gsl 1.12.109 → 1.14.5

data/rdoc/linalg_complex.rdoc

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+#
+# === Complex LU decomposition
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_decomp!(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::decomp!(A)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_decomp!
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_decomp!
+#
+#   Factorizes the square matrix <tt>A</tt> into the LU decomposition PA = LU,
+#   and returns an array, <tt>[perm, signum]</tt>. <tt>A</tt> is changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_decomp(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::decomp(A)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_decomp
+#
+#   Factorizes the square matrix <tt>A</tt> into the LU decomposition PA = LU,
+#   and returns an array, <tt>[LU, perm, signum]</tt>. <tt>A</tt> is not changed.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_solve(A, b)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::solve(A, b)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_solve(A, b)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_solve(b)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::solve(LU, perm, b)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::solve(LU, perm, b)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatirx#solve(perm, b)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_svx(A, x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::svx(A, x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_svx(A, x)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_svx(x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::svx(LU, perm, x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::svx(LU, perm, x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatirx#svx(perm, x)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_refine(A, LU, perm, b, x)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_::refine(A, LU, perm, b, x)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_invert(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::invert(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_invert(LU, perm)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::invert(LU, perm)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_invert
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#invert
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatrix#invert(perm)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_det(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::det(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_det(LU, signum)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::det(LU, signum)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_det
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#det
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatrix#det(signum)
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_lndet(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::lndet(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_lndet(LU)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::lndet(LU)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_lndet
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#lndet
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatrix#lndet
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_sgndet(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::sgndet(A)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU_sgndet(LU, signum)
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::sgndet(LU, signum)
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#LU_sgndet
+# * GSL::Matrix::Complex#sgndet
+# * GSL::Linalg::Complex::LU::LUMatrix#sgndet(signum)
+#
+#
+# {back}[link:files/rdoc/linalg_rdoc.html]
+#
+#

data/rdoc/math.rdoc

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+#
+# = Mathematical Functions
+# Contents:
+# 1. {Mathematical Constants}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#1]
+#    1. {Infinities and Not-a-number}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#2]
+#    1. {Constants}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#2.1]
+# 1. {Module functions}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#2.2]
+# 1. {Elementary Functions}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#3]
+# 1. {Small Integer Powers}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#4]
+# 1. {Testing the Sign of Numbers}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#5]
+# 1. {Testing for Odd and Even Numbers}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#6]
+# 1. {Maximum and Minimum functions}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#7]
+# 1. {Approximate Comparison of Floating Point Numbers}[link:files/rdoc/math_rdoc.html#8]
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="1] Mathematical Constants
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_E
+#
+#   The base of exponentials, e
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_LOG2E
+#
+#   The base-2 logarithm of e, log_2(e)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_LOG10E
+#
+#   The base-10 logarithm of e, log_10(e)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_SQRT2
+#
+#   The square root of two, sqrt(2)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_SQRT1_2
+#
+#   The square root of one-half, sqrt(1/2)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_SQRT3
+#
+#   The square root of three, sqrt(3)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_PI
+#
+#   The constant pi
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_PI_2
+#
+#   Pi divided by two
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_PI_4
+#
+#   Pi divided by four
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_SQRTPI
+#
+#   The square root of pi
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_2_SQRTPI
+#
+#   Two divided by the square root of pi
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_1_PI
+#
+#   The reciprocal of pi, 1/pi
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_2_PI
+#
+#   Twice the reciprocal of pi, 2/pi
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_LN10
+#
+#   The natural logarithm of ten, ln(10)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_LN2
+#
+#   The natural logarithm of ten, ln(2)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_LNPI
+#
+#   The natural logarithm of ten, ln(pi)
+# ---
+# * GSL::M_EULER
+#
+#   Euler's constant
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="2] Infinities and Not-a-number
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.1] Constants
+# ---
+# * GSL::POSINF
+#
+#   The IEEE representation of positive infinity, 
+#   computed from the expression +1.0/0.0.
+# ---
+# * GSL::NEGINF
+#
+#   The IEEE representation of negative infinity, 
+#   computed from the expression -1.0/0.0.
+# ---
+# * GSL::NAN
+#
+#   The IEEE representation of the Not-a-Number symbol,
+#   computed from the ratio 0.0/0.0.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.2] Module functions
+# ---
+# * GSL::isnan(x)
+#
+#   This returns 1 if <tt>x</tt> is not-a-number.
+# ---
+# * GSL::isnan?(x)
+#
+#   This returns <tt>true</tt> if <tt>x</tt>  is not-a-number, and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+# ---
+# * GSL::isinf(x)
+#
+#   This returns +1 if <tt>x</tt>  is positive infinity, 
+#   -1 if <tt>x</tt>  is negative infinity and 0 otherwise.
+#   NOTE: In Darwin9.5.0-gcc4.0.1, this method returns 1 for -inf.
+# ---
+# * GSL::isinf?(x)
+#
+#   This returns <tt>true</tt> if <tt>x</tt> is positive or negative infinity, 
+#   and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+# ---
+# * GSL::finite(x)
+#
+#   This returns 1 if <tt>x</tt> is a real number, 
+#   and 0 if it is infinite or not-a-number.
+# ---
+# * GSL::finite?(x)
+#
+#   This returns <tt>true</tt> if <tt>x</tt> is a real number, 
+#   and <tt>false</tt> if it is infinite or not-a-number.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="3] Elementary Functions
+# ---
+# * GSL::log1p(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of log(1+x) 
+#   in a way that is accurate for small <tt>x</tt>. It provides an alternative 
+#   to the BSD math function log1p(x).
+# ---
+# * GSL::expm1(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of exp(x)-1 
+#   in a way that is accurate for small <tt>x</tt>. It provides an alternative 
+#   to the BSD math function expm1(x).
+# ---
+# * GSL::hypot(x, y)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of sqrt{x^2 + y^2} in a way that 
+#   avoids overflow.
+# ---
+# * GSL::hypot3(x, y, z) 
+#
+#   Computes the value of sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2} in a way that avoids overflow. 
+# ---
+# * GSL::acosh(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of arccosh(x). 
+# ---
+# * GSL::asinh(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of arcsinh(x). 
+# ---
+# * GSL::atanh(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of arctanh(x). 
+#
+#   These methods above can take argument <tt>x</tt> of
+#   Integer, Float, Array, Vector or Matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::ldexp(x)
+#
+#   This method computes the value of x * 2^e. 
+# ---
+# * GSL::frexp(x)
+#
+#   This method splits the number <tt>x</tt> into its normalized fraction 
+#   f and exponent e, such that x = f * 2^e and 0.5 <= f < 1. 
+#   The method returns f and the exponent e as an array, [f, e]. 
+#   If <tt>x</tt> is zero, both f and e are set to zero. 
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="4] Small Integer Powers
+# ---
+# * GSL::pow_int(x, n)
+#
+#   This routine computes the power <tt>x^n</tt> for integer <tt>n</tt>. 
+#   The power is computed efficiently -- for example, x^8 is computed as 
+#   ((x^2)^2)^2, requiring only 3 multiplications. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::pow_2(x)
+# * GSL::pow_3(x)
+# * GSL::pow_4(x)
+# * GSL::pow_5(x)
+# * GSL::pow_6(x)
+# * GSL::pow_7(x)
+# * GSL::pow_8(x)
+# * GSL::pow_9(x)
+#
+#   These methods can be used to compute small integer powers x^2, x^3, etc. 
+#   efficiently.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="5] Testing the Sign of Numbers
+# ---
+# * GSL::SIGN(x)
+# * GSL::sign(x)
+#
+#   Return the sign of <tt>x</tt>. 
+#   It is defined as ((x) >= 0 ? 1 : -1). 
+#   Note that with this definition the sign of zero is positive 
+#   (regardless of its IEEE sign bit).
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="6] Testing for Odd and Even Numbers
+# ---
+# * GSL::is_odd(n)
+# * GSL::IS_ODD(n)
+#
+#   Evaluate to 1 if <tt>n</tt> is odd and 0 if <tt>n</tt> is even. 
+#   The argument <tt>n</tt> must be of Fixnum type.
+# ---
+# * GSL::is_odd?(n)
+# * GSL::IS_ODD?(n)
+#
+#   Return <tt>true</tt> if <tt>n</tt> is odd and <tt>false</tt> if even.
+# ---
+# * GSL::is_even(n)
+# * GSL::IS_EVEN(n)
+#
+#   Evaluate to 1 if <tt>n</tt> is even and 0 if <tt>n</tt> is odd. 
+#   The argument <tt>n</tt> must be of Fixnum type.
+# ---
+# * GSL::is_even?(n)
+# * GSL::IS_even?(n)
+#
+#   Return <tt>true</tt> if <tt>n</tt> is even and <tt>false</tt> if odd.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="7] Maximum and Minimum functions
+# ---
+# * GSL::max(a, b)
+# * GSL::MAX(a, b)
+# * GSL::min(a, b)
+# * GSL::MIN(a, b)
+#
+#   
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="8] Approximate Comparison of Floating Point Numbers
+# ---
+# * GSL::fcmp(a, b, epsilon = 1e-10)
+#
+#   This method determines whether <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt> are approximately equal to a 
+#   relative accuracy <tt>epsilon</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::equal?(a, b, epsilon = 1e-10)
+#
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="9] Module Constants
+# ---
+# * GSL::VERSION
+#
+#   GSL version
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::RB_GSL_VERSION
+# * GSL::RUBY_GSL_VERSION
+#
+#   Ruby/GSL version
+#
+# {prev}[link:files/rdoc/ehandling_rdoc.html]
+# {next}[link:files/rdoc/complex_rdoc.html]
+#
+# {Reference index}[link:files/rdoc/ref_rdoc.html]
+# {top}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html]
+#
+#

data/rdoc/matrix.rdoc

@@ -0,0 +1,1093 @@
+#
+# = Matrices
+# Contents:
+# 1. {Class methods}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#1]
+# 1. {Instance methods}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2]
+#    1. {Accessing matrix elements}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.1]
+#    1. {Initializing matrix elements}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.2]
+#    1. {IO}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.3]
+#    1. {Matrix views}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.4]
+#    1. {Creating row and column views}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.5]
+#    1. {Iterators}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.6]
+#    1. {Copying matrices}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.7]
+#    1. {Copying rows and columns}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.8]
+#    1. {Exchanging rows and columns}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.9]
+#    1. {Matrix operations}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.10]
+#    1. {Finding maximum and minimum elements of matrices}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.11]
+#    1. {Matrix properties}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#2.12]
+# 1. {NArray}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#3]
+# 1. {Special matrices}[link:files/rdoc/matrix_rdoc.html#4]
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="1] Class methods
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.alloc(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.alloc(size1, size2)
+# * GSL::Matrix.alloc(array) 
+# * GSL::Matrix.alloc(arrays)
+# * GSL::Matrix.alloc( ... )
+# * GSL::Matrix[ ... ]
+#
+#   These methods create a <tt>GSL::Matrix</tt> object.
+#
+# 1. From arrays
+#        >> m = GSL::Matrix[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
+#        => GSL::Matrix 
+#        [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#          4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#          7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#     
+# 1. With an array and rows&cols,
+#           m = GSL::Matrix.alloc([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], 3, 3)
+#
+# 1. With Range objects,
+#           >> m = GSL::Matrix.alloc(1..3, 4..6, 7..9)
+#           [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#             4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#             7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#           >> m2 = GSL::Matrix[1..6, 2, 3]
+#           [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#             4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.eye(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.eye(n1, n2)
+#
+#   Examples:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int.eye(3)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 0 0 
+#       0 1 0 
+#       0 0 1 ]
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int.eye(2, 4)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 0 0 0 
+#       0 1 0 0 ]
+#  
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.identity(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.scalar(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.unit(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.I(n)
+#
+#   Create diagonal matrices of dimensions n*n, of values 1.0.
+#   
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.diagonal(a, b, c, ...)
+# * GSL::Matrix.diagonal(Ary)
+# * GSL::Matrix.diagonal(Range)
+# * GSL::Matrix.diagonal(Vector)
+#
+#   Creates a diagonal matrix of given elements.
+#
+#   Example:
+#     >> GSL::Matrix::Int.diagonal(1..4)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 0 0 0 
+#       0 2 0 0 
+#       0 0 3 0 
+#       0 0 0 4 ]
+#     >> GSL::Matrix::Int.diagonal(2, 5, 3)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 2 0 0 
+#       0 5 0 
+#       0 0 3 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.ones(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.ones(n1, n2)
+#
+#   Create a matrix of all the elements 1.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.zeros(n)
+# * GSL::Matrix.zeros(n1, n2)
+#
+#   Create a matrix of all the elements 1.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.indgen(n1, n2, start=0, step=1)
+#
+#   Example:
+#
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int.indgen(3, 5)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#     [  0  1  2  3  4 
+#        5  6  7  8  9 
+#       10 11 12 13 14 ]
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int.indgen(3, 5, 2)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#     [  2  3  4  5  6 
+#        7  8  9 10 11 
+#       12 13 14 15 16 ]
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix.indgen(2, 3, 4.5, 6.7)
+#     => GSL::Matrix
+#     [  4.500e+00  1.120e+01  1.790e+01 
+#        2.460e+01  3.130e+01  3.800e+01 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="1.1] NOTE:
+# Matrix dimensions are limited within the range of Fixnum.
+# For 32-bit CPU, the maximum of matrix dimension is 2^30 ~ 1e9.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="2] Instance Methods
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.1] Accessing matrix elements 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#size1
+#
+#   Returns the number of rows of matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#size2
+#
+#   Returns the number of columns of matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#shape
+#
+#   Returns the number of rows and columns as an array.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#
+#      >> m.size1
+#      => 3
+#      >> m.size2
+#      => 5
+#      >> m.shape
+#      => [3, 5]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set(args, val)
+# * GSL::Matrix#[args]=val
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is empty and <tt>val</tt> is an Array (i.e. called with just a
+#   single Array argument), the Array's elements are taken as row contents.
+#   Each given row must have exactly the same number of elements as the Matrix
+#   has columns, but the number of rows given need not match the Matrix's row
+#   count.  Extra given rows are ignored, while Matrix rows beyond those given
+#   are not affected.  Otherwise, if <tt>args</tt> is empty, behaves as
+#   <tt>#set_all(<tt>val</tt>)</tt>.
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is an Array and val is not, the first two elements of
+#   <tt>args</tt> must be Fixnums which specify the row and column of the element
+#   that will be set to the value of <tt>val</tt>.  This special case exists to
+#   allow values returned by Matrix#max_index and Matrix#min_index to be used
+#   as indexes.
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> are two <tt>Fixnums</tt>, <tt>i</tt> and <tt>j</tt>, this method
+#   sets the <tt>(i,j)</tt>-th element of the matrix <tt>self</tt> to <tt>val</tt>. 
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is a single <tt>Fixnum</tt>, <tt>i</tt>, this method sets the
+#   element at row <tt>i</tt>/<tt>size2</tt>, column <tt>i</tt>%<tt>size2</tt> to
+#   <tt>val</tt>.
+#
+#   For <tt>#set</tt>, if <tt>args</tt> is empty and <tt>val</tt> is an <tt>Array</tt> of
+#   <tt>Arrays</tt>, the contents of <tt>self</tt> are set row by row from the
+#   elements (i.e. <tt>Arrays</tt>) of <tt>val</tt>.
+#
+#   All other <tt>args</tt> specify a submatrix (as with <tt>#submatrix</tt>) whose
+#   elements are assigned from <tt>val</tt>.  In this case, <tt>val</tt> can be an
+#   <tt>Array</tt> whose elements will be assigned to the rows of the submatrix,
+#   <tt>Range</tt> whose elements will be assigned to the elements of the
+#   submatrix, <tt>GSL::Matrix</tt> whose elements will be assigned to the
+#   elements of the submatrix, or <tt>Numeric</tt> that will be assigned to all
+#   elements of the submatrix.
+#
+#   NOTE: GSL does not provide a matrix copy function that properly copies data
+#   across overlapping memory regions, so watch out if assigning to part of a
+#   Matrix from another part of itself (see <tt>#set</tt> example of
+#   {GSL::Vector}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html]).
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#get(args)
+# * GSL::Matrix#[args]
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> are two <tt>Fixnums</tt>, <tt>i</tt> and <tt>j</tt>, this method
+#   returns the <tt>(i,j)</tt>-th element of the matrix <tt>self</tt>. 
+#
+#   If <tt>args</tt> is a single <tt>Fixnum</tt>, <tt>i</tt>, this method returns the
+#   element at row <tt>i</tt>/<tt>size2</tt>, column <tt>i</tt>%<tt>size2</tt>.
+#   
+#   All other forms of <tt>args</tt> are treated as with <tt>Matrix#submatrix</tt>
+#   and a View object is returned.
+#
+#   NOTE: The behavior of the single <tt>Fixnum</tt> argument case is different
+#   from earlier versions (< 1.11.2) of Ruby/GSL.  These earlier versions
+#   returned a <tt>Vector::View</tt> in this case, thereby allowing element
+#   (<tt>i</tt>,<tt>j</tt>) to be accessed as <tt>m[<tt>i</tt>][<tt>j</tt>]</tt>.  THIS FORM
+#   IS NO LONGER SUPPORTED as of Ruby/GSL 1.11.2.  Existing occurences of this
+#   construct will need to be replaced with the backwards compatible and more
+#   efficient <tt>m[<tt>i</tt>,<tt>j</tt>]</tt> or, equivalent to the old and less
+#   efficient form, <tt>m[<tt>i</tt>,nil][<tt>j</tt>]</tt>.  For GSL::Matrix, the old
+#   form will now raise a <tt>NoMethodError</tt> because <tt>Float</tt> has no
+#   <tt>#[]</tt> method.  For GSL::Matrix::Int, however, the old form will return
+#   a single bit from an element of the matrix because <tt>Fixnum</tt> and
+#   <tt>Bignum</tt> have a <tt>#[]</tt> method that allows access to the number's
+#   individual bits.
+#
+#   Examples:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix[1..9, 3, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#       4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#       7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m[1, 2]
+#     => 6.0
+#     >> m[1, 2] = 123     # m.set(1, 2, 123)
+#     => 123
+#     >> m
+#     => GSL::Matrix
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#       4.000e+00 5.000e+00 1.230e+02 
+#       7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m[1]
+#     => 2.0
+#     >> m.set([3, 5, 2], [4, 5, 3], [7, 1, 5])
+#     => GSL::Matrix
+#     [ 3.000e+00 5.000e+00 2.000e+00 
+#       4.000e+00 5.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#       7.000e+00 1.000e+00 5.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m[1][1]   # old/unsupported form
+#     NoMethodError: undefined method `[]' for 2.0:Float
+#             from (irb):8
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..9, 3, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 2 3 
+#       4 5 6 
+#       7 8 9 ]
+#     >> m[1]      # m[0,1]
+#     => 2
+#     >> m[1][0]   # Bit 0 of m[0,1]
+#     => 0
+#     >> m[1][1]   # Bit 1 of m[0,1]
+#     => 1
+#     >> m[1][2]   # Bit 2 of m[0,1]
+#     => 0
+#     >> m[1][3]   # Bit 3 of m[0,1]
+#     => 0
+#
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#to_a
+#
+#   Converts the <tt>Matrix</tt> <tt>self</tt> to a Ruby <tt>Array</tt> of <tt>Arrays</tt>.
+#
+#   Example:
+#     >> GSL::Matrix.eye(3).to_a
+#     => [[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.2] Initializing matrix elements 
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set_all(x)
+#
+#   This method sets all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> to the value x.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set_zero
+#
+#   This method sets all the elements of the matrix to zero. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set_identity
+#
+#   This method sets the elements of the matrix to the corresponding 
+#   elements of the identity matrix, i.e. a unit diagonal with all off-diagonal 
+#   elements zero. This applies to both square and rectangular matrices. 
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.3] IO
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#fwrite(io)
+# * GSL::Matrix#fwrite(filename)
+# * GSL::Matrix#fread(io)
+# * GSL::Matrix#fread(filename)
+# * GSL::Matrix#fprintf(io, format = "%e")
+# * GSL::Matrix#fprintf(filename, format = "%e")
+# * GSL::Matrix#fscanf(io)
+# * GSL::Matrix#fscanf(filename)
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.4] Matrix views
+# The <tt>GSL::Matrix::View</tt> class is defined to be used as "references" to
+# matrices. The <tt>Matrix::View</tt> class is a subclass of <tt>Matrix</tt>, and an
+# instance of the <tt>View</tt> class created by slicing a <tt>Matrix</tt> object can
+# be used same as the original matrix. The <tt>View</tt> object shares the data with
+# the original matrix, i.e. any changes in the elements of the <tt>View</tt> object
+# affect to the original.
+#
+# The primary means of generating <tt>Matrix::View</tt> objects is with
+# <tt>GSL::Matrix#submatrix</tt> (or its alias <tt>GSL::Matrix#view</tt>).  Many forms
+# are supported and they are documented here individually.  All forms return a
+# <tt>Matrix::View</tt> unless otherwise documented.  In the list below, the
+# parameter name indicates the type of the parameter: <tt>i</tt>, <tt>row</tt>,
+# <tt>col</tt>, <tt>len</tt>, <tt>len1</tt>, and <tt>len2</tt> are <tt>Fixnums</tt>; <tt>rows</tt> and
+# <tt>cols</tt> are <tt>Ranges</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix()
+#
+#   View covers all rows and all columns.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(i)
+#
+#   View covers single element at row <tt>i</tt>/<tt>size2</tt>, column
+#   <tt>i</tt>%<tt>size2</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(nil,nil)
+#
+#   View covers all rows and all columns.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(nil,cols)
+#
+#   View covers all rows with columns specified by <tt>cols</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(nil,col)
+#
+#   Returns a <tt>Vector::Col::View</tt> for the column <tt>col</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(rows, nil)
+#
+#   View covers rows specified by <tt>rows</tt> and all columns.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(rows, cols)
+#
+#   View covers rows specified by <tt>rows</tt>, columns specified by <tt>cols</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(rows, col)
+#
+#   Returns a <tt>Vector::Col::View</tt> for column <tt>col</tt>, rows <tt>rows</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, nil)
+#
+#   Returns a <tt>Vector::View</tt> for row <tt>row</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, cols)
+#
+#   Returns a <tt>Vector::View</tt> for row <tt>row</tt>, columns <tt>cols</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, col)
+#
+#   View covers a single element at row <tt>row</tt>, column <tt>col</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(nil, col, len)
+#
+#   View covers all rows and <tt>len</tt> columns starting at column <tt>col</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(rows, col, len)
+#
+#   View covers <tt>rows</tt> rows and <tt>len</tt> columns starting at column <tt>col</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, len, nil)
+#
+#   View covers <tt>len</tt> rows starting at row <tt>row</tt> and all columns.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, len, cols)
+#
+#   View covers <tt>len</tt> rows starting at row <tt>row</tt> and <tt>cols</tt> columns.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#submatrix(row, col, len1, len2)
+#
+#   View covers <tt>len1</tt> rows starting at row <tt>row</tt> and <tt>len2</tt>
+#   columns starting at column <tt>col</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Vector#matrix_view(n1, n2)
+#
+#   This creates a <tt>Matrix::View</tt> object from the vector <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#      >> v = Vector[1..9]
+#      => GSL::Vector 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> m = v.matrix_view(3, 3)
+#      => GSL::Matrix::View 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#        4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#        7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> m[1][1] = 99.99
+#      => 99.99
+#      >> v
+#      => GSL::Vector 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 9.999e+01 6.000e+00 7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#      >> 
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.5] Creating row and column views
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#row(i)
+#
+#   These methods return <tt>i</tt>-th row of the matrix as a <tt>Vector::View</tt>
+#   object. Any modifications to the <tt>Vectror::View</tt> object returned by this method
+#   propagate to the original matrix. 
+#   
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#column(i)
+# * GSL::Matrix#col(i) 
+#
+#   These methods return a vector view of the <tt>j</tt>-th column of the matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#subrow(i, offset, n)
+#
+#   Returns a vector view of the <tt>i</tt>-th row of the matrix <tt>self</tt> 
+#   beginning at <tt>offset</tt> elements past the first column 
+#   and containing <tt>n</tt> elements. (>= GSL-1.10)
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#subcolumn(j, offset, n)
+#
+#   Returns a vector view of the <tt>j</tt>-th column of the matrix <tt>self</tt> 
+#   beginning at <tt>offset</tt> elements past the first row 
+#   and containing <tt>n</tt> elements. (>= GSL-1.10)
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#diag
+# * GSL::Matrix#diagonal 
+#
+#   This method returns a <tt>Vector::View</tt> of the diagonal of the matrix.
+#   The matrix is not required to be square. For a rectangular matrix the 
+#   length of the diagonal is the same as the smaller dimension of the matrix.
+#
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix[1..9, 3, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#       4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#       7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m.row(1)
+#     => GSL::Vector::View 
+#     [ 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m.col(2)
+#     => GSL::Vector::Col::View 
+#     [ 3.000e+00 
+#       6.000e+00 
+#       9.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m.col(2)[2] = 123
+#     => 123
+#     >> m
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#       4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#       7.000e+00 8.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#     >> m.diagonal
+#     => GSL::Vector::View: 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 5.000e+00 1.230e+02 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#subdiagonal(k)
+#
+#   Returns a vector view view of the <tt>k</tt>-th subdiagonal 
+#   of the matrix <tt>self</tt>. 
+#   The matrix is not required to be square. The diagonal of the matrix 
+#   corresponds to k = 0.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#superdiagonal(k)
+#
+#   Returns a vector view of the <tt>k</tt>-th superdiagonal of the matrix <tt>self</tt>. 
+#   The matrix is not required to be square. The diagonal of the matrix 
+#   corresponds to k = 0.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#to_v
+#
+#   Creates a <tt>GSL::Vector</tt> object "flattening" the rows of the matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+#       >> m = GSL::Matrix[1..6, 2, 3]
+#       => GSL::Matrix 
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#         4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 ]
+#       >> m.to_v
+#       => GSL::Vector 
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.6] Iterators
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#each_row
+#
+#   Iterator for each of rows in the matrix <tt>self</tt>. 
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#each_col
+#
+#   Iterator for each of columns in the matrix <tt>self</tt>. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#collect { |item| .. }
+# * GSL::Matrix#map { |item| .. }
+# * GSL::Matrix#collect! { |item| .. }
+# * GSL::Matrix#map! { |item| .. }
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.7] Copying matrices
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#clone
+# * GSL::Matrix#duplicate
+#
+#   Create a new matrix of the same elements.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.memcpy(dest, src)
+# * GSL::Matrix.swap(dest, src)
+#
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.8] Copying rows and columns
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#get_row(i)
+#
+#   This method returns a new vector (not a view) which contains the elements 
+#   of the <tt>i</tt>-th row of the matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#get_col(j)
+#
+#   This method returns a new vector (not a view) which contains the elements of the <tt>j</tt>-th 
+#   column of the matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set_row(i, v)
+#
+#   This method copies the elements of the vector <tt>v</tt> into the <tt>i</tt>-th 
+#   row of the matrix. 
+#   The length of the vector must be the same as the length of the row. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#set_col(j, v)
+#
+#   This method copies the elements of the vector <tt>v</tt> into the <tt>j</tt>-th 
+#   column of the matrix. The length of the vector must be the same as the length 
+#   of the column. 
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.9] Exchanging rows and columns
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#swap_rows!(i, j)
+#
+#   This method exchanges the <tt>i</tt>-th and <tt>j</tt>-th rows of the matrix <tt>in-place</tt>.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#swap_rows(i, j)
+#
+#   This method creates a new matrix exchanging the <tt>i</tt>-th and <tt>j</tt>-th rows of the matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#swap_columns!(i, j)
+#
+#   This method exchanges the <tt>i</tt>-th and <tt>j</tt>-th columns of the matrix <tt>in-place</tt>. 
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#swap_columns(i, j)
+#
+#   This method creates a new matrix exchanging the <tt>i</tt>-th and <tt>j</tt>-th columns of the matrix <tt>self</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#swap_rowcol(i, j)
+#
+#   This method exchanges the <tt>i</tt>-th row and <tt>j</tt>-th column of the matrix.
+#   The matrix must be square for this operation to be possible.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#transpose_memcpy
+# * GSL::Matrix#transpose
+#
+#   This method returns a matrix of a transpose of the matrix. The matrix
+#   <tt>self</tt> is not modified.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#transpose!
+#
+#   This method replaces the matrix by its transpose by copying the 
+#   elements of the matrix <tt>in-place</tt>. The matrix must be square for this
+#   operation to be possible. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#reverse_rows
+# * GSL::Matrix#flipud
+#
+#   Example:
+#       >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..9, 3, 3]
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#       [ 1 2 3 
+#         4 5 6 
+#         7 8 9 ]
+#       >> m.reverse_rows
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#       [ 7 8 9 
+#         4 5 6 
+#         1 2 3 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#reverse_columns
+# * GSL::Matrix#fliplr
+#
+#   Example:
+#       >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..9, 3, 3]
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#       [ 1 2 3 
+#         4 5 6 
+#         7 8 9 ]
+#       >> m.reverse_rows.reverse_columns
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#       [ 9 8 7 
+#         6 5 4 
+#         3 2 1 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#rot90(n = 1)
+#
+#   Return a copy of <tt>self</tt> with the elements rotated 
+#   counterclockwise in 90-degree increments. The argument <tt>n</tt> is 
+#   optional, and specifies how many 90-degree rotations are to be applied 
+#   (the default value is 1). 
+#   Negative values of <tt>n</tt> rotate the matrix in a clockwise direction.
+#
+#   Examples:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..6, 2, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 2 3 
+#       4 5 6 ]
+#     >> m.rot90
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 3 6 
+#       2 5 
+#       1 4 ]
+#     >> m.rot90(2)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 6 5 4 
+#       3 2 1 ]
+#     >> m.rot90(3)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 4 1 
+#       5 2 
+#       6 3 ]
+#     >> m.rot90(-1)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 4 1 
+#       5 2 
+#       6 3 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#upper
+#
+#   This creates a matrix copying the upper half part of the matrix 
+#   <tt>self</tt>, including the diagonal elements.
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#lower
+#
+#   This creates a matrix copying the lower half part of the matrix 
+#   <tt>self</tt>, including the diagonal elements.
+#
+#        >> m = GSL::Matrix[1..9, 3, 3]
+#        => GSL::Matrix
+#        [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#          4.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#          7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#        >> m.upper
+#        => GSL::Matrix 
+#        [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 3.000e+00 
+#          0.000e+00 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#          0.000e+00 0.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#        >> m.lower
+#        => GSL::Matrix 
+#        [ 1.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 
+#          4.000e+00 5.000e+00 0.000e+00 
+#          7.000e+00 8.000e+00 9.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#horzcat(other)
+#
+#   Returns the horizontal concatenation of <tt>self</tt> and <tt>other</tt>.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> require("gsl")
+#     => true
+#     >> a = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..4, 2, 2]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 2 
+#       3 4 ]
+#     >> b = GSL::Matrix::Int[5..10, 2, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [  5  6  7 
+#        8  9 10 ]
+#     >> a.horzcat(b)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [  1  2  5  6  7 
+#        3  4  8  9 10 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#vertcat(other)
+#
+#   Returns the vertical concatenation of <tt>self</tt> and <tt>other</tt>.
+#  
+#   Ex:
+#     >> a = GSL::Matrix::Int[1..4, 2, 2]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 1 2 
+#       3 4 ]
+#     >> b = GSL::Matrix::Int[5..10, 3, 2]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [  5  6 
+#        7  8 
+#        9 10 ]
+#     >> a.vertcat(b)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [  1  2 
+#        3  4 
+#        5  6 
+#        7  8 
+#        9 10 ]
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.10] Matrix operations
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#add(b)
+# * GSL::Matrix#+(b)
+#
+#   This method adds the elements of matrix <tt>b</tt> 
+#   to the elements of the  matrix. 
+#   The two matrices must have the same dimensions. 
+#
+#   If <tt>b</tt> is a scalar, these methods add it to all the elements
+#   of the matrix <tt>self</tt> (equivalent to the method <tt>add_constant</tt>).
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#sub(b)
+# * GSL::Matrix#-(b)
+#
+#   This method subtracts the elements of matrix <tt>b</tt> 
+#   from the elements of the  
+#   matrix. The two matrices must have the same dimensions. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#mul_elements(b)
+#
+#   This method multiplies the elements of the matrix by the elements of 
+#   matrix <tt>b</tt>. The two matrices must have the same dimensions. 
+#   If <tt>b</tt> is a scalar, the method <tt>scale</tt> (see below) 
+#   is called.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#div_elements(b)
+#
+#
+#   This method divides the elements of the  matrix by the elements of 
+#   matrix <tt>b</tt>. The two matrices must have the same dimensions. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#scale(x)
+#
+#   This method multiplies the elements of the  matrix by the constant 
+#   factor <tt>x</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#add_constant(x)
+#
+#   This method adds the constant value <tt>x</tt> to the elements of the matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#*(b)
+#
+#   Matrix multiplication. 
+#
+#   Ex:
+#
+#      >> a = GSL::Matrix[1..4, 2, 2]
+#      => GSL::Matrix 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 
+#        3.000e+00 4.000e+00 ]
+#      >> b = GSL::Matrix[5..8, 2, 2]
+#      => GSL::Matrix 
+#      [ 5.000e+00 6.000e+00 
+#        7.000e+00 8.000e+00 ]
+#      >> a*b
+#      => GSL::Matrix 
+#      [ 1.900e+01 2.200e+01 
+#        4.300e+01 5.000e+01 ]
+#      >> a*2
+#      => GSL::Matrix 
+#      [ 2.000e+00 4.000e+00 
+#        6.000e+00 8.000e+00 ]
+#      >> c = Vector[1, 2]
+#      => GSL::Vector 
+#      [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00 ]
+#      >> a*c.col
+#      => GSL::Vector::Col 
+#      [ 5.000e+00 
+#        1.100e+01 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#/(b)
+#
+#   If <tt>b</tt> is a scalar or a <tt>Matrix</tt>, this method calculates the
+#   element-by-element divisions.
+#   If a <tt>Vector::Col</tt> is given, this method solves the linear system
+#   by using LU decomposition.
+#
+#   Ex: 
+#       >> m = GSL::Matrix[1..4, 2, 2]
+#       => GSL::Matrix 
+#       [ 1.000e+00 2.000e+00   
+#         3.000e+00 4.000e+00 ]
+#       >> m/3
+#       => GSL::Matrix 
+#       [ 3.333e-01 6.667e-01         <--- 1/3, 2/3
+#         1.000e+00 1.333e+00 ]       <--- 3/3, 4/3
+#       >> b = Vector[5, 6].col
+#       => GSL::Vector::Col 
+#       [ 5.000e+00   
+#         6.000e+00 ]
+#       >> x = m/b          <--- Solve m (x,y) = b
+#       => GSL::Vector::Col 
+#       [ -4.000e+00                  <--- x = -4
+#         4.500e+00 ]                 <--- y = 4.5 
+#       >> m*x
+#       => GSL::Vector::Col
+#       [  5.000e+00 
+#          6.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#^(b)
+#
+#   Computes matrix power of <tt>b</tt>.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.11] Finding maximum and minimum elements of matrices
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#max
+# * GSL::Matrix#min
+#
+#   These methods return the max/min value in the  matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#minmax 
+#
+#   This method returns a two elements array [min, max], 
+#   which contains the minimum
+#   and the maximum values in the  matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#max_index 
+# * GSL::Matrix#min_index 
+#
+#   These methods return the index of the max/min value in the matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#minmax_index 
+#
+#   This method returns a two elements array [imin, imax], 
+#   which contains the indices
+#   of the minimum and the maximum value in the matrix.
+#
+# === {}[link:index.html"name="2.12] Matrix properties
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#isnull
+#
+#   This returns 1 if all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> are zero, 
+#   and 0 otherwise.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#isnull?
+#
+#   This returns <tt>true</tt> if all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> 
+#   are zero, and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#ispos
+# * GSL::Matrix#ispos?
+#
+#   (GSL-1.9 or later) Return 1 (true) if all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> are strictly positive, and 0 (false) otherwise. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#isneg
+# * GSL::Matrix#isneg?
+#
+#   (GSL-1.9 or later) Return 1 (true) if all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> are strictly negative, and 0 (false) otherwise. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#isnonneg
+# * GSL::Matrix#isnonneg?
+#
+#   (GSL-1.10 or later) Return 1 (true) if all the elements of the matrix <tt>self</tt> are non-negative , and 0 (false) otherwise. 
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#any
+#
+#   Returns a Vector of ones and zeros with each element indicating 
+#   whether any of the elements of the corresponding column of the 
+#   matrix are nonzero.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#all
+#
+#   Behaves like the method <tt>any</tt>, except that it returns 1 only if 
+#   all the elements of the matrix.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL:Matrix#trace
+#
+#   This returns trace of the matrix <tt>self</tt>, the sum of the diagonal 
+#   elements.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL:Matrix#norm
+#
+#   Returns matrix norm, sqrt(sum_{ij} m_{ij}^2).
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#sgn
+# * GSL::Matrix#signum
+#
+#   Creates a new matrix, with elements +1 if <tt>x_i,j</tt> > 0, -1 if
+#   <tt>x_i,j</tt> < 0, otherwise 0.  Note that this definition gives the signum
+#   of NaN as 0 rather than NaN.
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL:Matrix#abs
+# * GSL:Matrix#fabs
+#
+#   Example:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix::Int[-5..4, 3, 3]
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ -5 -4 -3 
+#       -2 -1  0 
+#        1  2  3 ]
+#     >> m.abs
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int
+#     [ 5 4 3 
+#       2 1 0 
+#       1 2 3 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#equal?(other, eps = 1e-10)
+# * GSL::Matrix#==(other, eps = 1e-10)
+#
+#   Returns <tt>true</tt> if the matrices have same size and elements
+#   equal to absolute accurary <tt>eps</tt> for all the indices, 
+#   and <tt>false</tt> otherwise.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="3] NArray
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix#to_na
+#
+#   The Matrix object <tt>self</tt> is converted into an <tt>NMatrix</tt> object. 
+#   The matrix data are copied to newly allocated memory.
+#
+# ---
+# * NArray#to_gm
+# * NArray#to_gslm
+#
+#   Convert <tt>NArray</tt> object into <tt>GSL::Matrix</tt>.
+#
+# ---
+# * NArray#to_gm_view
+# * NArray#to_gslm_view
+#
+#   A <tt>GSL::Matrix::View</tt> object is created from the NArray object <tt>na</tt>. 
+#   The data of <tt>na</tt> are 
+#   not copied, thus any modifications to the View object affect on the original 
+#   NArray object <tt>na</tt>. 
+#   The View object can be used as a reference to the NMatrix object.
+#
+# == {}[link:index.html"name="4] Special matrices
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.hirbert(n)
+#
+#   Returns the Hilbert matrix of order <tt>n</tt>. The <tt>ij</tt> element is
+#   defined as 1/(i+j+1).
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.invhirbert(n)
+#
+#   Returns the inverse of a Hilbert matrix of order <tt>n</tt>.
+#
+#   Ex:
+#     >> m = GSL::Matrix.hilbert(4)
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 5.000e-01 3.333e-01 2.500e-01 
+#       5.000e-01 3.333e-01 2.500e-01 2.000e-01 
+#       3.333e-01 2.500e-01 2.000e-01 1.667e-01 
+#       2.500e-01 2.000e-01 1.667e-01 1.429e-01 ]
+#     >> invm = GSL::Matrix.invhilbert(4)
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.600e+01 -1.200e+02 2.400e+02 -1.400e+02 
+#       -1.200e+02 1.200e+03 -2.700e+03 1.680e+03 
+#       2.400e+02 -2.700e+03 6.480e+03 -4.200e+03 
+#       -1.400e+02 1.680e+03 -4.200e+03 2.800e+03 ]
+#     >> invm2 = m.inv
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.600e+01 -1.200e+02 2.400e+02 -1.400e+02 
+#       -1.200e+02 1.200e+03 -2.700e+03 1.680e+03 
+#       2.400e+02 -2.700e+03 6.480e+03 -4.200e+03 
+#       -1.400e+02 1.680e+03 -4.200e+03 2.800e+03 ]
+#     >> m*invm
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 5.684e-14 -2.274e-13 1.137e-13 
+#       1.998e-15 1.000e+00 -4.663e-14 3.109e-14 
+#       3.664e-15 -7.239e-14 1.000e+00 -1.017e-13 
+#       -2.442e-15 1.510e-14 -8.038e-14 1.000e+00 ]
+#     >> m*invm2
+#     => GSL::Matrix 
+#     [ 1.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 
+#       -1.554e-15 1.000e+00 -2.389e-14 8.349e-15 
+#       1.295e-15 3.405e-15 1.000e+00 -6.957e-15 
+#       1.110e-15 1.916e-14 1.707e-14 1.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.pascal(n)
+#
+#   Returns the Pascal matrix of order <tt>n</tt>, created from Pascal's triangle.
+#
+#     >> GSL::Matrix::Int.pascal(10)
+#     => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#     [     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1 
+#           1     2     3     4     5     6     7     8     9    10 
+#           1     3     6    10    15    21    28    36    45    55 
+#           1     4    10    20    35    56    84   120   165   220 
+#           1     5    15    35    70   126   210   330   495   715 
+#           1     6    21    56   126   252   462   792  1287  2002 
+#           1     7    28    84   210   462   924  1716  3003  5005 
+#           1     8    36   120   330   792  1716  3432  6435 11440 
+#           1     9    45   165   495  1287  3003  6435 12870 24310 
+#           1    10    55   220   715  2002  5005 11440 24310 48620 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.vandermonde(v)
+#
+#   Creates a Vendermonde matrix from a vector or an array <tt>v</tt>.
+#  
+#      >> GSL::Matrix.vander([1, 2, 3, 4])
+#      => GSL::Matrix
+#      [ 1.000e+00 1.000e+00 1.000e+00 1.000e+00
+#        8.000e+00 4.000e+00 2.000e+00 1.000e+00
+#        2.700e+01 9.000e+00 3.000e+00 1.000e+00
+#        6.400e+01 1.600e+01 4.000e+00 1.000e+00 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.toeplitz(v)
+#
+#   Creates a Toeplitz matrix from a vector or an array <tt>v</tt>.
+#  
+#       >> GSL::Matrix::Int.toeplitz([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#       [ 1 2 3 4 5 
+#         2 1 2 3 4 
+#         3 2 1 2 3 
+#         4 3 2 1 2 
+#         5 4 3 2 1 ]
+#
+# ---
+# * GSL::Matrix.circulant(v)
+#
+#   Creates a circulant matrix from a vector or an array <tt>v</tt>.
+#  
+#       >> GSL::Matrix::Int.circulant([1, 2, 3, 4])
+#       => GSL::Matrix::Int 
+#       [ 4 1 2 3 
+#         3 4 1 2 
+#         2 3 4 1 
+#         1 2 3 4 ]
+#
+# {prev}[link:files/rdoc/vector_rdoc.html]
+# {next}[link:files/rdoc/perm_rdoc.html]
+#
+# {Reference index}[link:files/rdoc/ref_rdoc.html]
+# {top}[link:files/rdoc/index_rdoc.html]
+#   
+#