wasmtime 10.0.1 → 11.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-codegen-0.98.1/src/isa/riscv64/inst.isle

@@ -0,0 +1,2927 @@
+;; Instruction formats.
+(type MInst
+  (enum
+    ;; A no-op of zero size.
+    (Nop0)
+    (Nop4)
+
+    ;; load immediate
+    (Lui
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (imm Imm20))
+
+    (LoadConst32
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (imm u32))
+
+    (LoadConst64
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (imm u64))
+
+     (Auipc
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (imm Imm20))
+
+    ;; An ALU operation with one register sources and a register destination.
+    (FpuRR
+      (alu_op FpuOPRR)
+      (frm OptionFloatRoundingMode)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs Reg))
+
+
+    ;; An ALU operation with two register sources and a register destination.
+    (AluRRR
+      (alu_op AluOPRRR)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg))
+
+    ;; An ALU operation with two register sources and a register destination.
+    (FpuRRR
+      (alu_op FpuOPRRR)
+      (frm OptionFloatRoundingMode)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg))
+
+    ;; An ALU operation with three register sources and a register destination.
+    (FpuRRRR
+      (alu_op FpuOPRRRR)
+      (frm OptionFloatRoundingMode)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg)
+      (rs3 Reg))
+
+    ;; An ALU operation with a register source and an immediate-12 source, and a register
+    ;; destination.
+    (AluRRImm12
+      (alu_op AluOPRRI)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs Reg)
+      (imm12 Imm12))
+
+    ;; An load
+    (Load
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (op LoadOP)
+      (flags MemFlags)
+      (from AMode))
+    ;; An Store
+    (Store
+      (to AMode)
+      (op StoreOP)
+      (flags MemFlags)
+      (src Reg))
+
+    ;; A pseudo-instruction that captures register arguments in vregs.
+    (Args
+      (args VecArgPair))
+
+    (Ret (rets VecRetPair)
+         (stack_bytes_to_pop u32))
+
+     (Extend
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rn Reg)
+      (signed bool)
+      (from_bits u8)
+      (to_bits u8))
+
+    (AdjustSp
+      (amount i64))
+    (Call
+      (info BoxCallInfo))
+
+      ;; A machine indirect-call instruction.
+    (CallInd
+      (info BoxCallIndInfo))
+
+    (TrapIf
+      (test Reg)
+      (trap_code TrapCode))
+
+    ;; use a simple compare to decide to cause trap or not.
+    (TrapIfC
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg)
+      (cc IntCC)
+      (trap_code TrapCode))
+
+    (Jal
+      ;; (rd WritableReg) don't use
+      (dest BranchTarget))
+
+    (CondBr
+      (taken BranchTarget)
+      (not_taken BranchTarget)
+      (kind IntegerCompare))
+
+    ;; Load an inline symbol reference.
+    (LoadExtName
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (name BoxExternalName)
+      (offset i64))
+
+    ;; Load address referenced by `mem` into `rd`.
+    (LoadAddr
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (mem AMode))
+
+    ;; Marker, no-op in generated code: SP "virtual offset" is adjusted. This
+    ;; controls how AMode::NominalSPOffset args are lowered.
+    (VirtualSPOffsetAdj
+      (amount i64))
+
+    ;; A MOV instruction. These are encoded as OrR's (AluRRR form) but we
+    ;; keep them separate at the `Inst` level for better pretty-printing
+    ;; and faster `is_move()` logic.
+    (Mov
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rm Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+
+    ;; A MOV instruction, but where the source register is a non-allocatable
+    ;; PReg. It's important that the register be non-allocatable, as regalloc2
+    ;; will not see it as used.
+    (MovFromPReg
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rm PReg))
+
+    (Fence
+      (pred FenceReq)
+      (succ FenceReq))
+
+    (FenceI)
+
+    (ECall)
+
+    (EBreak)
+
+    ;; An instruction guaranteed to always be undefined and to trigger an illegal instruction at
+    ;; runtime.
+    (Udf
+      (trap_code TrapCode))
+    ;; a jump and link register operation
+    (Jalr
+      ;;Plain unconditional jumps (assembler pseudo-op J) are encoded as a JAL with rd=x0.
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (base Reg)
+      (offset Imm12))
+
+    ;; atomic operations.
+    (Atomic
+      (op AtomicOP)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (addr Reg)
+      (src Reg)
+      (amo AMO))
+    ;; an atomic store
+    (AtomicStore
+      (src Reg)
+      (ty Type)
+      (p Reg))
+    ;; an atomic load.
+    (AtomicLoad
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (ty Type)
+      (p Reg))
+
+    ;; an atomic nand need using loop to implement.
+    (AtomicRmwLoop
+      (offset Reg)
+      (op AtomicRmwOp)
+      (dst WritableReg)
+      (ty Type)
+      (p Reg)
+      (x Reg)
+      (t0 WritableReg))
+
+    ;; select x or y base on condition
+    (Select
+      (dst VecWritableReg)
+      (ty Type)
+      (condition Reg)
+      (x ValueRegs)
+      (y ValueRegs))
+
+    (BrTable
+      (index Reg)
+      (tmp1 WritableReg)
+      (tmp2 WritableReg)
+      (targets VecBranchTarget))
+
+    ;; atomic compare and set operation
+    (AtomicCas
+      (offset Reg)
+      (t0 WritableReg)
+      (dst WritableReg)
+      (e Reg)
+      (addr Reg)
+      (v Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+    ;; select x or y base on op_code
+    (IntSelect
+      (op IntSelectOP)
+      (dst VecWritableReg)
+      (x ValueRegs)
+      (y ValueRegs)
+      (ty Type))
+    ;; an integer compare.
+    (Icmp
+      (cc IntCC)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (a ValueRegs)
+      (b ValueRegs)
+      (ty Type))
+    ;; select a reg base on condition.
+    ;; very useful because in lowering stage we can not have condition branch.
+    (SelectReg
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg)
+      (condition IntegerCompare))
+    ;;
+    (FcvtToInt
+      (is_sat bool)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (tmp WritableReg) ;; a float register to load bounds.
+      (rs Reg)
+      (is_signed bool)
+      (in_type Type)
+      (out_type Type))
+
+    (RawData (data VecU8))
+
+    ;; An unwind pseudo-instruction.
+       (Unwind
+        (inst UnwindInst))
+
+    ;; A dummy use, useful to keep a value alive.
+       (DummyUse
+        (reg Reg))
+    ;;;
+    (FloatRound
+      (op FloatRoundOP)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (int_tmp WritableReg)
+      (f_tmp WritableReg)
+      (rs Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+    ;;;; FMax
+    (FloatSelect
+      (op FloatSelectOP)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      ;; a integer register
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+    (FloatSelectPseudo
+      (op FloatSelectOP)
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      ;; a integer register
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (rs1 Reg)
+      (rs2 Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+
+    ;; popcnt  if target doesn't support extension B
+    ;; use iteration to implement.
+    (Popcnt
+      (sum WritableReg)
+      (step WritableReg)
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (rs Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+
+    ;;; counting leading or trailing zeros.
+    (Cltz
+      ;; leading or trailing.
+      (leading bool)
+      (sum WritableReg)
+      (step WritableReg)
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (rs Reg)
+      (ty Type))
+    ;; Byte-reverse register
+    (Rev8
+      (rs Reg)
+      (step WritableReg)
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (rd WritableReg))
+    ;;
+    (Brev8
+      (rs Reg)
+      (ty Type)
+      (step WritableReg)
+      (tmp WritableReg)
+      (tmp2 WritableReg)
+      (rd WritableReg))
+    (StackProbeLoop
+      (guard_size u32)
+      (probe_count u32)
+      (tmp WritableReg))
+
+    (VecAluRRRImm5
+      (op VecAluOpRRRImm5)
+      (vd WritableReg)
+      (vd_src Reg)
+      (vs2 Reg)
+      (imm Imm5)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecAluRRR
+      (op VecAluOpRRR)
+      (vd WritableReg)
+      (vs2 Reg)
+      (vs1 Reg)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecAluRRImm5
+      (op VecAluOpRRImm5)
+      (vd WritableReg)
+      (vs2 Reg)
+      (imm Imm5)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecAluRR
+      (op VecAluOpRR)
+      (vd WritableReg)
+      (vs Reg)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecAluRImm5
+      (op VecAluOpRImm5)
+      (vd WritableReg)
+      (imm Imm5)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecSetState
+      (rd WritableReg)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecLoad
+      (eew VecElementWidth)
+      (to WritableReg)
+      (from VecAMode)
+      (flags MemFlags)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+
+    (VecStore
+      (eew VecElementWidth)
+      (to VecAMode)
+      (from Reg)
+      (flags MemFlags)
+      (mask VecOpMasking)
+      (vstate VState))
+))
+
+
+(type FloatSelectOP (enum
+  (Max)
+  (Min)
+))
+
+(type FloatRoundOP (enum
+  (Nearest)
+  (Ceil)
+  (Floor)
+  (Trunc)
+))
+
+(type IntSelectOP (enum
+  (Smax)
+  (Umax)
+  (Smin)
+  (Umin)
+))
+
+(type AtomicOP (enum
+  (LrW)
+  (ScW)
+  (AmoswapW)
+  (AmoaddW)
+  (AmoxorW)
+  (AmoandW)
+  (AmoorW)
+  (AmominW)
+  (AmomaxW)
+  (AmominuW)
+  (AmomaxuW)
+  (LrD)
+  (ScD)
+  (AmoswapD)
+  (AmoaddD)
+  (AmoxorD)
+  (AmoandD)
+  (AmoorD)
+  (AmominD)
+  (AmomaxD)
+  (AmominuD)
+  (AmomaxuD)
+))
+
+(type FpuOPRRRR (enum
+  ;; float32
+  (FmaddS)
+  (FmsubS)
+  (FnmsubS)
+  (FnmaddS)
+  ;; float64
+  (FmaddD)
+  (FmsubD)
+  (FnmsubD)
+  (FnmaddD)
+))
+
+(type FClassResult (enum
+  ;;0 rs1 is −∞.
+  (NegInfinite)
+  ;; 1 rs1 is a negative normal number.
+  (NegNormal)
+  ;; 2 rs1 is a negative subnormal number.
+  (NegSubNormal)
+  ;; 3 rs1 is −0.
+  (NegZero)
+  ;; 4 rs1 is +0.
+  (PosZero)
+  ;; 5 rs1 is a positive subnormal number.
+  (PosSubNormal)
+  ;; 6 rs1 is a positive normal number.
+  (PosNormal)
+  ;; 7 rs1 is +∞.
+  (PosInfinite)
+  ;; 8 rs1 is a signaling NaN.
+  (SNaN)
+  ;; 9 rs1 is a quiet NaN.
+  (QNaN)
+))
+
+(type FpuOPRR (enum
+  ;; RV32F Standard Extension
+  (FsqrtS)
+  (FcvtWS)
+  (FcvtWuS)
+  (FmvXW)
+  (FclassS)
+  (FcvtSw)
+  (FcvtSwU)
+  (FmvWX)
+
+
+  ;; RV64F Standard Extension (in addition to RV32F)
+  (FcvtLS)
+  (FcvtLuS)
+  (FcvtSL)
+  (FcvtSLU)
+
+
+  ;; RV64D Standard Extension (in addition to RV32D)
+  (FcvtLD)
+  (FcvtLuD)
+  (FmvXD)
+  (FcvtDL)
+  (FcvtDLu)
+  (FmvDX)
+
+  ;; RV32D Standard Extension
+  (FsqrtD)
+  (FcvtSD)
+  (FcvtDS)
+  (FclassD)
+  (FcvtWD)
+  (FcvtWuD)
+  (FcvtDW)
+  (FcvtDWU)
+  ;; bitmapip
+
+))
+
+(type LoadOP (enum
+  (Lb)
+  (Lh)
+  (Lw)
+  (Lbu)
+  (Lhu)
+  (Lwu)
+  (Ld)
+  (Flw)
+  (Fld)
+))
+
+(type StoreOP (enum
+  (Sb)
+  (Sh)
+  (Sw)
+  (Sd)
+  (Fsw)
+  (Fsd)
+))
+
+(type AluOPRRR (enum
+  ;; base set
+  (Add)
+  (Sub)
+  (Sll)
+  (Slt)
+  (SltU)
+  (Sgt)
+  (Sgtu)
+  (Xor)
+  (Srl)
+  (Sra)
+  (Or)
+  (And)
+
+  ;; RV64I Base Instruction Set (in addition to RV32I)
+  (Addw)
+  (Subw)
+  (Sllw)
+  (Srlw)
+  (Sraw)
+
+
+  ;;RV32M Standard Extension
+  (Mul)
+  (Mulh)
+  (Mulhsu)
+  (Mulhu)
+  (Div)
+  (DivU)
+  (Rem)
+  (RemU)
+
+  ;; RV64M Standard Extension (in addition to RV32M)
+  (Mulw)
+  (Divw)
+  (Divuw)
+  (Remw)
+  (Remuw)
+
+  ;; Zba: Address Generation Instructions
+  (Adduw)
+  (Sh1add)
+  (Sh1adduw)
+  (Sh2add)
+  (Sh2adduw)
+  (Sh3add)
+  (Sh3adduw)
+
+  ;; Zbb: Bit Manipulation Instructions
+  (Andn)
+  (Orn)
+  (Xnor)
+  (Max)
+  (Maxu)
+  (Min)
+  (Minu)
+  (Rol)
+  (Rolw)
+  (Ror)
+  (Rorw)
+
+  ;; Zbs: Single-bit instructions
+  (Bclr)
+  (Bext)
+  (Binv)
+  (Bset)
+
+  ;; Zbc: Carry-less multiplication
+  (Clmul)
+  (Clmulh)
+  (Clmulr)
+
+  ;; Zbkb: Bit-manipulation for Cryptography
+  (Pack)
+  (Packw)
+  (Packh)
+))
+
+
+(type FpuOPRRR (enum
+  ;; RV32F Standard Extension
+  (FaddS)
+  (FsubS)
+  (FmulS)
+  (FdivS)
+
+  (FsgnjS)
+  (FsgnjnS)
+  (FsgnjxS)
+  (FminS)
+  (FmaxS)
+  (FeqS)
+  (FltS)
+  (FleS)
+
+  ;; RV32D Standard Extension
+  (FaddD)
+  (FsubD)
+  (FmulD)
+  (FdivD)
+  (FsgnjD)
+  (FsgnjnD)
+  (FsgnjxD)
+  (FminD)
+  (FmaxD)
+  (FeqD)
+  (FltD)
+  (FleD)
+))
+
+
+
+(type AluOPRRI (enum
+  ;; Base ISA
+  (Addi)
+  (Slti)
+  (SltiU)
+  (Xori)
+  (Ori)
+  (Andi)
+  (Slli)
+  (Srli)
+  (Srai)
+  (Addiw)
+  (Slliw)
+  (SrliW)
+  (Sraiw)
+
+  ;; Zba: Address Generation Instructions
+  (SlliUw)
+
+  ;; Zbb: Bit Manipulation Instructions
+  (Clz)
+  (Clzw)
+  (Ctz)
+  (Ctzw)
+  (Cpop)
+  (Cpopw)
+  (Sextb)
+  (Sexth)
+  (Zexth)
+  (Rori)
+  (Roriw)
+  (Rev8)
+  (Brev8)
+  (Orcb)
+
+  ;; Zbs: Single-bit instructions
+  (Bclri)
+  (Bexti)
+  (Binvi)
+  (Bseti)
+))
+
+
+(type FRM (enum
+  ;; Round to Nearest, ties to Even
+  (RNE)
+  ;; Round towards Zero
+  (RTZ)
+  ;;  Round Down (towards −∞)
+  (RDN)
+  ;; Round Up (towards +∞)
+  (RUP)
+  ;; Round to Nearest, ties to Max Magnitude
+  (RMM)
+  ;; In instruction’s rm field, selects dynamic rounding mode;
+  ;;In Rounding Mode register, Invalid.
+  (Fcsr)
+))
+
+(type FFlagsException (enum
+  ;; Invalid Operation
+  (NV)
+  ;; Divide by Zero
+  (DZ)
+  ;; Overflow
+  (OF)
+  ;; Underflow
+  (UF)
+  ;; Inexact
+  (NX)
+))
+
+;;;; input output read write
+;;;; SI SO SR SW
+;;;; PI PO PR PW
+;;;; lowest four bit are used.
+(type FenceReq (primitive u8))
+
+(type VecBranchTarget (primitive VecBranchTarget))
+(type BoxCallInfo (primitive BoxCallInfo))
+(type BoxCallIndInfo (primitive BoxCallIndInfo))
+(type IntegerCompare (primitive IntegerCompare))
+(type AMode (primitive AMode))
+(type OptionReg (primitive OptionReg))
+(type OptionImm12 (primitive OptionImm12))
+(type OptionUimm5 (primitive OptionUimm5))
+(type Imm12 (primitive Imm12))
+(type UImm5 (primitive UImm5))
+(type Imm5 (primitive Imm5))
+(type Imm20 (primitive Imm20))
+(type Imm3 (primitive Imm3))
+(type BranchTarget (primitive BranchTarget))
+(type OptionFloatRoundingMode (primitive OptionFloatRoundingMode))
+(type VecU8 (primitive VecU8))
+(type AMO (primitive AMO))
+(type VecMachLabel extern (enum))
+
+
+;;;; Newtypes for Different Register Classes ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(type XReg (primitive XReg))
+(type WritableXReg (primitive WritableXReg))
+(type FReg (primitive FReg))
+(type WritableFReg (primitive WritableFReg))
+(type VReg (primitive VReg))
+(type WritableVReg (primitive WritableVReg))
+
+;; Construct a new `XReg` from a `Reg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Integer RegClass.
+(decl xreg_new (Reg) XReg)
+(extern constructor xreg_new xreg_new)
+(convert Reg XReg xreg_new)
+
+;; Construct a new `WritableXReg` from a `WritableReg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Integer RegClass.
+(decl writable_xreg_new (WritableReg) WritableXReg)
+(extern constructor writable_xreg_new writable_xreg_new)
+(convert WritableReg WritableXReg writable_xreg_new)
+
+;; Put a value into a XReg.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the value goes into a XReg.
+(decl put_in_xreg (Value) XReg)
+(rule (put_in_xreg val) (xreg_new (put_in_reg val)))
+(convert Value XReg put_in_xreg)
+
+;; Construct an `InstOutput` out of a single XReg register.
+(decl output_xreg (XReg) InstOutput)
+(rule (output_xreg x) (output_reg x))
+(convert XReg InstOutput output_xreg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableXReg` to an `XReg`.
+(decl pure writable_xreg_to_xreg (WritableXReg) XReg)
+(extern constructor writable_xreg_to_xreg writable_xreg_to_xreg)
+(convert WritableXReg XReg writable_xreg_to_xreg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableXReg` to an `WritableReg`.
+(decl pure writable_xreg_to_writable_reg (WritableXReg) WritableReg)
+(extern constructor writable_xreg_to_writable_reg writable_xreg_to_writable_reg)
+(convert WritableXReg WritableReg writable_xreg_to_writable_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableXReg` to an `Reg`.
+(decl pure writable_xreg_to_reg (WritableXReg) Reg)
+(rule (writable_xreg_to_reg x) (writable_xreg_to_writable_reg x))
+(convert WritableXReg Reg writable_xreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert an `XReg` to a `Reg`.
+(decl pure xreg_to_reg (XReg) Reg)
+(extern constructor xreg_to_reg xreg_to_reg)
+(convert XReg Reg xreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `XReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl xreg_to_value_regs (XReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (xreg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert XReg ValueRegs xreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableXReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl writable_xreg_to_value_regs (WritableXReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (writable_xreg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert WritableXReg ValueRegs writable_xreg_to_value_regs)
+
+;; Allocates a new `WritableXReg`.
+(decl temp_writable_xreg () WritableXReg)
+(rule (temp_writable_xreg) (temp_writable_reg $I64))
+
+
+;; Construct a new `FReg` from a `Reg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Float RegClass.
+(decl freg_new (Reg) FReg)
+(extern constructor freg_new freg_new)
+(convert Reg FReg freg_new)
+
+;; Construct a new `WritableFReg` from a `WritableReg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Float RegClass.
+(decl writable_freg_new (WritableReg) WritableFReg)
+(extern constructor writable_freg_new writable_freg_new)
+(convert WritableReg WritableFReg writable_freg_new)
+
+;; Put a value into a FReg.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the value goes into a FReg.
+(decl put_in_freg (Value) FReg)
+(rule (put_in_freg val) (freg_new (put_in_reg val)))
+(convert Value FReg put_in_freg)
+
+;; Construct an `InstOutput` out of a single FReg register.
+(decl output_freg (FReg) InstOutput)
+(rule (output_freg x) (output_reg x))
+(convert FReg InstOutput output_freg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableFReg` to an `FReg`.
+(decl pure writable_freg_to_freg (WritableFReg) FReg)
+(extern constructor writable_freg_to_freg writable_freg_to_freg)
+(convert WritableFReg FReg writable_freg_to_freg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableFReg` to an `WritableReg`.
+(decl pure writable_freg_to_writable_reg (WritableFReg) WritableReg)
+(extern constructor writable_freg_to_writable_reg writable_freg_to_writable_reg)
+(convert WritableFReg WritableReg writable_freg_to_writable_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableFReg` to an `Reg`.
+(decl pure writable_freg_to_reg (WritableFReg) Reg)
+(rule (writable_freg_to_reg x) (writable_freg_to_writable_reg x))
+(convert WritableFReg Reg writable_freg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert an `FReg` to a `Reg`.
+(decl pure freg_to_reg (FReg) Reg)
+(extern constructor freg_to_reg freg_to_reg)
+(convert FReg Reg freg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `FReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl freg_to_value_regs (FReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (freg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert FReg ValueRegs xreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableFReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl writable_freg_to_value_regs (WritableFReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (writable_freg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert WritableFReg ValueRegs writable_freg_to_value_regs)
+
+;; Allocates a new `WritableFReg`.
+(decl temp_writable_freg () WritableFReg)
+(rule (temp_writable_freg) (temp_writable_reg $F64))
+
+
+
+;; Construct a new `VReg` from a `Reg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Vector RegClass.
+(decl vreg_new (Reg) VReg)
+(extern constructor vreg_new vreg_new)
+(convert Reg VReg vreg_new)
+
+;; Construct a new `WritableVReg` from a `WritableReg`.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the register has a Vector RegClass.
+(decl writable_vreg_new (WritableReg) WritableVReg)
+(extern constructor writable_vreg_new writable_vreg_new)
+(convert WritableReg WritableVReg writable_vreg_new)
+
+;; Put a value into a VReg.
+;;
+;; Asserts that the value goes into a VReg.
+(decl put_in_vreg (Value) VReg)
+(rule (put_in_vreg val) (vreg_new (put_in_reg val)))
+(convert Value VReg put_in_vreg)
+
+;; Construct an `InstOutput` out of a single VReg register.
+(decl output_vreg (VReg) InstOutput)
+(rule (output_vreg x) (output_reg x))
+(convert VReg InstOutput output_vreg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableVReg` to an `VReg`.
+(decl pure writable_vreg_to_vreg (WritableVReg) VReg)
+(extern constructor writable_vreg_to_vreg writable_vreg_to_vreg)
+(convert WritableVReg VReg writable_vreg_to_vreg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableVReg` to an `WritableReg`.
+(decl pure writable_vreg_to_writable_reg (WritableVReg) WritableReg)
+(extern constructor writable_vreg_to_writable_reg writable_vreg_to_writable_reg)
+(convert WritableVReg WritableReg writable_vreg_to_writable_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableVReg` to an `Reg`.
+(decl pure writable_vreg_to_reg (WritableVReg) Reg)
+(rule (writable_vreg_to_reg x) (writable_vreg_to_writable_reg x))
+(convert WritableVReg Reg writable_vreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert an `VReg` to a `Reg`.
+(decl pure vreg_to_reg (VReg) Reg)
+(extern constructor vreg_to_reg vreg_to_reg)
+(convert VReg Reg vreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `VReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl vreg_to_value_regs (VReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (vreg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert VReg ValueRegs xreg_to_reg)
+
+;; Convert a `WritableVReg` to a `ValueRegs`.
+(decl writable_vreg_to_value_regs (WritableVReg) ValueRegs)
+(rule (writable_vreg_to_value_regs x) (value_reg x))
+(convert WritableVReg ValueRegs writable_vreg_to_value_regs)
+
+;; Allocates a new `WritableVReg`.
+(decl temp_writable_vreg () WritableVReg)
+(rule (temp_writable_vreg) (temp_writable_reg $I8X16))
+
+
+;; Converters
+
+(convert u8 i32 u8_as_i32)
+(decl u8_as_i32 (u8) i32)
+(extern constructor u8_as_i32 u8_as_i32)
+
+;; ISA Extension helpers
+
+(decl pure has_v () bool)
+(extern constructor has_v has_v)
+
+(decl pure has_zbkb () bool)
+(extern constructor has_zbkb has_zbkb)
+
+(decl pure has_zba () bool)
+(extern constructor has_zba has_zba)
+
+(decl pure has_zbb () bool)
+(extern constructor has_zbb has_zbb)
+
+(decl pure has_zbc () bool)
+(extern constructor has_zbc has_zbc)
+
+(decl pure has_zbs () bool)
+(extern constructor has_zbs has_zbs)
+
+(decl gen_float_round (FloatRoundOP Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_float_round op rs ty)
+  (let
+    ((rd WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+      (tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (tmp2 WritableFReg (temp_writable_freg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FloatRound op rd tmp tmp2 rs ty))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg rd)))
+
+(decl gen_float_select_pseudo (FloatSelectOP Reg Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_float_select_pseudo op x y ty)
+  (let
+    ((rd WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+      (tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FloatSelectPseudo op rd tmp x y ty))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg rd)))
+
+(decl gen_float_select (FloatSelectOP Reg Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_float_select op x y ty)
+  (let
+    ((rd WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+      (tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FloatSelect op rd tmp x y ty))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg rd)))
+
+
+;;;; Instruction Helpers ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+;; RV32I Base Integer Instruction Set
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `add` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 + rs2
+(decl rv_add (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_add rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Add) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `addi` ("Add Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 + sext(imm)
+(decl rv_addi (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_addi rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Addi) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sub` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 - rs2
+(decl rv_sub (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sub rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sub) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `neg` instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `sub rd, zero, rs1`.
+(decl rv_neg (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_neg rs1)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sub) (zero_reg) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sll` ("Shift Left Logical") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 << rs2
+(decl rv_sll (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sll rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sll) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `slli` ("Shift Left Logical Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 << uext(imm)
+(decl rv_slli (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_slli rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Slli) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `srl` ("Shift Right Logical") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 >> rs2
+(decl rv_srl (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_srl rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Srl) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `srli` ("Shift Right Logical Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 >> uext(imm)
+(decl rv_srli (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_srli rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Srli) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sra` ("Shift Right Arithmetic") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 >> rs2
+(decl rv_sra (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sra rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sra) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `srai` ("Shift Right Arithmetic Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 >> uext(imm)
+(decl rv_srai (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_srai rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Srai) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `or` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∨ rs2
+(decl rv_or (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_or rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Or) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `ori` ("Or Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∨ uext(imm)
+(decl rv_ori (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_ori rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Ori) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `xor` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ⊕ rs2
+(decl rv_xor (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_xor rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Xor) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `xori` ("Exlusive Or Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ⊕ uext(imm)
+(decl rv_xori (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_xori rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Xori) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `not` instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `xori rd, rs1, -1`.
+(decl rv_not (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_not rs1)
+  (rv_xori rs1 (imm12_const -1)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `and` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∧ rs2
+(decl rv_and (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_and rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.And) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `andi` ("And Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∧ uext(imm)
+(decl rv_andi (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_andi rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Andi) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sltu` ("Set Less Than Unsigned") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 < rs2
+(decl rv_sltu (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sltu rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.SltU) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `snez` instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `sltu rd, zero, rs`.
+(decl rv_snez (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_snez rs1)
+  (rv_sltu (zero_reg) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emiting the `sltiu` ("Set Less Than Immediate Unsigned") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 < imm
+(decl rv_sltiu (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sltiu rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.SltiU) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `seqz` instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `sltiu rd, rs, 1`.
+(decl rv_seqz (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_seqz rs1)
+  (rv_sltiu rs1 (imm12_const 1)))
+
+
+;; RV64I Base Integer Instruction Set
+;; Unlike RV32I instructions these are only present in the 64bit ISA
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `addw` ("Add Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1) + sext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_addw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_addw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Addw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `addiw` ("Add Word Immediate") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1) + imm
+(decl rv_addiw (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_addiw rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Addiw) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sext.w` ("Sign Extend Word") instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `addiw rd, rs, zero`.
+(decl rv_sextw (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sextw rs1)
+  (rv_addiw rs1 (imm12_const 0)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `subw` ("Subtract Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1) - sext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_subw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_subw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Subw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sllw` ("Shift Left Logical Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(uext32(rs1) << rs2)
+(decl rv_sllw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sllw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sllw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `slliw` ("Shift Left Logical Immediate Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(uext32(rs1) << imm)
+(decl rv_slliw (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_slliw rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Slliw) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `srlw` ("Shift Right Logical Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(uext32(rs1) >> rs2)
+(decl rv_srlw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_srlw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Srlw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `srliw` ("Shift Right Logical Immediate Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(uext32(rs1) >> imm)
+(decl rv_srliw (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_srliw rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.SrliW) rs1 imm))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sraw` ("Shift Right Arithmetic Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1 >> rs2)
+(decl rv_sraw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sraw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Sraw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sraiw` ("Shift Right Arithmetic Immediate Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1 >> imm)
+(decl rv_sraiw (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sraiw rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Sraiw) rs1 imm))
+
+
+;; RV32M Extension
+;; TODO: Enable these instructions only when we have the M extension
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `mul` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 × rs2
+(decl rv_mul (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_mul rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Mul) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `mulh` ("Multiply High Signed Signed") instruction.
+;; rd ← (sext(rs1) × sext(rs2)) » xlen
+(decl rv_mulh (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_mulh rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Mulh) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `mulhu` ("Multiply High Unsigned Unsigned") instruction.
+;; rd ← (uext(rs1) × uext(rs2)) » xlen
+(decl rv_mulhu (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_mulhu rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Mulhu) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `div` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ÷ rs2
+(decl rv_div (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_div rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Div) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `divu` ("Divide Unsigned") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ÷ rs2
+(decl rv_divu (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_divu rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.DivU) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `rem` instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 mod rs2
+(decl rv_rem (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_rem rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Rem) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `remu` ("Remainder Unsigned") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 mod rs2
+(decl rv_remu (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_remu rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.RemU) rs1 rs2))
+
+
+
+;; RV64M Extension
+;; TODO: Enable these instructions only when we have the M extension
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `mulw` ("Multiply Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1) × uext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_mulw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_mulw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Mulw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `divw` ("Divide Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1) ÷ sext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_divw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_divw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Divw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `divuw` ("Divide Unsigned Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1) ÷ uext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_divuw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_divuw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Divuw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `remw` ("Remainder Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← sext32(rs1) mod sext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_remw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_remw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Remw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `remuw` ("Remainder Unsigned Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1) mod uext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_remuw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_remuw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Remuw) rs1 rs2))
+
+
+;; F and D Extensions
+;; TODO: Enable these instructions only when we have the F or D extensions
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fadd` instruction.
+(decl rv_fadd (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fadd $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FaddS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fadd $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FaddD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fsub` instruction.
+(decl rv_fsub (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fsub $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsubS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fsub $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsubD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmul` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmul (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fmul $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FmulS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fmul $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FmulD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fdiv` instruction.
+(decl rv_fdiv (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fdiv $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FdivS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fdiv $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FdivD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fsqrt` instruction.
+(decl rv_fsqrt (Type FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fsqrt $F32 rs1) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FsqrtS) $F32 rs1))
+(rule (rv_fsqrt $F64 rs1) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FsqrtD) $F64 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmadd` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmadd (Type FReg FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fmadd $F32 rs1 rs2 rs3) (fpu_rrrr (FpuOPRRRR.FmaddS) $F32 rs1 rs2 rs3))
+(rule (rv_fmadd $F64 rs1 rs2 rs3) (fpu_rrrr (FpuOPRRRR.FmaddD) $F64 rs1 rs2 rs3))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmv.x.w` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmvxw (FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_fmvxw r) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FmvXW) $I32 r))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmv.x.d` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmvxd (FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_fmvxd r) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FmvXD) $I64 r))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmv.w.x` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmvwx (XReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fmvwx r) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FmvWX) $F32 r))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fmv.d.x` instruction.
+(decl rv_fmvdx (XReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fmvdx r) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FmvDX) $F64 r))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fcvt.d.s` ("Float Convert Double to Single") instruction.
+(decl rv_fcvtds (FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fcvtds rs1) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FcvtDS) $F32 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fcvt.s.d` ("Float Convert Single to Double") instruction.
+(decl rv_fcvtsd (FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fcvtsd rs1) (fpu_rr (FpuOPRR.FcvtSD) $F64 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fsgnj` ("Floating Point Sign Injection") instruction.
+;; The output of this instruction is `rs1` with the sign bit from `rs2`
+;; This implements the `copysign` operation
+(decl rv_fsgnj (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fsgnj $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fsgnj $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fsgnjn` ("Floating Point Sign Injection Negated") instruction.
+;; The output of this instruction is `rs1` with the negated sign bit from `rs2`
+;; When `rs1 == rs2` this implements the `neg` operation
+(decl rv_fsgnjn (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fsgnjn $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjnS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fsgnjn $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjnD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fneg` ("Floating Point Negate") instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `fsgnjn rd, rs1, rs1`
+(decl rv_fneg (Type FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fneg ty rs1) (rv_fsgnjn ty rs1 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fsgnjx` ("Floating Point Sign Injection Exclusive") instruction.
+;; The output of this instruction is `rs1` with the XOR of the sign bits from `rs1` and `rs2`.
+;; When `rs1 == rs2` this implements `fabs`
+(decl rv_fsgnjx (Type FReg FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fsgnjx $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjxS) $F32 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fsgnjx $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FsgnjxD) $F64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fabs` ("Floating Point Absolute") instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `fsgnjx rd, rs1, rs1`
+(decl rv_fabs (Type FReg) FReg)
+(rule (rv_fabs ty rs1) (rv_fsgnjx ty rs1 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `feq` ("Float Equal") instruction.
+(decl rv_feq (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_feq $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FeqS) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_feq $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FeqD) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `flt` ("Float Less Than") instruction.
+(decl rv_flt (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_flt $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FltS) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_flt $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FltD) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fle` ("Float Less Than or Equal") instruction.
+(decl rv_fle (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_fle $F32 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FleS) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+(rule (rv_fle $F64 rs1 rs2) (fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR.FleD) $I64 rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fgt` ("Float Greater Than") instruction.
+;; Note: The arguments are reversed
+(decl rv_fgt (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_fgt ty rs1 rs2) (rv_flt ty rs2 rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `fge` ("Float Greater Than or Equal") instruction.
+;; Note: The arguments are reversed
+(decl rv_fge (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_fge ty rs1 rs2) (rv_fle ty rs2 rs1))
+
+
+;; `Zba` Extension Instructions
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `adduw` ("Add Unsigned Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1) + uext32(rs2)
+(decl rv_adduw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_adduw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Adduw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `zext.w` ("Zero Extend Word") instruction.
+;; This instruction is a mnemonic for `adduw rd, rs1, zero`.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1)
+(decl rv_zextw (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_zextw rs1)
+  (rv_adduw rs1 (zero_reg)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `slli.uw` ("Shift Left Logical Immediate Unsigned Word") instruction.
+;; rd ← uext32(rs1) << imm
+(decl rv_slliuw (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_slliuw rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.SlliUw) rs1 imm))
+
+
+;; `Zbb` Extension Instructions
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `andn` ("And Negated") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∧ ~(rs2)
+(decl rv_andn (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_andn rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Andn) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `orn` ("Or Negated") instruction.
+;; rd ← rs1 ∨ ~(rs2)
+(decl rv_orn (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_orn rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Orn) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `clz` ("Count Leading Zero Bits") instruction.
+(decl rv_clz (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_clz rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Clz) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `clzw` ("Count Leading Zero Bits in Word") instruction.
+(decl rv_clzw (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_clzw rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Clzw) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `ctz` ("Count Trailing Zero Bits") instruction.
+(decl rv_ctz (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_ctz rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Ctz) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `ctzw` ("Count Trailing Zero Bits in Word") instruction.
+(decl rv_ctzw (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_ctzw rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Ctzw) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `cpop` ("Count Population") instruction.
+(decl rv_cpop (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_cpop rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Cpop) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `max` instruction.
+(decl rv_max (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_max rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Max) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sext.b` instruction.
+(decl rv_sextb (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sextb rs1)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Sextb) rs1 (imm12_const 0)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `sext.h` instruction.
+(decl rv_sexth (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_sexth rs1)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Sexth) rs1 (imm12_const 0)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `zext.h` instruction.
+(decl rv_zexth (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_zexth rs1)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Zexth) rs1 (imm12_const 0)))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `rol` ("Rotate Left") instruction.
+(decl rv_rol (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_rol rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Rol) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `rolw` ("Rotate Left Word") instruction.
+(decl rv_rolw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_rolw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Rolw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `ror` ("Rotate Right") instruction.
+(decl rv_ror (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_ror rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Ror) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `rorw` ("Rotate Right Word") instruction.
+(decl rv_rorw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_rorw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Rorw) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `rev8` ("Byte Reverse") instruction.
+(decl rv_rev8 (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_rev8 rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Rev8) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `brev8` ("Bit Reverse Inside Bytes") instruction.
+;; TODO: This instruction is mentioned in some older versions of the
+;; spec, but has since disappeared, we should follow up on this.
+;; It probably was renamed to `rev.b` which seems to be the closest match.
+(decl rv_brev8 (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_brev8 rs1)
+  (alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI.Brev8) rs1))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `bseti` ("Single-Bit Set Immediate") instruction.
+(decl rv_bseti (XReg Imm12) XReg)
+(rule (rv_bseti rs1 imm)
+  (alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI.Bseti) rs1 imm))
+
+
+;; `Zbkb` Extension Instructions
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `pack` ("Pack low halves of registers") instruction.
+(decl rv_pack (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_pack rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Pack) rs1 rs2))
+
+;; Helper for emitting the `packw` ("Pack low 16-bits of registers") instruction.
+(decl rv_packw (XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (rv_packw rs1 rs2)
+  (alu_rrr (AluOPRRR.Packw) rs1 rs2))
+
+
+
+
+;; Generate a mask for the bit-width of the given type
+(decl pure shift_mask (Type) u64)
+(rule (shift_mask ty) (u64_sub (ty_bits (lane_type ty)) 1))
+
+;; for load immediate
+(decl imm (Type u64) Reg)
+(extern constructor imm imm)
+
+;; Imm12 Rules
+
+(decl pure imm12_zero () Imm12)
+(rule
+  (imm12_zero)
+  (imm12_const 0))
+
+(decl pure imm12_const (i32) Imm12)
+(extern constructor imm12_const imm12_const)
+
+(decl load_imm12 (i32) Reg)
+(rule
+  (load_imm12 x)
+  (rv_addi (zero_reg) (imm12_const x)))
+
+;; for load immediate
+(decl imm_from_bits (u64) Imm12)
+(extern constructor imm_from_bits imm_from_bits)
+
+(decl imm_from_neg_bits (i64) Imm12)
+(extern constructor imm_from_neg_bits imm_from_neg_bits)
+
+(decl imm12_const_add (i32 i32) Imm12)
+(extern constructor imm12_const_add imm12_const_add)
+
+(decl imm12_and (Imm12 u64) Imm12)
+(extern constructor imm12_and imm12_and)
+
+;; Helper for get negative of Imm12
+(decl neg_imm12 (Imm12) Imm12)
+(extern constructor neg_imm12 neg_imm12)
+
+;; Imm12 Extractors
+
+;; Helper to go directly from a `Value`, when it's an `iconst`, to an `Imm12`.
+(decl imm12_from_value (Imm12) Value)
+(extractor
+  (imm12_from_value n)
+  (def_inst (iconst (u64_from_imm64 (imm12_from_u64 n)))))
+
+(decl imm12_from_u64 (Imm12) u64)
+(extern extractor imm12_from_u64 imm12_from_u64)
+
+(decl pure partial u64_to_imm12 (u64) Imm12)
+(rule (u64_to_imm12 (imm12_from_u64 n)) n)
+
+
+;; Imm5 Extractors
+
+(decl imm5_from_u64 (Imm5) u64)
+(extern extractor imm5_from_u64 imm5_from_u64)
+
+;; Construct a Imm5 from an i8
+(decl pure partial imm5_from_i8 (i8) Imm5)
+(extern constructor imm5_from_i8 imm5_from_i8)
+
+;; Extractor that matches a `Value` equivalent to a replicated Imm5 on all lanes.
+;; TODO(#6527): Try matching vconst here as well
+(decl replicated_imm5 (Imm5) Value)
+(extractor (replicated_imm5 n)
+  (def_inst (splat (iconst (u64_from_imm64 (imm5_from_u64 n))))))
+
+;; UImm5 Helpers
+
+;; Extractor that matches a `Value` equivalent to a replicated UImm5 on all lanes.
+;; TODO(#6527): Try matching vconst here as well
+(decl replicated_uimm5 (UImm5) Value)
+(extractor (replicated_uimm5 n)
+  (def_inst (splat (uimm5_from_value n))))
+
+;; Helper to go directly from a `Value`, when it's an `iconst`, to an `UImm5`.
+(decl uimm5_from_value (UImm5) Value)
+(extractor (uimm5_from_value n)
+  (iconst (u64_from_imm64 (uimm5_from_u64 n))))
+
+;; Extract a `UImm5` from an `u8`.
+(decl pure partial uimm5_from_u8 (UImm5) u8)
+(extern extractor uimm5_from_u8 uimm5_from_u8)
+
+;; Extract a `UImm5` from an `u64`.
+(decl pure partial uimm5_from_u64 (UImm5) u64)
+(extern extractor uimm5_from_u64 uimm5_from_u64)
+
+;; Convert a `u64` into an `UImm5`
+(decl pure partial u64_to_uimm5 (u64) UImm5)
+(rule (u64_to_uimm5 (uimm5_from_u64 n)) n)
+
+(decl uimm5_bitcast_to_imm5 (UImm5) Imm5)
+(extern constructor uimm5_bitcast_to_imm5 uimm5_bitcast_to_imm5)
+
+;; Float Helpers
+
+;; Returns the bitpattern of the Canonical NaN for the given type.
+(decl pure canonical_nan_u64 (Type) u64)
+(rule (canonical_nan_u64 $F32) 0x7fc00000)
+(rule (canonical_nan_u64 $F64) 0x7ff8000000000000)
+
+(decl gen_default_frm () OptionFloatRoundingMode)
+(extern constructor gen_default_frm gen_default_frm)
+
+;; Helper for emitting `MInst.FpuRR` instructions.
+(decl fpu_rr (FpuOPRR Type Reg) Reg)
+(rule (fpu_rr op ty src)
+      (let ((dst WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FpuRR op (gen_default_frm) dst src))))
+        dst))
+
+;; Helper for emitting `MInst.AluRRR` instructions.
+(decl alu_rrr (AluOPRRR Reg Reg) Reg)
+(rule (alu_rrr op src1 src2)
+      (let ((dst WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.AluRRR op dst src1 src2))))
+        dst))
+
+
+(decl pack_float_rounding_mode (FRM) OptionFloatRoundingMode)
+(extern constructor pack_float_rounding_mode pack_float_rounding_mode)
+
+;; Helper for emitting `MInst.AluRRR` instructions.
+(decl fpu_rrr (FpuOPRRR Type Reg Reg) Reg)
+(rule (fpu_rrr op ty src1 src2)
+      (let ((dst WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FpuRRR op (gen_default_frm) dst src1 src2))))
+        dst))
+
+
+;; Helper for emitting `MInst.FpuRRRR` instructions.
+(decl fpu_rrrr (FpuOPRRRR Type Reg Reg Reg) Reg)
+(rule (fpu_rrrr op ty src1 src2 src3)
+      (let ((dst WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FpuRRRR op (gen_default_frm) dst src1 src2 src3))))
+        dst))
+
+
+;; Helper for emitting `MInst.AluRRImm12` instructions.
+(decl alu_rr_imm12 (AluOPRRI Reg Imm12) Reg)
+(rule (alu_rr_imm12 op src imm)
+      (let ((dst WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.AluRRImm12 op dst src imm))))
+        dst))
+
+;; some instruction use imm12 as funct12.
+;; so we don't need the imm12 paramter.
+(decl alu_rr_funct12 (AluOPRRI Reg) Reg)
+(rule (alu_rr_funct12 op src)
+      (let ((dst WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+            (_ Unit (emit (MInst.AluRRImm12 op dst src (imm12_zero)))))
+        dst))
+
+(decl select_addi (Type) AluOPRRI)
+(rule 1 (select_addi (fits_in_32 ty)) (AluOPRRI.Addiw))
+(rule (select_addi (fits_in_64 ty)) (AluOPRRI.Addi))
+
+
+(decl gen_bnot (Type ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule 2 (gen_bnot (ty_scalar_float ty) x)
+  (let ((val FReg (value_regs_get x 0))
+        (x_val XReg (move_f_to_x val ty))
+        (inverted XReg (rv_not x_val))
+        (res FReg (move_x_to_f inverted (float_int_of_same_size ty))))
+    (value_reg res)))
+
+(rule 1 (gen_bnot $I128 x)
+  (let ((lo XReg (rv_not (value_regs_get x 0)))
+        (hi XReg (rv_not (value_regs_get x 1))))
+    (value_regs lo hi)))
+
+(rule 0 (gen_bnot (ty_int_ref_scalar_64 _) x)
+  (rv_not (value_regs_get x 0)))
+
+
+(decl gen_and (Type ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule 1 (gen_and $I128 x y)
+  (value_regs
+    (rv_and (value_regs_get x 0) (value_regs_get y 0))
+    (rv_and (value_regs_get x 1) (value_regs_get y 1))))
+
+(rule 0 (gen_and (fits_in_64 _) x y)
+  (rv_and (value_regs_get x 0) (value_regs_get y 0)))
+
+
+(decl gen_andi (XReg u64) XReg)
+(rule 1 (gen_andi x (imm12_from_u64 y))
+  (rv_andi x y))
+
+(rule 0 (gen_andi x y)
+  (rv_and x (imm $I64 y)))
+
+
+(decl gen_or (Type ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule 1 (gen_or $I128 x y)
+  (value_regs
+    (rv_or (value_regs_get x 0) (value_regs_get y 0))
+    (rv_or (value_regs_get x 1) (value_regs_get y 1))))
+
+(rule 0 (gen_or (fits_in_64 _) x y)
+  (rv_or (value_regs_get x 0) (value_regs_get y 0)))
+
+
+(decl lower_bit_reverse (Reg Type) Reg)
+
+(rule
+  (lower_bit_reverse r $I8)
+  (gen_brev8 r $I8))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_bit_reverse r $I16)
+  (let
+    ((tmp XReg (gen_brev8 r $I16))
+      (tmp2 XReg (gen_rev8 tmp))
+      (result XReg (rv_srli tmp2 (imm12_const 48))))
+    result))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_bit_reverse r $I32)
+  (let
+    ((tmp XReg (gen_brev8 r $I32))
+      (tmp2 XReg (gen_rev8 tmp))
+      (result XReg (rv_srli tmp2 (imm12_const 32))))
+    result))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_bit_reverse r $I64)
+  (let
+    ((tmp XReg (gen_rev8 r)))
+    (gen_brev8 tmp $I64)))
+
+
+(decl lower_ctz (Type Reg) Reg)
+(rule (lower_ctz ty x)
+  (gen_cltz $false x ty))
+
+(rule 1 (lower_ctz (fits_in_16 ty) x)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (let ((tmp Reg (gen_bseti x (ty_bits ty))))
+    (rv_ctzw tmp)))
+
+(rule 2 (lower_ctz $I32 x)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_ctzw x))
+
+(rule 2 (lower_ctz $I64 x)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_ctz x))
+
+;; Count trailing zeros from a i128 bit value.
+;; We count both halves separately and conditionally add them if it makes sense.
+(decl lower_ctz_128 (ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule (lower_ctz_128 x)
+  (let ((x_lo XReg (value_regs_get x 0))
+        (x_hi XReg (value_regs_get x 1))
+        ;; Count both halves
+        (high XReg (lower_ctz $I64 x_hi))
+        (low XReg (lower_ctz $I64 x_lo))
+        ;; Only add the top half if the bottom is zero
+        (high XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) x_lo (zero_reg) high (zero_reg)))
+        (result XReg (rv_add low high)))
+    (extend result (ExtendOp.Zero) $I64 $I128)))
+
+(decl lower_clz (Type XReg) XReg)
+(rule (lower_clz ty rs)
+  (gen_cltz $true rs ty))
+
+(rule 1 (lower_clz (fits_in_16 ty) r)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (let ((tmp XReg (zext r ty $I64))
+        (count XReg (rv_clz tmp))
+        ;; We always do the operation on the full 64-bit register, so subtract 64 from the result.
+        (result XReg (rv_addi count (imm12_const_add (ty_bits ty) -64))))
+    result))
+
+(rule 2 (lower_clz $I32 r)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_clzw r))
+
+(rule 2 (lower_clz $I64 r)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_clz r))
+
+
+;; Count leading zeros from a i128 bit value.
+;; We count both halves separately and conditionally add them if it makes sense.
+(decl lower_clz_i128 (ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule (lower_clz_i128 x)
+  (let ((x_lo XReg (value_regs_get x 0))
+        (x_hi XReg (value_regs_get x 1))
+        ;; Count both halves
+        (high XReg (lower_clz $I64 x_hi))
+        (low XReg (lower_clz $I64 x_lo))
+        ;; Only add the bottom zeros if the top half is zero
+        (low XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) x_hi (zero_reg) low (zero_reg)))
+        (result XReg (rv_add high low)))
+    (extend result (ExtendOp.Zero) $I64 $I128)))
+
+
+(decl lower_cls (Type XReg) XReg)
+(rule (lower_cls ty r)
+  (let ((tmp XReg (sext r ty $I64))
+        (tmp2 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.SignedLessThan) tmp (zero_reg) (rv_not tmp) tmp))
+        (tmp3 XReg (lower_clz ty tmp2)))
+    (rv_addi tmp3 (imm12_const -1))))
+
+;; If the sign bit is set, we count the leading zeros of the inverted value.
+;; Otherwise we can just count the leading zeros of the original value.
+;; Subtract 1 since the sign bit does not count.
+(decl lower_cls_i128 (ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule (lower_cls_i128 x)
+  (let ((low XReg (value_regs_get x 0))
+        (high XReg (value_regs_get x 1))
+        (low XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.SignedLessThan) high (zero_reg) (rv_not low) low))
+        (high XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.SignedLessThan) high (zero_reg) (rv_not high) high))
+        (tmp ValueRegs (lower_clz_i128 (value_regs low high)))
+        (count XReg (value_regs_get tmp 0))
+        (result XReg (rv_addi count (imm12_const -1))))
+    (extend result (ExtendOp.Zero) $I64 $I128)))
+
+
+(decl gen_cltz (bool XReg Type) XReg)
+(rule (gen_cltz leading rs ty)
+  (let ((tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+        (step WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+        (sum WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+        (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Cltz leading sum step tmp rs ty))))
+    sum))
+
+
+;; Extends an integer if it is smaller than 64 bits.
+(decl ext_int_if_need (bool ValueRegs Type) ValueRegs)
+;;; For values smaller than 64 bits, we need to extend them to 64 bits
+(rule 0 (ext_int_if_need $true val (fits_in_32 (ty_int ty)))
+  (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) ty $I64))
+(rule 0 (ext_int_if_need $false val (fits_in_32 (ty_int ty)))
+  (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) ty $I64))
+;; If the value is larger than one machine register, we don't need to do anything
+(rule 1 (ext_int_if_need _ r $I64) r)
+(rule 2 (ext_int_if_need _ r $I128) r)
+
+
+;; Performs a zero extension of the given value
+(decl zext (XReg Type Type) XReg)
+(rule (zext val from_ty (fits_in_64 to_ty)) (value_regs_get (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) from_ty to_ty) 0))
+
+;; Performs a signed extension of the given value
+(decl sext (XReg Type Type) XReg)
+(rule (sext val from_ty (fits_in_64 to_ty)) (value_regs_get (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) from_ty to_ty) 0))
+
+(type ExtendOp
+  (enum
+    (Zero)
+    (Signed)))
+
+;; Performs either a sign or zero extension of the given value
+(decl extend (ValueRegs ExtendOp Type Type) ValueRegs)
+
+;;; Generic Rules Extending to I64
+(decl pure extend_shift_op (ExtendOp) AluOPRRI)
+(rule (extend_shift_op (ExtendOp.Zero)) (AluOPRRI.Srli))
+(rule (extend_shift_op (ExtendOp.Signed)) (AluOPRRI.Srai))
+
+;; In the most generic case, we shift left and then shift right.
+;; The type of right shift is determined by the extend op.
+(rule 0 (extend val extend_op (fits_in_32 from_ty) (fits_in_64 to_ty))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0))
+        (shift Imm12 (imm_from_bits (u64_sub 64 (ty_bits from_ty))))
+        (left XReg (rv_slli val shift))
+        (shift_op AluOPRRI (extend_shift_op extend_op))
+        (right XReg (alu_rr_imm12 shift_op left shift)))
+    right))
+
+;; If we are zero extending a U8 we can use a `andi` instruction.
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) $I8 (fits_in_64 to_ty))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_andi val (imm12_const 255))))
+
+;; When signed extending from 32 to 64 bits we can use a
+;; `addiw val 0`. Also known as a `sext.w`
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) $I32 $I64)
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_sextw val)))
+
+
+;; No point in trying to use `packh` here to zero extend 8 bit values
+;; since we can just use `andi` instead which is part of the base ISA.
+
+;; If we have the `zbkb` extension `packw` can be used to zero extend 16 bit values
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) $I16 (fits_in_64 _))
+  (if-let $true (has_zbkb))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_packw val (zero_reg))))
+
+;; If we have the `zbkb` extension `pack` can be used to zero extend 32 bit registers
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) $I32 $I64)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbkb))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_pack val (zero_reg))))
+
+
+;; If we have the `zbb` extension we can use the dedicated `sext.b` instruction.
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) $I8 (fits_in_64 _))
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_sextb val)))
+
+;; If we have the `zbb` extension we can use the dedicated `sext.h` instruction.
+(rule 1 (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) $I16 (fits_in_64 _))
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_sexth val)))
+
+;; If we have the `zbb` extension we can use the dedicated `zext.h` instruction.
+(rule 2 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) $I16 (fits_in_64 _))
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_zexth val)))
+
+;; With `zba` we have a `zext.w` instruction
+(rule 2 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) $I32 $I64)
+  (if-let $true (has_zba))
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0)))
+    (rv_zextw val)))
+
+;;; Signed rules extending to I128
+;; Extend the bottom part, and extract the sign bit from the bottom as the top
+(rule 3 (extend val (ExtendOp.Signed) (fits_in_64 from_ty) $I128)
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0))
+        (low XReg (sext val from_ty $I64))
+        (high XReg (rv_srai low (imm12_const 63))))
+    (value_regs low high)))
+
+;;; Unsigned rules extending to I128
+;; Extend the bottom register to I64 and then just zero out the top half.
+(rule 3 (extend val (ExtendOp.Zero) (fits_in_64 from_ty) $I128)
+  (let ((val XReg (value_regs_get val 0))
+        (low XReg (zext val from_ty $I64))
+        (high XReg (load_u64_constant 0)))
+    (value_regs low high)))
+
+;; Catch all rule for ignoring extensions of the same type.
+(rule 4 (extend val _ ty ty) val)
+
+
+
+(decl lower_b128_binary (AluOPRRR ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (lower_b128_binary op a b)
+  (let
+    ( ;; low part.
+      (low XReg (alu_rrr op (value_regs_get a 0) (value_regs_get b 0)))
+      ;; high part.
+      (high XReg (alu_rrr op (value_regs_get a 1) (value_regs_get b 1))))
+    (value_regs low high)))
+
+(decl lower_umlhi (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule 1 (lower_umlhi $I64 rs1 rs2)
+  (rv_mulhu rs1 rs2))
+
+(rule (lower_umlhi ty rs1 rs2)
+  (let
+    ((tmp XReg (rv_mul (zext rs1 ty $I64) (zext rs2 ty $I64))))
+    (rv_srli tmp (imm12_const (ty_bits ty)))))
+
+(decl lower_smlhi (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule 1
+  (lower_smlhi $I64 rs1 rs2)
+  (rv_mulh rs1 rs2))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_smlhi ty rs1 rs2)
+  (let
+    ((tmp XReg (rv_mul rs1 rs2)))
+    (rv_srli tmp (imm12_const (ty_bits ty)))))
+
+
+(decl lower_rotl (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_rotl $I64 rs amount)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_rol rs amount))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_rotl $I64 rs amount)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (lower_rotl_shift $I64 rs amount))
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_rotl $I32 rs amount)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_rolw rs amount))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_rotl $I32 rs amount)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (lower_rotl_shift $I32 rs amount))
+
+(rule -1
+  (lower_rotl ty rs amount)
+  (lower_rotl_shift ty rs amount))
+
+;;; using shift to implement rotl.
+(decl lower_rotl_shift (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+
+;;; for I8 and I16 ...
+(rule
+  (lower_rotl_shift ty rs amount)
+  (let
+    ((x ValueRegs (gen_shamt ty amount))
+      (shamt Reg (value_regs_get x 0))
+      (len_sub_shamt Reg (value_regs_get x 1))
+      ;;
+      (part1 Reg (rv_sll rs shamt))
+      ;;
+      (part2 Reg (rv_srl rs len_sub_shamt))
+      (part3 Reg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) part2)))
+    (rv_or part1 part3)))
+
+
+;;;; construct shift amount.rotl on i128 will use shift to implement. So can call this function.
+;;;; this will return shift amount and (ty_bits - "shift amount")
+;;;; if ty_bits is greater than 64 like i128, then shmat will fallback to 64.because We are 64 bit platform.
+(decl gen_shamt (Type XReg) ValueRegs)
+(extern constructor gen_shamt gen_shamt)
+
+(decl lower_rotr (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_rotr $I64 rs amount)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_ror rs amount))
+(rule
+  (lower_rotr $I64 rs amount)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (lower_rotr_shift $I64 rs amount))
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_rotr $I32 rs amount)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_rorw rs amount))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_rotr $I32 rs amount)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (lower_rotr_shift $I32 rs amount))
+
+(rule -1
+  (lower_rotr ty rs amount)
+  (lower_rotr_shift ty rs amount))
+
+(decl lower_rotr_shift (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+
+;;;
+(rule
+  (lower_rotr_shift ty rs amount)
+  (let
+    ((x ValueRegs (gen_shamt ty amount))
+      (shamt XReg (value_regs_get x 0))
+      (len_sub_shamt XReg (value_regs_get x 1))
+      ;;
+      (part1 XReg (rv_srl rs shamt))
+      ;;
+      (part2 XReg (rv_sll rs len_sub_shamt))
+      ;;
+      (part3 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) part2)))
+    (rv_or part1 part3)))
+
+
+
+;; bseti: Set a single bit in a register, indexed by a constant.
+(decl gen_bseti (Reg u64) Reg)
+(rule (gen_bseti val bit)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbs))
+  (if-let $false (u64_le bit 12))
+  (let ((const XReg (load_u64_constant (u64_shl 1 bit))))
+    (rv_or val const)))
+
+(rule (gen_bseti val bit)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbs))
+  (if-let $true (u64_le bit 12))
+  (rv_ori val (imm12_const (u64_as_i32 (u64_shl 1 bit)))))
+
+(rule (gen_bseti val bit)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbs))
+  (rv_bseti val (imm12_const (u64_as_i32 bit))))
+
+
+(decl gen_popcnt (Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_popcnt rs ty)
+  (let
+    ((tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (step WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (sum WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Popcnt sum step tmp rs ty))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg sum)))
+
+(decl lower_popcnt (XReg Type) XReg)
+(rule 1 (lower_popcnt rs ty)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_cpop (zext rs ty $I64)))
+
+(rule (lower_popcnt rs ty)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (gen_popcnt rs ty))
+
+(decl lower_popcnt_i128 (ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (lower_popcnt_i128 a)
+  (let
+    ( ;; low part.
+      (low XReg (lower_popcnt (value_regs_get a 0) $I64))
+      ;; high part.
+      (high XReg (lower_popcnt (value_regs_get a 1) $I64))
+      ;; add toghter.
+      (result XReg (rv_add low high)))
+    (value_regs result (load_u64_constant 0))))
+
+(decl lower_i128_rotl (ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (lower_i128_rotl x y)
+  (let
+    ((tmp ValueRegs (gen_shamt $I128 (value_regs_get y 0)))
+      (shamt XReg (value_regs_get tmp 0))
+      (len_sub_shamt XReg (value_regs_get tmp 1))
+      ;;
+      (low_part1 XReg (rv_sll (value_regs_get x 0) shamt))
+      (low_part2 XReg (rv_srl (value_regs_get x 1) len_sub_shamt))
+      ;;; if shamt == 0 low_part2 will overflow we should zero instead.
+      (low_part3 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) low_part2))
+      (low XReg (rv_or low_part1 low_part3))
+      ;;
+      (high_part1 XReg (rv_sll (value_regs_get x 1) shamt))
+      (high_part2 XReg (rv_srl (value_regs_get x 0) len_sub_shamt))
+      (high_part3 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) high_part2))
+      (high XReg (rv_or high_part1 high_part3))
+      ;;
+      (const64 XReg (load_u64_constant 64))
+      (shamt_128 XReg (rv_andi (value_regs_get y 0) (imm12_const 127))))
+    ;; right now we only rotate less than 64 bits.
+    ;; if shamt is greater than or equal 64 , we should switch low and high.
+    (value_regs
+      (gen_select_reg (IntCC.UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual) shamt_128 const64 high low)
+      (gen_select_reg (IntCC.UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual) shamt_128 const64 low high)
+    )))
+
+
+(decl lower_i128_rotr (ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (lower_i128_rotr x y)
+  (let
+    ((tmp ValueRegs (gen_shamt $I128 (value_regs_get y 0)))
+      (shamt XReg (value_regs_get tmp 0))
+      (len_sub_shamt XReg (value_regs_get tmp 1))
+      ;;
+      (low_part1 XReg (rv_srl (value_regs_get x 0) shamt))
+      (low_part2 XReg (rv_sll (value_regs_get x 1) len_sub_shamt))
+      ;;; if shamt == 0 low_part2 will overflow we should zero instead.
+      (low_part3 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) low_part2))
+      (low XReg (rv_or low_part1 low_part3))
+      ;;
+      (high_part1 XReg (rv_srl (value_regs_get x 1) shamt))
+      (high_part2 XReg (rv_sll (value_regs_get x 0) len_sub_shamt))
+      (high_part3 XReg (gen_select_reg (IntCC.Equal) shamt (zero_reg) (zero_reg) high_part2))
+      (high XReg (rv_or high_part1 high_part3))
+
+      ;;
+      (const64 XReg (load_u64_constant 64))
+      (shamt_128 XReg (rv_andi (value_regs_get y 0) (imm12_const 127))))
+    ;; right now we only rotate less than 64 bits.
+    ;; if shamt is greater than or equal 64 , we should switch low and high.
+    (value_regs
+      (gen_select_reg (IntCC.UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual) shamt_128 const64 high low)
+      (gen_select_reg (IntCC.UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual) shamt_128 const64 low high)
+    )))
+
+(decl gen_amode (Reg Offset32 Type) AMode)
+(extern constructor gen_amode gen_amode)
+
+;; Generates a AMode that points to a constant in the constant pool.
+(decl gen_const_amode (VCodeConstant) AMode)
+(extern constructor gen_const_amode gen_const_amode)
+
+(decl offset32_imm (i32) Offset32)
+(extern constructor offset32_imm offset32_imm)
+
+;; helper function to load from memory.
+(decl gen_load (Reg Offset32 LoadOP MemFlags Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_load p offset op flags ty)
+  (let
+    ((tmp WritableReg (temp_writable_reg ty))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Load tmp op flags (gen_amode p offset $I64)))))
+    tmp))
+
+(decl gen_load_128 (Reg Offset32 MemFlags) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (gen_load_128 p offset flags)
+  (let
+    ((low Reg (gen_load p offset (LoadOP.Ld) flags $I64))
+      (high Reg (gen_load p (offset32_add offset 8) (LoadOP.Ld) flags $I64)))
+    (value_regs low high)))
+
+(decl default_memflags () MemFlags)
+(extern constructor default_memflags default_memflags)
+
+(decl offset32_add (Offset32 i64) Offset32)
+(extern constructor offset32_add offset32_add)
+
+;; helper function to store to memory.
+(decl gen_store (Reg Offset32 StoreOP MemFlags Reg) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_store base offset op flags src)
+  (side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (MInst.Store (gen_amode base offset $I64) op flags src)))
+)
+
+(decl gen_store_128 (Reg Offset32 MemFlags ValueRegs) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_store_128 p offset flags src)
+  (side_effect
+    (SideEffectNoResult.Inst2
+      (MInst.Store (gen_amode p offset $I64) (StoreOP.Sd) flags (value_regs_get src 0))
+      (MInst.Store (gen_amode p (offset32_add offset 8) $I64) (StoreOP.Sd) flags (value_regs_get src 1)))))
+
+(decl valid_atomic_transaction (Type) Type)
+(extern extractor valid_atomic_transaction valid_atomic_transaction)
+
+;;helper function.
+;;construct an atomic instruction.
+(decl gen_atomic (AtomicOP Reg Reg AMO) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_atomic op addr src amo)
+  (let
+    ((tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Atomic op tmp addr src amo))))
+    tmp))
+
+;; helper function
+(decl get_atomic_rmw_op (Type AtomicRmwOp) AtomicOP)
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Add))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoaddW))
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Add))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoaddD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.And))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoandW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.And))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoandD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Or))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoorW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Or))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoorD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Smax))
+  (AtomicOP.AmomaxW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Smax))
+  (AtomicOP.AmomaxD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Smin))
+  (AtomicOP.AmominW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Smin))
+  (AtomicOP.AmominD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Umax))
+  (AtomicOP.AmomaxuW)
+)
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Umax))
+  (AtomicOP.AmomaxuD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Umin))
+  (AtomicOP.AmominuW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Umin))
+  (AtomicOP.AmominuD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Xchg))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoswapW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Xchg))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoswapD))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I32 (AtomicRmwOp.Xor))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoxorW))
+
+(rule
+  (get_atomic_rmw_op $I64 (AtomicRmwOp.Xor))
+  (AtomicOP.AmoxorD))
+
+(decl atomic_amo () AMO)
+(extern constructor atomic_amo atomic_amo)
+
+
+(decl gen_atomic_load (Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule
+  (gen_atomic_load p ty)
+  (let
+    ((tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.AtomicLoad tmp ty p))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg tmp)))
+
+;;;
+(decl gen_atomic_store (Reg Type Reg) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_atomic_store p ty src)
+  (side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (MInst.AtomicStore src ty p)))
+)
+
+
+(decl gen_stack_addr (StackSlot Offset32) Reg)
+(extern constructor gen_stack_addr gen_stack_addr)
+
+;;
+(decl gen_select (Type Reg ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (gen_select ty c x y)
+  (let
+    ((dst VecWritableReg (alloc_vec_writable ty))
+      ;;
+      (reuslt VecWritableReg (vec_writable_clone dst))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Select dst ty c x y))))
+    (vec_writable_to_regs reuslt)))
+
+;; Parameters are "intcc compare_a compare_b rs1 rs2".
+(decl gen_select_reg (IntCC XReg XReg Reg Reg) Reg)
+(extern constructor gen_select_reg gen_select_reg)
+
+;; load a constant into reg.
+(decl load_u64_constant (u64) Reg)
+(extern constructor load_u64_constant load_u64_constant)
+
+;;; clone WritableReg
+;;; if not rust compiler will complain about use moved value.
+(decl vec_writable_clone (VecWritableReg) VecWritableReg)
+(extern constructor vec_writable_clone vec_writable_clone)
+
+(decl vec_writable_to_regs (VecWritableReg) ValueRegs)
+(extern constructor vec_writable_to_regs vec_writable_to_regs)
+
+(decl alloc_vec_writable (Type) VecWritableReg)
+(extern constructor alloc_vec_writable alloc_vec_writable)
+
+(decl gen_int_select (Type IntSelectOP ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (gen_int_select ty op x y)
+  (let
+    ( ;;;
+      (dst VecWritableReg (alloc_vec_writable ty))
+      ;;;
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.IntSelect op (vec_writable_clone dst) x y ty))))
+    (vec_writable_to_regs dst)))
+
+(decl udf (TrapCode) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (udf code)
+  (side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (MInst.Udf code))))
+
+(decl load_op (Type) LoadOP)
+(extern constructor load_op load_op)
+
+(decl store_op (Type) StoreOP)
+(extern constructor store_op store_op)
+
+;; bool is "is_signed"
+(decl int_load_op (bool u8) LoadOP)
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $false 8)
+  (LoadOP.Lbu))
+
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $true 8)
+  (LoadOP.Lb))
+
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $false 16)
+  (LoadOP.Lhu))
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $true 16)
+  (LoadOP.Lh))
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $false 32)
+  (LoadOP.Lwu))
+(rule
+  (int_load_op $true 32)
+  (LoadOP.Lw))
+
+(rule
+  (int_load_op _ 64)
+  (LoadOP.Ld))
+
+;;;; load extern name
+(decl load_ext_name (ExternalName i64) Reg)
+(extern constructor load_ext_name load_ext_name)
+
+(decl int_convert_2_float_op (Type bool Type) FpuOPRR)
+(extern constructor int_convert_2_float_op int_convert_2_float_op)
+
+;;;;
+(decl gen_fcvt_int (bool FReg bool Type Type) XReg)
+(rule
+  (gen_fcvt_int is_sat rs is_signed in_type out_type)
+  (let
+    ((result WritableReg (temp_writable_reg out_type))
+      (tmp WritableFReg (temp_writable_freg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.FcvtToInt is_sat result tmp rs is_signed in_type out_type))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg result)))
+
+;;; some float binary operation
+;;; 1. need move into x reister.
+;;; 2. do the operation.
+;;; 3. move back.
+(decl lower_float_binary (AluOPRRR FReg FReg Type) FReg)
+(rule
+  (lower_float_binary op rs1 rs2 ty)
+  (let ((x_rs1 XReg (move_f_to_x rs1 ty))
+        (x_rs2 XReg (move_f_to_x rs2 ty))
+        (tmp XReg (alu_rrr op x_rs1 x_rs2)))
+    (move_x_to_f tmp (float_int_of_same_size ty))))
+
+
+;;; lower icmp
+(decl lower_icmp (IntCC ValueRegs ValueRegs Type) Reg)
+(rule 1 (lower_icmp cc x y ty)
+  (if (signed_cond_code cc))
+  (gen_icmp cc (ext_int_if_need $true x ty) (ext_int_if_need $true y ty) ty))
+(rule (lower_icmp cc x y ty)
+  (gen_icmp cc (ext_int_if_need $false x ty) (ext_int_if_need $false y ty) ty))
+
+
+(decl i128_sub (ValueRegs ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule
+  (i128_sub x y )
+  (let
+    (;; low part.
+      (low XReg (rv_sub (value_regs_get x 0) (value_regs_get y 0)))
+      ;; compute borrow.
+      (borrow XReg (rv_sltu (value_regs_get x 0) low))
+      ;;
+      (high_tmp XReg (rv_sub (value_regs_get x 1) (value_regs_get y 1)))
+      ;;
+      (high XReg (rv_sub high_tmp borrow)))
+    (value_regs low high)))
+
+
+;;; Returns the sum in the first register, and the overflow test in the second.
+(decl lower_uadd_overflow (XReg XReg Type) ValueRegs)
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_uadd_overflow x y $I64)
+  (let ((tmp XReg (rv_add x y))
+        (test XReg (gen_icmp (IntCC.UnsignedLessThan) tmp x $I64)))
+    (value_regs tmp test)))
+
+(rule
+  (lower_uadd_overflow x y (fits_in_32 ty))
+  (let ((tmp_x XReg (zext x ty $I64))
+        (tmp_y XReg (zext y ty $I64))
+        (sum XReg (rv_add tmp_x tmp_y))
+        (test XReg (rv_srli sum (imm12_const (ty_bits ty)))))
+    (value_regs sum test)))
+
+(decl label_to_br_target (MachLabel) BranchTarget)
+(extern constructor label_to_br_target label_to_br_target)
+
+(decl gen_jump (MachLabel) MInst)
+(rule
+  (gen_jump v)
+  (MInst.Jal (label_to_br_target v)))
+
+(decl vec_label_get (VecMachLabel u8) MachLabel )
+(extern constructor vec_label_get vec_label_get)
+
+(decl partial lower_branch (Inst VecMachLabel) Unit)
+(rule (lower_branch (jump _) targets )
+      (emit_side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (gen_jump (vec_label_get targets 0)))))
+
+;;; cc a b targets Type
+(decl lower_br_icmp (IntCC ValueRegs ValueRegs VecMachLabel Type) Unit)
+(extern constructor lower_br_icmp lower_br_icmp)
+
+;; int scalar zero regs.
+(decl int_zero_reg (Type) ValueRegs)
+(extern constructor int_zero_reg int_zero_reg)
+
+(decl lower_cond_br (IntCC ValueRegs VecMachLabel Type) Unit)
+(extern constructor lower_cond_br lower_cond_br)
+
+(decl intcc_to_extend_op (IntCC) ExtendOp)
+(extern constructor intcc_to_extend_op intcc_to_extend_op)
+
+;; Normalize a value for comparision.
+;;
+;; This ensures that types smaller than a register don't accidentally
+;; pass undefined high bits when being compared as a full register.
+(decl normalize_cmp_value (Type ValueRegs ExtendOp) ValueRegs)
+
+(rule 1 (normalize_cmp_value (fits_in_32 ity) r op)
+      (extend r op ity $I64))
+
+(rule (normalize_cmp_value $I64  r _) r)
+(rule (normalize_cmp_value $I128 r _) r)
+
+(decl normalize_fcvt_from_int (XReg Type ExtendOp) XReg)
+(rule 2 (normalize_fcvt_from_int r (fits_in_16 ty) op)
+  (value_regs_get (extend r op ty $I64) 0))
+(rule 1 (normalize_fcvt_from_int r _ _)
+  r)
+
+;; Convert a truthy value, possibly of more than one register (an
+;; I128), to one register. If narrower than 64 bits, must have already
+;; been masked (e.g. by `normalize_cmp_value`).
+(decl truthy_to_reg (Type ValueRegs) XReg)
+(rule 1 (truthy_to_reg (fits_in_64 _) regs)
+      (value_regs_get regs 0))
+(rule 0 (truthy_to_reg $I128 regs)
+      (let ((lo XReg (value_regs_get regs 0))
+            (hi XReg (value_regs_get regs 1)))
+        (rv_or lo hi)))
+
+;; Default behavior for branching based on an input value.
+(rule
+  (lower_branch (brif v @ (value_type ty) _ _) targets)
+  (lower_cond_br (IntCC.NotEqual) (normalize_cmp_value ty v (ExtendOp.Zero)) targets ty))
+
+;; Special case for SI128 to reify the comparison value and branch on it.
+(rule 2
+  (lower_branch (brif v @ (value_type $I128) _ _) targets)
+  (let ((zero ValueRegs (value_regs (zero_reg) (zero_reg)))
+        (cmp XReg (gen_icmp (IntCC.NotEqual) v zero $I128)))
+    (lower_cond_br (IntCC.NotEqual) cmp targets $I64)))
+
+;; Branching on the result of an icmp
+(rule 1
+  (lower_branch (brif (maybe_uextend (icmp cc a @ (value_type ty) b)) _ _) targets)
+  (lower_br_icmp cc a b targets ty))
+
+;; Branching on the result of an fcmp
+(rule 1
+  (lower_branch (brif (maybe_uextend (fcmp cc a @ (value_type ty) b)) _ _) targets)
+  (if-let $true (floatcc_unordered cc))
+  (let ((then BranchTarget (label_to_br_target (vec_label_get targets 0)))
+        (else BranchTarget (label_to_br_target (vec_label_get targets 1))))
+    (emit_side_effect (cond_br (emit_fcmp (floatcc_inverse cc) ty a b) else then))))
+
+(rule 1
+  (lower_branch (brif (maybe_uextend (fcmp cc a @ (value_type ty) b)) _ _) targets)
+  (if-let $false (floatcc_unordered cc))
+  (let ((then BranchTarget (label_to_br_target (vec_label_get targets 0)))
+        (else BranchTarget (label_to_br_target (vec_label_get targets 1))))
+    (emit_side_effect (cond_br (emit_fcmp cc ty a b) then else))))
+
+;;;
+(decl lower_br_table (Reg VecMachLabel) Unit)
+(extern constructor lower_br_table lower_br_table)
+
+(rule
+  (lower_branch (br_table index _) targets)
+  (lower_br_table index targets))
+
+(decl load_ra () Reg)
+(extern constructor load_ra load_ra)
+
+
+;; Generates a bitcast instruction.
+;; Args are: src, src_ty, dst_ty
+(decl gen_bitcast (Reg Type Type) Reg)
+(rule 1 (gen_bitcast r $F32 $I32) (rv_fmvxw r))
+(rule 1 (gen_bitcast r $F64 $I64) (rv_fmvxd r))
+(rule 1 (gen_bitcast r $I32 $F32) (rv_fmvwx r))
+(rule 1 (gen_bitcast r $I64 $F64) (rv_fmvdx r))
+(rule (gen_bitcast r _ _) r)
+
+(decl move_f_to_x (FReg Type) XReg)
+(rule (move_f_to_x r $F32) (gen_bitcast r $F32 $I32))
+(rule (move_f_to_x r $F64) (gen_bitcast r $F64 $I64))
+
+(decl move_x_to_f (XReg Type) FReg)
+(rule (move_x_to_f r $I32) (gen_bitcast r $I32 $F32))
+(rule (move_x_to_f r $I64) (gen_bitcast r $I64 $F64))
+
+(decl float_int_of_same_size (Type) Type)
+(rule (float_int_of_same_size $F32) $I32)
+(rule (float_int_of_same_size $F64) $I64)
+
+
+(decl gen_rev8 (XReg) XReg)
+(rule 1
+  (gen_rev8 rs)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_rev8 rs))
+
+(rule
+  (gen_rev8 rs)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (let
+    ((rd WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (step WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Rev8 rs step tmp rd))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg rd)))
+
+
+(decl gen_brev8 (Reg Type) Reg)
+(rule 1
+  (gen_brev8 rs _)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbkb))
+  (rv_brev8 rs))
+(rule
+  (gen_brev8 rs ty)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbkb))
+  (let
+    ((tmp WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (tmp2 WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (step WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (rd WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+      (_ Unit (emit (MInst.Brev8 rs ty step tmp tmp2 rd))))
+    (writable_reg_to_reg rd)))
+
+;; Negates x
+;; Equivalent to 0 - x
+(decl neg (Type ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+(rule 1 (neg (fits_in_64 (ty_int ty)) val)
+  (value_reg
+    (rv_neg (value_regs_get val 0))))
+
+(rule 2 (neg $I128 val)
+  (i128_sub (value_regs_zero) val))
+
+
+;; Selects the greatest of two registers as signed values.
+(decl max (Type XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule (max (fits_in_64 (ty_int ty)) x y)
+  (if-let $true (has_zbb))
+  (rv_max x y))
+
+(rule (max (fits_in_64 (ty_int ty)) x y)
+  (if-let $false (has_zbb))
+  (gen_select_reg (IntCC.SignedGreaterThan) x y x y))
+
+
+(decl gen_trapif (XReg TrapCode) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_trapif test trap_code)
+  (side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (MInst.TrapIf test trap_code))))
+
+(decl gen_trapifc (IntCC XReg XReg TrapCode) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_trapifc cc a b trap_code)
+  (side_effect (SideEffectNoResult.Inst (MInst.TrapIfC a b cc trap_code))))
+
+(decl shift_int_to_most_significant (XReg Type) XReg)
+(extern constructor shift_int_to_most_significant shift_int_to_most_significant)
+
+;;; generate div overflow.
+(decl gen_div_overflow (XReg XReg Type) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_div_overflow rs1 rs2 ty)
+  (let
+    ((r_const_neg_1 XReg (load_imm12 -1))
+      (r_const_min XReg (rv_slli (load_imm12 1) (imm12_const 63)))
+      (tmp_rs1 XReg (shift_int_to_most_significant rs1 ty))
+      (t1 XReg (gen_icmp (IntCC.Equal) r_const_neg_1 rs2 ty))
+      (t2 XReg (gen_icmp (IntCC.Equal) r_const_min tmp_rs1 ty))
+      (test XReg (rv_and t1 t2)))
+    (gen_trapif test (TrapCode.IntegerOverflow))))
+
+(decl gen_div_by_zero (XReg) InstOutput)
+(rule
+  (gen_div_by_zero r)
+  (gen_trapifc (IntCC.Equal) (zero_reg) r (TrapCode.IntegerDivisionByZero)))
+
+;;;; Helpers for Emitting Calls ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(decl gen_call (SigRef ExternalName RelocDistance ValueSlice) InstOutput)
+(extern constructor gen_call gen_call)
+
+(decl gen_call_indirect (SigRef Value ValueSlice) InstOutput)
+(extern constructor gen_call_indirect gen_call_indirect)
+
+;;; this is trying to imitate aarch64 `madd` instruction.
+(decl madd (XReg XReg XReg) XReg)
+(rule
+  (madd n m a)
+  (let
+    ((t XReg (rv_mul n m)))
+    (rv_add t a)))
+
+;;;; Helpers for bmask ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(decl lower_bmask (Type Type ValueRegs) ValueRegs)
+
+;; Produces -1 if the 64-bit value is non-zero, and 0 otherwise.
+;; If the type is smaller than 64 bits, we need to mask off the
+;; high bits.
+(rule
+  0
+  (lower_bmask (fits_in_64 _) (fits_in_64 in_ty) val)
+  (let ((input XReg (truthy_to_reg in_ty (normalize_cmp_value in_ty val (ExtendOp.Zero))))
+        (non_zero XReg (rv_snez input)))
+    (value_reg (rv_neg non_zero))))
+
+;; Bitwise-or the two registers that make up the 128-bit value, then recurse as
+;; though it was a 64-bit value.
+(rule
+  1
+  (lower_bmask (fits_in_64 ty) $I128 val)
+  (let ((lo XReg (value_regs_get val 0))
+        (hi XReg (value_regs_get val 1))
+        (combined XReg (rv_or lo hi)))
+    (lower_bmask ty $I64 (value_reg combined))))
+
+;; Conversion of one 64-bit value to a 128-bit one. Duplicate the result of the
+;; bmask of the 64-bit value into both result registers of the i128.
+(rule
+  2
+  (lower_bmask $I128 (fits_in_64 in_ty) val)
+  (let ((res ValueRegs (lower_bmask $I64 in_ty val)))
+    (value_regs (value_regs_get res 0) (value_regs_get res 0))))
+
+;; Conversion of one 64-bit value to a 128-bit one. Duplicate the result of
+;; bmasking the 128-bit value to a 64-bit value into both registers of the
+;; 128-bit result.
+(rule
+  3
+  (lower_bmask $I128 $I128 val)
+  (let ((res ValueRegs (lower_bmask $I64 $I128 val)))
+    (value_regs (value_regs_get res 0) (value_regs_get res 0))))
+
+
+;;;; Helpers for physical registers ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(decl gen_mov_from_preg (PReg) Reg)
+
+(rule
+  (gen_mov_from_preg rm)
+  (let ((rd WritableXReg (temp_writable_xreg))
+        (_ Unit (emit (MInst.MovFromPReg rd rm))))
+    rd))
+
+(decl fp_reg () PReg)
+(extern constructor fp_reg fp_reg)
+
+(decl sp_reg () PReg)
+(extern constructor sp_reg sp_reg)
+
+;; Helper for creating the zero register.
+(decl zero_reg () Reg)
+(extern constructor zero_reg zero_reg)
+
+(decl value_regs_zero () ValueRegs)
+(rule (value_regs_zero)
+  (value_regs (imm $I64 0) (imm $I64 0)))
+
+(decl writable_zero_reg () WritableReg)
+(extern constructor writable_zero_reg writable_zero_reg)
+
+
+;;;; Helpers for floating point comparisons ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
+
+(decl not (XReg) XReg)
+(rule (not x) (rv_xori x (imm_from_bits 1)))
+
+(decl is_not_nan (Type FReg) XReg)
+(rule (is_not_nan ty a) (rv_feq ty a a))
+
+(decl ordered (Type FReg FReg) XReg)
+(rule (ordered ty a b) (rv_and (is_not_nan ty a) (is_not_nan ty b)))
+
+(type CmpResult (enum
+                  (Result
+                    (result XReg)
+                    (invert bool))))
+
+;; Wrapper for the common case when constructing comparison results. It assumes
+;; that the result isn't negated.
+(decl cmp_result (XReg) CmpResult)
+(rule (cmp_result result) (CmpResult.Result result $false))
+
+;; Wrapper for the case where it's more convenient to construct the negated
+;; version of the comparison.
+(decl cmp_result_invert (XReg) CmpResult)
+(rule (cmp_result_invert result) (CmpResult.Result result $true))
+
+;; Consume a CmpResult, producing a branch on its result.
+(decl cond_br (CmpResult BranchTarget BranchTarget) SideEffectNoResult)
+(rule (cond_br cmp then else)
+      (SideEffectNoResult.Inst
+        (MInst.CondBr then else (cmp_integer_compare cmp))))
+
+;; Construct an IntegerCompare value.
+(decl int_compare (IntCC XReg XReg) IntegerCompare)
+(extern constructor int_compare int_compare)
+
+;; Convert a comparison into a branch test.
+(decl cmp_integer_compare (CmpResult) IntegerCompare)
+
+(rule
+  (cmp_integer_compare (CmpResult.Result res $false))
+  (int_compare (IntCC.NotEqual) res (zero_reg)))
+
+(rule
+  (cmp_integer_compare (CmpResult.Result res $true))
+  (int_compare (IntCC.Equal) res (zero_reg)))
+
+;; Convert a comparison into a boolean value.
+(decl cmp_value (CmpResult) XReg)
+(rule (cmp_value (CmpResult.Result res $false)) res)
+(rule (cmp_value (CmpResult.Result res $true)) (not res))
+
+;; Compare two floating point numbers and return a zero/non-zero result.
+(decl emit_fcmp (FloatCC Type FReg FReg) CmpResult)
+
+;; a is not nan && b is not nan
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.Ordered) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (ordered ty a b)))
+
+;; a is nan || b is nan
+;; == !(a is not nan && b is not nan)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.Unordered) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (ordered ty a b)))
+
+;; a == b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.Equal) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_feq ty a b)))
+
+;; a != b
+;; == !(a == b)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.NotEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (rv_feq ty a b)))
+
+;; a < b || a > b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.OrderedNotEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_or (rv_flt ty a b) (rv_fgt ty a b))))
+
+;; !(ordered a b) || a == b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.UnorderedOrEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_or (not (ordered ty a b)) (rv_feq ty a b))))
+
+;; a < b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.LessThan) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_flt ty a b)))
+
+;; a <= b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.LessThanOrEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_fle ty a b)))
+
+;; a > b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.GreaterThan) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_fgt ty a b)))
+
+;; a >= b
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.GreaterThanOrEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result (rv_fge ty a b)))
+
+;; !(ordered a b) || a < b
+;; == !(ordered a b && a >= b)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.UnorderedOrLessThan) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (rv_and (ordered ty a b) (rv_fge ty a b))))
+
+;; !(ordered a b) || a <= b
+;; == !(ordered a b && a > b)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.UnorderedOrLessThanOrEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (rv_and (ordered ty a b) (rv_fgt ty a b))))
+
+;; !(ordered a b) || a > b
+;; == !(ordered a b && a <= b)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.UnorderedOrGreaterThan) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (rv_and (ordered ty a b) (rv_fle ty a b))))
+
+;; !(ordered a b) || a >= b
+;; == !(ordered a b && a < b)
+(rule
+  (emit_fcmp (FloatCC.UnorderedOrGreaterThanOrEqual) ty a b)
+  (cmp_result_invert (rv_and (ordered ty a b) (rv_flt ty a b))))