grpc 1.45.0-x86_64-linux → 1.46.2-x86_64-linux

data/third_party/re2/re2/prog.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1166 @@
+// Copyright 2007 The RE2 Authors.  All Rights Reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Compiled regular expression representation.
+// Tested by compile_test.cc
+
+#include "re2/prog.h"
+
+#if defined(__AVX2__)
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "util/util.h"
+#include "util/logging.h"
+#include "util/strutil.h"
+#include "re2/bitmap256.h"
+#include "re2/stringpiece.h"
+
+namespace re2 {
+
+// Constructors per Inst opcode
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitAlt(uint32_t out, uint32_t out1) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_out_opcode(out, kInstAlt);
+  out1_ = out1;
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitByteRange(int lo, int hi, int foldcase, uint32_t out) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_out_opcode(out, kInstByteRange);
+  lo_ = lo & 0xFF;
+  hi_ = hi & 0xFF;
+  hint_foldcase_ = foldcase&1;
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitCapture(int cap, uint32_t out) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_out_opcode(out, kInstCapture);
+  cap_ = cap;
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitEmptyWidth(EmptyOp empty, uint32_t out) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_out_opcode(out, kInstEmptyWidth);
+  empty_ = empty;
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitMatch(int32_t id) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_opcode(kInstMatch);
+  match_id_ = id;
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitNop(uint32_t out) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_opcode(kInstNop);
+}
+
+void Prog::Inst::InitFail() {
+  DCHECK_EQ(out_opcode_, 0);
+  set_opcode(kInstFail);
+}
+
+std::string Prog::Inst::Dump() {
+  switch (opcode()) {
+    default:
+      return StringPrintf("opcode %d", static_cast<int>(opcode()));
+
+    case kInstAlt:
+      return StringPrintf("alt -> %d | %d", out(), out1_);
+
+    case kInstAltMatch:
+      return StringPrintf("altmatch -> %d | %d", out(), out1_);
+
+    case kInstByteRange:
+      return StringPrintf("byte%s [%02x-%02x] %d -> %d",
+                          foldcase() ? "/i" : "",
+                          lo_, hi_, hint(), out());
+
+    case kInstCapture:
+      return StringPrintf("capture %d -> %d", cap_, out());
+
+    case kInstEmptyWidth:
+      return StringPrintf("emptywidth %#x -> %d",
+                          static_cast<int>(empty_), out());
+
+    case kInstMatch:
+      return StringPrintf("match! %d", match_id());
+
+    case kInstNop:
+      return StringPrintf("nop -> %d", out());
+
+    case kInstFail:
+      return StringPrintf("fail");
+  }
+}
+
+Prog::Prog()
+  : anchor_start_(false),
+    anchor_end_(false),
+    reversed_(false),
+    did_flatten_(false),
+    did_onepass_(false),
+    start_(0),
+    start_unanchored_(0),
+    size_(0),
+    bytemap_range_(0),
+    prefix_foldcase_(false),
+    prefix_size_(0),
+    list_count_(0),
+    dfa_mem_(0),
+    dfa_first_(NULL),
+    dfa_longest_(NULL) {
+}
+
+Prog::~Prog() {
+  DeleteDFA(dfa_longest_);
+  DeleteDFA(dfa_first_);
+  if (prefix_foldcase_)
+    delete[] prefix_dfa_;
+}
+
+typedef SparseSet Workq;
+
+static inline void AddToQueue(Workq* q, int id) {
+  if (id != 0)
+    q->insert(id);
+}
+
+static std::string ProgToString(Prog* prog, Workq* q) {
+  std::string s;
+  for (Workq::iterator i = q->begin(); i != q->end(); ++i) {
+    int id = *i;
+    Prog::Inst* ip = prog->inst(id);
+    s += StringPrintf("%d. %s\n", id, ip->Dump().c_str());
+    AddToQueue(q, ip->out());
+    if (ip->opcode() == kInstAlt || ip->opcode() == kInstAltMatch)
+      AddToQueue(q, ip->out1());
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+static std::string FlattenedProgToString(Prog* prog, int start) {
+  std::string s;
+  for (int id = start; id < prog->size(); id++) {
+    Prog::Inst* ip = prog->inst(id);
+    if (ip->last())
+      s += StringPrintf("%d. %s\n", id, ip->Dump().c_str());
+    else
+      s += StringPrintf("%d+ %s\n", id, ip->Dump().c_str());
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::string Prog::Dump() {
+  if (did_flatten_)
+    return FlattenedProgToString(this, start_);
+
+  Workq q(size_);
+  AddToQueue(&q, start_);
+  return ProgToString(this, &q);
+}
+
+std::string Prog::DumpUnanchored() {
+  if (did_flatten_)
+    return FlattenedProgToString(this, start_unanchored_);
+
+  Workq q(size_);
+  AddToQueue(&q, start_unanchored_);
+  return ProgToString(this, &q);
+}
+
+std::string Prog::DumpByteMap() {
+  std::string map;
+  for (int c = 0; c < 256; c++) {
+    int b = bytemap_[c];
+    int lo = c;
+    while (c < 256-1 && bytemap_[c+1] == b)
+      c++;
+    int hi = c;
+    map += StringPrintf("[%02x-%02x] -> %d\n", lo, hi, b);
+  }
+  return map;
+}
+
+// Is ip a guaranteed match at end of text, perhaps after some capturing?
+static bool IsMatch(Prog* prog, Prog::Inst* ip) {
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "Unexpected opcode in IsMatch: " << ip->opcode();
+        return false;
+
+      case kInstAlt:
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+      case kInstByteRange:
+      case kInstFail:
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:
+        return false;
+
+      case kInstCapture:
+      case kInstNop:
+        ip = prog->inst(ip->out());
+        break;
+
+      case kInstMatch:
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Peep-hole optimizer.
+void Prog::Optimize() {
+  Workq q(size_);
+
+  // Eliminate nops.  Most are taken out during compilation
+  // but a few are hard to avoid.
+  q.clear();
+  AddToQueue(&q, start_);
+  for (Workq::iterator i = q.begin(); i != q.end(); ++i) {
+    int id = *i;
+
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    int j = ip->out();
+    Inst* jp;
+    while (j != 0 && (jp=inst(j))->opcode() == kInstNop) {
+      j = jp->out();
+    }
+    ip->set_out(j);
+    AddToQueue(&q, ip->out());
+
+    if (ip->opcode() == kInstAlt) {
+      j = ip->out1();
+      while (j != 0 && (jp=inst(j))->opcode() == kInstNop) {
+        j = jp->out();
+      }
+      ip->out1_ = j;
+      AddToQueue(&q, ip->out1());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Insert kInstAltMatch instructions
+  // Look for
+  //   ip: Alt -> j | k
+  //	  j: ByteRange [00-FF] -> ip
+  //    k: Match
+  // or the reverse (the above is the greedy one).
+  // Rewrite Alt to AltMatch.
+  q.clear();
+  AddToQueue(&q, start_);
+  for (Workq::iterator i = q.begin(); i != q.end(); ++i) {
+    int id = *i;
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    AddToQueue(&q, ip->out());
+    if (ip->opcode() == kInstAlt)
+      AddToQueue(&q, ip->out1());
+
+    if (ip->opcode() == kInstAlt) {
+      Inst* j = inst(ip->out());
+      Inst* k = inst(ip->out1());
+      if (j->opcode() == kInstByteRange && j->out() == id &&
+          j->lo() == 0x00 && j->hi() == 0xFF &&
+          IsMatch(this, k)) {
+        ip->set_opcode(kInstAltMatch);
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (IsMatch(this, j) &&
+          k->opcode() == kInstByteRange && k->out() == id &&
+          k->lo() == 0x00 && k->hi() == 0xFF) {
+        ip->set_opcode(kInstAltMatch);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+uint32_t Prog::EmptyFlags(const StringPiece& text, const char* p) {
+  int flags = 0;
+
+  // ^ and \A
+  if (p == text.data())
+    flags |= kEmptyBeginText | kEmptyBeginLine;
+  else if (p[-1] == '\n')
+    flags |= kEmptyBeginLine;
+
+  // $ and \z
+  if (p == text.data() + text.size())
+    flags |= kEmptyEndText | kEmptyEndLine;
+  else if (p < text.data() + text.size() && p[0] == '\n')
+    flags |= kEmptyEndLine;
+
+  // \b and \B
+  if (p == text.data() && p == text.data() + text.size()) {
+    // no word boundary here
+  } else if (p == text.data()) {
+    if (IsWordChar(p[0]))
+      flags |= kEmptyWordBoundary;
+  } else if (p == text.data() + text.size()) {
+    if (IsWordChar(p[-1]))
+      flags |= kEmptyWordBoundary;
+  } else {
+    if (IsWordChar(p[-1]) != IsWordChar(p[0]))
+      flags |= kEmptyWordBoundary;
+  }
+  if (!(flags & kEmptyWordBoundary))
+    flags |= kEmptyNonWordBoundary;
+
+  return flags;
+}
+
+// ByteMapBuilder implements a coloring algorithm.
+//
+// The first phase is a series of "mark and merge" batches: we mark one or more
+// [lo-hi] ranges, then merge them into our internal state. Batching is not for
+// performance; rather, it means that the ranges are treated indistinguishably.
+//
+// Internally, the ranges are represented using a bitmap that stores the splits
+// and a vector that stores the colors; both of them are indexed by the ranges'
+// last bytes. Thus, in order to merge a [lo-hi] range, we split at lo-1 and at
+// hi (if not already split), then recolor each range in between. The color map
+// (i.e. from the old color to the new color) is maintained for the lifetime of
+// the batch and so underpins this somewhat obscure approach to set operations.
+//
+// The second phase builds the bytemap from our internal state: we recolor each
+// range, then store the new color (which is now the byte class) in each of the
+// corresponding array elements. Finally, we output the number of byte classes.
+class ByteMapBuilder {
+ public:
+  ByteMapBuilder() {
+    // Initial state: the [0-255] range has color 256.
+    // This will avoid problems during the second phase,
+    // in which we assign byte classes numbered from 0.
+    splits_.Set(255);
+    colors_[255] = 256;
+    nextcolor_ = 257;
+  }
+
+  void Mark(int lo, int hi);
+  void Merge();
+  void Build(uint8_t* bytemap, int* bytemap_range);
+
+ private:
+  int Recolor(int oldcolor);
+
+  Bitmap256 splits_;
+  int colors_[256];
+  int nextcolor_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> colormap_;
+  std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> ranges_;
+
+  ByteMapBuilder(const ByteMapBuilder&) = delete;
+  ByteMapBuilder& operator=(const ByteMapBuilder&) = delete;
+};
+
+void ByteMapBuilder::Mark(int lo, int hi) {
+  DCHECK_GE(lo, 0);
+  DCHECK_GE(hi, 0);
+  DCHECK_LE(lo, 255);
+  DCHECK_LE(hi, 255);
+  DCHECK_LE(lo, hi);
+
+  // Ignore any [0-255] ranges. They cause us to recolor every range, which
+  // has no effect on the eventual result and is therefore a waste of time.
+  if (lo == 0 && hi == 255)
+    return;
+
+  ranges_.emplace_back(lo, hi);
+}
+
+void ByteMapBuilder::Merge() {
+  for (std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>::const_iterator it = ranges_.begin();
+       it != ranges_.end();
+       ++it) {
+    int lo = it->first-1;
+    int hi = it->second;
+
+    if (0 <= lo && !splits_.Test(lo)) {
+      splits_.Set(lo);
+      int next = splits_.FindNextSetBit(lo+1);
+      colors_[lo] = colors_[next];
+    }
+    if (!splits_.Test(hi)) {
+      splits_.Set(hi);
+      int next = splits_.FindNextSetBit(hi+1);
+      colors_[hi] = colors_[next];
+    }
+
+    int c = lo+1;
+    while (c < 256) {
+      int next = splits_.FindNextSetBit(c);
+      colors_[next] = Recolor(colors_[next]);
+      if (next == hi)
+        break;
+      c = next+1;
+    }
+  }
+  colormap_.clear();
+  ranges_.clear();
+}
+
+void ByteMapBuilder::Build(uint8_t* bytemap, int* bytemap_range) {
+  // Assign byte classes numbered from 0.
+  nextcolor_ = 0;
+
+  int c = 0;
+  while (c < 256) {
+    int next = splits_.FindNextSetBit(c);
+    uint8_t b = static_cast<uint8_t>(Recolor(colors_[next]));
+    while (c <= next) {
+      bytemap[c] = b;
+      c++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *bytemap_range = nextcolor_;
+}
+
+int ByteMapBuilder::Recolor(int oldcolor) {
+  // Yes, this is a linear search. There can be at most 256
+  // colors and there will typically be far fewer than that.
+  // Also, we need to consider keys *and* values in order to
+  // avoid recoloring a given range more than once per batch.
+  std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>::const_iterator it =
+      std::find_if(colormap_.begin(), colormap_.end(),
+                   [=](const std::pair<int, int>& kv) -> bool {
+                     return kv.first == oldcolor || kv.second == oldcolor;
+                   });
+  if (it != colormap_.end())
+    return it->second;
+  int newcolor = nextcolor_;
+  nextcolor_++;
+  colormap_.emplace_back(oldcolor, newcolor);
+  return newcolor;
+}
+
+void Prog::ComputeByteMap() {
+  // Fill in bytemap with byte classes for the program.
+  // Ranges of bytes that are treated indistinguishably
+  // will be mapped to a single byte class.
+  ByteMapBuilder builder;
+
+  // Don't repeat the work for ^ and $.
+  bool marked_line_boundaries = false;
+  // Don't repeat the work for \b and \B.
+  bool marked_word_boundaries = false;
+
+  for (int id = 0; id < size(); id++) {
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    if (ip->opcode() == kInstByteRange) {
+      int lo = ip->lo();
+      int hi = ip->hi();
+      builder.Mark(lo, hi);
+      if (ip->foldcase() && lo <= 'z' && hi >= 'a') {
+        int foldlo = lo;
+        int foldhi = hi;
+        if (foldlo < 'a')
+          foldlo = 'a';
+        if (foldhi > 'z')
+          foldhi = 'z';
+        if (foldlo <= foldhi) {
+          foldlo += 'A' - 'a';
+          foldhi += 'A' - 'a';
+          builder.Mark(foldlo, foldhi);
+        }
+      }
+      // If this Inst is not the last Inst in its list AND the next Inst is
+      // also a ByteRange AND the Insts have the same out, defer the merge.
+      if (!ip->last() &&
+          inst(id+1)->opcode() == kInstByteRange &&
+          ip->out() == inst(id+1)->out())
+        continue;
+      builder.Merge();
+    } else if (ip->opcode() == kInstEmptyWidth) {
+      if (ip->empty() & (kEmptyBeginLine|kEmptyEndLine) &&
+          !marked_line_boundaries) {
+        builder.Mark('\n', '\n');
+        builder.Merge();
+        marked_line_boundaries = true;
+      }
+      if (ip->empty() & (kEmptyWordBoundary|kEmptyNonWordBoundary) &&
+          !marked_word_boundaries) {
+        // We require two batches here: the first for ranges that are word
+        // characters, the second for ranges that are not word characters.
+        for (bool isword : {true, false}) {
+          int j;
+          for (int i = 0; i < 256; i = j) {
+            for (j = i + 1; j < 256 &&
+                            Prog::IsWordChar(static_cast<uint8_t>(i)) ==
+                                Prog::IsWordChar(static_cast<uint8_t>(j));
+                 j++)
+              ;
+            if (Prog::IsWordChar(static_cast<uint8_t>(i)) == isword)
+              builder.Mark(i, j - 1);
+          }
+          builder.Merge();
+        }
+        marked_word_boundaries = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  builder.Build(bytemap_, &bytemap_range_);
+
+  if (0) {  // For debugging, use trivial bytemap.
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Using trivial bytemap.";
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
+      bytemap_[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(i);
+    bytemap_range_ = 256;
+  }
+}
+
+// Prog::Flatten() implements a graph rewriting algorithm.
+//
+// The overall process is similar to epsilon removal, but retains some epsilon
+// transitions: those from Capture and EmptyWidth instructions; and those from
+// nullable subexpressions. (The latter avoids quadratic blowup in transitions
+// in the worst case.) It might be best thought of as Alt instruction elision.
+//
+// In conceptual terms, it divides the Prog into "trees" of instructions, then
+// traverses the "trees" in order to produce "lists" of instructions. A "tree"
+// is one or more instructions that grow from one "root" instruction to one or
+// more "leaf" instructions; if a "tree" has exactly one instruction, then the
+// "root" is also the "leaf". In most cases, a "root" is the successor of some
+// "leaf" (i.e. the "leaf" instruction's out() returns the "root" instruction)
+// and is considered a "successor root". A "leaf" can be a ByteRange, Capture,
+// EmptyWidth or Match instruction. However, this is insufficient for handling
+// nested nullable subexpressions correctly, so in some cases, a "root" is the
+// dominator of the instructions reachable from some "successor root" (i.e. it
+// has an unreachable predecessor) and is considered a "dominator root". Since
+// only Alt instructions can be "dominator roots" (other instructions would be
+// "leaves"), only Alt instructions are required to be marked as predecessors.
+//
+// Dividing the Prog into "trees" comprises two passes: marking the "successor
+// roots" and the predecessors; and marking the "dominator roots". Sorting the
+// "successor roots" by their bytecode offsets enables iteration in order from
+// greatest to least during the second pass; by working backwards in this case
+// and flooding the graph no further than "leaves" and already marked "roots",
+// it becomes possible to mark "dominator roots" without doing excessive work.
+//
+// Traversing the "trees" is just iterating over the "roots" in order of their
+// marking and flooding the graph no further than "leaves" and "roots". When a
+// "leaf" is reached, the instruction is copied with its successor remapped to
+// its "root" number. When a "root" is reached, a Nop instruction is generated
+// with its successor remapped similarly. As each "list" is produced, its last
+// instruction is marked as such. After all of the "lists" have been produced,
+// a pass over their instructions remaps their successors to bytecode offsets.
+void Prog::Flatten() {
+  if (did_flatten_)
+    return;
+  did_flatten_ = true;
+
+  // Scratch structures. It's important that these are reused by functions
+  // that we call in loops because they would thrash the heap otherwise.
+  SparseSet reachable(size());
+  std::vector<int> stk;
+  stk.reserve(size());
+
+  // First pass: Marks "successor roots" and predecessors.
+  // Builds the mapping from inst-ids to root-ids.
+  SparseArray<int> rootmap(size());
+  SparseArray<int> predmap(size());
+  std::vector<std::vector<int>> predvec;
+  MarkSuccessors(&rootmap, &predmap, &predvec, &reachable, &stk);
+
+  // Second pass: Marks "dominator roots".
+  SparseArray<int> sorted(rootmap);
+  std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), sorted.less);
+  for (SparseArray<int>::const_iterator i = sorted.end() - 1;
+       i != sorted.begin();
+       --i) {
+    if (i->index() != start_unanchored() && i->index() != start())
+      MarkDominator(i->index(), &rootmap, &predmap, &predvec, &reachable, &stk);
+  }
+
+  // Third pass: Emits "lists". Remaps outs to root-ids.
+  // Builds the mapping from root-ids to flat-ids.
+  std::vector<int> flatmap(rootmap.size());
+  std::vector<Inst> flat;
+  flat.reserve(size());
+  for (SparseArray<int>::const_iterator i = rootmap.begin();
+       i != rootmap.end();
+       ++i) {
+    flatmap[i->value()] = static_cast<int>(flat.size());
+    EmitList(i->index(), &rootmap, &flat, &reachable, &stk);
+    flat.back().set_last();
+    // We have the bounds of the "list", so this is the
+    // most convenient point at which to compute hints.
+    ComputeHints(&flat, flatmap[i->value()], static_cast<int>(flat.size()));
+  }
+
+  list_count_ = static_cast<int>(flatmap.size());
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumInst; i++)
+    inst_count_[i] = 0;
+
+  // Fourth pass: Remaps outs to flat-ids.
+  // Counts instructions by opcode.
+  for (int id = 0; id < static_cast<int>(flat.size()); id++) {
+    Inst* ip = &flat[id];
+    if (ip->opcode() != kInstAltMatch)  // handled in EmitList()
+      ip->set_out(flatmap[ip->out()]);
+    inst_count_[ip->opcode()]++;
+  }
+
+  int total = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumInst; i++)
+    total += inst_count_[i];
+  DCHECK_EQ(total, static_cast<int>(flat.size()));
+
+  // Remap start_unanchored and start.
+  if (start_unanchored() == 0) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(start(), 0);
+  } else if (start_unanchored() == start()) {
+    set_start_unanchored(flatmap[1]);
+    set_start(flatmap[1]);
+  } else {
+    set_start_unanchored(flatmap[1]);
+    set_start(flatmap[2]);
+  }
+
+  // Finally, replace the old instructions with the new instructions.
+  size_ = static_cast<int>(flat.size());
+  inst_ = PODArray<Inst>(size_);
+  memmove(inst_.data(), flat.data(), size_*sizeof inst_[0]);
+
+  // Populate the list heads for BitState.
+  // 512 instructions limits the memory footprint to 1KiB.
+  if (size_ <= 512) {
+    list_heads_ = PODArray<uint16_t>(size_);
+    // 0xFF makes it more obvious if we try to look up a non-head.
+    memset(list_heads_.data(), 0xFF, size_*sizeof list_heads_[0]);
+    for (int i = 0; i < list_count_; ++i)
+      list_heads_[flatmap[i]] = i;
+  }
+}
+
+void Prog::MarkSuccessors(SparseArray<int>* rootmap,
+                          SparseArray<int>* predmap,
+                          std::vector<std::vector<int>>* predvec,
+                          SparseSet* reachable, std::vector<int>* stk) {
+  // Mark the kInstFail instruction.
+  rootmap->set_new(0, rootmap->size());
+
+  // Mark the start_unanchored and start instructions.
+  if (!rootmap->has_index(start_unanchored()))
+    rootmap->set_new(start_unanchored(), rootmap->size());
+  if (!rootmap->has_index(start()))
+    rootmap->set_new(start(), rootmap->size());
+
+  reachable->clear();
+  stk->clear();
+  stk->push_back(start_unanchored());
+  while (!stk->empty()) {
+    int id = stk->back();
+    stk->pop_back();
+  Loop:
+    if (reachable->contains(id))
+      continue;
+    reachable->insert_new(id);
+
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "unhandled opcode: " << ip->opcode();
+        break;
+
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+      case kInstAlt:
+        // Mark this instruction as a predecessor of each out.
+        for (int out : {ip->out(), ip->out1()}) {
+          if (!predmap->has_index(out)) {
+            predmap->set_new(out, static_cast<int>(predvec->size()));
+            predvec->emplace_back();
+          }
+          (*predvec)[predmap->get_existing(out)].emplace_back(id);
+        }
+        stk->push_back(ip->out1());
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstByteRange:
+      case kInstCapture:
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:
+        // Mark the out of this instruction as a "root".
+        if (!rootmap->has_index(ip->out()))
+          rootmap->set_new(ip->out(), rootmap->size());
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstNop:
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstMatch:
+      case kInstFail:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void Prog::MarkDominator(int root, SparseArray<int>* rootmap,
+                         SparseArray<int>* predmap,
+                         std::vector<std::vector<int>>* predvec,
+                         SparseSet* reachable, std::vector<int>* stk) {
+  reachable->clear();
+  stk->clear();
+  stk->push_back(root);
+  while (!stk->empty()) {
+    int id = stk->back();
+    stk->pop_back();
+  Loop:
+    if (reachable->contains(id))
+      continue;
+    reachable->insert_new(id);
+
+    if (id != root && rootmap->has_index(id)) {
+      // We reached another "tree" via epsilon transition.
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "unhandled opcode: " << ip->opcode();
+        break;
+
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+      case kInstAlt:
+        stk->push_back(ip->out1());
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstByteRange:
+      case kInstCapture:
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:
+        break;
+
+      case kInstNop:
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstMatch:
+      case kInstFail:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (SparseSet::const_iterator i = reachable->begin();
+       i != reachable->end();
+       ++i) {
+    int id = *i;
+    if (predmap->has_index(id)) {
+      for (int pred : (*predvec)[predmap->get_existing(id)]) {
+        if (!reachable->contains(pred)) {
+          // id has a predecessor that cannot be reached from root!
+          // Therefore, id must be a "root" too - mark it as such.
+          if (!rootmap->has_index(id))
+            rootmap->set_new(id, rootmap->size());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void Prog::EmitList(int root, SparseArray<int>* rootmap,
+                    std::vector<Inst>* flat,
+                    SparseSet* reachable, std::vector<int>* stk) {
+  reachable->clear();
+  stk->clear();
+  stk->push_back(root);
+  while (!stk->empty()) {
+    int id = stk->back();
+    stk->pop_back();
+  Loop:
+    if (reachable->contains(id))
+      continue;
+    reachable->insert_new(id);
+
+    if (id != root && rootmap->has_index(id)) {
+      // We reached another "tree" via epsilon transition. Emit a kInstNop
+      // instruction so that the Prog does not become quadratically larger.
+      flat->emplace_back();
+      flat->back().set_opcode(kInstNop);
+      flat->back().set_out(rootmap->get_existing(id));
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    Inst* ip = inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "unhandled opcode: " << ip->opcode();
+        break;
+
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+        flat->emplace_back();
+        flat->back().set_opcode(kInstAltMatch);
+        flat->back().set_out(static_cast<int>(flat->size()));
+        flat->back().out1_ = static_cast<uint32_t>(flat->size())+1;
+        FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+
+      case kInstAlt:
+        stk->push_back(ip->out1());
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstByteRange:
+      case kInstCapture:
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:
+        flat->emplace_back();
+        memmove(&flat->back(), ip, sizeof *ip);
+        flat->back().set_out(rootmap->get_existing(ip->out()));
+        break;
+
+      case kInstNop:
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstMatch:
+      case kInstFail:
+        flat->emplace_back();
+        memmove(&flat->back(), ip, sizeof *ip);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// For each ByteRange instruction in [begin, end), computes a hint to execution
+// engines: the delta to the next instruction (in flat) worth exploring iff the
+// current instruction matched.
+//
+// Implements a coloring algorithm related to ByteMapBuilder, but in this case,
+// colors are instructions and recoloring ranges precisely identifies conflicts
+// between instructions. Iterating backwards over [begin, end) is guaranteed to
+// identify the nearest conflict (if any) with only linear complexity.
+void Prog::ComputeHints(std::vector<Inst>* flat, int begin, int end) {
+  Bitmap256 splits;
+  int colors[256];
+
+  bool dirty = false;
+  for (int id = end; id >= begin; --id) {
+    if (id == end ||
+        (*flat)[id].opcode() != kInstByteRange) {
+      if (dirty) {
+        dirty = false;
+        splits.Clear();
+      }
+      splits.Set(255);
+      colors[255] = id;
+      // At this point, the [0-255] range is colored with id.
+      // Thus, hints cannot point beyond id; and if id == end,
+      // hints that would have pointed to id will be 0 instead.
+      continue;
+    }
+    dirty = true;
+
+    // We recolor the [lo-hi] range with id. Note that first ratchets backwards
+    // from end to the nearest conflict (if any) during recoloring.
+    int first = end;
+    auto Recolor = [&](int lo, int hi) {
+      // Like ByteMapBuilder, we split at lo-1 and at hi.
+      --lo;
+
+      if (0 <= lo && !splits.Test(lo)) {
+        splits.Set(lo);
+        int next = splits.FindNextSetBit(lo+1);
+        colors[lo] = colors[next];
+      }
+      if (!splits.Test(hi)) {
+        splits.Set(hi);
+        int next = splits.FindNextSetBit(hi+1);
+        colors[hi] = colors[next];
+      }
+
+      int c = lo+1;
+      while (c < 256) {
+        int next = splits.FindNextSetBit(c);
+        // Ratchet backwards...
+        first = std::min(first, colors[next]);
+        // Recolor with id - because it's the new nearest conflict!
+        colors[next] = id;
+        if (next == hi)
+          break;
+        c = next+1;
+      }
+    };
+
+    Inst* ip = &(*flat)[id];
+    int lo = ip->lo();
+    int hi = ip->hi();
+    Recolor(lo, hi);
+    if (ip->foldcase() && lo <= 'z' && hi >= 'a') {
+      int foldlo = lo;
+      int foldhi = hi;
+      if (foldlo < 'a')
+        foldlo = 'a';
+      if (foldhi > 'z')
+        foldhi = 'z';
+      if (foldlo <= foldhi) {
+        foldlo += 'A' - 'a';
+        foldhi += 'A' - 'a';
+        Recolor(foldlo, foldhi);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (first != end) {
+      uint16_t hint = static_cast<uint16_t>(std::min(first - id, 32767));
+      ip->hint_foldcase_ |= hint<<1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// The final state will always be this, which frees up a register for the hot
+// loop and thus avoids the spilling that can occur when building with Clang.
+static const size_t kShiftDFAFinal = 9;
+
+// This function takes the prefix as std::string (i.e. not const std::string&
+// as normal) because it's going to clobber it, so a temporary is convenient.
+static uint64_t* BuildShiftDFA(std::string prefix) {
+  // This constant is for convenience now and also for correctness later when
+  // we clobber the prefix, but still need to know how long it was initially.
+  const size_t size = prefix.size();
+
+  // Construct the NFA.
+  // The table is indexed by input byte; each element is a bitfield of states
+  // reachable by the input byte. Given a bitfield of the current states, the
+  // bitfield of states reachable from those is - for this specific purpose -
+  // always ((ncurr << 1) | 1). Intersecting the reachability bitfields gives
+  // the bitfield of the next states reached by stepping over the input byte.
+  // Credits for this technique: the Hyperscan paper by Geoff Langdale et al.
+  uint16_t nfa[256]{};
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    uint8_t b = prefix[i];
+    nfa[b] |= 1 << (i+1);
+  }
+  // This is the `\C*?` for unanchored search.
+  for (int b = 0; b < 256; ++b)
+    nfa[b] |= 1;
+
+  // This maps from DFA state to NFA states; the reverse mapping is used when
+  // recording transitions and gets implemented with plain old linear search.
+  // The "Shift DFA" technique limits this to ten states when using uint64_t;
+  // to allow for the initial state, we use at most nine bytes of the prefix.
+  // That same limit is also why uint16_t is sufficient for the NFA bitfield.
+  uint16_t states[kShiftDFAFinal+1]{};
+  states[0] = 1;
+  for (size_t dcurr = 0; dcurr < size; ++dcurr) {
+    uint8_t b = prefix[dcurr];
+    uint16_t ncurr = states[dcurr];
+    uint16_t nnext = nfa[b] & ((ncurr << 1) | 1);
+    size_t dnext = dcurr+1;
+    if (dnext == size)
+      dnext = kShiftDFAFinal;
+    states[dnext] = nnext;
+  }
+
+  // Sort and unique the bytes of the prefix to avoid repeating work while we
+  // record transitions. This clobbers the prefix, but it's no longer needed.
+  std::sort(prefix.begin(), prefix.end());
+  prefix.erase(std::unique(prefix.begin(), prefix.end()), prefix.end());
+
+  // Construct the DFA.
+  // The table is indexed by input byte; each element is effectively a packed
+  // array of uint6_t; each array value will be multiplied by six in order to
+  // avoid having to do so later in the hot loop as well as masking/shifting.
+  // Credits for this technique: "Shift-based DFAs" on GitHub by Per Vognsen.
+  uint64_t* dfa = new uint64_t[256]{};
+  // Record a transition from each state for each of the bytes of the prefix.
+  // Note that all other input bytes go back to the initial state by default.
+  for (size_t dcurr = 0; dcurr < size; ++dcurr) {
+    for (uint8_t b : prefix) {
+      uint16_t ncurr = states[dcurr];
+      uint16_t nnext = nfa[b] & ((ncurr << 1) | 1);
+      size_t dnext = 0;
+      while (states[dnext] != nnext)
+        ++dnext;
+      dfa[b] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(dnext * 6) << (dcurr * 6);
+      // Convert ASCII letters to uppercase and record the extra transitions.
+      // Note that ASCII letters are guaranteed to be lowercase at this point
+      // because that's how the parser normalises them. #FunFact: 'k' and 's'
+      // match U+212A and U+017F, respectively, so they won't occur here when
+      // using UTF-8 encoding because the parser will emit character classes.
+      if ('a' <= b && b <= 'z') {
+        b -= 'a' - 'A';
+        dfa[b] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(dnext * 6) << (dcurr * 6);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // This lets the final state "saturate", which will matter for performance:
+  // in the hot loop, we check for a match only at the end of each iteration,
+  // so we must keep signalling the match until we get around to checking it.
+  for (int b = 0; b < 256; ++b)
+    dfa[b] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(kShiftDFAFinal * 6) << (kShiftDFAFinal * 6);
+
+  return dfa;
+}
+
+void Prog::ConfigurePrefixAccel(const std::string& prefix,
+                                bool prefix_foldcase) {
+  prefix_foldcase_ = prefix_foldcase;
+  prefix_size_ = prefix.size();
+  if (prefix_foldcase_) {
+    // Use PrefixAccel_ShiftDFA().
+    // ... and no more than nine bytes of the prefix. (See above for details.)
+    prefix_size_ = std::min(prefix_size_, kShiftDFAFinal);
+    prefix_dfa_ = BuildShiftDFA(prefix.substr(0, prefix_size_));
+  } else if (prefix_size_ != 1) {
+    // Use PrefixAccel_FrontAndBack().
+    prefix_front_ = prefix.front();
+    prefix_back_ = prefix.back();
+  } else {
+    // Use memchr(3).
+    prefix_front_ = prefix.front();
+  }
+}
+
+const void* Prog::PrefixAccel_ShiftDFA(const void* data, size_t size) {
+  if (size < prefix_size_)
+    return NULL;
+
+  uint64_t curr = 0;
+
+  // At the time of writing, rough benchmarks on a Broadwell machine showed
+  // that this unroll factor (i.e. eight) achieves a speedup factor of two.
+  if (size >= 8) {
+    const uint8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    const uint8_t* endp = p + (size&~7);
+    do {
+      uint8_t b0 = p[0];
+      uint8_t b1 = p[1];
+      uint8_t b2 = p[2];
+      uint8_t b3 = p[3];
+      uint8_t b4 = p[4];
+      uint8_t b5 = p[5];
+      uint8_t b6 = p[6];
+      uint8_t b7 = p[7];
+
+      uint64_t next0 = prefix_dfa_[b0];
+      uint64_t next1 = prefix_dfa_[b1];
+      uint64_t next2 = prefix_dfa_[b2];
+      uint64_t next3 = prefix_dfa_[b3];
+      uint64_t next4 = prefix_dfa_[b4];
+      uint64_t next5 = prefix_dfa_[b5];
+      uint64_t next6 = prefix_dfa_[b6];
+      uint64_t next7 = prefix_dfa_[b7];
+
+      uint64_t curr0 = next0 >> (curr  & 63);
+      uint64_t curr1 = next1 >> (curr0 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr2 = next2 >> (curr1 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr3 = next3 >> (curr2 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr4 = next4 >> (curr3 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr5 = next5 >> (curr4 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr6 = next6 >> (curr5 & 63);
+      uint64_t curr7 = next7 >> (curr6 & 63);
+
+      if ((curr7 & 63) == kShiftDFAFinal * 6) {
+        // At the time of writing, using the same masking subexpressions from
+        // the preceding lines caused Clang to clutter the hot loop computing
+        // them - even though they aren't actually needed for shifting! Hence
+        // these rewritten conditions, which achieve a speedup factor of two.
+        if (((curr7-curr0) & 63) == 0) return p+1-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr1) & 63) == 0) return p+2-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr2) & 63) == 0) return p+3-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr3) & 63) == 0) return p+4-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr4) & 63) == 0) return p+5-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr5) & 63) == 0) return p+6-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr6) & 63) == 0) return p+7-prefix_size_;
+        if (((curr7-curr7) & 63) == 0) return p+8-prefix_size_;
+      }
+
+      curr = curr7;
+      p += 8;
+    } while (p != endp);
+    data = p;
+    size = size&7;
+  }
+
+  const uint8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+  const uint8_t* endp = p + size;
+  while (p != endp) {
+    uint8_t b = *p++;
+    uint64_t next = prefix_dfa_[b];
+    curr = next >> (curr & 63);
+    if ((curr & 63) == kShiftDFAFinal * 6)
+      return p-prefix_size_;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+#if defined(__AVX2__)
+// Finds the least significant non-zero bit in n.
+static int FindLSBSet(uint32_t n) {
+  DCHECK_NE(n, 0);
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+  return __builtin_ctz(n);
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_IX86))
+  unsigned long c;
+  _BitScanForward(&c, n);
+  return static_cast<int>(c);
+#else
+  int c = 31;
+  for (int shift = 1 << 4; shift != 0; shift >>= 1) {
+    uint32_t word = n << shift;
+    if (word != 0) {
+      n = word;
+      c -= shift;
+    }
+  }
+  return c;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+const void* Prog::PrefixAccel_FrontAndBack(const void* data, size_t size) {
+  DCHECK_GE(prefix_size_, 2);
+  if (size < prefix_size_)
+    return NULL;
+  // Don't bother searching the last prefix_size_-1 bytes for prefix_front_.
+  // This also means that probing for prefix_back_ doesn't go out of bounds.
+  size -= prefix_size_-1;
+
+#if defined(__AVX2__)
+  // Use AVX2 to look for prefix_front_ and prefix_back_ 32 bytes at a time.
+  if (size >= sizeof(__m256i)) {
+    const __m256i* fp = reinterpret_cast<const __m256i*>(
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data));
+    const __m256i* bp = reinterpret_cast<const __m256i*>(
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data) + prefix_size_-1);
+    const __m256i* endfp = fp + size/sizeof(__m256i);
+    const __m256i f_set1 = _mm256_set1_epi8(prefix_front_);
+    const __m256i b_set1 = _mm256_set1_epi8(prefix_back_);
+    do {
+      const __m256i f_loadu = _mm256_loadu_si256(fp++);
+      const __m256i b_loadu = _mm256_loadu_si256(bp++);
+      const __m256i f_cmpeq = _mm256_cmpeq_epi8(f_set1, f_loadu);
+      const __m256i b_cmpeq = _mm256_cmpeq_epi8(b_set1, b_loadu);
+      const int fb_testz = _mm256_testz_si256(f_cmpeq, b_cmpeq);
+      if (fb_testz == 0) {  // ZF: 1 means zero, 0 means non-zero.
+        const __m256i fb_and = _mm256_and_si256(f_cmpeq, b_cmpeq);
+        const int fb_movemask = _mm256_movemask_epi8(fb_and);
+        const int fb_ctz = FindLSBSet(fb_movemask);
+        return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(fp-1) + fb_ctz;
+      }
+    } while (fp != endfp);
+    data = fp;
+    size = size%sizeof(__m256i);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  const char* p0 = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data);
+  for (const char* p = p0;; p++) {
+    DCHECK_GE(size, static_cast<size_t>(p-p0));
+    p = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(memchr(p, prefix_front_, size - (p-p0)));
+    if (p == NULL || p[prefix_size_-1] == prefix_back_)
+      return p;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace re2