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+<head>
+<title>exiftool Application Documentation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:_securityagent@gamma.local" />
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+<body style="background-color: white">
+<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
+<tr><td class="block" style="background-color: #cccccc" valign="middle">
+<big><strong><span class="block">&nbsp;exiftool Application Documentation</span></strong></big>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
+<div name="index">
+<p><a name="__index__"></a></p>
+<ul>
+	<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#options">OPTIONS</a></li>
+	<ul>
+		<li><a href="#option_summary">Option Summary</a></li>
+		<li><a href="#option_details">Option Details</a></li>
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#tag_operations">Tag operations</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#processing_control">Processing control</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#special_features">Special features</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#utilities">Utilities</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#other_options">Other options</a></li>
+			<li><a href="#advanced_options">Advanced options</a></li>
+		</ul>
+	</ul>
+	<li><a href="#reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#renaming_examples">RENAMING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#piping_examples">PIPING EXAMPLES</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#diagnostics">DIAGNOSTICS</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#author">AUTHOR</a></li>
+	<li><a href="#see_also">SEE ALSO</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr name="index" />
+</div>
+<!-- INDEX END -->
+<p>
+</p>
+<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
+<p>exiftool - Read and write meta information in files</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tag_tag_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] [-<em>TAG</em>...] [--<em>TAG</em>...] <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tag_value_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] -<em>TAG</em>[+-&lt;]=[<em>VALUE</em>]... <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_options_tagsfromfile_srcfile_srctag_dsttag_file" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [<em>OPTIONS</em>] <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> <em>SRCFILE</em>
+[-<em>SRCTAG</em>[&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>]...] <em>FILE</em>...</a></strong></dt>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ver_list_w_f_r_wf_g_num_d_x" class="item"><strong>exiftool</strong> [ <strong>-ver</strong> |
+<strong>-list</strong>[<strong>w</strong>|<strong>f</strong>|<strong>r</strong>|<strong>wf</strong>|<strong>g</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]|<strong>d</strong>|<strong>x</strong>] ]</a></strong></dt>
+</dl>
+<p>For specific examples, see the <a href="#reading_examples">EXAMPLES</a> sections below.</p>
+<p>This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input <em>FILE</em>
+when one is expected.</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
+<p>A command-line interface to <a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool</a>, used for
+reading and writing meta information in a variety of file types.  <em>FILE</em> is
+one or more source file names, directory names, or <code>-</code> for the standard
+input.  Information is read from source files and printed in readable form
+to the console (or written to output text files with <strong>-w</strong>).</p>
+<p>To write or delete information, tag values are assigned using the
+-<em>TAG</em>=[<em>VALUE</em>] syntax, or the <strong>-geotag</strong> option.  To copy or move
+information, the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> feature is used.  By default the original
+files are preserved with <code>_original</code> appended to their names -- be sure to
+verify that the new files are OK before erasing the originals.  Once in
+write mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific options.</p>
+<p>Note:  If <em>FILE</em> is a directory name then only supported file types in the
+directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are processed).
+However, files may be specified by name, or the <strong>-ext</strong> option may be used
+to force processing of files with any extension.</p>
+<p>Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
+supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):</p>
+<pre>
+  File Types
+  ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+  3FR   r     | EIP   r     | LA    r     | ORF   r/w   | RSRC  r
+  3G2   r     | EPS   r/w   | LNK   r     | OTF   r     | RTF   r
+  3GP   r     | ERF   r/w   | M2TS  r     | PAC   r     | RW2   r/w
+  ACR   r     | EXE   r     | M4A/V r     | PAGES r     | RWL   r/w
+  AFM   r     | EXIF  r/w/c | MEF   r/w   | PBM   r/w   | RWZ   r
+  AI    r/w   | EXR   r     | MIE   r/w/c | PCD   r     | RM    r
+  AIFF  r     | F4A/V r     | MIFF  r     | PDF   r/w   | SO    r
+  APE   r     | FFF   r/w   | MKA   r     | PEF   r/w   | SR2   r/w
+  ARW   r/w   | FLA   r     | MKS   r     | PFA   r     | SRF   r
+  ASF   r     | FLAC  r     | MKV   r     | PFB   r     | SRW   r/w
+  AVI   r     | FLV   r     | MNG   r/w   | PFM   r     | SVG   r
+  BMP   r     | FPF   r     | MODD  r     | PGF   r     | SWF   r
+  BTF   r     | FPX   r     | MOS   r/w   | PGM   r/w   | THM   r/w
+  CHM   r     | GIF   r/w   | MOV   r     | PLIST r     | TIFF  r/w
+  COS   r     | GZ    r     | MP3   r     | PICT  r     | TTC   r
+  CR2   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MP4   r     | PMP   r     | TTF   r
+  CRW   r/w   | HDR   r     | MPC   r     | PNG   r/w   | VRD   r/w/c
+  CS1   r/w   | HTML  r     | MPG   r     | PPM   r/w   | VSD   r
+  DCM   r     | ICC   r/w/c | MPO   r/w   | PPT   r     | WAV   r
+  DCP   r/w   | IDML  r     | MQV   r     | PPTX  r     | WDP   r/w
+  DCR   r     | IIQ   r/w   | MRW   r/w   | PS    r/w   | WEBP  r
+  DFONT r     | IND   r/w   | MXF   r     | PSB   r/w   | WEBM  r
+  DIVX  r     | INX   r     | NEF   r/w   | PSD   r/w   | WMA   r
+  DJVU  r     | ITC   r     | NRW   r/w   | PSP   r     | WMV   r
+  DLL   r     | J2C   r     | NUMBERS r   | QTIF  r     | WV    r
+  DNG   r/w   | JNG   r/w   | ODP   r     | RA    r     | X3F   r/w
+  DOC   r     | JP2   r/w   | ODS   r     | RAF   r/w   | XCF   r
+  DOCX  r     | JPEG  r/w   | ODT   r     | RAM   r     | XLS   r
+  DV    r     | K25   r     | OFR   r     | RAR   r     | XLSX  r
+  DVB   r     | KDC   r     | OGG   r     | RAW   r/w   | XMP   r/w/c
+  DYLIB r     | KEY   r     | OGV   r     | RIFF  r     | ZIP   r</pre>
+<pre>
+  Meta Information
+  ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
+  EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
+  GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
+  IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
+  XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
+  MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
+  Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  APE            r
+  ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  Vorbis         r
+  MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  SPIFF          r
+  JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  DjVu           r
+  Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  M2TS           r
+  PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  PE/COFF        r
+  PNG            r/w/c  |  GeoTIFF        r    |  AVCHD          r
+  Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  ZIP            r
+  Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)</pre>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="options">OPTIONS</a></h1>
+<p>Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and group
+names), except for single-character options when the corresponding
+upper-case option exists.  Many single-character options have equivalent
+long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options have inverses which
+are invoked with a leading double-dash.  Note that multiple single-character
+options may NOT be combined into one argument because this would be
+interpreted as a tag name.  Contrary to standard practice, options may
+appear after source file names on the exiftool command line.</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h2><a name="option_summary">Option Summary</a></h2>
+<p><a href="#tag_operations">Tag operations</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -TAG or --TAG                    Extract or exclude specified tag
+  -TAG[+-]=[VALUE]                 Write new value for tag
+  -TAG[+-]&lt;=DATFILE                Write tag value from contents of file
+  -TAG[+-]&lt;SRCTAG                  Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)</pre>
+<pre>
+  -tagsFromFile SRCFILE            Copy tag values from file
+  -x TAG      (-exclude)           Exclude specified tag</pre>
+<p><a href="#input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -args       (-argFormat)         Format metadata as exiftool arguments
+  -b          (-binary)            Output metadata in binary format
+  -c FMT      (-coordFormat)       Set format for GPS coordinates
+  -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]        Specify encoding for special characters
+  -csv[=CSVFILE]                   Export/import tags in CSV format
+  -d FMT      (-dateFormat)        Set format for date/time values
+  -D          (-decimal)           Show tag ID numbers in decimal
+  -E, -ex     (-escape(HTML|XML))  Escape values for HTML (-E) or XML (-ex)
+  -f          (-forcePrint)        Force printing of all specified tags
+  -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)     Organize output by tag group
+  -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)        Print group name for each tag
+  -h          (-htmlFormat)        Use HMTL formatting for output
+  -H          (-hex)               Show tag ID number in hexadecimal
+  -htmlDump[OFFSET]                Generate HTML-format binary dump
+  -j[=JSONFILE] (-json)            Export/import tags in JSON format
+  -l          (-long)              Use long 2-line output format
+  -L          (-latin)             Use Windows Latin1 encoding
+  -lang [LANG]                     Set current language
+  -listItem INDEX                  Extract specific item from a list
+  -n          (--printConv)        Read/write numerical tag values
+  -p FMTFILE  (-printFormat)       Print output in specified format
+  -php                             Export tags as a PHP Array
+  -s[NUM]     (-short)             Short output format
+  -S          (-veryShort)         Very short output format
+  -sep STR    (-separator)         Set separator string for list items
+  -sort                            Sort output alphabetically
+  -struct                          Enable output of structured information
+  -t          (-tab)               Output in tab-delimited list format
+  -T          (-table)             Output in tabular format
+  -v[NUM]     (-verbose)           Print verbose messages
+  -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)           Write (or overwrite!) output text files
+  -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)            Write output text file for each tag
+  -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)         Write only specified file types with -W
+  -X          (-xmlFormat)         Use RDF/XML output format</pre>
+<p><a href="#processing_control">Processing control</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -a          (-duplicates)        Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
+  -e          (--composite)        Do not calculate composite tags
+  -ee         (-extractEmbedded)   Extract information from embedded files
+  -ext EXT    (-extension)         Process files with specified extension
+  -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)           Fix the base for maker notes offsets
+  -fast[NUM]                       Increase speed for slow devices
+  -fileOrder [-]TAG                Set file processing order
+  -i DIR      (-ignore)            Ignore specified directory name
+  -if EXPR                         Conditionally process files
+  -m          (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
+  -o OUTFILE  (-out)               Set output file or directory name
+  -overwrite_original              Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
+  -overwrite_original_in_place     Overwrite original by copying tmp file
+  -P          (-preserve)          Preserve date/time of original file
+  -password PASSWD                 Password for processing protected files
+  -progress                        Show file progress count
+  -q          (-quiet)             Quiet processing
+  -r          (-recurse)           Recursively process subdirectories
+  -scanForXMP                      Brute force XMP scan
+  -u          (-unknown)           Extract unknown tags
+  -U          (-unknown2)          Extract unknown binary tags too
+  -wm MODE    (-writeMode)         Set tag write/create mode
+  -z          (-zip)               Read/write compressed information</pre>
+<p><a href="#special_features">Special features</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -geotag TRKFILE                  Geotag images from specified GPS log
+  -globalTimeShift SHIFT           Shift all formatted date/time values
+  -use MODULE                      Add features from plug-in module</pre>
+<p><a href="#utilities">Utilities</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -delete_original[!]              Delete &quot;_original&quot; backups
+  -restore_original                Restore from &quot;_original&quot; backups</pre>
+<p><a href="#other_options">Other options</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -@ ARGFILE                       Read command-line arguments from file
+  -k          (-pause)             Pause before terminating
+  -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]         List various exiftool capabilities
+  -ver                             Print exiftool version number</pre>
+<p><a href="#advanced_options">Advanced options</a></p>
+<pre>
+  -common_args                     Define common arguments
+  -config CFGFILE                  Specify configuration file name
+  -echo[NUM] TEXT                  Echo text to stdout or stderr
+  -execute[NUM]                    Execute multiple commands on one line
+  -srcfile FMT                     Set different source file name
+  -stay_open FLAG                  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF</pre>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h2><a name="option_details">Option Details</a></h2>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="tag_operations">Tag operations</a></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="tag" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract information for specified tag (ie. <code>-CreateDate</code>).  A tag name
+is the handle by which a piece of information is referenced.  See
+<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames</a> for documentation on
+available tag names.  A tag name may include leading group names separated
+by colons (ie. <code>-EXIF:CreateDate</code>, or <code>-Doc1:XMP:Creator</code>), and each group
+name may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number (ie.
+<code>-1IPTC:City</code>).  Use the <strong>-listg</strong> option to list available group names by
+family.</p>
+<p>A special tag name of <code>All</code> may be used to indicate all meta information.
+This is particularly useful when a group name is specified to extract all
+information in a group (but beware that unless the <strong>-a</strong> option is also
+used, some tags in the group may be suppressed by same-named tags in other
+groups).  The wildcard characters <code>?</code> and <code>*</code> may be used in a tag name to
+match any single character and zero or more characters respectively.  These
+may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group name of
+<code>*</code> (or <code>All</code>) may be used to extract all instances of a tag (as if <strong>-a</strong>
+was used).  Note that arguments containing wildcards must be quoted on the
+command line of most systems to prevent shell globbing.</p>
+<p>A <code>#</code> may be appended to the tag name to disable the print conversion on a
+per-tag basis (see the <strong>-n</strong> option).  This may also be used when writing or
+copying tags.</p>
+<p>If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted (as if
+<code>-All</code> had been specified).</p>
+<p>Note:  Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when extracting
+information.  Use the <strong>-s</strong> option to see the tag names instead.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="tag2" class="item"><strong>--</strong><em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Exclude specified tag from extracted information.  Same as the <strong>-x</strong> option.
+Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be re-included by a subsequent
+option.  May also be used following a <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option to exclude
+tags from being copied, or to exclude groups from being deleted when
+deleting all information (ie. <code>-all= --exif:all</code> deletes all but EXIF
+information).  But note that this will not exclude individual tags from a
+group delete. Instead, individual tags may be recovered using the
+<strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option (ie. <code>-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist</code>).  Wildcards
+are permitted as described above for <strong>-TAG</strong>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="tag_value" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>[+-]<strong>=</strong>[<em>VALUE</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write a new value for the specified tag (ie. <code>-comment=wow</code>), or delete the
+tag if no <em>VALUE</em> is given (ie. <code>-comment=</code>). <code>+=</code> and <code>-=</code> are used to
+add or remove existing entries from a list, or to shift date/time values
+(see <a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details).
+<code>+=</code> may also be used to increment numerical values, and <code>-=</code> may be used
+to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see <a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a> for
+examples).</p>
+<p><em>TAG</em> may contain a leading family 0 or 1 group name separated by a colon.
+If no group name is specified, the tag is created in the preferred group,
+and updated in any other location where a same-named tag already exists.
+The preferred group is the first group in the following list where <em>TAG</em> is
+valid: 1) EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.</p>
+<p>The wildcards <code>*</code> and <code>?</code> may be used in tag names to assign the same
+value to multiple tags.  When specified with wildcards, &quot;unsafe&quot; tags are
+not written.  A tag name of <code>All</code> is eqivalent to <code>*</code> (except that it
+doesn't require quoting, while arguments with wildcards do on systems with
+shell globbing), and is often used when deleting all metadata (ie. <code>-All=</code>)
+or an entire group (ie. <code>-GROUP:All=</code>).  Note that not all groups are
+deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 &quot;Adobe&quot; group is not removed by default
+with <code>-All=</code> because it may affect the appearance of the image.  Use the
+<strong>-listd</strong> option for a complete list of deletable groups. Also, within an
+image some groups may be contained within others, and these groups are
+removed if the containing group is deleted:</p>
+<pre>
+  JPEG Image:
+  - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
+    GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
+  - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
+  - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.</pre>
+<pre>
+  TIFF Image:
+  - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
+    InteropIFD and MakerNotes.</pre>
+<p>Notes:</p>
+<p>1) MakerNotes tags may be edited, but not created or deleted individually.
+This avoids many potential problems including the inevitable compatibility
+problems with OEM software which may be very inflexible about the
+information it expects to find in the maker notes.</p>
+<p>2) Changes to PDF files are reversible because the original information is
+never actually deleted from the file.  So ExifTool alone may not be used to
+securely edit metadata in PDF files.</p>
+<p>Special feature:  Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal with a
+leading <code>0x</code>, and simple rational values may be specified as fractions.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="tag_datfile_or_tag_fmt" class="item"><strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>&lt;=<em>DATFILE</em> or <strong>-</strong><em>TAG</em>&lt;=<em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the value of a tag from the contents of file <em>DATFILE</em>.  The file name
+may also be given by a <em>FMT</em> string where %d, %f and %e represent the
+directory, file name and extension of the original <em>FILE</em> (see the <strong>-w</strong>
+option for more details).  Note that quotes are required around this
+argument to prevent shell redirection since it contains a <code>&lt;</code> symbol.
+<code>+&lt;=</code> or <code>-&lt;=</code> may also be used to add or delete specific list
+entries, or to shift date/time values.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="tagsfromfile_srcfile_or_fmt" class="item"><strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> <em>SRCFILE</em> or <em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy tag values from <em>SRCFILE</em> to <em>FILE</em>.  Tag names on the command line
+after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded from the copy.
+Wildcards are permitted in these tag names.  If no tags are specified, then
+all possible tags (see note 1 below) from the source file are copied to
+same-named tags in the preferred location of the output file (the same as
+specifying <code>-all</code>).  More than one <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option may be used to
+copy tags from multiple files.</p>
+<p>By default, this option will commute information between same-named tags in
+different groups and write each tag to the preferred group.  This allows
+some information to be automatically translated when copying between images
+of different formats.  However, if a group name is specified for a tag then
+the information is written to this group (unless redirected to another
+group, see below).  If <code>All</code> is used as a group name, then the information
+is written to the same family 1 group in the destination file.  In this way,
+<code>-All:All</code> is used to copy all information while preserving the family 1
+group (ie. the specific location in the metadata) of each tag.</p>
+<p><em>SRCFILE</em> may be the same as <em>FILE</em> to move information around within a
+single file.  In this case, <code>@</code> may be used to represent the source file
+(ie. <code>-tagsFromFile @</code>), permitting this feature to be used for batch
+processing multiple files.  Specified tags are then copied from each file in
+turn as it is rewritten.  For advanced batch use, the source file name may
+also be specified using a <em>FMT</em> string in which %d, %f and %e represent the
+directory, file name and extension of <em>FILE</em>. See <strong>-w</strong> option for <em>FMT</em>
+string examples.</p>
+<p>A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be specified for
+each copied tag.  With this feature, information may be written to a tag
+with a different name or group.  This is done using
+&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot; or
+&quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;<em>SRCTAG</em>'&quot; on the command line after
+<strong>-tagsFromFile</strong>, and causes the value of <em>SRCTAG</em> to be copied from
+<em>SRCFILE</em> and written to <em>DSTTAG</em> in <em>FILE</em>.  Note that this argument
+must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no <code>=</code> sign as
+when assigning new values.  Source and/or destination tags may be prefixed
+by a group name and/or suffixed by <code>#</code>.  Wildcards are allowed in both the
+source and destination tag names.  A destination group and/or tag name of
+<code>All</code> or <code>*</code> writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name as the
+source.  If no destination group is specified, the information is written to
+the preferred group.  Whitespace around the <code>&gt;</code> or <code>&lt;</code> is ignored.
+As a convenience, <code>-tagsFromFile @</code> is assumed for any redirected tags
+which are specified without a prior <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option.  Copied tags
+may also be added or deleted from a list with arguments of the form
+&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>+&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot; or
+&quot;'-<em>SRCTAG</em>-&gt;<em>DSTTAG</em>'&quot;.</p>
+<p>An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving tag names
+to be used on the right hand side of the <code>&lt;</code> symbol with the syntax
+&quot;'-<em>DSTTAG</em>&lt;<em>STR</em>'&quot;, where tag names in <em>STR</em> are
+prefixed with a <code>$</code> symbol.  See the <strong>-p</strong> option for more details about
+this syntax.  Strings starting with a <code>=</code> sign must insert a single space
+after the <code>&lt;</code> to avoid confusion with the <code>&lt;=</code> operator which sets
+the tag value from the contents of a file.  A single space at the start of
+the string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the string
+is preserved.</p>
+<p>See <a href="#copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a> for examples using <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong>.</p>
+<p>Notes:</p>
+<p>1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the image)
+are considered &quot;unsafe&quot; to write, and are only copied if specified
+explicitly (ie. no wildcards).  See the
+<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for more details about
+&quot;unsafe&quot; tags.</p>
+<p>2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being copied
+(--<em>TAG</em>), and deleting a tag (-<em>TAG</em>=).  Excluding a tag prevents it from
+being copied to the destination image, but deleting will remove a
+pre-existing tag from the image.</p>
+<p>3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't affected
+like other information by subsequent tag assignments on the command line.
+Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from the maker notes may be rather
+large, it is not copied, and must be transferred separately if desired.</p>
+<p>4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the point of the
+<strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option in the command line.  Any tag assignment to the
+right of the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option is made after all tags are copied.  For
+example, new tag values are set in the order One, Two, Three then Four with
+this command:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg</pre>
+<p>This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the copied
+and assigned tags because later operations may override earlier ones.</p>
+<p>5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs subtly from that of assigned
+tags for list-type tags.  When copying to a list, each copied tag overrides
+any previous operations on the list.  While this avoids duplicate list items
+when copying groups of tags from a file containing redundant information, it
+also prevents values of different tags from being copied into the same list
+when this is the intent.  So a <strong>-addTagsFromFile</strong> option is provided which
+allows copying of multiple tags into the same list.  ie)</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -addtagsfromfile @ '-subject&lt;make' '-subject&lt;model' ...</pre>
+<p>Other than this difference, the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> and <strong>-addTagsFromFile</strong>
+options are equivalent.</p>
+<p>6) The <strong>-a</strong> option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when reading
+tags from <em>SRCFILE</em>.</p>
+<p>7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags.  See the
+<strong>-struct</strong> option for details.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-x</strong> <em>TAG</em> (<strong>-exclude</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Exclude the specified tag.  There may be multiple <strong>-x</strong> options.  This has
+the same effect as --<em>TAG</em> on the command line.  May also be used following
+a <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option to exclude tags from being copied.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="input_output_text_formatting">Input-output text formatting</a></h3>
+<p>Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most output
+text formats.  The exceptions are <a href="#b"><code>-b</code></a>, <code>-csv</code>, <code>-j</code> and <a href="#x"><code>-X</code></a>.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="args" class="item"><strong>-args</strong> (<strong>-argFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for use with
+the <strong>-@</strong> option when writing.  May be combined with the <strong>-G</strong> option to
+include group names.  This feature may be used to effectively copy tags
+between images, but allows the metadata to be altered by editing the
+intermediate file (<code>out.args</code> in this example):</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg &gt; out.args
+    exiftool -@ out.args dst.jpg</pre>
+<p>Note:  Be careful when copying information with this technique since it is
+easy to write tags which are normally considered &quot;unsafe&quot;.  For instance,
+the FileName and Directory tags are excluded in the example above to avoid
+renaming and moving the destination file.  Also note that the second command
+above will produce warning messages for any tags which are not writable.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="b" class="item"><strong>-b</strong> (<strong>-binary</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
+descriptions.  This option is mainly used for extracting embedded images or
+other binary data, but it may also be useful for some text strings since
+control characters (such as newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in
+the default output.  List items are separated by a newline when extracted
+with the <strong>-b</strong> option.  May be combined with <a href="#php"><code>-php</code></a> or <a href="#x"><code>-X</code></a> to extract
+binary data in PHP or XML format.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="fmt" class="item"><strong>-c</strong> <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-coordFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the print format for GPS coordinates.  <em>FMT</em> uses the same syntax as
+the <code>printf</code> format string.  The specifiers correspond to degrees, minutes
+and seconds in that order, but minutes and seconds are optional.  For
+example, the following table gives the output for the same coordinate using
+various formats:</p>
+<pre>
+            FMT                  Output
+    -------------------    ------------------
+    &quot;%d deg %d' %.2f&quot;\&quot;    54 deg 59' 22.80&quot;  (default for reading)
+    &quot;%d %d %.8f&quot;           54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
+    &quot;%d deg %.4f min&quot;      54 deg 59.3800 min
+    &quot;%.6f degrees&quot;         54.989667 degrees</pre>
+<p>Notes:</p>
+<p>1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is different
+when copying tags using the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option.</p>
+<p>2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W) is
+appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a <code>+</code> to the format
+specifier (ie. <code>%+.6f</code>) prints a signed coordinate instead.</p>
+<p>3) This print formatting may be disabled with the <strong>-n</strong> option to extract
+coordinates as signed decimal degrees.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="charset_type_charset" class="item"><strong>-charset</strong> [[<em>TYPE</em>=]<em>CHARSET</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>If <em>TYPE</em> is <code>ExifTool</code> or not specified, this option sets the ExifTool
+character encoding for output tag values when reading and input values when
+writing.  The default ExifTool encoding is <code>UTF8</code>.  If no <em>CHARSET</em> is
+given, a list of available character sets is returned.  Valid <em>CHARSET</em>
+values are:</p>
+<pre>
+    CHARSET     Alias(es)        Description
+    ----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
+    UTF8        cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
+    Latin       cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
+    Latin2      cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
+    Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
+    Greek       cp1253           Windows Greek
+    Turkish     cp1254           Windows Turkish
+    Hebrew      cp1255           Windows Hebrew
+    Arabic      cp1256           Windows Arabic
+    Baltic      cp1257           Windows Baltic
+    Vietnam     cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
+    Thai        cp874            Windows Thai
+    MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
+    MacLatin2   cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
+    MacCyrillic cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
+    MacGreek    cp10006          Macintosh Greek
+    MacTurkish  cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
+    MacRomanian cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
+    MacIceland  cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
+    MacCroatian cp10082          Macintosh Croatian</pre>
+<p>Other values of <em>TYPE</em> listed below are used to specify the internal
+encoding of various meta information formats.</p>
+<pre>
+    TYPE       Description                                  Default
+    ---------  -------------------------------------------  -------
+    EXIF       Internal encoding of EXIF &quot;ASCII&quot; strings    (none)
+    ID3        Internal encoding of ID3v1 information       Latin
+    IPTC       Internal IPTC encoding to assume when        Latin
+                IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
+    Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings   Latin
+    QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings       MacRoman</pre>
+<p>See <a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/faq.html#Q10">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/faq.html#Q10</a> for more
+information about coded character sets.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="csv_csvfile" class="item"><strong>-csv</strong>[=<em>CSVFILE</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Export information in as a CSV file, or import information if <em>CSVFILE</em> is
+specified.  When importing, the CSV file must be in exactly the same format
+as the exported file.  The first row of the <em>CSVFILE</em> must be the ExifTool
+tag names (with optional group names) for each column of the file, and
+values must be separated by commas.  A special &quot;SourceFile&quot; column specifies
+the files associated with each row of information (a SourceFile of &quot;*&quot; may
+be used to apply the information to all target images).  The following
+examples demonstrate basic use of this option:</p>
+<pre>
+    # generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
+    exiftool -common -csv dir &gt; out.csv</pre>
+<pre>
+    # update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
+    exiftool -csv=a.csv dir</pre>
+<p>Empty values are ignored when importing.  To force a tag to be deleted, use
+the <strong>-f</strong> option and set the value to &quot;-&quot; in the CSV file (or to the
+MissingTagValue if this API option was used).  May be combined with the
+<strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong> option to add group names to the tags.  Note that list-type
+tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the <strong>-sep</strong> option may
+be used to split them back into separate items when importing.</p>
+<p>Special feature:  <strong>-csv</strong>+=<em>CSVFILE</em> may be used to add items to existing
+lists. This affects only list-type tags.  Also applies to the <strong>-j</strong> option.</p>
+<p>Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other output
+format options because it requires information from all input files to be
+buffered in memory before the output is written.  This may result in
+excessive memory usage when processing a very large number of files with a
+single command.  Also, it makes this option incompatible with the <strong>-w</strong>
+option.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-d</strong> <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-dateFormat</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the format for date/time tag values.  The specifics of the <em>FMT</em> syntax
+are system dependent -- consult the <code>strftime</code> man page on your system for
+details.  The default format is equivalent to &quot;%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S&quot;.  This
+option has no effect on date-only or time-only tags and ignores timezone
+information if present.  Only one <strong>-d</strong> option may be used per command.  The
+inverse operation (ie. un-formatting a date/time value) is currently not
+applied when writing a date/time tag.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="d" class="item"><strong>-D</strong> (<strong>-decimal</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="ex" class="item"><strong>-E</strong>, <strong>-ex</strong> (<strong>-escapeHTML</strong>, <strong>-escapeXML</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Escape characters in output values for HTML (<strong>-E</strong>) or XML (<strong>-ex</strong>).  For
+HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above U+007F are escaped as
+well as the following 5 characters: &amp; (&amp;amp;) &#39; (&amp;#39;) &quot; (&amp;quot;)
+&gt; (&amp;gt;) and &lt; (&amp;lt;).  For XML, only these 5 characters are
+escaped.  The <strong>-E</strong> option is implied with <strong>-h</strong>, and <strong>-ex</strong> is implied with
+<strong>-X</strong>.  The inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="f" class="item"><strong>-f</strong> (<strong>-forcePrint</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Force printing of tags even if their values are not found.  This option only
+applies when tag names are specified.  With this option, a dash (<code>-</code>) is
+printed for the value of any missing tag (but this may be configured via the
+API MissingTagValue option).  May also be used to add a 'flags' attribute to
+the <strong>-listx</strong> output, or to allow tags to be deleted when writing with the
+<strong>-csv</strong>=<em>CSVFILE</em> feature.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="g_num_num_groupheadings" class="item"><strong>-g</strong>[<em>NUM</em>][:<em>NUM</em>...] (<strong>-groupHeadings</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Organize output by tag group.  <em>NUM</em> specifies a group family number, and
+may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2 (category), 3
+(document number) or 4 (instance number).  Multiple families may be
+specified by separating them with colons.  By default the resulting group
+name is simplified by removing any leading <code>Main:</code> and collapsing adjacent
+identical group names, but this can be avoided by placing a colon before the
+first family number (ie. <strong>-g:3:1</strong>).  If <em>NUM</em> is not specified, <strong>-g0</strong> is
+assumed.  Use the <strong>-listg</strong> option to list group names for a specified
+family.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="g_num_num_groupnames" class="item"><strong>-G</strong>[<em>NUM</em>][:<em>NUM</em>...] (<strong>-groupNames</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Same as <strong>-g</strong> but print group name for each tag.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="h" class="item"><strong>-h</strong> (<strong>-htmlFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use HTML table formatting for output.  Implies the <strong>-E</strong> option.  The
+formatting options <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-g</strong>, <strong>-G</strong>, <strong>-l</strong> and <strong>-s</strong> may be used
+in combination with <strong>-h</strong> to influence the HTML format.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="h" class="item"><strong>-H</strong> (<strong>-hex</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="htmldump_offset" class="item"><strong>-htmlDump</strong>[<em>OFFSET</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF information.
+This can be a very powerful tool for low-level analysis of EXIF information.
+The <strong>-htmlDump</strong> option is also invoked if the <strong>-v</strong> and <strong>-h</strong> options are
+used together.  The verbose level controls the maximum length of the blocks
+dumped.  An <em>OFFSET</em> may be given to specify the base for displayed
+offsets.  If not provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used.  Use
+<strong>-htmlDump0</strong> for absolute offsets.  Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG
+information is dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump
+of other file formats.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="j_jsonfile_json" class="item"><strong>-j</strong>[=<em>JSONFILE</em>] (<strong>-json</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console output, or
+import JSON file if <em>JSONFILE</em> is specified.  This option may be combined
+with <strong>-g</strong> to organize the output into objects by group, or <strong>-G</strong> to add
+group names to each tag.  List-type tags with multiple items are output as
+JSON arrays unless <strong>-sep</strong> is used.  By default XMP structures are flattened
+into individual tags in the JSON output, but the original structure may be
+preserved with the <strong>-struct</strong> option (this also causes all list-type XMP
+tags to be output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists are output as
+simple strings).  The <strong>-a</strong> option is implied if the <strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong> options
+are used, otherwise it is ignored and duplicate tags are suppressed.  Adding
+the <strong>-D</strong> or <strong>-H</strong> option changes tag values to JSON objects with &quot;val&quot; and
+&quot;id&quot; fields, and adding <strong>-l</strong> adds a &quot;desc&quot; field, and a &quot;num&quot; field if the
+numerical value is different from the converted &quot;val&quot;.  The <strong>-b</strong>, <strong>-L</strong> and
+<strong>-charset</strong> options have no effect on the JSON output.</p>
+<p>If <em>JSONFILE</em> is specified, the file is imported and the tag definitions
+from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file basis.  The special
+&quot;SourceFile&quot; entry in each JSON object associates the information with a
+specific target file (see the <strong>-csv</strong> option for details).  The imported
+JSON file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the
+exception that the <strong>-g</strong> option is not compatible with the import file
+format (use <strong>-G</strong> instead).  Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file
+may be suffixed with a <code>#</code> to disable print conversion.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="l" class="item"><strong>-l</strong> (<strong>-long</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use long 2-line Canon-style output format.  Adds a description and
+unconverted value to the XML, JSON or PHP output when <strong>-X</strong>, <strong>-j</strong> or
+<strong>-php</strong> is used.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="l" class="item"><strong>-L</strong> (<strong>-latin</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead of the
+default UTF-8.  When writing, <strong>-L</strong> specifies that input text values are
+Latin1 instead of UTF-8.  Equivalent to <code>-charset latin</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="lang_lang" class="item"><strong>-lang</strong> [<em>LANG</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.  <em>LANG</em> is
+<code>de</code>, <code>fr</code>, <code>ja</code>, etc.  Use <strong>-lang</strong> with no other arguments to get a
+list of available languages.  The default language is <code>en</code> if <strong>-lang</strong> is
+not specified.  Note that tag/group names are always English, independent of
+the <strong>-lang</strong> setting, and translation of warning/error messages has not yet
+been implemented.</p>
+<p>By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters, but the
+the <strong>-L</strong> or <strong>-charset</strong> option may be used to invoke other encodings.</p>
+<p>Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are welcome to
+help improve this by submitting their own translations.  To submit a set of
+translations, first use the <strong>-listx</strong> option and redirect the output to a
+file to generate an XML tag database, then add entries for other languages,
+zip this file, and email it to phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca for inclusion in
+ExifTool.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="listitem_index" class="item"><strong>-listItem</strong> <em>INDEX</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified index to be
+extracted.  <em>INDEX</em> is 0 for the first item in the list.  Has no effect
+when writing or copying tags, in a <strong>-if</strong> condition, or in combination with
+structured output options.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="n" class="item"><strong>-n</strong> (<strong>--printConv</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Read and write values as numbers instead of words.  By default, extracted
+values are converted to a more human-readable format for printing, but the
+<strong>-n</strong> option disables this print conversion for all tags.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
+    Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
+    Orientation: 6</pre>
+<p>The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by suffixing
+the tag name with a <code>#</code> character:</p>
+<pre>
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
+    Orientation: 6
+    Orientation: Rotate 90 CW</pre>
+<p>These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print conversion
+when writing.  For example, the following commands all have the same effect:</p>
+<pre>
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation='Rotate 90 CW' a.jpg
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
+    &gt; exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="str" class="item"><strong>-p</strong> <em>FMTFILE</em> or <em>STR</em> (<strong>-printFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print output in the format specified by the given file or string (and ignore
+other format options).  Tag names in the format file or string begin with a
+<code>$</code> symbol and may contain a leading group name and/or a trailing <code>#</code>.
+Case is not significant.  Braces <code>{}</code> may be used around the tag name to
+separate it from subsequent text.  Use <code>$$</code> to represent a <code>$</code> symbol, and
+<code>$/</code> for a newline.  Multiple <strong>-p</strong> options may be used, each contributing
+a line of text to the output.  Lines beginning with <code>#[HEAD]</code> and
+<code>#[TAIL]</code> are output only for the first and last processed files
+respectively.  Lines beginning with <code>#[BODY]</code> and lines not beginning with
+<code>#</code> are output for each processed file.  Other lines beginning with <code>#</code>
+are ignored.  For example, this format file:</p>
+<pre>
+    # this is a comment line
+    #[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
+    File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
+    (f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
+    #[TAIL]-- end --</pre>
+<p>with this command:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg</pre>
+<p>produces output like this:</p>
+<pre>
+    -- Generated by ExifTool 9.27 --
+    File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
+    (f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
+    File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
+    (f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
+    -- end --</pre>
+<p>When <strong>-ee</strong> (<strong>-extractEmbedded</strong>) is combined with <strong>-p</strong>, embedded documents
+are effectively processed as separate input files.</p>
+<p>If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and the line
+with the missing tag is not printed.  However, the <strong>-f</strong> option may be used
+to set the value of missing tags to '-' (but this may be configured via the
+MissingTagValue API option), or the <strong>-m</strong> option may be used to ignore minor
+warnings and leave the missing values empty.</p>
+<p>An advanced formatting feature allows an arbitrary Perl expression to be
+applied to the value of any tag by placing it inside the braces after a
+semicolon following the tag name.  The expression has access to the value of
+this tag through the default input variable (<code>$_</code>), and the full API
+through the current ExifTool object (<code>$self</code>).  It may contain any valid
+Perl code, including translation (<code>tr///</code>) and substitution (<code>s///</code>)
+operations, but note that braces within the expression must be balanced. The
+example below prints the camera Make with spaces translated to underlines,
+and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a single underline:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -p '${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}' image.jpg</pre>
+<p>A default expression of <code>tr(/\\?*:|&quot;&lt;&gt;)()d</code> is assumed if the
+expression is empty, and removes the characters / \ ? * : | &lt; and &gt;
+from the printed value.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="php" class="item"><strong>-php</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Format output as a PHP Array.  The <strong>-g</strong>, <strong>-G</strong>, <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-l</strong>,
+<strong>-sep</strong> and <strong>-struct</strong> options combine with <strong>-php</strong> in the same way as with
+<strong>-json</strong>. As well, the <strong>-b</strong> option may be added to output binary data.
+Here is a simple example showing how this could be used in a PHP script:</p>
+<pre>
+    &lt;?php
+    eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
+    print_r($array);
+    ?&gt;</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="s_num_short" class="item"><strong>-s</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] (<strong>-short</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Short output format.  Prints tag names instead of descriptions.  Add <em>NUM</em>
+or up to 3 <strong>-s</strong> options for even shorter formats:</p>
+<pre>
+    -s1 or -s        - print tag names instead of descriptions
+    -s2 or -s -s     - no extra spaces to column-align values
+    -s3 or -s -s -s  - print values only (no tag names)</pre>
+<p>Also effective when combined with <strong>-t</strong>, <strong>-h</strong>, <strong>-X</strong> or <strong>-listx</strong> options.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="s" class="item"><strong>-S</strong> (<strong>-veryShort</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Very short format.  The same as <strong>-s2</strong> (or two <strong>-s</strong> options).  Tag names
+are printed instead of descriptions, and no extra spaces are added to
+column-align values.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-sep</strong> <em>STR</em> (<strong>-separator</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Specify separator string for items in list-type tags.  When reading, the
+default is to join list items with &quot;, &quot;.  When writing, this option causes
+values assigned to list-type tags to be split into individual items at each
+substring matching <em>STR</em> (otherwise they are not split by default).  Space
+characters in <em>STR</em> match zero or more whitespace characters in the value.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="sort" class="item"><strong>-sort</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the <strong>-s</strong> option is used.
+Tags are sorted within each group when combined with the <strong>-g</strong> or <strong>-G</strong>
+option.  When sorting by description, the sort order will depend on the
+<strong>-lang</strong> option setting.  Without the <strong>-sort</strong> option, tags appear in the
+order they were specified on the command line, or if not specified, the
+order they were extracted from the file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="struct_struct" class="item"><strong>-struct</strong>, <strong>--struct</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to individual tags.
+This option works well when combined with the XML (<strong>-X</strong>) and JSON (<strong>-j</strong>)
+output formats.  For other output formats, the structures are serialized
+into the same format as when writing structured information (see
+<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html</a> for details).  When
+copying, structured tags are copied by default unless <strong>--struct</strong> is used to
+disable this feature (although flattened tags may still be copied by
+specifying them individually unless <strong>-struct</strong> is used).  These options have
+no effect when assigning new values since both flattened and structured tags
+may always be used when writing.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="t" class="item"><strong>-t</strong> (<strong>-tab</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for database
+import).  May be combined with <strong>-s</strong> to print tag names instead of
+descriptions, or <strong>-S</strong> to print tag values only, tab-delimited on a single
+line.  The <strong>-t</strong> option may also be used to add tag table information to the
+<strong>-X</strong> option output.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="t" class="item"><strong>-T</strong> (<strong>-table</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Output tag values in table form.  Equivalent to <strong>-t -S -q -f</strong>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="v_num_verbose" class="item"><strong>-v</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] (<strong>-verbose</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print verbose messages.  <em>NUM</em> specifies the level of verbosity in the
+range 0-5, with higher numbers being more verbose.  If <em>NUM</em> is not given,
+then each <strong>-v</strong> option increases the level of verbosity by 1.  With any
+level greater than 0, most other options are ignored and normal console
+output is suppressed unless specific tags are extracted.  Using <strong>-v0</strong>
+causes the console output buffer to be flushed after each line (which may be
+useful to avoid delays when piping exiftool output), and prints the name of
+each processed file when writing.  Also see the <strong>-progress</strong> option.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-w</strong>[+|!] <em>EXT</em> or <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-textOut</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write console output to files with names ending in <em>EXT</em>, one for each
+source file.  The output file name is obtained by replacing the source file
+extension (including the '.') with the specified extension (and a '.' is
+added to the start of <em>EXT</em> if it doesn't already contain one).
+Alternatively, a <em>FMT</em> string may be used to give more control over the
+output file name and directory.  In the format string, %d, %f and %e
+represent the directory, filename and extension of the source file, and %c
+represents a copy number which is automatically incremented if the file
+already exists.  %d includes the trailing '/' if necessary, but %e does not
+include the leading '.'.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    -w %d%f.txt       # same effect as &quot;-w txt&quot;
+    -w dir/%f_%e.out  # write files to &quot;dir&quot; as &quot;FILE_EXT.out&quot;
+    -w dir2/%d%f.txt  # write to &quot;dir2&quot;, keeping dir structure
+    -w a%c.txt        # write to &quot;a.txt&quot; or &quot;a1.txt&quot; or &quot;a2.txt&quot;...</pre>
+<p>Existing files will not be overwritten unless an exclamation point is added
+to the option name (ie. <strong>-w!</strong> or <strong>-textOut!</strong>), or a plus sign to append to
+the existing file (ie. <strong>-w+</strong> or <strong>-textOut+</strong>).  Both may be used (ie.
+<strong>-w+!</strong> or <strong>-textOut+!</strong>) to overwrite output files that didn't exist before
+the command was run, and append the output from multiple source files.  For
+example, to write one output file for all source files in each directory:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR</pre>
+<p>Notes:</p>
+<p>1) In a Windows BAT file the <code>%</code> character is represented by <code>%%</code>, so an
+argument like <code>%d%f.txt</code> is written as <code>%%d%%f.txt</code>.</p>
+<p>2) If the argument for <strong>-w</strong> does not contain a format code (%d, %f or %e),
+then it is interpreted as a file extension.  Therefore it is not possible to
+specify a simple filename as an argument, so creating a single output file
+from multiple source files is typically done by shell redirection, ie)</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... &gt; out.txt</pre>
+<p>But if necessary, an empty format code may be used to force the argument to
+be interpreted as a format string, and the same result may be obtained
+without the use of shell redirection:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...</pre>
+<p>Advanced features:</p>
+<p>A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may be taken
+by specifying a field width immediately following the '%' character.  If the
+width is negative, the substring is taken from the end.  The substring
+position (characters to ignore at the start or end of the string) may be
+given by a second optional value after a decimal point.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    Input File Name     Format Specifier    Output File Name
+    ----------------    ----------------    ----------------
+    Picture-123.jpg     %7f.txt             Picture.txt
+    Picture-123.jpg     %-.4f.out           Picture.out
+    Picture-123.jpg     %7f.%-3f            Picture.123
+    Picture-123a.jpg    Meta%-3.1f.txt      Meta123.txt</pre>
+<p>For %d, the field width/position specifiers may be applied to the directory
+levels instead of substring position by using a colon instead of a decimal
+point in the format specifier.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    Source Dir     Format   Result       Notes
+    ------------   ------   ----------   ------------------
+    pics/2012/02   %2:d     pics/2012/   take top 2 levels
+    pics/2012/02   %-:1d    pics/2012/   up one directory level
+    pics/2012/02   %:1d     2012/02/     ignore top level
+    pics/2012/02   %1:1d    2012/        take 1 level after top
+    /Users/phil    %:2d     phil/        ignore top 2 levels</pre>
+<p>(Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute path is
+used as in the last example above.)</p>
+<p>For %c, these modifiers have a different effects.  If a field width is
+given, the copy number is padded with zeros to the specified width.  A
+leading '-' adds a dash before the copy number, and a '+' adds an underline.
+By default, a copy number of zero is omitted, but this can be changed by
+adding a decimal point to the modifier.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    -w A%-cZ.txt      # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
+    -w B%5c.txt       # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
+    -w C%.c.txt       # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
+    -w D%-.c.txt      # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
+    -w E%-.4c.txt     # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
+    -w F%-.4nc.txt    # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
+    -w G%+c.txt       # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
+    -w H%-lc.txt      # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...</pre>
+<p>A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for each
+processed file by using %C (upper case) instead of %c.  This allows a
+sequential number to be added to output file names, even if the names are
+different.  For %C, a copy number of zero is not omitted as it is with %c.
+The number before the decimal place gives the starting index, the number
+after the decimal place gives the field width.  The following examples show
+the output filenames when used with the command
+<code>exiftool rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg ...</code>:</p>
+<pre>
+    -w %C%f.txt       # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
+    -w %f-%10C.txt    # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
+    -w %.3C-%f.txt    # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
+    -w %57.4C%f.txt   # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt</pre>
+<p>All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or upper
+case respectively (ie. <code>%le</code> for a lower case file extension).  When used
+to modify %c or %C, the numbers are changed to an alphabetical base (see
+example H above).  Also, %c may be modified by 'n' to count using natural
+numbers starting from 1, instead of 0 (see example F above).</p>
+<p>This same <em>FMT</em> syntax is used with the <strong>-o</strong> and <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> options,
+although %c is only valid for output file names.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-W</strong>[!|+] <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-tagOut</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This enhanced version of the <strong>-w</strong> option allows a separate output file to
+be created for each extracted tag.  The differences between <strong>-W</strong> and <strong>-w</strong>
+are listed below:</p>
+<p>1) With <strong>-W</strong>, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.</p>
+<p>2) <strong>-W</strong> supports three additional format codes:  %t, %g and %s represent
+the tag name, group name, and suggested extension for the output file (based
+on the format of the data).  The %g code may be followed by a single digit
+to specify the group family number (ie. %g1), otherwise family 0 is assumed.
+The substring width/position/case specifiers may be used with these format
+codes in exactly the same way as with %f and %e.</p>
+<p>3) The argument for <strong>-W</strong> is interpreted as a file name if it contains no
+format codes.  (For <strong>-w</strong>, this would be a file extension.)  This change
+allows a simple file name to be specified, which, when combined with the
+append feature, provides a method to write metadata from multiple source
+files to a single output file without the need for shell redirection.</p>
+<p>4) Adding the <strong>-v</strong> option to <strong>-W</strong> generates a list of the tags and output
+file names instead of giving a verbose dump of the entire file.</p>
+<p>5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when <strong>-W</strong> is combined
+with <strong>-b</strong>, but note that for separate files to be created %c must be used
+in <em>FMT</em> to give the files unique names.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="ext" class="item"><strong>-Wext</strong> <em>EXT</em>, <strong>--Wext</strong> <em>EXT</em> (<strong>-tagOutExt</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written by the
+<strong>-W</strong> option.  An output file is written only if the suggested extension
+matches <em>EXT</em>.  Multiple <strong>-Wext</strong> options may be used to write more than
+one type of file.  Use <strong>--Wext</strong> to write all but the specified type(s).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="x" class="item"><strong>-X</strong> (<strong>-xmlFormat</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output.  Implies the
+<strong>-a</strong> option, so duplicate tags are extracted.  The formatting options
+<strong>-b</strong>, <strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>, <strong>-l</strong>, <strong>-s</strong>, <strong>-sep</strong>, <strong>-struct</strong> and <strong>-t</strong> may be used
+in combination with <strong>-X</strong> to affect the output, but note that the tag ID
+(<strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong> and <strong>-t</strong>), binary data (<strong>-b</strong>) and structured output
+(<strong>-struct</strong>) options are not effective for the short output (<strong>-s</strong>).
+Another restriction of <strong>-s</strong> is that only one tag with a given group and
+name may appear in the output.  Note that the tag ID options (<strong>-D</strong>, <strong>-H</strong>
+and <strong>-t</strong>) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the <strong>-l</strong> option is also
+used.  By default, list-type tags with multiple values are formatted as an
+RDF Bag, but they are combined into a single string when <strong>-s</strong> or <strong>-sep</strong> is
+used.  Using <strong>-L</strong> changes the XML encoding from &quot;UTF-8&quot; to &quot;windows-1252&quot;.
+Other <strong>-charset</strong> settings change the encoding only if there is a
+corresponding standard XML character set.  The <strong>-b</strong> option causes binary
+data values to be written, encoded in base64 if necessary.  The <strong>-t</strong> option
+adds tag table information to the output (table <code>name</code>, decimal tag <code>id</code>,
+and <code>index</code> for cases where multiple conditional tags exist with the same
+ID).</p>
+<p>Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses
+dynamically-generated property names corresponding to the ExifTool tag
+names, and not the standard XMP properties.  To write XMP instead, use the
+<strong>-o</strong> option with an XMP extension for the output file.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="processing_control">Processing control</a></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="a" class="item"><strong>-a</strong>, <strong>--a</strong> (<strong>-duplicates</strong>, <strong>--duplicates</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Allow (<strong>-a</strong>) or suppress (<strong>--a</strong>) duplicate tag names to be extracted.  By
+default, duplicate tags are suppressed unless the <strong>-ee</strong> or <strong>-X</strong> options
+are used or the Duplicates option is enabled in the configuration file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="e" class="item"><strong>-e</strong> (<strong>--composite</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract existing tags only -- don't calculate composite tags.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="ee" class="item"><strong>-ee</strong> (<strong>-extractEmbedded</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded EPS
+information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded MPF images
+in JPEG and MPO files, streaming metadata in AVCHD videos, and the resource
+fork of Mac OS files.  Implies the <strong>-a</strong> option.  Use <strong>-g3</strong> or <strong>-G3</strong> to
+identify the originating document for extracted information. Embedded
+documents containing sub-documents are indicated with dashes in the family 3
+group name.  (ie. <code>Doc2-3</code> is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded
+document.) Note that this option may increase processing time substantially,
+especially for PDF files with many embedded images.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-ext</strong> <em>EXT</em>, <strong>--ext</strong> <em>EXT</em> (<strong>-extension</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Process only files with (<strong>-ext</strong>) or without (<strong>--ext</strong>) a specified
+extension.  There may be multiple <strong>-ext</strong> and <strong>--ext</strong> options.  Extensions
+may begin with a leading '.', and case is not significant.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -ext .JPG DIR            # process only JPG files
+    exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR  # supported files but CR2/DNG
+    exiftool --ext . DIR              # ignore if no extension
+    exiftool -ext &quot;*&quot; DIR             # process all files
+    exiftool -ext &quot;*&quot; --ext xml DIR   # process all but XML files</pre>
+<p>The extension may be <code>&quot;*&quot;</code> as in the last two examples above to force
+processing files with any extension (not just supported files).</p>
+<p>Using this option has two main advantages over specifying <code>*.EXT</code> on the
+command line:  1) It applies to files in subdirectories when combined with
+the <strong>-r</strong> option.  2) The <strong>-ext</strong> option is case-insensitive, which is
+useful when processing files on case-sensitive filesystems.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="f_offset_fixbase" class="item"><strong>-F</strong>[<em>OFFSET</em>] (<strong>-fixBase</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Fix the base for maker notes offsets.  A common problem with some image
+editors is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted properly when
+the file is modified.  This may cause the wrong values to be extracted for
+some maker note entries when reading the edited file.  This option allows an
+integer <em>OFFSET</em> to be specified for adjusting the maker notes base offset.
+If no <em>OFFSET</em> is given, ExifTool takes its best guess at the correct base.
+Note that exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which store
+original offset information (ie. newer Canon models).  Offsets are fixed
+permanently if <strong>-F</strong> is used when writing EXIF to an image. ie)</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="fast_num" class="item"><strong>-fast</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Increase speed of extracting information from JPEG images.  With this
+option, ExifTool will not scan to the end of a JPEG image to check for an
+AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past the first comment in GIF images or the
+audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to search for additional metadata.  These
+speed benefits are small when reading images directly from disk, but can be
+substantial if piping images through a network connection.  For more
+substantial speed benefits, <strong>-fast2</strong> also causes exiftool to avoid
+extracting any EXIF MakerNote information.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="fileorder_tag" class="item"><strong>-fileOrder</strong> [-]<em>TAG</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the specified
+<em>TAG</em>.  For example, to process files in order of date:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR</pre>
+<p>Additional <strong>-fileOrder</strong> options may be added for secondary sort keys.
+Floating point values are sorted numerically, and all other values are
+sorted alphabetically.  The sort order may be reversed by prefixing the tag
+name with a <code>-</code> (ie. <code>-fileOrder -createdate</code>).  A <code>#</code> may be appended to
+the tag name to disable print conversion for the sorted values.  Note that
+the <strong>-fileOrder</strong> option has a large performance impact since it involves an
+additional processing pass of each file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="dir" class="item"><strong>-i</strong> <em>DIR</em> (<strong>-ignore</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Ignore specified directory name.  Use multiple <strong>-i</strong> options to ignore more
+than one directory name.  A special <em>DIR</em> value of <code>SYMLINKS</code> (case
+sensitive) may be specified to ignore symbolic links when the <strong>-r</strong> option
+is used.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="if_expr" class="item"><strong>-if</strong> <em>EXPR</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each <em>FILE</em>.  <em>EXPR</em>
+is a Perl-like expression containing tag names prefixed by <code>$</code> symbols.  It
+is evaluated with the tags from each <em>FILE</em> in turn, and the file is
+processed only if the expression returns true.  Unlike Perl variable names,
+tag names are not case sensitive and may contain a hyphen.  As well, tag
+names may have a leading group name separated by a colon, and/or a trailing
+<code>#</code> character to disable print conversion.  The expression <code>$GROUP:all</code>
+evaluates to 1 if any tag exists in the specified <code>GROUP</code>, or 0 otherwise
+(see note 2 below).  When multiple <strong>-if</strong> options are used, all conditions
+must be satisfied to process the file.  Returns an exit status of 1 if all
+files fail the condition.  Below are a few examples:</p>
+<pre>
+    # extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
+    exiftool -shutterspeed -if '$make eq &quot;Canon&quot;' dir</pre>
+<pre>
+    # add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
+    exiftool -alldates+=1 -if '$CreateDate ge &quot;2006:04:02&quot;' dir</pre>
+<pre>
+    # set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
+    exiftool '-exif:iso&lt;iso' -if 'not $exif:iso' dir</pre>
+<pre>
+    # find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
+    exiftool -if '$keywords =~ /harvey/i' -filename dir</pre>
+<p>Notes:</p>
+<p>1) The <strong>-n</strong> and <strong>-b</strong> options also apply to tags used in <em>EXPR</em>.</p>
+<p>2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified explicitly.
+These tags are not available for use in the <strong>-if</strong> condition unless they are
+also specified on the command line.  The alternative is to use the
+<code>$GROUP:all</code> syntax. (ie. Use <code>$exif:all</code> instead of <code>$exif</code> in <em>EXPR</em>
+to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)</p>
+<p>3) Tags in the string are interpolated the same way as with <strong>-p</strong> before the
+expression is evaluated.  In this interpolation, <code>$/</code> is converted to a
+newline and <code>$$</code> represents a single <code>$</code> symbol (so Perl variables, if
+used, require a double <code>$</code>).</p>
+<p>4) The condition may only test tags from the file being processed.  To
+process one file based on tags from another, two steps are required.  For
+example, to process XMP sidecar files in directory <a href="#dir"><code>DIR</code></a> based on tags from
+the associated NEF:</p>
+<pre>
+ a) exiftool -if EXPR -p '$directory/$filename' -ext nef DIR &gt; nef.txt</pre>
+<pre>
+ b) exiftool -@ nef.txt -srcfile %d%f.xmp ...</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="m" class="item"><strong>-m</strong> (<strong>-ignoreMinorErrors</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Ignore minor errors and warnings.  This enables writing to files with minor
+errors and disables some validation checks which could result in minor
+warnings.  Generally, minor errors/warnings indicate a problem which usually
+won't result in loss of metadata if ignored.  However, there are exceptions,
+so ExifTool leaves it up to you to make the final decision.  Minor errors
+and warnings are indicated by &quot;[minor]&quot; at the start of the message.
+Warnings which affect processing when ignored are indicated by &quot;[Minor]&quot;
+(with a capital &quot;M&quot;).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><strong>-o</strong> <em>OUTFILE</em> or <em>FMT</em> (<strong>-out</strong>)</strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the output file or directory name when writing information.  Without
+this option, when any &quot;real&quot; tags are written the original file is renamed
+to <code>FILE_original</code> and output is written to <em>FILE</em>.  When writing only
+FileName and/or Directory &quot;pseudo&quot; tags, <strong>-o</strong> causes the file to be copied
+instead of moved, but directories specified for either of these tags take
+precedence over that specified by the <strong>-o</strong> option.</p>
+<p><em>OUTFILE</em> may be <code>-</code> to write to stdout.  The output file name may also be
+specified using a <em>FMT</em> string in which %d, %f and %e represent the
+directory, file name and extension of <em>FILE</em>.  Also, %c may be used to add
+a copy number. See the <strong>-w</strong> option for <em>FMT</em> string examples.</p>
+<p>The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already exists as a
+directory or if the name ends with '/'.  Output directories are created if
+necessary.  Existing files will not be overwritten.  Combining the
+<strong>-overwrite_original</strong> option with <strong>-o</strong> causes the original source file to
+be erased after the output file is successfully written.</p>
+<p>A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain types of
+files from scratch, or with the metadata from another type of file.  The
+following file types may be created using this technique:</p>
+<pre>
+    XMP, ICC/ICM, MIE, VRD, EXIF</pre>
+<p>The output file type is determined by the extension of <em>OUTFILE</em> (specified
+as <a href="#ext"><code>-.EXT</code></a> when writing to stdout).  The output file is then created from a
+combination of information in <em>FILE</em> (as if the <strong>-tagsFromFile</strong> option was
+used), and tag values assigned on the command line.  If no <em>FILE</em> is
+specified, the output file may be created from scratch using only tags
+assigned on the command line.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="overwrite_original" class="item"><strong>-overwrite_original</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Overwrite the original <em>FILE</em> (instead of preserving it by adding
+<code>_original</code> to the file name) when writing information to an image.
+Caution: This option should only be used if you already have separate backup
+copies of your image files.  The overwrite is implemented by renaming a
+temporary file to replace the original.  This deletes the original file and
+replaces it with the edited version in a single operation.  When combined
+with <strong>-o</strong>, this option causes the original file to be deleted if the output
+file was successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="overwrite_original_in_place" class="item"><strong>-overwrite_original_in_place</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Similar to <strong>-overwrite_original</strong> except that an extra step is added to
+allow the original file attributes to be preserved.  For example, on a Mac
+this causes the original file creation date, type, creator, label color,
+icon and hard links to the file to be preserved (but note that the Mac OS
+resource fork is always preserved unless specifically deleted with
+<code>-rsrc:all=</code>).  This is implemented by opening the original file in update
+mode and replacing its data with a copy of a temporary file before deleting
+the temporary.  The extra step results in slower performance, so the
+<strong>-overwrite_original</strong> option should be used instead unless necessary.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="p" class="item"><strong>-P</strong> (<strong>-preserve</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Preserve the filesystem modification date/time of the original file
+(<code>FileModifyDate</code>) when writing.  Note that some filesystems store a
+creation date which is not preserved by this option, with the exception of
+Windows systems where Win32API::File::Time is available.  For other systems,
+the <strong>-overwrite_original_in_place</strong> option may be used if necessary to
+preserve the creation date.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="password_passwd" class="item"><strong>-password</strong> <em>PASSWD</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF documents.
+If a password is required but not given, a warning is issued and the
+document is not processed.  Ignored if a password is not required.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="progress" class="item"><strong>-progress</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Show file progress count in messages.  The progress count appears in
+brackets after then name of each processed file, and gives the current file
+number and the total number of files to be processed.  Implies the <strong>-v0</strong>
+option, which prints the name of each processed file when writing.  When
+combined with the [tt]-if[/tt] option, the total count includes all files
+before the condition is applied, but files that fail the condition will not
+have their names printed.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="q" class="item"><strong>-q</strong> (<strong>-quiet</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Quiet processing.  One <strong>-q</strong> suppresses normal informational messages, and a
+second <strong>-q</strong> suppresses warnings as well.  Error messages can not be
+suppressed, although minor errors may be downgraded to warnings with the
+<strong>-m</strong> option.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="r" class="item"><strong>-r</strong> (<strong>-recurse</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively process files in subdirectories.  Only meaningful if <em>FILE</em> is
+a directory name.  By default, exiftool will also follow symbolic links to
+directories if supported by the system, but this may be disabled with
+<code>-i SYMLINKS</code> (see the <strong>-i</strong> option for details).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="scanforxmp" class="item"><strong>-scanForXMP</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information unless found
+already.  When combined with the <strong>-fast</strong> option, only unsupported file
+types are scanned.  Warning: It can be time consuming to scan large files.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="u" class="item"><strong>-u</strong> (<strong>-unknown</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract values of unknown tags.  Add another <strong>-u</strong> to also extract unknown
+information from binary data blocks.  This option applies to tags with
+numerical tag ID's, and causes tag names like &quot;Exif_0xc5d9&quot; to be generated
+for unknown information.  It has no effect on information types which have
+human-readable tag ID's (such as XMP), since unknown tags are extracted
+automatically from these formats.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="u" class="item"><strong>-U</strong> (<strong>-unknown2</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from some
+binary data blocks.  This is the same as two <strong>-u</strong> options.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="mode" class="item"><strong>-wm</strong> <em>MODE</em> (<strong>-writeMode</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set mode for writing/creating tags.  <em>MODE</em> is a string of one or more
+characters from the list below.  Write mode is <code>wcg</code> unless otherwise
+specified.</p>
+<pre>
+    w - Write existing tags
+    c - Create new tags
+    g - create new Groups as necessary</pre>
+<p>The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata structure.
+For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the family 0 group), but
+for EXIF this is the individual IFD (the family 1 group).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="z" class="item"><strong>-z</strong> (<strong>-zip</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2
+compressed images.  (Only one image per archive.  Requires gzip and bzip2 to
+be installed on the system.)  When writing, causes compressed information to
+be written if supported by the image format.  (ie. The PNG format supports
+compressed text.)  This option also disables the recommended padding in
+embedded XMP, saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a file.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="special_features">Special features</a></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="geotag_trkfile" class="item"><strong>-geotag</strong> <em>TRKFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file.  Using the <strong>-geotag</strong>
+option is equivalent to writing a value to the <code>Geotag</code> tag.  After the
+<strong>-geotag</strong> option has been specified, the value of the <code>Geotime</code> tag is
+written to define a date/time for the position interpolation.  If <code>Geotime</code>
+is not specified, the value is copied from <code>DateTimeOriginal</code>.  For
+example, the following two commands are equivalent:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -geotag track.log image.jpg
+    exiftool -geotag &quot;-Geotime&lt;DateTimeOriginal&quot; image.jpg</pre>
+<p>When the <code>Geotime</code> value is converted to UTC, the local system timezone is
+assumed unless the date/time value contains a timezone.  Writing <code>Geotime</code>
+causes the following tags to be written (provided they can be calculated
+from the track log, and they are supported by the destination metadata
+format):  GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef,
+GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef, GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSDateTime,
+GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef, GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef, GPSImgDirection,
+GPSImgDirectionRef, GPSPitch and GPSRoll.  By default, tags are created in
+EXIF, and updated in XMP only if they already exist.  However,
+<code>EXIF:Geotime</code> or <code>XMP:Geotime</code> may be specified to write only EXIF or XMP
+tags respectively.  Note that GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and
+require user-defined tags in order to be written.</p>
+<p>The <code>Geosync</code> tag may be used to specify a time correction which is applied
+to each <code>Geotime</code> value for synchronization with GPS time.  For example,
+the following command compensates for image times which are 1 minute and 20
+seconds behind GPS:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR</pre>
+<p><code>Geosync</code> must be set before <code>Geotime</code> (if specified) to be effective.
+Advanced <code>Geosync</code> features allow a linear time drift correction and
+synchronization from previously geotagged images.  See &quot;geotag.html&quot; in the
+full ExifTool distribution for more information.</p>
+<p>Multiple <strong>-geotag</strong> options may be used to concatinate GPS track log data.
+Also, a single <strong>-geotag</strong> option may be used to load multiple track log
+files by using wildcards in the <em>TRKFILE</em> name, but note that in this case
+<em>TRKFILE</em> must be quoted on most systems (with the notable exception of
+Windows) to prevent filename expansion.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -geotag &quot;TRACKDIR/*.log&quot; IMAGEDIR</pre>
+<p>Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL, KML, IGC,
+Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR, and Winplus Beacon
+text files.  See <a href="#geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a> for examples.  Also see
+&quot;geotag.html&quot; in the full ExifTool distribution and the
+<a href="ExifTool.html#options">Image::ExifTool Options</a> for more details and for
+information about geotag configuration options.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="globaltimeshift_shift" class="item"><strong>-globalTimeShift</strong> <em>SHIFT</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when reading.
+Does not apply to unformatted (<strong>-n</strong>) output.  <em>SHIFT</em> takes the same form
+as the date/time shift when writing (see
+<a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details), with a
+negative shift being indicated with a minus sign (<code>-</code>) at the start of the
+<em>SHIFT</em> string.  For example:</p>
+<pre>
+    # return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
+    exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg</pre>
+<pre>
+    # set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
+    # all images in a directory
+    exiftool &quot;-filename&lt;createdate&quot; -globaltimeshift &quot;-0:0:1 0:0:0&quot; \
+        -d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="use_module" class="item"><strong>-use</strong> <em>MODULE</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Add features from specified plug-in <em>MODULE</em>.  Currently, the MWG module is
+the only plug-in module distributed with exiftool.  This module adds
+read/write support for tags as recommended by the Metadata Working Group.
+To save typing, <code>-use MWG</code> is assumed if the <code>MWG</code> group is specified for
+any tag on the command line.  See the
+<a href="TagNames/MWG.html">MWG Tags documentation</a> for more
+details.  (Note that this option is not reversible, and remains in effect
+until the application terminates, even across the <code>-execute</code> option.)</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="utilities">Utilities</a></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="restore_original" class="item"><strong>-restore_original</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dt><strong><a name="delete_original" class="item"><strong>-delete_original</strong>[!]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>These utility options automate the maintenance of the <code>_original</code> files
+created by exiftool.  They have no effect on files without an <code>_original</code>
+copy.  The <strong>-restore_original</strong> option restores the specified files from
+their original copies by renaming the <code>_original</code> files to replace the
+edited versions.  For example, the following command restores the originals
+of all JPG images in directory <a href="#dir"><code>DIR</code></a>:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR</pre>
+<p>The <strong>-delete_original</strong> option deletes the <code>_original</code> copies of all files
+specified on the command line.  Without a trailing <code>!</code> this option prompts
+for confirmation before continuing.  For example, the following command
+deletes <code>a.jpg_original</code> if it exists, after asking &quot;Are you sure?&quot;:</p>
+<pre>
+    exiftool -delete_original a.jpg</pre>
+<p>These options may not be used with other options to read or write tag values
+in the same command, but may be combined with options such <strong>-ext</strong>, <strong>-if</strong>,
+<strong>-r</strong>, <strong>-q</strong> and <strong>-v</strong>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="other_options">Other options</a></h3>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="argfile" class="item"><strong>-@</strong> <em>ARGFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Read command-line arguments from the specified file.  The file contains one
+argument per line (NOT one option per line -- some options require
+additional arguments, and all arguments must be placed on separate lines).
+Blank lines and lines beginning with <code>#</code> and are ignored.  Normal shell
+processing of arguments is not performed, which among other things means
+that arguments should not be quoted and spaces are treated as any other
+character.  <em>ARGFILE</em> may exist relative to either the current directory or
+the exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.</p>
+<p>For example, the following <em>ARGFILE</em> will set the value of Copyright to
+&quot;Copyright YYYY, Phil Harvey&quot;, where &quot;YYYY&quot; is the year of CreateDate:</p>
+<pre>
+    -d
+    %Y
+    -copyright&lt;Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey</pre>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="k" class="item"><strong>-k</strong> (<strong>-pause</strong>)</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Pause with the message <code>-- press any key --</code> or <code>-- press RETURN --</code>
+(depending on your system) before terminating.  This option is used to
+prevent the command window from closing when run as a Windows drag and drop
+application.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="list_listw_listf_listr_listwf_listg_num_listd_listx" class="item"><strong>-list</strong>, <strong>-listw</strong>, <strong>-listf</strong>, <strong>-listr</strong>, <strong>-listwf</strong>,
+<strong>-listg</strong>[<em>NUM</em>], <strong>-listd</strong>, <strong>-listx</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print a list of all valid tag names (<strong>-list</strong>), all writable tag names
+(<strong>-listw</strong>), all supported file extensions (<strong>-listff</strong>), all recognized file
+extensions (<strong>-listr</strong>), all writable file extensions (<strong>-listwf</strong>), all tag
+groups [in a specified family] (<strong>-listg</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]), all deletable tag groups
+(<strong>-listd</strong>), or an XML database of tag details including language
+translations (<strong>-listx</strong>).  The <strong>-list</strong>, <strong>-listw</strong> and <strong>-listx</strong> options may
+be followed by an additional argument of the form <code>-GROUP:All</code> to list only
+tags in a specific group, where <code>GROUP</code> is one or more family 0-2 group
+names (excepting EXIF IFD groups) separated by colons.  With <strong>-listg</strong>,
+<em>NUM</em> may be given to specify the group family, otherwise family 0 is
+assumed.  Here are some examples:</p>
+<pre>
+    -list               # list all tag names
+    -list -EXIF:All     # list all EXIF tags
+    -list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
+    -listw -XMP-dc:All  # list all writable XMP-dc tags
+    -listf              # list all supported file extensions
+    -listr              # list all recognized file extensions
+    -listwf             # list all writable file extensions
+    -listg1             # list all groups in family 1
+    -listd              # list all deletable groups
+    -listx -EXIF:All    # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
+    -listx -XMP:All -s  # list short XML database of XMP tags</pre>
+<p>When combined with <strong>-listx</strong>, the <strong>-s</strong> option shortens the output by
+omitting the descriptions and values (as in the last example above), and
+<strong>-f</strong> adds a 'flags' attribute if applicable.  The flags are formatted as a
+comma-separated list of the following possible values:  Avoid, Binary, List,
+Mandatory, Permanent, Protected, Unknown and Unsafe (see the <a href="TagNames/index.html">Tag Name documentation</a>).  For XMP List tags, the list type
+(Alt, Bag or Seq) is added to the flags, and flattened structure tags are
+indicated by a Flattened flag.</p>
+<p>Note that none of the <strong>-list</strong> options require an input <em>FILE</em>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="ver" class="item"><strong>-ver</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print exiftool version number.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<h3><a name="advanced_options">Advanced options</a></h3>
+<p>Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be
+performed from a single command without the need for additional scripting.
+This may be particularly useful for implementations such as Windows
+drag-and-drop applications.  These options may also be used to improve
+performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead required to
+load exiftool for each invocation.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="common_args" class="item"><strong>-common_args</strong></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to all
+executed commands when <strong>-execute</strong> is used.  This and the <strong>-config</strong> option
+are the only options that may not be used inside a <strong>-@</strong> <em>ARGFILE</em>.  Note
+that by definition this option and its arguments MUST come after all other
+options on the command line.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="config_cfgfile" class="item"><strong>-config</strong> <em>CFGFILE</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Load specified configuration file instead of the default &quot;.ExifTool_config&quot;.
+If used, this option must come before all other arguments on the command
+line.  The <em>CFGFILE</em> name may contain a directory specification (otherwise
+the file must exist in the current directory), or may be set to an empty
+string (&quot;&quot;) to disable loading of the config file.  See the sample
+configuration file and &quot;config.html&quot; in the full ExifTool distribution for
+more information about the ExifTool configuration file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="echo_num_text" class="item"><strong>-echo</strong>[<em>NUM</em>] <em>TEXT</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Echo text to stdout (<strong>-echo</strong> or <strong>-echo1</strong>) or stderr (<strong>-echo2</strong>).  Text is
+output as the command line is parsed, before the processing of any input
+files.  <em>NUM</em> may also be 3 or 4 to output text (to stdout or stderr
+respectively) after processing is complete.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="execute_num" class="item"><strong>-execute</strong>[<em>NUM</em>]</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command line.
+Allows multiple commands to be executed from a single command line.  <em>NUM</em>
+is an optional number that is echoed in the &quot;{ready}&quot; message when using the
+<strong>-stay_open</strong> feature.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="srcfile_fmt" class="item"><strong>-srcfile</strong> <em>FMT</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name of the
+original <em>FILE</em>.  This may be useful in some special situations for
+processing related preview images or sidecar files.  See the <strong>-w</strong> option
+for a description of the <em>FMT</em> syntax.  Note that file name <em>FMT</em> strings
+for all options are based on the original <em>FILE</em> specified from the command
+line, not the name of the source file specified by <strong>-srcfile</strong>.  A <em>FMT</em> of
+<code>@</code> may be used to represent the original <em>FILE</em>, and may be useful when
+specifying multiple <strong>-srcfile</strong> options (ie. to fall back to processing the
+original <em>FILE</em> if no sidecar exists).</p>
+<p>If than one <strong>-srcfile</strong> option is specified, the files are tested in order
+and the first existing source file is processed.  If none of the source
+files already exist, then exiftool uses the first <strong>-srcfile</strong> specified.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="stay_open_flag" class="item"><strong>-stay_open</strong> <em>FLAG</em></a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>If <em>FLAG</em> is <code>1</code> or <code>True</code>, causes exiftool keep reading from the <strong>-@</strong>
+<em>ARGFILE</em> even after reaching the end of file.  This feature allows calling
+applications to pre-load exiftool, thus avoiding the overhead of loading
+exiftool for each command.  The procedure is as follows:</p>
+<p>1) Execute <code>exiftool -stay_open True -@ ARGFILE</code>, where <em>ARGFILE</em> is the
+name of an existing (possibly empty) argument file or <code>-</code> to pipe arguments
+from the standard input.</p>
+<p>2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to <em>ARGFILE</em>, one argument per
+line (see the <strong>-@</strong> option for details).</p>
+<p>3) Write <code>-execute\n</code> to <em>ARGFILE</em>, where <a href="#n"><code>\n</code></a> represents a newline
+sequence.  (Note: You may need to flush your write buffers here if using
+buffered output.)  Exiftool will then execute the command with the arguments
+received up to this point, send a &quot;{ready}&quot; message to stdout when done
+(unless the <strong>-q</strong> or <strong>-T</strong> option is used), and continue trying to read
+arguments for the next command from <em>ARGFILE</em>.  To aid in command/response
+synchronization, any number appended to the <code>-execute</code> option is echoed in
+the &quot;{ready}&quot; message.  For example, <code>-execute613</code> results in &quot;{ready613}&quot;.</p>
+<p>4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.</p>
+<p>5) Write <code>-stay_open\nFalse\n</code> to <em>ARGFILE</em> when done.  This will cause
+exiftool to process any remaining command-line arguments then exit normally.</p>
+<p>The input <em>ARGFILE</em> may be changed at any time before step 5 above by
+writing the following lines to the currently open <em>ARGFILE</em>:</p>
+<pre>
+    -stay_open
+    True
+    -@
+    NEWARGFILE</pre>
+<p>This causes <em>ARGFILE</em> to be closed, and <em>NEWARGFILE</em> to be kept open.
+(Without the <strong>-stay_open</strong> here, exiftool would have returned to reading
+arguments from <em>ARGFILE</em> after reaching the end of <em>NEWARGFILE</em>.)</p>
+<p>Note:  When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of up to 0.01
+seconds after writing <code>-execute\n</code> before exiftool starts processing the
+command.  This delay may be avoided by sending a CONT signal to the exiftool
+process immediately after writing <code>-execute\n</code>.  (There is no associated
+delay when writing arguments via a pipe with <code>-@ -</code>, so the signal is not
+necessary when using this technique.)</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: Beware when cutting and pasting these examples into your terminal!
+Some characters such as single and double quotes and hyphens may have been
+changed into similar-looking yet functionally-different characters by the
+text formatter used to display this documentation.  Also note that Windows
+users must use double quotes instead of single quotes as below around
+arguments containing special characters.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_u_g1_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and unknown
+tags, sorted by group (for family 1).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_common_dir" class="item">exiftool -common dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print common meta information for all images in <code>dir</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_t_createdate_aperture_shutterspeed_iso_dir_out_txt" class="item">exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir &gt; out.txt</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for all images
+in <code>dir</code> to an output text file named &quot;out.txt&quot;.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_s_imagesize_exposuretime_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_l_canon_c_jpg_d_jpg" class="item">exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print standard Canon information from two image files.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_w_txt_common_pictures" class="item">exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively extract common meta information from files in <code>pictures</code>
+directory, writing text output to <code>.txt</code> files with the same names.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_b_thumbnailimage_image_jpg_thumbnail_jpg" class="item">exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg &gt; thumbnail.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Save thumbnail image from <code>image.jpg</code> to a file called <code>thumbnail.jpg</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_b_jpgfromraw_w_jfr_jpg_ext_nef_r" class="item">exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the current
+directory, adding <code>_JFR.JPG</code> for the name of the output JPG files.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_d_r_a_b_e_y_datetimeoriginal_s_s_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool -d '%r %a, %B %e, %Y' -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current directory.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ifd1_xresolution_ifd1_yresolution_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail image IFD).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_resolution_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-*resolution*' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract all tags with names containing the word &quot;Resolution&quot; from an image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_author_all_a_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_b_a_jpg_out_xmp" class="item">exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg &gt; out.xmp</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract complete XMP data record intact from <code>a.jpg</code> and write it to
+<code>out.xmp</code> using the special <code>XMP</code> tag (see the Extra tags in
+<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames</a>).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_p_filename_has_date_datetimeoriginal_q_f_dir" class="item">exiftool -p '$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal' -q -f dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Print one line of output containing the file name and DateTimeOriginal for
+each image in directory <code>dir</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_ee_p_gpslatitude_gpslongitude_gpstimestamp_a_m2ts" class="item">exiftool -ee -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_icc_profile_b_w_icc_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the same name
+and an extension of <code>.icc</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_htmldump_w_tmp_f_e_html_t_images" class="item">exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all images from
+the <code>t/images</code> directory.  The output HTML files are written to the <code>tmp</code>
+directory (which is created if it didn't exist), with names of the form
+'FILENAME_EXT.html'.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_b_ee_embeddedimage_w_image_3g3_s_file_pdf" class="item">exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file.  The output images will
+have file names like &quot;Image_#.jpg&quot; or &quot;Image_#.jp2&quot;, where &quot;#&quot; is the
+ExifTool family 3 embedded document number for the image.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p>Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain
+special characters such as <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;</code> or any white space.  These
+quoting techniques are shell dependent, but the examples below will work for
+most Unix shells.  With the Windows cmd shell however, double quotes should
+be used (ie. -Comment=&#34;This is a new comment&#34;).</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_this_is_a_new_comment_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Comment='This is a new comment' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_o_newdir_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory, writing the
+modified images to a new directory.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_exif_keywords_editor_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords (<code>EXIF</code> and <code>editor</code>).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_word_o_newfile_jpg_src_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword (<code>word</code>) to the
+current list of keywords.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_exposurecompensation_0_5_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV.  Note that += with a
+negative value is used for decrementing because the -= operator is used for
+conditional deletion (see next example).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_credit_xxx_dir" class="item">exiftool -credit-=xxx dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the Credit
+value was (<code>xxx</code>).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_description_de_k_uuml_hl_e_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:description-de='k&amp;uuml;hl' -E dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character escaping
+to input special characters.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete all meta information from an image.  Note: You should NOT do this to
+RAW images (except DNG) since proprietary RAW image formats often contain
+information in the makernotes that is necessary for converting the image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_comment_lonely_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= -comment='lonely' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back in.  (Note
+that the order is important: <code>-comment='lonely' -all=</code> would also delete
+the new comment.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_jfif_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_photoshop_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the Photoshop
+information also includes IPTC).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_xmp_crss_all_dir" class="item">exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a directory.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_thumbnailimage_thumb_jpg_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-ThumbnailImage&lt;=thumb.jpg' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are necessary
+to prevent shell redirection).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_jpgfromraw_d_f_jfr_jpg_ext_nef_r" class="item">exiftool '-JpgFromRaw&lt;=%d%f_JFR.JPG' -ext NEF -r .</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in <code>_JFR.JPG</code> to the
+JpgFromRaw tag of like-named files with extension <code>.NEF</code> in the current
+directory.  (This is the inverse of the <code>-JpgFromRaw</code> command of the
+<a href="#reading_examples">READING EXAMPLES</a> section above.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_datetimeoriginal_0_0_0_1_30_0_dir" class="item">exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-='0:0:0 1:30:0' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Adjust original date/time of all images in directory <code>dir</code> by subtracting
+one hour and 30 minutes.  (This is equivalent to <code>-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5</code>.
+See <a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a> for details.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_createdate_3_modifydate_3_a_jpg_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two images.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_alldates_1_30_if_make_eq_canon_dir" class="item">exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if '$make eq &#34;Canon&#34;' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate forward by 1
+hour and 30 minutes for all Canon images in a directory.  (The AllDates tag
+is provided as a shortcut for these three tags, allowing them to be accessed
+via a single tag.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_city_kingston_image1_jpg_image2_nef" class="item">exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write a tag to the XMP group of two images.  (Without the <code>xmp:</code> this tag
+would get written to the IPTC group since <code>City</code> exists in both, and IPTC
+is preferred by default.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="unknown" class="item">exiftool -LightSource-='Unknown (0)' dst.tiff</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete <code>LightSource</code> tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_whitebalance_auto_whitebalance_tung_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set <code>WhiteBalance</code> to <code>Tungsten</code> only if it was previously <code>Auto</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_comment_new_comment_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -comment-= -comment='new comment' a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_d_f_xmp_dir" class="item">exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Create XMP meta information data files for all images in <code>dir</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_test_xmp_owner_phil_title_xmp_file" class="item">exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title='XMP File'</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command line.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_icc_profile_d_f_icc_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-ICC_Profile&lt;=%d%f.icc' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write ICC_Profile to an image from a <code>.icc</code> file of the same name.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_hierarchicalkeywords_keyword_one_children_keyword_b" class="item">exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords='{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}'</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Write structured XMP information.  See
+<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html</a> for more details.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_trailer_all_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG file.  A
+number of digital cameras store a large PreviewImage after the JPEG EOI, and
+the file size may be reduced significantly by deleting this trailer.  See
+the <a href="TagNames/JPEG.html">JPEG Tags documentation</a> for a
+list of recognized JPEG trailers.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="copying_examples">COPYING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p>These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between files.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_cr2_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy the values of all writable tags from <code>src.cr2</code> to <code>dst.jpg</code>, writing
+the information to same-named tags in the preferred groups.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_all_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy the values of all writable tags from <code>src.jpg</code> to <code>dst.jpg</code>,
+preserving the original tag groups.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_all_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_exif_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Erase all meta information from <code>dst.jpg</code> image, then copy EXIF tags from
+<code>src.jpg</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_exif_all_tagsfromfile_all_all_unsafe_bad_jpg" class="item">exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image.  This technique
+can be used in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF information which
+otherwise could not be written due to errors.  The <code>Unsafe</code> tag is a
+shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images which are not normally copied.
+See the <a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for more details
+about unsafe tags.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_out_xmp" class="item">exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy meta information from <code>a.jpg</code> to an XMP data file.  If the XMP data
+file <code>out.xmp</code> already exists, it will be updated with the new information.
+Otherwise the XMP data file will be created.  Only XMP, ICC and MIE files
+may be created like this (other file types may be edited but not created).
+See <a href="#writing_examples">WRITING EXAMPLES</a> above for another technique to generate XMP files.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_xmp_all_thumbnailimage_m_b_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy all meta information from <code>a.jpg</code> to <code>b.jpg</code>, deleting all XMP
+information and the thumbnail image from the destination.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_title_author_phil_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_a_jpg_iso_tagsfromfile_b_jpg_comment_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment
+dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a destination
+image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_exif_all_subifd_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another, excluding SubIFD
+tags.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filemodifydate_datetimeoriginal_dir" class="item">exiftool '-FileModifyDate&lt;DateTimeOriginal' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Use the original date from the meta information to set the same file's
+filesystem modification date for all images in a directory.  (Note that
+<code>-TagsFromFile @</code> is assumed if no other <strong>-TagsFromFile</strong> is specified when
+redirecting information as in this example.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_xmp_all_all_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg '-xmp:all&lt;all' dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy all possible information from <code>src.jpg</code> and write in XMP format to
+<code>dst.jpg</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_iptc2xmp_args_iptc_all_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name conversions, and
+delete the original IPTC information from an image.  This example uses
+iptc2xmp.args, which is a file included with the ExifTool distribution that
+contains the required arguments to convert IPTC information to XMP format.
+Also included with the distribution are xmp2iptc.args (which performs the
+inverse conversion) and a few more .args files for other conversions between
+EXIF, IPTC and XMP.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_d_f_cr2_r_ext_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Recursively rewrite all <code>JPG</code> images in <code>dir</code> with information copied from
+the corresponding <code>CR2</code> images in the same directories.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_keywords_make_image_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-keywords+&lt;make' image.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Add camera make to list of keywords.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_comment_iso_exif_iso_exposure_shutterspeed_dir" class="item">exiftool '-comment&lt;ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the Comment tag of all images in <code>dir</code> from the values of the EXIF:ISO
+and ShutterSpeed tags.  The resulting comment will be in the form &quot;ISO=100
+Exposure=1/60&quot;.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_icc_profile_dst_jpg" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_tagsfromfile_src_jpg_all_all_dst_mie" class="item">exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image to a MIE
+file.  The MIE file will be created if it doesn't exist.  This technique can
+be used to store the metadata of an image so it can be inserted back into
+the image (with the inverse command) later in a workflow.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_dst_mie_all_all_src_jpg" class="item">exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>This command performs exactly the same task as the command above, except
+that the <strong>-o</strong> option will not write to an output file that already exists.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_if_jpgfromraw_b_jpgfromraw_w_d_f_ue_jpg_execute_if_previewimage_b_previewimage_w_d_f_ue_jpg_execute_tagsfromfile_srcfile_d_f_ue_jpg_overwrite_original_common_args_ext_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -if '$jpgfromraw' -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute
+-if '$previewimage' -b -previewimage -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute
+-tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg -overwrite_original
+-common_args --ext jpg DIR</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>[Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG files in DIR,
+saving them with file names like <code>image_EXT.jpg</code>, then add all meta
+information from the original files to the extracted images.  Here, the
+command line is broken into three sections (separated by <strong>-execute</strong>
+options), and each is executed as if it were a separate command.  The
+<strong>-common_args</strong> option causes the <code>--ext jpg DIR</code> arguments to be applied
+to all three commands, and the <strong>-srcfile</strong> option allows the extracted JPG
+image to be the source file for the third command (whereas the RAW files are
+the source files for the other two commands).</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="renaming_examples">RENAMING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p>By writing the <code>FileName</code> and <code>Directory</code> tags, files are renamed and/or
+moved to new directories.  This can be particularly useful and powerful for
+organizing files by date when combined with the <strong>-d</strong> option.  New
+directories are created as necessary, but existing files will not be
+overwritten.  The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new file
+name to represent the directory, name and extension of the original file,
+and %c may be used to add a copy number if the file already exists (see the
+<strong>-w</strong> option for details).  Note that if used within a date format string,
+an extra '%' must be added to pass these codes through the date/time parser.
+(And further note that in a Windows batch file, all '%' characters must also
+be escaped, so in this extreme case '%%%%f' is necessary to pass a simple
+'%f' through the two levels of parsing.)  See
+<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/filename.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/filename.html</a> for additional
+documentation and examples.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_new_jpg_dir_old_jpg" class="item">exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Rename <code>old.jpg</code> to <code>new.jpg</code> in directory <code>dir</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_directory_e_dir" class="item">exiftool -directory=%e dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Move all files from directory <code>dir</code> into directories named by the original
+file extensions.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_directory_datetimeoriginal_d_y_m_d_dir" class="item">exiftool '-Directory&lt;DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Move all files in <code>dir</code> into a directory hierarchy based on year, month and
+day of <code>DateTimeOriginal</code>.  ie) This command would move the file
+<code>dir/image.jpg</code> with a <code>DateTimeOriginal</code> of <code>2005:10:12 16:05:56</code> to
+<code>2005/10/12/image.jpg</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_o_directory_datetimeoriginal_d_y_m_d_dir" class="item">exiftool -o . '-Directory&lt;DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_f_model_e_dir" class="item">exiftool '-filename&lt;%f_${model;}.%e' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Rename all files in <code>dir</code> by adding the camera model name to the file name.
+The semicolon after the tag name inside the braces causes characters which
+are invalid in Windows file names to be deleted from the tag value (see the
+<strong>-p</strong> option documentation for an explanation).</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_createdate_d_y_m_d_h_m_s_c_e_dir" class="item">exiftool '-FileName&lt;CreateDate' -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Rename all images in <code>dir</code> according to the <code>CreateDate</code> date and time,
+adding a copy number with leading '-' if the file already exists (<code>%-c</code>),
+and preserving the original file extension (<code>%e</code>).  Note the extra '%'
+necessary to escape the filename codes (<code>%c</code> and <code>%e</code>) in the date format
+string.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_r_filename_createdate_d_y_m_d_h_m_f_e_dir" class="item">exiftool -r '-FileName&lt;CreateDate' -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via the
+<code>FileName</code> tag if the new <code>FileName</code> contains a '/'.  The example above
+recursively renames all images in a directory by adding a <code>CreateDate</code>
+timestamp to the start of the filename, then moves them into new directories
+named by date.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_filename_createdate_filenumber_jpg_d_y_m_d_ext_jpg" class="item">exiftool '-FileName&lt;${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg' -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from the
+CreateDate and FileNumber tags, in the form &quot;20060507_118-1861.jpg&quot;.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="geotagging_examples">GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<p>ExifTool implements geotagging via 3 special tags: Geotag (which for
+convenience is also implemented as an exiftool option), Geosync and Geotime.
+The examples below highlight some geotagging features.  See
+<a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html">http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html</a> for additional
+documentation.</p>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_track_log_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag an image (<code>a.jpg</code>) from position information in a GPS track log
+(<code>track.log</code>).  Since the <code>Geotime</code> tag is not specified, the value of
+DateTimeOriginal is used for geotagging.  Local system time is assumed
+unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_t_log_geotime_2009_04_02_13_41_12_05_00_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime='2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00' a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.  (Note that the
+<code>Geotag</code> tag must be assigned before <code>Geotime</code> for the GPS data to be
+available when <code>Geotime</code> is set.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_log_gpx_xmp_geotime_createdate_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag log.gpx '-xmp:geotime&lt;createdate' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag all images in directory <code>dir</code> with XMP tags instead of EXIF tags,
+based on the image CreateDate.  (In this case, the order of the arguments
+doesn't matter because tags with values copied from other tags are always
+set after constant values.)</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geosync_20_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag images in directory <code>dir</code>, accounting for image timestamps which
+were 20 seconds ahead of GPS.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geosync_1_jpg_geosync_2_jpg_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously geotagged images
+(1.jpg and 2.jpg), synchronizing the image and GPS times using a linear time
+drift correction.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geotime_createdate_01_00_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log '-geotime&lt;${createdate}+01:00' dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag images in <code>dir</code> using CreateDate with the specified timezone.  If
+CreateDate already contained a timezone, then the timezone specified on the
+command line is ignored.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -geotag= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature.  Note that
+this does not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead use <code>-gps:all=</code>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_geotag_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_xmp_geotag_track_log_a_jpg" class="item">exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from DateTimeOriginal.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_a_log_geotag_b_log_r_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of images.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_geotag_tracks_log_r_dir" class="item">exiftool -geotag 'tracks/*.log' -r dir</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Read all track logs from the <code>tracks</code> directory.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_p_gpx_fmt_d_y_m_dt_h_m_sz_dir_out_gpx" class="item">exiftool -p gpx.fmt -d %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ dir &gt; out.gpx</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory <code>dir</code>.  This example
+uses the <code>gpx.fmt</code> file included in the full ExifTool distribution package
+and assumes that the images in <code>dir</code> have all been previously geotagged.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="piping_examples">PIPING EXAMPLES</a></h1>
+<dl>
+<dt><strong><a name="cat_a_jpg_exiftool" class="item">cat a.jpg | exiftool -</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract information from stdin.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_image_jpg_thumbnailimage_b_exiftool" class="item">exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="cat_a_jpg_exiftool_iptc_keywords_fantastic_b_jpg" class="item">cat a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - &gt; b.jpg</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="wget_qo_http_a_domain_com_bigfile_jpg_exiftool_fast" class="item">wget -qO - <a href="http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg">http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg</a> | exiftool -fast -</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Extract information from an image over the internet using the GNU wget
+utility.  The <strong>-fast</strong> option prevents exiftool from scanning for trailer
+information, so only the meta information header is transferred.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><strong><a name="exiftool_a_jpg_thumbnailimage_b_exiftool_comment_wow_exiftool_a_jpg_thumbnailimage" class="item">exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - |
+exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage'&lt;=-'</a></strong></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image.  (Why anyone would want to do
+this I don't know, but I've included this as an example to illustrate the
+flexibility of ExifTool.)</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="diagnostics">DIAGNOSTICS</a></h1>
+<p>The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if an
+error occured or if all files failed the <strong>-if</strong> condition.</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="author">AUTHOR</a></h1>
+<p>Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey</p>
+<p>This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
+same terms as Perl itself.</p>
+<p>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h1><a name="see_also">SEE ALSO</a></h1>
+<p><a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool(3pm)</a>,
+<a href="TagNames/index.html">Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm)</a>,
+<a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-ExifTool/lib/Image/ExifTool/Shortcuts.pm">Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm)</a>,
+<a href="Shift.html">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a></p>
+<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3">
+<tr><td class="block" style="background-color: #cccccc" valign="middle">
+<big><strong><span class="block">&nbsp;exiftool Application Documentation</span></strong></big>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</body>
+</html>