x, dy = b.y - a.y, dz = b.z - a.z;
+  return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz);
+}
+
+export function vec3Lerp(a: Vec3, b: Vec3, t: number): Vec3 {
+  return { x: a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t, y: a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t, z: a.z + (b.z - a.z) * t };
+}
+
+// Vec4 operations
+
+export function vec4(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vec4 {
+  return { x, y, z, w };
+}
+
+export function vec4Add(a: Vec4, b: Vec4): Vec4 {
+  return { x: a.x + b.x, y: a.y + b.y, z: a.z + b.z, w: a.w + b.w };
+}
+
+export function vec4Scale(v: Vec4, s: number): Vec4 {
+  return { x: v.x * s, y: v.y * s, z: v.z * s, w: v.w * s };
+}
+
+export function vec4Length(v: Vec4): number {
+  return Math.sqrt(v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y + v.z * v.z + v.w * v.w);
+}
+
+export function vec4Normalize(v: Vec4): Vec4 {
+  const len = vec4Length(v);
+  if (len === 0) return { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 0 };
+  return { x: v.x / len, y: v.y / len, z: v.z / len, w: v.w / len };
+}
+
+// Scalar utilities
+
+export function lerp(a: number, b: number, t: number): number {
+  return a + (b - a) * t;
+}
+
+export function clamp(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
+  if (value < min) return min;
+  if (value > max) return max;
+  return value;
+}
+
+export function remap(value: number, inMin: number, inMax: number, outMin: number, outMax: number): number {
+  return outMin + (value - inMin) / (inMax - inMin) * (outMax - outMin);
+}
+
+export function randomFloat(min: number, max: number): number {
+  return min + Math.random() * (max - min);
+}
+
+export function randomInt(min: number, max: number): number {
+  return Math.floor(min + Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
+}
+
+// Easing functions
+
+export function easeInQuad(t: number): number { return t * t; }
+export function easeOutQuad(t: number): number { return t * (2 - t); }
+// BROKEN under Perry — EN-051. The parameter never arrives: `t < 0.5` is false
+// for every input, so this returns a constant. Adding a `console.log(t)` to the
+// body makes it correct, which is the signature of a codegen bug, not a logic
+// one. Rewriting with `if`, reordering the expression, and binding `t` to a
+// local were all tried and none of them fix it. `easeInOutCubic` below is the
+// same shape and is fine, so the shape is not the trigger.
+//
+// Left in its honest form rather than contorted around a bug I cannot explain.
+// Nothing in the shooter or the editor calls it. See shooter
+// docs/perry-quirks.md #8, Case B.
+export function easeInOutQuad(t: number): number {
+  if (t < 0.5) return 2 * t * t;
+  return (4 - 2 * t) * t - 1;
+}
+export function easeInCubic(t: number): number { return t * t * t; }
+export function easeOutCubic(t: number): number { const t1 = t - 1; return t1 * t1 * t1 + 1; }
+export function easeInOutCubic(t: number): number {
+  if (t < 0.5) return 4 * t * t * t;
+  return 1 - Math.pow(-2 * t + 2, 3) / 2;
+}
+export function easeInElastic(t: number): number {
+  if (t === 0 || t === 1) return t;
+  return -Math.pow(2, 10 * t - 10) * Math.sin((t * 10 - 10.75) * (2 * Math.PI / 3));
+}
+export function easeOutElastic(t: number): number {
+  if (t === 0 || t === 1) return t;
+  return Math.pow(2, -10 * t) * Math.sin((t * 10 - 0.75) * (2 * Math.PI / 3)) + 1;
+}
+export function easeBounce(t: number): number {
+  const n1 = 7.5625, d1 = 2.75;
+  if (t < 1 / d1) return n1 * t * t;
+  if (t < 2 / d1) return n1 * (t -= 1.5 / d1) * t + 0.75;
+  if (t < 2.5 / d1) return n1 * (t -= 2.25 / d1) * t + 0.9375;
+  return n1 * (t -= 2.625 / d1) * t + 0.984375;
+}
+
+// Mat4 operations (column-major, 16-element arrays)
+
+export function mat4Identity(): Mat4 {
+  return [1,0,0,0, 0,1,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 0,0,0,1];
+}
+
+export function mat4Multiply(a: Mat4, b: Mat4): Mat4 {
+  const out = new Array(16).fill(0);
+  for (let col = 0; col < 4; col++) {
+    for (let row = 0; row < 4; row++) {
+      out[col * 4 + row] = a[row] * b[col * 4] + a[4 + row] * b[col * 4 + 1] +
+                            a[8 + row] * b[col * 4 + 2] + a[12 + row] * b[col * 4 + 3];
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function mat4Translate(m: Mat4, v: Vec3): Mat4 {
+  const out = [...m];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    out[12 + i] += m[i] * v.x + m[4 + i] * v.y + m[8 + i] * v.z;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function mat4Scale(m: Mat4, v: Vec3): Mat4 {
+  const out = [...m];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) { out[i] *= v.x; out[4+i] *= v.y; out[8+i] *= v.z; }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function mat4RotateX(m: Mat4, angle: number): Mat4 {
+  const c = Math.cos(angle), s = Math.sin(angle);
+  const rot: Mat4 = [1,0,0,0, 0,c,s,0, 0,-s,c,0, 0,0,0,1];
+  return mat4Multiply(m, rot);
+}
+
+export function mat4RotateY(m: Mat4, angle: number): Mat4 {
+  const c = Math.cos(angle), s = Math.sin(angle);
+  const rot: Mat4 = [c,0,-s,0, 0,1,0,0, s,0,c,0, 0,0,0,1];
+  return mat4Multiply(m, rot);
+}
+
+export function mat4RotateZ(m: Mat4, angle: number): Mat4 {
+  const c = Math.cos(angle), s = Math.sin(angle);
+  const rot: Mat4 = [c,s,0,0, -s,c,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 0,0,0,1];
+  return mat4Multiply(m, rot);
+}
+
+export function mat4Perspective(fovy: number, aspect: number, near: number, far: number): Mat4 {
+  const f = 1.0 / Math.tan(fovy / 2);
+  const nf = 1.0 / (near - far);
+  return [f/aspect,0,0,0, 0,f,0,0, 0,0,(far+near)*nf,-1, 0,0,2*far*near*nf,0];
+}
+
+export function mat4Ortho(left: number, right: number, bottom: number, top: number, near: number, far: number): Mat4 {
+  const lr = 1/(left-right), bt = 1/(bottom-top), nf = 1/(near-far);
+  return [-2*lr,0,0,0, 0,-2*bt,0,0, 0,0,2*nf,0, (left+right)*lr,(top+bottom)*bt,(far+near)*nf,1];
+}
+
+export function mat4LookAt(eye: Vec3, center: Vec3, up: Vec3): Mat4 {
+  let fx = center.x-eye.x, fy = center.y-eye.y, fz = center.z-eye.z;
+  const flen = Math.sqrt(fx*fx+fy*fy+fz*fz);
+  fx /= flen; fy /= flen; fz /= flen;
+  let sx = fy*up.z-fz*up.y, sy = fz*up.x-fx*up.z, sz = fx*up.y-fy*up.x;
+  const slen = Math.sqrt(sx*sx+sy*sy+sz*sz);
+  sx /= slen; sy /= slen; sz /= slen;
+  const ux = sy*fz-sz*fy, uy = sz*fx-sx*fz, uz = sx*fy-sy*fx;
+  return [sx,ux,-fx,0, sy,uy,-fy,0, sz,uz,-fz,0,
+    -(sx*eye.x+sy*eye.y+sz*eye.z),-(ux*eye.x+uy*eye.y+uz*eye.z),fx*eye.x+fy*eye.y+fz*eye.z,1];
+}
+
+export function mat4Invert(m: Mat4): Mat4 {
+  const a00=m[0],a01=m[1],a02=m[2],a03=m[3],a10=m[4],a11=m[5],a12=m[6],a13=m[7];
+  const a20=m[8],a21=m[9],a22=m[10],a23=m[11],a30=m[12],a31=m[13],a32=m[14],a33=m[15];
+  const b00=a00*a11-a01*a10,b01=a00*a12-a02*a10,b02=a00*a13-a03*a10;
+  const b03=a01*a12-a02*a11,b04=a01*a13-a03*a11,b05=a02*a13-a03*a12;
+  const b06=a20*a31-a21*a30,b07=a20*a32-a22*a30,b08=a20*a33-a23*a30;
+  const b09=a21*a32-a22*a31,b10=a21*a33-a23*a31,b11=a22*a33-a23*a32;
+  let det = b00*b11-b01*b10+b02*b09+b03*b08-b04*b07+b05*b06;
+  if (Math.abs(det) < 1e-10) return mat4Identity();
+  det = 1.0 / det;
+  return [
+    (a11*b11-a12*b10+a13*b09)*det,(a02*b10-a01*b11-a03*b09)*det,(a31*b05-a32*b04+a33*b03)*det,(a22*b04-a21*b05-a23*b03)*det,
+    (a12*b08-a10*b11-a13*b07)*det,(a00*b11-a02*b08+a03*b07)*det,(a32*b02-a30*b05-a33*b01)*det,(a20*b05-a22*b02+a23*b01)*det,
+    (a10*b10-a11*b08+a13*b06)*det,(a01*b08-a00*b10-a03*b06)*det,(a30*b04-a31*b02+a33*b00)*det,(a21*b02-a20*b04-a23*b00)*det,
+    (a11*b07-a10*b09-a12*b06)*det,(a00*b09-a01*b07+a02*b06)*det,(a31*b01-a30*b03-a32*b00)*det,(a20*b03-a21*b01+a22*b00)*det,
+  ];
+}
+
+// Quaternion operations
+
+export function quatIdentity(): Quat {
+  return { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 1 };
+}
+
+export function quatFromEuler(pitch: number, yaw: number, roll: number): Quat {
+  const cp = Math.cos(pitch * 0.5), sp = Math.sin(pitch * 0.5);
+  const cy = Math.cos(yaw * 0.5), sy = Math.sin(yaw * 0.5);
+  const cr = Math.cos(roll * 0.5), sr = Math.sin(roll * 0.5);
+  return {
+    x: sr * cp * cy - cr * sp * sy,
+    y: cr * sp * cy + sr * cp * sy,
+    z: cr * cp * sy - sr * sp * cy,
+    w: cr * cp * cy + sr * sp * sy,
+  };
+}
+
+export function quatToMat4(q: Quat): Mat4 {
+  const x=q.x,y=q.y,z=q.z,w=q.w;
+  const x2=x+x,y2=y+y,z2=z+z;
+  const xx=x*x2,xy=x*y2,xz=x*z2,yy=y*y2,yz=y*z2,zz=z*z2;
+  const wx=w*x2,wy=w*y2,wz=w*z2;
+  return [1-yy-zz,xy+wz,xz-wy,0, xy-wz,1-xx-zz,yz+wx,0, xz+wy,yz-wx,1-xx-yy,0, 0,0,0,1];
+}
+
+export function quatSlerp(a: Quat, b: Quat, t: number): Quat {
+  let dot = a.x*b.x + a.y*b.y + a.z*b.z + a.w*b.w;
+  let bx=b.x,by=b.y,bz=b.z,bw=b.w;
+  if (dot < 0) { dot = -dot; bx=-bx; by=-by; bz=-bz; bw=-bw; }
+  if (dot > 0.9995) {
+    return quatNormalize({ x:a.x+(bx-a.x)*t, y:a.y+(by-a.y)*t, z:a.z+(bz-a.z)*t, w:a.w+(bw-a.w)*t });
+  }
+  const theta = Math.acos(dot);
+  const sinT = Math.sin(theta);
+  const s0 = Math.sin((1-t)*theta)/sinT;
+  const s1 = Math.sin(t*theta)/sinT;
+  return { x:s0*a.x+s1*bx, y:s0*a.y+s1*by, z:s0*a.z+s1*bz, w:s0*a.w+s1*bw };
+}
+
+export function quatNormalize(q: Quat): Quat {
+  const len = Math.sqrt(q.x*q.x+q.y*q.y+q.z*q.z+q.w*q.w);
+  if (len === 0) return quatIdentity();
+  return { x:q.x/len, y:q.y/len, z:q.z/len, w:q.w/len };
+}
+
+export function quatMultiply(a: Quat, b: Quat): Quat {
+  return {
+    x: a.w*b.x + a.x*b.w + a.y*b.z - a.z*b.y,
+    y: a.w*b.y - a.x*b.z + a.y*b.w + a.z*b.x,
+    z: a.w*b.z + a.x*b.y - a.y*b.x + a.z*b.w,
+    w: a.w*b.w - a.x*b.x - a.y*b.y - a.z*b.z,
+  };
+}
+
+// Ray / BoundingBox
+
+export function rayIntersectsBox(ray: Ray, box_: BoundingBox): boolean {
+  let tmin = -Infinity, tmax = Infinity;
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'] as const) {
+    const invD = 1.0 / ray.direction[axis];
+    let t0 = (box_.min[axis] - ray.position[axis]) * invD;
+    let t1 = (box_.max[axis] - ray.position[axis]) * invD;
+    if (invD < 0) { const tmp = t0; t0 = t1; t1 = tmp; }
+    tmin = Math.max(tmin, t0);
+    tmax = Math.min(tmax, t1);
+    if (tmax < tmin) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+export function rayIntersectsSphere(ray: Ray, center: Vec3, radius: number): boolean {
+  const oc: Vec3 = { x: ray.position.x - center.x, y: ray.position.y - center.y, z: ray.position.z - center.z };
+  const a = vec3Dot(ray.direction, ray.direction);
+  const b = 2.0 * vec3Dot(oc, ray.direction);
+  const c = vec3Dot(oc, oc) - radius * radius;
+  return b * b - 4 * a * c >= 0;
+}
+
+export function checkCollisionSpheres(center1: Vec3, radius1: number, center2: Vec3, radius2: number): boolean {
+  return vec3Distance(center1, center2) <= radius1 + radius2;
+}
+
+export function checkCollisionBoxes(a: BoundingBox, b: BoundingBox): boolean {
+  return a.min.x <= b.max.x && a.max.x >= b.min.x &&
+         a.min.y <= b.max.y && a.max.y >= b.min.y &&
+         a.min.z <= b.max.z && a.max.z >= b.min.z;
+}
+
+// Frustum culling
+
+export function extractFrustumPlanes(mvp: Mat4): FrustumPlanes {
+  const m = mvp;
+  const planes: Vec4[] = [
+    // Left
+    { x: m[3] + m[0], y: m[7] + m[4], z: m[11] + m[8], w: m[15] + m[12] },
+    // Right
+    { x: m[3] - m[0], y: m[7] - m[4], z: m[11] - m[8], w: m[15] - m[12] },
+    // Bottom
+    { x: m[3] + m[1], y: m[7] + m[5], z: m[11] + m[9], w: m[15] + m[13] },
+    // Top
+    { x: m[3] - m[1], y: m[7] - m[5], z: m[11] - m[9], w: m[15] - m[13] },
+    // Near
+    { x: m[3] + m[2], y: m[7] + m[6], z: m[11] + m[10], w: m[15] + m[14] },
+    // Far
+    { x: m[3] - m[2], y: m[7] - m[6], z: m[11] - m[10], w: m[15] - m[14] },
+  ];
+  // Normalize each plane
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+    const p = planes[i];
+    const len = Math.sqrt(p.x * p.x + p.y * p.y + p.z * p.z);
+    if (len > 0) { p.x /= len; p.y /= len; p.z /= len; p.w /= len; }
+  }
+  return { planes };
+}
+
+export function isBoxInFrustum(box_: BoundingBox, frustum: FrustumPlanes): boolean {
+  for (const plane of frustum.planes) {
+    // Test the positive vertex (the corner most aligned with the plane normal)
+    const px = plane.x >= 0 ? box_.max.x : box_.min.x;
+    const py = plane.y >= 0 ? box_.max.y : box_.min.y;
+    const pz = plane.z >= 0 ? box_.max.z : box_.min.z;
+    if (plane.x * px + plane.y * py + plane.z * pz + plane.w < 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Ray-triangle intersection (Moller-Trumbore algorithm)
+
+export function rayIntersectsTriangle(
+  ray: Ray, v0: Vec3, v1: Vec3, v2: Vec3,
+): RayHit {
+  const EPSILON = 1e-8;
+  const edge1: Vec3 = { x: v1.x - v0.x, y: v1.y - v0.y, z: v1.z - v0.z };
+  const edge2: Vec3 = { x: v2.x - v0.x, y: v2.y - v0.y, z: v2.z - v0.z };
+  const h = vec3Cross(ray.direction, edge2);
+  const a = vec3Dot(edge1, h);
+  const noHit: RayHit = { hit: false, distance: 0, point: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }, normal: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 } };
+  if (a > -EPSILON && a < EPSILON) return noHit;
+  const f = 1.0 / a;
+  const s: Vec3 = { x: ray.position.x - v0.x, y: ray.position.y - v0.y, z: ray.position.z - v0.z };
+  const u = f * vec3Dot(s, h);
+  if (u < 0.0 || u > 1.0) return noHit;
+  const q = vec3Cross(s, edge1);
+  const v = f * vec3Dot(ray.direction, q);
+  if (v < 0.0 || u + v > 1.0) return noHit;
+  const t = f * vec3Dot(edge2, q);
+  if (t <= EPSILON) return noHit;
+  const point: Vec3 = {
+    x: ray.position.x + ray.direction.x * t,
+    y: ray.position.y + ray.direction.y * t,
+    z: ray.position.z + ray.direction.z * t,
+  };
+  const normal = vec3Normalize(vec3Cross(edge1, edge2));
+  return { hit: true, distance: t, point, normal };
+}
+
+export function getRayCollisionBox(ray: Ray, box_: BoundingBox): RayHit {
+  const noHit: RayHit = { hit: false, distance: 0, point: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }, normal: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 } };
+  let tmin = -Infinity;
+  let tmax = Infinity;
+  const normals: Vec3[] = [{ x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }, { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }];
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'] as const) {
+    const invD = 1.0 / ray.direction[axis];
+    let t0 = (box_.min[axis] - ray.position[axis]) * invD;
+    let t1 = (box_.max[axis] - ray.position[axis]) * invD;
+    const n0: Vec3 = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    const n1: Vec3 = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    if (invD >= 0) {
+      n0[axis] = -1;
+      n1[axis] = 1;
+    } else {
+      const tmp = t0; t0 = t1; t1 = tmp;
+      n0[axis] = 1;
+      n1[axis] = -1;
+    }
+    if (t0 > tmin) { tmin = t0; normals[0] = n0; }
+    if (t1 < tmax) { tmax = t1; normals[1] = n1; }
+    if (tmax < tmin) return noHit;
+  }
+  if (tmin < 0) return noHit;
+  const point: Vec3 = {
+    x: ray.position.x + ray.direction.x * tmin,
+    y: ray.position.y + ray.direction.y * tmin,
+    z: ray.position.z + ray.direction.z * tmin,
+  };
+  return { hit: true, distance: tmin, point, normal: normals[0] };
+}
+
+// PascalCase vector constructors (spec-compliant aliases)
+export function Vec2(x: number, y: number): Vec2Type { return { x, y }; }
+export function Vec3(x: number, y: number, z: number): Vec3Type { return { x, y, z }; }
+export function Vec4(x: number, y: number, z: number, w: number): Vec4Type { return { x, y, z, w }; }
+
+// Mesh-level raycasting — tests ray against all triangles in a model's stored mesh data
+// Note: requires model meshCount > 0. For models loaded from file, this iterates
+// through the mesh vertex/index data stored on the native side.
+
+// Mesh vertex data registry for TS-side raycasting
+const _meshData = new Map<number, { vertices: number[]; indices: number[] }>();
+
+export function _registerMeshData(handle: number, vertices: number[], indices: number[]): void {
+  _meshData.set(handle, { vertices, indices });
+}
+
+export function getRayCollisionMesh(ray: Ray, model: Model): RayHit {
+  const noHit: RayHit = { hit: false, distance: 0, point: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }, normal: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 } };
+  const data = _meshData.get(model.handle);
+  if (!data) return noHit;
+
+  let closest = noHit;
+  const verts = data.vertices;
+  const idxs = data.indices;
+
+  // Each vertex is 12 floats: x,y,z, nx,ny,nz, r,g,b,a, u,v
+  for (let i = 0; i < idxs.length; i += 3) {
+    const i0 = idxs[i] * 12;
+    const i1 = idxs[i + 1] * 12;
+    const i2 = idxs[i + 2] * 12;
+
+    const v0: Vec3 = { x: verts[i0], y: verts[i0 + 1], z: verts[i0 + 2] };
+    const v1: Vec3 = { x: verts[i1], y: verts[i1 + 1], z: verts[i1 + 2] };
+    const v2: Vec3 = { x: verts[i2], y: verts[i2 + 1], z: verts[i2 + 2] };
+
+    const hit = rayIntersectsTriangle(ray, v0, v1, v2);
+    if (hit.hit && (!closest.hit || hit.distance < closest.distance)) {
+      closest = hit;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return closest;
+}