grpc 1.45.0-x86_64-linux → 1.46.2-x86_64-linux

data/src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2510 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_client.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+#include <grpc/byte_buffer_reader.h>
+#include <grpc/grpc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/time.h>
+
+#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_api.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_bootstrap.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_client_stats.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_cluster.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_cluster_specifier_plugin.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_endpoint.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_http_filters.h"
+#include "src/core/ext/xds/xds_listener.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_stack.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/config/core_configuration.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/env.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/memory.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/orphanable.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/security/credentials/channel_creds_registry.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_string_helpers.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/call.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/surface/lame_client.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/uri/uri_parser.h"
+
+#define GRPC_XDS_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS 1
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER 1.6
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS 120
+#define GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_JITTER 0.2
+#define GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS 1000
+
+namespace grpc_core {
+
+TraceFlag grpc_xds_client_trace(false, "xds_client");
+TraceFlag grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace(false, "xds_client_refcount");
+
+namespace {
+
+Mutex* g_mu = nullptr;
+
+const grpc_channel_args* g_channel_args ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+XdsClient* g_xds_client ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+char* g_fallback_bootstrap_config ABSL_GUARDED_BY(*g_mu) = nullptr;
+
+}  // namespace
+
+//
+// Internal class declarations
+//
+
+// An xds call wrapper that can restart a call upon failure. Holds a ref to
+// the xds channel. The template parameter is the kind of wrapped xds call.
+template <typename T>
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<RetryableCall<T>> {
+ public:
+  explicit RetryableCall(WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand);
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  void OnCallFinishedLocked();
+
+  T* calld() const { return calld_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return chand_.get(); }
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+ private:
+  void StartNewCallLocked();
+  void StartRetryTimerLocked();
+  static void OnRetryTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnRetryTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error);
+
+  // The wrapped xds call that talks to the xds server. It's instantiated
+  // every time we start a new call. It's null during call retry backoff.
+  OrphanablePtr<T> calld_;
+  // The owning xds channel.
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand_;
+
+  // Retry state.
+  BackOff backoff_;
+  grpc_timer retry_timer_;
+  grpc_closure on_retry_timer_;
+  bool retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+
+  bool shutting_down_ = false;
+};
+
+// Contains an ADS call to the xds server.
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<AdsCallState> {
+ public:
+  // The ctor and dtor should not be used directly.
+  explicit AdsCallState(RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent);
+  ~AdsCallState() override;
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  RetryableCall<AdsCallState>* parent() const { return parent_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return parent_->chand(); }
+  XdsClient* xds_client() const { return chand()->xds_client(); }
+  bool seen_response() const { return seen_response_; }
+
+  void SubscribeLocked(const XdsResourceType* type, const XdsResourceName& name,
+                       bool delay_send)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  void UnsubscribeLocked(const XdsResourceType* type,
+                         const XdsResourceName& name, bool delay_unsubscription)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool HasSubscribedResources() const;
+
+ private:
+  class AdsResponseParser : public XdsApi::AdsResponseParserInterface {
+   public:
+    struct Result {
+      const XdsResourceType* type;
+      std::string type_url;
+      std::string version;
+      std::string nonce;
+      std::vector<std::string> errors;
+      std::map<std::string /*authority*/, std::set<XdsResourceKey>>
+          resources_seen;
+      bool have_valid_resources = false;
+    };
+
+    explicit AdsResponseParser(AdsCallState* ads_call_state)
+        : ads_call_state_(ads_call_state) {}
+
+    absl::Status ProcessAdsResponseFields(AdsResponseFields fields) override
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+    void ParseResource(const XdsEncodingContext& context, size_t idx,
+                       absl::string_view type_url,
+                       absl::string_view serialized_resource) override
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+    Result TakeResult() { return std::move(result_); }
+
+   private:
+    XdsClient* xds_client() const { return ads_call_state_->xds_client(); }
+
+    AdsCallState* ads_call_state_;
+    const Timestamp update_time_ = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    Result result_;
+  };
+
+  class ResourceTimer : public InternallyRefCounted<ResourceTimer> {
+   public:
+    ResourceTimer(const XdsResourceType* type, const XdsResourceName& name)
+        : type_(type), name_(name) {
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&timer_callback_, OnTimer, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+    }
+
+    void Orphan() override {
+      MaybeCancelTimer();
+      Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Orphan");
+    }
+
+    void MaybeStartTimer(RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld) {
+      if (timer_started_) return;
+      timer_started_ = true;
+      ads_calld_ = std::move(ads_calld);
+      Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "timer").release();
+      timer_pending_ = true;
+      grpc_timer_init(
+          &timer_,
+          ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + ads_calld_->xds_client()->request_timeout_,
+          &timer_callback_);
+    }
+
+    void MaybeCancelTimer() {
+      if (timer_pending_) {
+        grpc_timer_cancel(&timer_);
+        timer_pending_ = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+   private:
+    static void OnTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+      ResourceTimer* self = static_cast<ResourceTimer*>(arg);
+      {
+        MutexLock lock(&self->ads_calld_->xds_client()->mu_);
+        self->OnTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+      }
+      self->ads_calld_->xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+      self->ads_calld_.reset();
+      self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "timer");
+    }
+
+    void OnTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+      if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE && timer_pending_) {
+        timer_pending_ = false;
+        absl::Status watcher_error = absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrFormat(
+            "timeout obtaining resource {type=%s name=%s} from xds server",
+            type_->type_url(),
+            XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
+                name_.authority, type_->type_url(), name_.key)));
+        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: %s",
+                  ads_calld_->xds_client(),
+                  ads_calld_->chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+                  watcher_error.ToString().c_str());
+        }
+        auto& authority_state =
+            ads_calld_->xds_client()->authority_state_map_[name_.authority];
+        ResourceState& state = authority_state.resource_map[type_][name_.key];
+        state.meta.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::DOES_NOT_EXIST;
+        ads_calld_->xds_client()->NotifyWatchersOnErrorLocked(state.watchers,
+                                                              watcher_error);
+      }
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    }
+
+    const XdsResourceType* type_;
+    const XdsResourceName name_;
+
+    RefCountedPtr<AdsCallState> ads_calld_;
+    bool timer_started_ = false;
+    bool timer_pending_ = false;
+    grpc_timer timer_;
+    grpc_closure timer_callback_;
+  };
+
+  struct ResourceTypeState {
+    ~ResourceTypeState() { GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error); }
+
+    // Nonce and error for this resource type.
+    std::string nonce;
+    grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+
+    // Subscribed resources of this type.
+    std::map<std::string /*authority*/,
+             std::map<XdsResourceKey, OrphanablePtr<ResourceTimer>>>
+        subscribed_resources;
+  };
+
+  void SendMessageLocked(const XdsResourceType* type)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  static void OnRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnRequestSentLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnResponseReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  bool OnResponseReceivedLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+  // Constructs a list of resource names of a given type for an ADS
+  // request.  Also starts the timer for each resource if needed.
+  std::vector<std::string> ResourceNamesForRequest(const XdsResourceType* type);
+
+  // The owning RetryableCall<>.
+  RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent_;
+
+  bool sent_initial_message_ = false;
+  bool seen_response_ = false;
+
+  // Always non-NULL.
+  grpc_call* call_;
+
+  // recv_initial_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array initial_metadata_recv_;
+
+  // send_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_request_sent_;
+
+  // recv_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_response_received_;
+
+  // recv_trailing_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  grpc_status_code status_code_;
+  grpc_slice status_details_;
+  grpc_closure on_status_received_;
+
+  // Resource types for which requests need to be sent.
+  std::set<const XdsResourceType*> buffered_requests_;
+
+  // State for each resource type.
+  std::map<const XdsResourceType*, ResourceTypeState> state_map_;
+};
+
+// Contains an LRS call to the xds server.
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState
+    : public InternallyRefCounted<LrsCallState> {
+ public:
+  // The ctor and dtor should not be used directly.
+  explicit LrsCallState(RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent);
+  ~LrsCallState() override;
+
+  void Orphan() override;
+
+  void MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+
+  RetryableCall<LrsCallState>* parent() { return parent_.get(); }
+  ChannelState* chand() const { return parent_->chand(); }
+  XdsClient* xds_client() const { return chand()->xds_client(); }
+  bool seen_response() const { return seen_response_; }
+
+ private:
+  // Reports client-side load stats according to a fixed interval.
+  class Reporter : public InternallyRefCounted<Reporter> {
+   public:
+    Reporter(RefCountedPtr<LrsCallState> parent, Duration report_interval)
+        : parent_(std::move(parent)), report_interval_(report_interval) {
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_next_report_timer_, OnNextReportTimer, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_report_done_, OnReportDone, this,
+                        grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+      ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+    }
+
+    void Orphan() override;
+
+   private:
+    void ScheduleNextReportLocked()
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    static void OnNextReportTimer(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    bool OnNextReportTimerLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    bool SendReportLocked() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+    static void OnReportDone(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+    bool OnReportDoneLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+        ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+    bool IsCurrentReporterOnCall() const {
+      return this == parent_->reporter_.get();
+    }
+    XdsClient* xds_client() const { return parent_->xds_client(); }
+
+    // The owning LRS call.
+    RefCountedPtr<LrsCallState> parent_;
+
+    // The load reporting state.
+    const Duration report_interval_;
+    bool last_report_counters_were_zero_ = false;
+    bool next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+    grpc_timer next_report_timer_;
+    grpc_closure on_next_report_timer_;
+    grpc_closure on_report_done_;
+  };
+
+  static void OnInitialRequestSent(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnInitialRequestSentLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnResponseReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  bool OnResponseReceivedLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+  static void OnStatusReceived(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error);
+  void OnStatusReceivedLocked(grpc_error_handle error)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_);
+
+  bool IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const;
+
+  // The owning RetryableCall<>.
+  RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent_;
+  bool seen_response_ = false;
+
+  // Always non-NULL.
+  grpc_call* call_;
+
+  // recv_initial_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array initial_metadata_recv_;
+
+  // send_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_initial_request_sent_;
+
+  // recv_message
+  grpc_byte_buffer* recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  grpc_closure on_response_received_;
+
+  // recv_trailing_metadata
+  grpc_metadata_array trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  grpc_status_code status_code_;
+  grpc_slice status_details_;
+  grpc_closure on_status_received_;
+
+  // Load reporting state.
+  bool send_all_clusters_ = false;
+  std::set<std::string> cluster_names_;  // Asked for by the LRS server.
+  Duration load_reporting_interval_;
+  OrphanablePtr<Reporter> reporter_;
+};
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::StateWatcher
+//
+
+class XdsClient::ChannelState::StateWatcher
+    : public AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
+ public:
+  explicit StateWatcher(WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> parent)
+      : parent_(std::move(parent)) {}
+
+ private:
+  void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
+                                 const absl::Status& status) override {
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&parent_->xds_client_->mu_);
+      if (!parent_->shutting_down_ &&
+          new_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
+        // In TRANSIENT_FAILURE.  Notify all watchers of error.
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds channel for server %s in "
+                "state TRANSIENT_FAILURE: %s",
+                parent_->xds_client(), parent_->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+                status.ToString().c_str());
+        parent_->xds_client_->NotifyOnErrorLocked(
+            absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrCat(
+                "xds channel in TRANSIENT_FAILURE, connectivity error: ",
+                status.ToString())));
+      }
+    }
+    parent_->xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  }
+
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> parent_;
+};
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState
+//
+
+namespace {
+
+grpc_channel* CreateXdsChannel(grpc_channel_args* args,
+                               const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  RefCountedPtr<grpc_channel_credentials> channel_creds =
+      CoreConfiguration::Get().channel_creds_registry().CreateChannelCreds(
+          server.channel_creds_type, server.channel_creds_config);
+  return grpc_channel_create(server.server_uri.c_str(), channel_creds.get(),
+                             args);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::ChannelState(WeakRefCountedPtr<XdsClient> xds_client,
+                                      const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server)
+    : DualRefCounted<ChannelState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "ChannelState"
+              : nullptr),
+      xds_client_(std::move(xds_client)),
+      server_(server) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] creating channel to %s",
+            xds_client_.get(), server.server_uri.c_str());
+  }
+  channel_ = CreateXdsChannel(xds_client_->args_, server);
+  GPR_ASSERT(channel_ != nullptr);
+  StartConnectivityWatchLocked();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::~ChannelState() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] destroying xds channel %p for server %s",
+            xds_client(), this, server_.server_uri.c_str());
+  }
+  grpc_channel_destroy(channel_);
+  xds_client_.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState");
+}
+
+// This method should only ever be called when holding the lock, but we can't
+// use a ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED annotation, because Orphan() will be
+// called from DualRefCounted::Unref, which cannot have a lock annotation for a
+// lock in this subclass.
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::Orphan() ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  shutting_down_ = true;
+  CancelConnectivityWatchLocked();
+  // At this time, all strong refs are removed, remove from channel map to
+  // prevent subsequent subscription from trying to use this ChannelState as it
+  // is shutting down.
+  xds_client_->xds_server_channel_map_.erase(server_);
+  ads_calld_.reset();
+  lrs_calld_.reset();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState* XdsClient::ChannelState::ads_calld()
+    const {
+  return ads_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState* XdsClient::ChannelState::lrs_calld()
+    const {
+  return lrs_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::HasActiveAdsCall() const {
+  return ads_calld_ != nullptr && ads_calld_->calld() != nullptr;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::MaybeStartLrsCall() {
+  if (lrs_calld_ != nullptr) return;
+  lrs_calld_.reset(new RetryableCall<LrsCallState>(
+      WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+lrs")));
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::StopLrsCallLocked() {
+  xds_client_->xds_load_report_server_map_.erase(server_);
+  lrs_calld_.reset();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+bool IsLameChannel(grpc_channel* channel) {
+  grpc_channel_element* elem =
+      grpc_channel_stack_last_element(grpc_channel_get_channel_stack(channel));
+  return elem->filter == &grpc_lame_filter;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::StartConnectivityWatchLocked() {
+  if (IsLameChannel(channel_)) {
+    xds_client()->NotifyOnErrorLocked(
+        absl::UnavailableError("xds client has a lame channel"));
+    return;
+  }
+  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(channel_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
+  watcher_ = new StateWatcher(WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+watch"));
+  client_channel->AddConnectivityWatcher(
+      GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
+      OrphanablePtr<AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface>(watcher_));
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::CancelConnectivityWatchLocked() {
+  if (IsLameChannel(channel_)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  ClientChannel* client_channel = ClientChannel::GetFromChannel(channel_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(client_channel != nullptr);
+  client_channel->RemoveConnectivityWatcher(watcher_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::SubscribeLocked(const XdsResourceType* type,
+                                              const XdsResourceName& name) {
+  if (ads_calld_ == nullptr) {
+    // Start the ADS call if this is the first request.
+    ads_calld_.reset(new RetryableCall<AdsCallState>(
+        WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState+ads")));
+    // Note: AdsCallState's ctor will automatically subscribe to all
+    // resources that the XdsClient already has watchers for, so we can
+    // return here.
+    return;
+  }
+  // If the ADS call is in backoff state, we don't need to do anything now
+  // because when the call is restarted it will resend all necessary requests.
+  if (ads_calld() == nullptr) return;
+  // Subscribe to this resource if the ADS call is active.
+  ads_calld()->SubscribeLocked(type, name, /*delay_send=*/false);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::UnsubscribeLocked(const XdsResourceType* type,
+                                                const XdsResourceName& name,
+                                                bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  if (ads_calld_ != nullptr) {
+    auto* calld = ads_calld_->calld();
+    if (calld != nullptr) {
+      calld->UnsubscribeLocked(type, name, delay_unsubscription);
+      if (!calld->HasSubscribedResources()) {
+        ads_calld_.reset();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<>
+//
+
+template <typename T>
+XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::RetryableCall(
+    WeakRefCountedPtr<ChannelState> chand)
+    : chand_(std::move(chand)),
+      backoff_(BackOff::Options()
+                   .set_initial_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                       GRPC_XDS_INITIAL_CONNECT_BACKOFF_SECONDS))
+                   .set_multiplier(GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_BACKOFF_MULTIPLIER)
+                   .set_jitter(GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_JITTER)
+                   .set_max_backoff(Duration::Seconds(
+                       GRPC_XDS_RECONNECT_MAX_BACKOFF_SECONDS))) {
+  // Closure Initialization
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_retry_timer_, OnRetryTimer, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  StartNewCallLocked();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::Orphan() {
+  shutting_down_ = true;
+  calld_.reset();
+  if (retry_timer_callback_pending_) grpc_timer_cancel(&retry_timer_);
+  this->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+orphaned");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnCallFinishedLocked() {
+  // If we saw a response on the current stream, reset backoff.
+  if (calld_->seen_response()) backoff_.Reset();
+  calld_.reset();
+  // Start retry timer.
+  StartRetryTimerLocked();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::StartNewCallLocked() {
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  GPR_ASSERT(chand_->channel_ != nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(calld_ == nullptr);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO,
+        "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: start new call from retryable call %p",
+        chand()->xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this);
+  }
+  calld_ = MakeOrphanable<T>(
+      this->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+start_new_call"));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::StartRetryTimerLocked() {
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  const Timestamp next_attempt_time = backoff_.NextAttemptTime();
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    Duration timeout =
+        std::max(next_attempt_time - ExecCtx::Get()->Now(), Duration::Zero());
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: call attempt failed; "
+            "retry timer will fire in %" PRId64 "ms.",
+            chand()->xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+            timeout.millis());
+  }
+  this->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+retry_timer_start").release();
+  grpc_timer_init(&retry_timer_, next_attempt_time, &on_retry_timer_);
+  retry_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnRetryTimer(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  RetryableCall* calld = static_cast<RetryableCall*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&calld->chand_->xds_client()->mu_);
+    calld->OnRetryTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "RetryableCall+retry_timer_done");
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::RetryableCall<T>::OnRetryTimerLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  retry_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+  if (!shutting_down_ && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: retry timer fired (retryable "
+              "call: %p)",
+              chand()->xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this);
+    }
+    StartNewCallLocked();
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsResponseParser
+//
+
+absl::Status XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsResponseParser::
+    ProcessAdsResponseFields(AdsResponseFields fields) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO,
+        "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: received ADS response: type_url=%s, "
+        "version=%s, nonce=%s, num_resources=%" PRIuPTR,
+        ads_call_state_->xds_client(),
+        ads_call_state_->chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+        fields.type_url.c_str(), fields.version.c_str(), fields.nonce.c_str(),
+        fields.num_resources);
+  }
+  result_.type =
+      ads_call_state_->xds_client()->GetResourceTypeLocked(fields.type_url);
+  if (result_.type == nullptr) {
+    return absl::InvalidArgumentError(
+        absl::StrCat("unknown resource type ", fields.type_url));
+  }
+  result_.type_url = std::move(fields.type_url);
+  result_.version = std::move(fields.version);
+  result_.nonce = std::move(fields.nonce);
+  return absl::OkStatus();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+// Build a resource metadata struct for ADS result accepting methods and CSDS.
+XdsApi::ResourceMetadata CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+    std::string serialized_proto, std::string version, Timestamp update_time) {
+  XdsApi::ResourceMetadata resource_metadata;
+  resource_metadata.serialized_proto = std::move(serialized_proto);
+  resource_metadata.update_time = update_time;
+  resource_metadata.version = std::move(version);
+  resource_metadata.client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::ACKED;
+  return resource_metadata;
+}
+
+// Update resource_metadata for NACK.
+void UpdateResourceMetadataNacked(const std::string& version,
+                                  const std::string& details,
+                                  Timestamp update_time,
+                                  XdsApi::ResourceMetadata* resource_metadata) {
+  resource_metadata->client_status = XdsApi::ResourceMetadata::NACKED;
+  resource_metadata->failed_version = version;
+  resource_metadata->failed_details = details;
+  resource_metadata->failed_update_time = update_time;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsResponseParser::ParseResource(
+    const XdsEncodingContext& context, size_t idx, absl::string_view type_url,
+    absl::string_view serialized_resource) {
+  // Check the type_url of the resource.
+  bool is_v2 = false;
+  if (!result_.type->IsType(type_url, &is_v2)) {
+    result_.errors.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("resource index ", idx, ": incorrect resource type ",
+                     type_url, " (should be ", result_.type_url, ")"));
+    return;
+  }
+  // Parse the resource.
+  absl::StatusOr<XdsResourceType::DecodeResult> result =
+      result_.type->Decode(context, serialized_resource, is_v2);
+  if (!result.ok()) {
+    result_.errors.emplace_back(
+        absl::StrCat("resource index ", idx, ": ", result.status().ToString()));
+    return;
+  }
+  // Check the resource name.
+  auto resource_name =
+      XdsClient::ParseXdsResourceName(result->name, result_.type);
+  if (!resource_name.ok()) {
+    result_.errors.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+        "resource index ", idx, ": Cannot parse xDS resource name \"",
+        result->name, "\""));
+    return;
+  }
+  // Cancel resource-does-not-exist timer, if needed.
+  auto timer_it = ads_call_state_->state_map_.find(result_.type);
+  if (timer_it != ads_call_state_->state_map_.end()) {
+    auto it =
+        timer_it->second.subscribed_resources.find(resource_name->authority);
+    if (it != timer_it->second.subscribed_resources.end()) {
+      auto res_it = it->second.find(resource_name->key);
+      if (res_it != it->second.end()) {
+        res_it->second->MaybeCancelTimer();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Lookup the authority in the cache.
+  auto authority_it =
+      xds_client()->authority_state_map_.find(resource_name->authority);
+  if (authority_it == xds_client()->authority_state_map_.end()) {
+    return;  // Skip resource -- we don't have a subscription for it.
+  }
+  // Found authority, so look up type.
+  AuthorityState& authority_state = authority_it->second;
+  auto type_it = authority_state.resource_map.find(result_.type);
+  if (type_it == authority_state.resource_map.end()) {
+    return;  // Skip resource -- we don't have a subscription for it.
+  }
+  auto& type_map = type_it->second;
+  // Found type, so look up resource key.
+  auto it = type_map.find(resource_name->key);
+  if (it == type_map.end()) {
+    return;  // Skip resource -- we don't have a subscription for it.
+  }
+  ResourceState& resource_state = it->second;
+  // If needed, record that we've seen this resource.
+  if (result_.type->AllResourcesRequiredInSotW()) {
+    result_.resources_seen[resource_name->authority].insert(resource_name->key);
+  }
+  // Update resource state based on whether the resource is valid.
+  if (!result->resource.ok()) {
+    result_.errors.emplace_back(absl::StrCat(
+        "resource index ", idx, ": ", result->name,
+        ": validation error: ", result->resource.status().ToString()));
+    xds_client()->NotifyWatchersOnErrorLocked(
+        resource_state.watchers,
+        absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrCat(
+            "invalid resource: ", result->resource.status().ToString())));
+    UpdateResourceMetadataNacked(result_.version,
+                                 result->resource.status().ToString(),
+                                 update_time_, &resource_state.meta);
+    return;
+  }
+  // Resource is valid.
+  result_.have_valid_resources = true;
+  // If it didn't change, ignore it.
+  if (resource_state.resource != nullptr &&
+      result_.type->ResourcesEqual(resource_state.resource.get(),
+                                   result->resource->get())) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "[xds_client %p] %s resource %s identical to current, ignoring.",
+              xds_client(), result_.type_url.c_str(), result->name.c_str());
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // Update the resource state.
+  resource_state.resource = std::move(*result->resource);
+  resource_state.meta = CreateResourceMetadataAcked(
+      std::string(serialized_resource), result_.version, update_time_);
+  // Notify watchers.
+  auto& watchers_list = resource_state.watchers;
+  auto* value =
+      result_.type->CopyResource(resource_state.resource.get()).release();
+  xds_client()->work_serializer_.Schedule(
+      [watchers_list, value]()
+          ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&xds_client()->work_serializer_) {
+            for (const auto& p : watchers_list) {
+              p.first->OnGenericResourceChanged(value);
+            }
+            delete value;
+          },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState
+//
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::AdsCallState(
+    RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<AdsCallState>> parent)
+    : InternallyRefCounted<AdsCallState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "AdsCallState"
+              : nullptr),
+      parent_(std::move(parent)) {
+  // Init the ADS call. Note that the call will progress every time there's
+  // activity in xds_client()->interested_parties_, which is comprised of
+  // the polling entities from client_channel.
+  GPR_ASSERT(xds_client() != nullptr);
+  // Create a call with the specified method name.
+  const char* method =
+      chand()->server_.ShouldUseV3()
+          ? "/envoy.service.discovery.v3.AggregatedDiscoveryService/"
+            "StreamAggregatedResources"
+          : "/envoy.service.discovery.v2.AggregatedDiscoveryService/"
+            "StreamAggregatedResources";
+  call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
+      chand()->channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
+      xds_client()->interested_parties_,
+      StaticSlice::FromStaticString(method).c_slice(), nullptr,
+      Timestamp::InfFuture(), nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Init data associated with the call.
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  // Start the call.
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: starting ADS call "
+            "(calld: %p, call: %p)",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this, call_);
+  }
+  // Create the ops.
+  grpc_call_error call_error;
+  grpc_op ops[3];
+  memset(ops, 0, sizeof(ops));
+  // Op: send initial metadata.
+  grpc_op* op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.send_initial_metadata.count = 0;
+  op->flags = GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY |
+              GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: send request message.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_request_sent_, OnRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  for (const auto& a : xds_client()->authority_state_map_) {
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    // Skip authorities that are not using this xDS channel.
+    if (a.second.channel_state != chand()) continue;
+    for (const auto& t : a.second.resource_map) {
+      const XdsResourceType* type = t.first;
+      for (const auto& r : t.second) {
+        const XdsResourceKey& resource_key = r.first;
+        SubscribeLocked(type, {authority, resource_key}, /*delay_send=*/true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for (const auto& p : state_map_) {
+    SendMessageLocked(p.first);
+  }
+  // Op: recv initial metadata.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata =
+      &initial_metadata_recv_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: recv response.
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_response_received_, OnResponseReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv server status.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.trailing_metadata = &trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status = &status_code_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status_details = &status_details_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // This callback signals the end of the call, so it relies on the initial
+  // ref instead of a new ref. When it's invoked, it's the initial ref that is
+  // unreffed.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_status_received_, OnStatusReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_status_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::~AdsCallState() {
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(status_details_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  grpc_call_unref(call_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::Orphan() {
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // If we are here because xds_client wants to cancel the call,
+  // on_status_received_ will complete the cancellation and clean up. Otherwise,
+  // we are here because xds_client has to orphan a failed call, then the
+  // following cancellation will be a no-op.
+  grpc_call_cancel_internal(call_);
+  state_map_.clear();
+  // Note that the initial ref is hold by on_status_received_. So the
+  // corresponding unref happens in on_status_received_ instead of here.
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::SendMessageLocked(
+    const XdsResourceType* type)
+    ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&XdsClient::mu_) {
+  // Buffer message sending if an existing message is in flight.
+  if (send_message_payload_ != nullptr) {
+    buffered_requests_.insert(type);
+    return;
+  }
+  auto& state = state_map_[type];
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice;
+  request_payload_slice = xds_client()->api_.CreateAdsRequest(
+      chand()->server_,
+      chand()->server_.ShouldUseV3() ? type->type_url() : type->v2_type_url(),
+      chand()->resource_type_version_map_[type], state.nonce,
+      ResourceNamesForRequest(type), GRPC_ERROR_REF(state.error),
+      !sent_initial_message_);
+  sent_initial_message_ = true;
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: sending ADS request: type=%s "
+            "version=%s nonce=%s error=%s",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+            std::string(type->type_url()).c_str(),
+            chand()->resource_type_version_map_[type].c_str(),
+            state.nonce.c_str(), grpc_error_std_string(state.error).c_str());
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state.error);
+  state.error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  // Create message payload.
+  send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Send the message.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.send_message.send_message = send_message_payload_;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnRequestSentLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_request_sent_, OnRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_request_sent_);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(call_error != GRPC_CALL_OK)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: error starting ADS send_message "
+            "batch on calld=%p: call_error=%d",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this,
+            call_error);
+    GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::SubscribeLocked(
+    const XdsResourceType* type, const XdsResourceName& name, bool delay_send) {
+  auto& state = state_map_[type].subscribed_resources[name.authority][name.key];
+  if (state == nullptr) {
+    state = MakeOrphanable<ResourceTimer>(type, name);
+    if (!delay_send) SendMessageLocked(type);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::UnsubscribeLocked(
+    const XdsResourceType* type, const XdsResourceName& name,
+    bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  auto& type_state_map = state_map_[type];
+  auto& authority_map = type_state_map.subscribed_resources[name.authority];
+  authority_map.erase(name.key);
+  if (authority_map.empty()) {
+    type_state_map.subscribed_resources.erase(name.authority);
+  }
+  if (!delay_unsubscription) SendMessageLocked(type);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::HasSubscribedResources() const {
+  for (const auto& p : state_map_) {
+    if (!p.second.subscribed_resources.empty()) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnRequestSent(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    ads_calld->OnRequestSentLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnRequestSentLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnRequestSentLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel() && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    // Clean up the sent message.
+    grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+    send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+    // Continue to send another pending message if any.
+    // TODO(roth): The current code to handle buffered messages has the
+    // advantage of sending only the most recent list of resource names for
+    // each resource type (no matter how many times that resource type has
+    // been requested to send while the current message sending is still
+    // pending). But its disadvantage is that we send the requests in fixed
+    // order of resource types. We need to fix this if we are seeing some
+    // resource type(s) starved due to frequent requests of other resource
+    // type(s).
+    auto it = buffered_requests_.begin();
+    if (it != buffered_requests_.end()) {
+      SendMessageLocked(*it);
+      buffered_requests_.erase(it);
+    }
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnResponseReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /* error */) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = ads_calld->OnResponseReceivedLocked();
+  }
+  ads_calld->xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  if (done) ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnResponseReceivedLocked() {
+  // Empty payload means the call was cancelled.
+  if (!IsCurrentCallOnChannel() || recv_message_payload_ == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Read the response.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader bbr;
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_init(&bbr, recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice response_slice = grpc_byte_buffer_reader_readall(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_destroy(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // Parse and validate the response.
+  AdsResponseParser parser(this);
+  absl::Status status = xds_client()->api_.ParseAdsResponse(
+      chand()->server_, response_slice, &parser);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(response_slice);
+  if (!status.ok()) {
+    // Ignore unparsable response.
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: error parsing ADS response (%s) "
+            "-- ignoring",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+            status.ToString().c_str());
+  } else {
+    seen_response_ = true;
+    AdsResponseParser::Result result = parser.TakeResult();
+    // Update nonce.
+    auto& state = state_map_[result.type];
+    state.nonce = result.nonce;
+    // If we got an error, set state.error so that we'll NACK the update.
+    if (!result.errors.empty()) {
+      std::string error = absl::StrJoin(result.errors, "; ");
+      gpr_log(
+          GPR_ERROR,
+          "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: ADS response invalid for resource "
+          "type %s version %s, will NACK: nonce=%s error=%s",
+          xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+          result.type_url.c_str(), result.version.c_str(), state.nonce.c_str(),
+          error.c_str());
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state.error);
+      state.error = grpc_error_set_int(GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_CPP_STRING(error),
+                                       GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS,
+                                       GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
+    }
+    // Delete resources not seen in update if needed.
+    if (result.type->AllResourcesRequiredInSotW()) {
+      for (auto& a : xds_client()->authority_state_map_) {
+        const std::string& authority = a.first;
+        AuthorityState& authority_state = a.second;
+        // Skip authorities that are not using this xDS channel.
+        if (authority_state.channel_state != chand()) continue;
+        auto seen_authority_it = result.resources_seen.find(authority);
+        // Find this resource type.
+        auto type_it = authority_state.resource_map.find(result.type);
+        if (type_it == authority_state.resource_map.end()) continue;
+        // Iterate over resource ids.
+        for (auto& r : type_it->second) {
+          const XdsResourceKey& resource_key = r.first;
+          ResourceState& resource_state = r.second;
+          if (seen_authority_it == result.resources_seen.end() ||
+              seen_authority_it->second.find(resource_key) ==
+                  seen_authority_it->second.end()) {
+            // If the resource was newly requested but has not yet been
+            // received, we don't want to generate an error for the watchers,
+            // because this ADS response may be in reaction to an earlier
+            // request that did not yet request the new resource, so its absence
+            // from the response does not necessarily indicate that the resource
+            // does not exist.  For that case, we rely on the request timeout
+            // instead.
+            if (resource_state.resource == nullptr) continue;
+            resource_state.resource.reset();
+            xds_client()->NotifyWatchersOnResourceDoesNotExist(
+                resource_state.watchers);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // If we had valid resources, update the version.
+    if (result.have_valid_resources) {
+      chand()->resource_type_version_map_[result.type] =
+          std::move(result.version);
+      // Start load reporting if needed.
+      auto& lrs_call = chand()->lrs_calld_;
+      if (lrs_call != nullptr) {
+        LrsCallState* lrs_calld = lrs_call->calld();
+        if (lrs_calld != nullptr) lrs_calld->MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+      }
+    }
+    // Send ACK or NACK.
+    SendMessageLocked(result.type);
+  }
+  if (xds_client()->shutting_down_) return true;
+  // Keep listening for updates.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op.flags = 0;
+  op.reserved = nullptr;
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Reuse the "ADS+OnResponseReceivedLocked" ref taken in ctor.
+  const grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnStatusReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  AdsCallState* ads_calld = static_cast<AdsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&ads_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    ads_calld->OnStatusReceivedLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  ads_calld->xds_client()->work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+  ads_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ADS+OnStatusReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::OnStatusReceivedLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    char* status_details = grpc_slice_to_c_string(status_details_);
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: ADS call status received "
+            "(chand=%p, ads_calld=%p, call=%p): "
+            "status=%d, details='%s', error='%s'",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), chand(), this,
+            call_, status_code_, status_details,
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_free(status_details);
+  }
+  // Ignore status from a stale call.
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel()) {
+    // Try to restart the call.
+    parent_->OnCallFinishedLocked();
+    // Send error to all watchers.
+    xds_client()->NotifyOnErrorLocked(absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrFormat(
+        "xDS call failed: xDS server: %s, ADS call status code=%d, "
+        "details='%s', error='%s'",
+        chand()->server_.server_uri, status_code_,
+        StringViewFromSlice(status_details_), grpc_error_std_string(error))));
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const {
+  // If the retryable ADS call is null (which only happens when the xds channel
+  // is shutting down), all the ADS calls are stale.
+  if (chand()->ads_calld_ == nullptr) return false;
+  return this == chand()->ads_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string>
+XdsClient::ChannelState::AdsCallState::ResourceNamesForRequest(
+    const XdsResourceType* type) {
+  std::vector<std::string> resource_names;
+  auto it = state_map_.find(type);
+  if (it != state_map_.end()) {
+    for (auto& a : it->second.subscribed_resources) {
+      const std::string& authority = a.first;
+      for (auto& p : a.second) {
+        const XdsResourceKey& resource_key = p.first;
+        resource_names.emplace_back(XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
+            authority, type->type_url(), resource_key));
+        OrphanablePtr<ResourceTimer>& resource_timer = p.second;
+        resource_timer->MaybeStartTimer(Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ResourceTimer"));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return resource_names;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter
+//
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::Orphan() {
+  if (next_report_timer_callback_pending_) {
+    grpc_timer_cancel(&next_report_timer_);
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::
+    ScheduleNextReportLocked() {
+  const Timestamp next_report_time = ExecCtx::Get()->Now() + report_interval_;
+  grpc_timer_init(&next_report_timer_, next_report_time,
+                  &on_next_report_timer_);
+  next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = true;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnNextReportTimer(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  Reporter* self = static_cast<Reporter*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&self->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = self->OnNextReportTimerLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  if (done) self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Reporter+timer");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnNextReportTimerLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  next_report_timer_callback_pending_ = false;
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || !IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return SendReportLocked();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+bool LoadReportCountersAreZero(const XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap& snapshot) {
+  for (const auto& p : snapshot) {
+    const XdsApi::ClusterLoadReport& cluster_snapshot = p.second;
+    if (!cluster_snapshot.dropped_requests.IsZero()) return false;
+    for (const auto& q : cluster_snapshot.locality_stats) {
+      const XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& locality_snapshot = q.second;
+      if (!locality_snapshot.IsZero()) return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::SendReportLocked() {
+  // Construct snapshot from all reported stats.
+  XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap snapshot =
+      xds_client()->BuildLoadReportSnapshotLocked(parent_->chand()->server_,
+                                                  parent_->send_all_clusters_,
+                                                  parent_->cluster_names_);
+  // Skip client load report if the counters were all zero in the last
+  // report and they are still zero in this one.
+  const bool old_val = last_report_counters_were_zero_;
+  last_report_counters_were_zero_ = LoadReportCountersAreZero(snapshot);
+  if (old_val && last_report_counters_were_zero_) {
+    auto it = xds_client()->xds_load_report_server_map_.find(
+        parent_->chand()->server_);
+    if (it == xds_client()->xds_load_report_server_map_.end() ||
+        it->second.load_report_map.empty()) {
+      it->second.channel_state->StopLrsCallLocked();
+      return true;
+    }
+    ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Create a request that contains the snapshot.
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice =
+      xds_client()->api_.CreateLrsRequest(std::move(snapshot));
+  parent_->send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Send the report.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.send_message.send_message = parent_->send_message_payload_;
+  grpc_call_error call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      parent_->call_, &op, 1, &on_report_done_);
+  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(call_error != GRPC_CALL_OK)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: error starting LRS send_message "
+            "batch on calld=%p: call_error=%d",
+            xds_client(), parent_->chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this,
+            call_error);
+    GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnReportDone(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  Reporter* self = static_cast<Reporter*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&self->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = self->OnReportDoneLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  if (done) self->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Reporter+report_done");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Reporter::OnReportDoneLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(parent_->send_message_payload_);
+  parent_->send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // If there are no more registered stats to report, cancel the call.
+  auto it =
+      xds_client()->xds_load_report_server_map_.find(parent_->chand()->server_);
+  if (it == xds_client()->xds_load_report_server_map_.end() ||
+      it->second.load_report_map.empty()) {
+    it->second.channel_state->StopLrsCallLocked();
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || !IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    // If this reporter is no longer the current one on the call, the reason
+    // might be that it was orphaned for a new one due to config update.
+    if (!IsCurrentReporterOnCall()) {
+      parent_->MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  ScheduleNextReportLocked();
+  return false;
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState
+//
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::LrsCallState(
+    RefCountedPtr<RetryableCall<LrsCallState>> parent)
+    : InternallyRefCounted<LrsCallState>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace)
+              ? "LrsCallState"
+              : nullptr),
+      parent_(std::move(parent)) {
+  // Init the LRS call. Note that the call will progress every time there's
+  // activity in xds_client()->interested_parties_, which is comprised of
+  // the polling entities from client_channel.
+  GPR_ASSERT(xds_client() != nullptr);
+  const char* method =
+      chand()->server_.ShouldUseV3()
+          ? "/envoy.service.load_stats.v3.LoadReportingService/StreamLoadStats"
+          : "/envoy.service.load_stats.v2.LoadReportingService/StreamLoadStats";
+  call_ = grpc_channel_create_pollset_set_call(
+      chand()->channel_, nullptr, GRPC_PROPAGATE_DEFAULTS,
+      xds_client()->interested_parties_,
+      Slice::FromStaticString(method).c_slice(), nullptr,
+      Timestamp::InfFuture(), nullptr);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Init the request payload.
+  grpc_slice request_payload_slice =
+      xds_client()->api_.CreateLrsInitialRequest(chand()->server_);
+  send_message_payload_ =
+      grpc_raw_byte_buffer_create(&request_payload_slice, 1);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(request_payload_slice);
+  // Init other data associated with the LRS call.
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_init(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  // Start the call.
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(
+        GPR_INFO,
+        "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: starting LRS call (calld=%p, call=%p)",
+        xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), this, call_);
+  }
+  // Create the ops.
+  grpc_call_error call_error;
+  grpc_op ops[3];
+  memset(ops, 0, sizeof(ops));
+  // Op: send initial metadata.
+  grpc_op* op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.send_initial_metadata.count = 0;
+  op->flags = GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY |
+              GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: send request message.
+  GPR_ASSERT(send_message_payload_ != nullptr);
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_SEND_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.send_message.send_message = send_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnInitialRequestSentLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_initial_request_sent_, OnInitialRequestSent, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_initial_request_sent_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv initial metadata.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_INITIAL_METADATA;
+  op->data.recv_initial_metadata.recv_initial_metadata =
+      &initial_metadata_recv_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // Op: recv response.
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op->data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnResponseReceivedLocked").release();
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_response_received_, OnResponseReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  // Op: recv server status.
+  op = ops;
+  op->op = GRPC_OP_RECV_STATUS_ON_CLIENT;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.trailing_metadata = &trailing_metadata_recv_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status = &status_code_;
+  op->data.recv_status_on_client.status_details = &status_details_;
+  op->flags = 0;
+  op->reserved = nullptr;
+  op++;
+  // This callback signals the end of the call, so it relies on the initial
+  // ref instead of a new ref. When it's invoked, it's the initial ref that is
+  // unreffed.
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&on_status_received_, OnStatusReceived, this,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  call_error = grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(
+      call_, ops, static_cast<size_t>(op - ops), &on_status_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+}
+
+XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::~LrsCallState() {
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&initial_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_metadata_array_destroy(&trailing_metadata_recv_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(status_details_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  grpc_call_unref(call_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::Orphan() {
+  reporter_.reset();
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // If we are here because xds_client wants to cancel the call,
+  // on_status_received_ will complete the cancellation and clean up. Otherwise,
+  // we are here because xds_client has to orphan a failed call, then the
+  // following cancellation will be a no-op.
+  grpc_call_cancel_internal(call_);
+  // Note that the initial ref is hold by on_status_received_. So the
+  // corresponding unref happens in on_status_received_ instead of here.
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::MaybeStartReportingLocked() {
+  // Don't start again if already started.
+  if (reporter_ != nullptr) return;
+  // Don't start if the previous send_message op (of the initial request or the
+  // last report of the previous reporter) hasn't completed.
+  if (send_message_payload_ != nullptr) return;
+  // Don't start if no LRS response has arrived.
+  if (!seen_response()) return;
+  // Don't start if the ADS call hasn't received any valid response. Note that
+  // this must be the first channel because it is the current channel but its
+  // ADS call hasn't seen any response.
+  if (chand()->ads_calld_ == nullptr ||
+      chand()->ads_calld_->calld() == nullptr ||
+      !chand()->ads_calld_->calld()->seen_response()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // Start reporting.
+  reporter_ = MakeOrphanable<Reporter>(
+      Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+load_report+start"), load_reporting_interval_);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnInitialRequestSent(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    lrs_calld->OnInitialRequestSentLocked();
+  }
+  lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnInitialRequestSentLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnInitialRequestSentLocked() {
+  // Clear the send_message_payload_.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(send_message_payload_);
+  send_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnResponseReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  bool done;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    done = lrs_calld->OnResponseReceivedLocked();
+  }
+  if (done) lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnResponseReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnResponseReceivedLocked() {
+  // Empty payload means the call was cancelled.
+  if (!IsCurrentCallOnChannel() || recv_message_payload_ == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Read the response.
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader bbr;
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_init(&bbr, recv_message_payload_);
+  grpc_slice response_slice = grpc_byte_buffer_reader_readall(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_reader_destroy(&bbr);
+  grpc_byte_buffer_destroy(recv_message_payload_);
+  recv_message_payload_ = nullptr;
+  // This anonymous lambda is a hack to avoid the usage of goto.
+  [&]() {
+    // Parse the response.
+    bool send_all_clusters = false;
+    std::set<std::string> new_cluster_names;
+    Duration new_load_reporting_interval;
+    grpc_error_handle parse_error = xds_client()->api_.ParseLrsResponse(
+        response_slice, &send_all_clusters, &new_cluster_names,
+        &new_load_reporting_interval);
+    if (parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+              "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: LRS response parsing failed: %s",
+              xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+              grpc_error_std_string(parse_error).c_str());
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(parse_error);
+      return;
+    }
+    seen_response_ = true;
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(
+          GPR_INFO,
+          "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: LRS response received, %" PRIuPTR
+          " cluster names, send_all_clusters=%d, load_report_interval=%" PRId64
+          "ms",
+          xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+          new_cluster_names.size(), send_all_clusters,
+          new_load_reporting_interval.millis());
+      size_t i = 0;
+      for (const auto& name : new_cluster_names) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] cluster_name %" PRIuPTR ": %s",
+                xds_client(), i++, name.c_str());
+      }
+    }
+    if (new_load_reporting_interval <
+        Duration::Milliseconds(
+            GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS)) {
+      new_load_reporting_interval = Duration::Milliseconds(
+          GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS);
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: increased load_report_interval "
+                "to minimum value %dms",
+                xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(),
+                GRPC_XDS_MIN_CLIENT_LOAD_REPORTING_INTERVAL_MS);
+      }
+    }
+    // Ignore identical update.
+    if (send_all_clusters == send_all_clusters_ &&
+        cluster_names_ == new_cluster_names &&
+        load_reporting_interval_ == new_load_reporting_interval) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(
+            GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: incoming LRS response identical "
+            "to current, ignoring.",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str());
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    // Stop current load reporting (if any) to adopt the new config.
+    reporter_.reset();
+    // Record the new config.
+    send_all_clusters_ = send_all_clusters;
+    cluster_names_ = std::move(new_cluster_names);
+    load_reporting_interval_ = new_load_reporting_interval;
+    // Try starting sending load report.
+    MaybeStartReportingLocked();
+  }();
+  grpc_slice_unref_internal(response_slice);
+  if (xds_client()->shutting_down_) return true;
+  // Keep listening for LRS config updates.
+  grpc_op op;
+  memset(&op, 0, sizeof(op));
+  op.op = GRPC_OP_RECV_MESSAGE;
+  op.data.recv_message.recv_message = &recv_message_payload_;
+  op.flags = 0;
+  op.reserved = nullptr;
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  // Reuse the "OnResponseReceivedLocked" ref taken in ctor.
+  const grpc_call_error call_error =
+      grpc_call_start_batch_and_execute(call_, &op, 1, &on_response_received_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(GRPC_CALL_OK == call_error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnStatusReceived(
+    void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  LrsCallState* lrs_calld = static_cast<LrsCallState*>(arg);
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&lrs_calld->xds_client()->mu_);
+    lrs_calld->OnStatusReceivedLocked(GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
+  }
+  lrs_calld->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LRS+OnStatusReceivedLocked");
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::OnStatusReceivedLocked(
+    grpc_error_handle error) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(call_ != nullptr);
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    char* status_details = grpc_slice_to_c_string(status_details_);
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+            "[xds_client %p] xds server %s: LRS call status received "
+            "(chand=%p, calld=%p, call=%p): "
+            "status=%d, details='%s', error='%s'",
+            xds_client(), chand()->server_.server_uri.c_str(), chand(), this,
+            call_, status_code_, status_details,
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
+    gpr_free(status_details);
+  }
+  // Ignore status from a stale call.
+  if (IsCurrentCallOnChannel()) {
+    // Try to restart the call.
+    parent_->OnCallFinishedLocked();
+  }
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+}
+
+bool XdsClient::ChannelState::LrsCallState::IsCurrentCallOnChannel() const {
+  // If the retryable LRS call is null (which only happens when the xds channel
+  // is shutting down), all the LRS calls are stale.
+  if (chand()->lrs_calld_ == nullptr) return false;
+  return this == chand()->lrs_calld_->calld();
+}
+
+//
+// XdsClient
+//
+
+namespace {
+
+Duration GetRequestTimeout(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  return Duration::Milliseconds(grpc_channel_args_find_integer(
+      args, GRPC_ARG_XDS_RESOURCE_DOES_NOT_EXIST_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      {15000, 0, INT_MAX}));
+}
+
+grpc_channel_args* ModifyChannelArgs(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  absl::InlinedVector<grpc_arg, 1> args_to_add = {
+      grpc_channel_arg_integer_create(
+          const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_KEEPALIVE_TIME_MS),
+          5 * 60 * GPR_MS_PER_SEC),
+  };
+  return grpc_channel_args_copy_and_add(args, args_to_add.data(),
+                                        args_to_add.size());
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+XdsClient::XdsClient(std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap,
+                     const grpc_channel_args* args)
+    : DualRefCounted<XdsClient>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_refcount_trace) ? "XdsClient"
+                                                                  : nullptr),
+      bootstrap_(std::move(bootstrap)),
+      args_(ModifyChannelArgs(args)),
+      request_timeout_(GetRequestTimeout(args)),
+      interested_parties_(grpc_pollset_set_create()),
+      certificate_provider_store_(MakeOrphanable<CertificateProviderStore>(
+          bootstrap_->certificate_providers())),
+      api_(this, &grpc_xds_client_trace, bootstrap_->node(),
+           &bootstrap_->certificate_providers(), &symtab_) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] creating xds client", this);
+  }
+  // Calling grpc_init to ensure gRPC does not shut down until the XdsClient is
+  // destroyed.
+  grpc_init();
+}
+
+XdsClient::~XdsClient() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] destroying xds client", this);
+  }
+  grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
+  grpc_pollset_set_destroy(interested_parties_);
+  // Calling grpc_shutdown to ensure gRPC does not shut down until the XdsClient
+  // is destroyed.
+  grpc_shutdown();
+}
+
+void XdsClient::Orphan() {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] shutting down xds client", this);
+  }
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+    if (g_xds_client == this) g_xds_client = nullptr;
+  }
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    shutting_down_ = true;
+    // Clear cache and any remaining watchers that may not have been cancelled.
+    authority_state_map_.clear();
+    invalid_watchers_.clear();
+  }
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient::ChannelState> XdsClient::GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& server) {
+  auto it = xds_server_channel_map_.find(server);
+  if (it != xds_server_channel_map_.end()) {
+    return it->second->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "Authority");
+  }
+  // Channel not found, so create a new one.
+  auto channel_state = MakeRefCounted<ChannelState>(
+      WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "ChannelState"), server);
+  xds_server_channel_map_[server] = channel_state.get();
+  return channel_state;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::WatchResource(const XdsResourceType* type,
+                              absl::string_view name,
+                              RefCountedPtr<ResourceWatcherInterface> watcher) {
+  ResourceWatcherInterface* w = watcher.get();
+  // Lambda for handling failure cases.
+  auto fail = [&](absl::Status status) mutable {
+    {
+      MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+      MaybeRegisterResourceTypeLocked(type);
+      invalid_watchers_[w] = watcher;
+    }
+    work_serializer_.Run(
+        // TODO(yashykt): When we move to C++14, capture watcher using
+        // std::move()
+        [watcher, status]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&work_serializer_) {
+          watcher->OnError(status);
+        },
+        DEBUG_LOCATION);
+  };
+  auto resource_name = ParseXdsResourceName(name, type);
+  if (!resource_name.ok()) {
+    fail(absl::UnavailableError(absl::StrFormat(
+        "Unable to parse resource name for listener %s", name)));
+    return;
+  }
+  // Find server to use.
+  const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer* xds_server = nullptr;
+  absl::string_view authority_name = resource_name->authority;
+  if (absl::ConsumePrefix(&authority_name, "xdstp:")) {
+    auto* authority = bootstrap_->LookupAuthority(std::string(authority_name));
+    if (authority == nullptr) {
+      fail(absl::UnavailableError(
+          absl::StrCat("authority \"", authority_name,
+                       "\" not present in bootstrap config")));
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!authority->xds_servers.empty()) {
+      xds_server = &authority->xds_servers[0];
+    }
+  }
+  if (xds_server == nullptr) xds_server = &bootstrap_->server();
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+    MaybeRegisterResourceTypeLocked(type);
+    AuthorityState& authority_state =
+        authority_state_map_[resource_name->authority];
+    ResourceState& resource_state =
+        authority_state.resource_map[type][resource_name->key];
+    resource_state.watchers[w] = watcher;
+    // If we already have a cached value for the resource, notify the new
+    // watcher immediately.
+    if (resource_state.resource != nullptr) {
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] returning cached listener data for %s", this,
+                std::string(name).c_str());
+      }
+      auto* value = type->CopyResource(resource_state.resource.get()).release();
+      work_serializer_.Schedule(
+          [watcher, value]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&work_serializer_) {
+            watcher->OnGenericResourceChanged(value);
+            delete value;
+          },
+          DEBUG_LOCATION);
+    }
+    // If the authority doesn't yet have a channel, set it, creating it if
+    // needed.
+    if (authority_state.channel_state == nullptr) {
+      authority_state.channel_state =
+          GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(*xds_server);
+    }
+    authority_state.channel_state->SubscribeLocked(type, *resource_name);
+  }
+  work_serializer_.DrainQueue();
+}
+
+void XdsClient::CancelResourceWatch(const XdsResourceType* type,
+                                    absl::string_view name,
+                                    ResourceWatcherInterface* watcher,
+                                    bool delay_unsubscription) {
+  auto resource_name = ParseXdsResourceName(name, type);
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  if (!resource_name.ok()) {
+    invalid_watchers_.erase(watcher);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (shutting_down_) return;
+  // Find authority.
+  auto authority_it = authority_state_map_.find(resource_name->authority);
+  if (authority_it == authority_state_map_.end()) return;
+  AuthorityState& authority_state = authority_it->second;
+  // Find type map.
+  auto type_it = authority_state.resource_map.find(type);
+  if (type_it == authority_state.resource_map.end()) return;
+  auto& type_map = type_it->second;
+  // Find resource key.
+  auto resource_it = type_map.find(resource_name->key);
+  if (resource_it == type_map.end()) return;
+  ResourceState& resource_state = resource_it->second;
+  // Remove watcher.
+  resource_state.watchers.erase(watcher);
+  // Clean up empty map entries, if any.
+  if (resource_state.watchers.empty()) {
+    authority_state.channel_state->UnsubscribeLocked(type, *resource_name,
+                                                     delay_unsubscription);
+    type_map.erase(resource_it);
+    if (type_map.empty()) {
+      authority_state.resource_map.erase(type_it);
+      if (authority_state.resource_map.empty()) {
+        authority_state.channel_state.reset();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::MaybeRegisterResourceTypeLocked(
+    const XdsResourceType* resource_type) {
+  auto it = resource_types_.find(resource_type->type_url());
+  if (it != resource_types_.end()) {
+    GPR_ASSERT(it->second == resource_type);
+    return;
+  }
+  resource_types_.emplace(resource_type->type_url(), resource_type);
+  v2_resource_types_.emplace(resource_type->v2_type_url(), resource_type);
+  resource_type->InitUpbSymtab(symtab_.ptr());
+}
+
+const XdsResourceType* XdsClient::GetResourceTypeLocked(
+    absl::string_view resource_type) {
+  auto it = resource_types_.find(resource_type);
+  if (it != resource_types_.end()) return it->second;
+  auto it2 = v2_resource_types_.find(resource_type);
+  if (it2 != v2_resource_types_.end()) return it2->second;
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+absl::StatusOr<XdsClient::XdsResourceName> XdsClient::ParseXdsResourceName(
+    absl::string_view name, const XdsResourceType* type) {
+  // Old-style names use the empty string for authority.
+  // authority is prefixed with "old:" to indicate that it's an old-style name.
+  if (!absl::StartsWith(name, "xdstp:")) {
+    return XdsResourceName{"old:", {std::string(name), {}}};
+  }
+  // New style name.  Parse URI.
+  auto uri = URI::Parse(name);
+  if (!uri.ok()) return uri.status();
+  // Split the resource type off of the path to get the id.
+  std::pair<absl::string_view, absl::string_view> path_parts = absl::StrSplit(
+      absl::StripPrefix(uri->path(), "/"), absl::MaxSplits('/', 1));
+  if (!type->IsType(path_parts.first, nullptr)) {
+    return absl::InvalidArgumentError(
+        "xdstp URI path must indicate valid xDS resource type");
+  }
+  // Canonicalize order of query params.
+  std::vector<URI::QueryParam> query_params;
+  for (const auto& p : uri->query_parameter_map()) {
+    query_params.emplace_back(
+        URI::QueryParam{std::string(p.first), std::string(p.second)});
+  }
+  return XdsResourceName{
+      absl::StrCat("xdstp:", uri->authority()),
+      {std::string(path_parts.second), std::move(query_params)}};
+}
+
+std::string XdsClient::ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
+    absl::string_view authority, absl::string_view resource_type,
+    const XdsResourceKey& key) {
+  if (absl::ConsumePrefix(&authority, "xdstp:")) {
+    auto uri = URI::Create("xdstp", std::string(authority),
+                           absl::StrCat("/", resource_type, "/", key.id),
+                           key.query_params, /*fragment=*/"");
+    GPR_ASSERT(uri.ok());
+    return uri->ToString();
+  }
+  // Old-style name.
+  return key.id;
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterDropStats> XdsClient::AddClusterDropStats(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& xds_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name) {
+  if (!bootstrap_->XdsServerExists(xds_server)) return nullptr;
+  auto key =
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name));
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // We jump through some hoops here to make sure that the const
+  // XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& and absl::string_views
+  // stored in the XdsClusterDropStats object point to the
+  // XdsBootstrap::XdsServer and strings
+  // in the load_report_map_ key, so that they have the same lifetime.
+  auto server_it =
+      xds_load_report_server_map_.emplace(xds_server, LoadReportServer()).first;
+  if (server_it->second.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    server_it->second.channel_state = GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(xds_server);
+  }
+  auto load_report_it = server_it->second.load_report_map
+                            .emplace(std::move(key), LoadReportState())
+                            .first;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = load_report_it->second;
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterDropStats> cluster_drop_stats;
+  if (load_report_state.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+    cluster_drop_stats = load_report_state.drop_stats->RefIfNonZero();
+  }
+  if (cluster_drop_stats == nullptr) {
+    if (load_report_state.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+      load_report_state.deleted_drop_stats +=
+          load_report_state.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    }
+    cluster_drop_stats = MakeRefCounted<XdsClusterDropStats>(
+        Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "DropStats"), server_it->first,
+        load_report_it->first.first /*cluster_name*/,
+        load_report_it->first.second /*eds_service_name*/);
+    load_report_state.drop_stats = cluster_drop_stats.get();
+  }
+  server_it->second.channel_state->MaybeStartLrsCall();
+  return cluster_drop_stats;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::RemoveClusterDropStats(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& xds_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    XdsClusterDropStats* cluster_drop_stats) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  auto server_it = xds_load_report_server_map_.find(xds_server);
+  if (server_it == xds_load_report_server_map_.end()) return;
+  auto load_report_it = server_it->second.load_report_map.find(
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name)));
+  if (load_report_it == server_it->second.load_report_map.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = load_report_it->second;
+  if (load_report_state.drop_stats == cluster_drop_stats) {
+    // Record final snapshot in deleted_drop_stats, which will be
+    // added to the next load report.
+    load_report_state.deleted_drop_stats +=
+        load_report_state.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    load_report_state.drop_stats = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterLocalityStats> XdsClient::AddClusterLocalityStats(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& xds_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName> locality) {
+  if (!bootstrap_->XdsServerExists(xds_server)) return nullptr;
+  auto key =
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name));
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  // We jump through some hoops here to make sure that the const
+  // XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& and absl::string_views
+  // stored in the XdsClusterDropStats object point to the
+  // XdsBootstrap::XdsServer and strings
+  // in the load_report_map_ key, so that they have the same lifetime.
+  auto server_it =
+      xds_load_report_server_map_.emplace(xds_server, LoadReportServer()).first;
+  if (server_it->second.channel_state == nullptr) {
+    server_it->second.channel_state = GetOrCreateChannelStateLocked(xds_server);
+  }
+  auto load_report_it = server_it->second.load_report_map
+                            .emplace(std::move(key), LoadReportState())
+                            .first;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = load_report_it->second;
+  LoadReportState::LocalityState& locality_state =
+      load_report_state.locality_stats[locality];
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClusterLocalityStats> cluster_locality_stats;
+  if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+    cluster_locality_stats = locality_state.locality_stats->RefIfNonZero();
+  }
+  if (cluster_locality_stats == nullptr) {
+    if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+      locality_state.deleted_locality_stats +=
+          locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    }
+    cluster_locality_stats = MakeRefCounted<XdsClusterLocalityStats>(
+        Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "LocalityStats"), server_it->first,
+        load_report_it->first.first /*cluster_name*/,
+        load_report_it->first.second /*eds_service_name*/, std::move(locality));
+    locality_state.locality_stats = cluster_locality_stats.get();
+  }
+  server_it->second.channel_state->MaybeStartLrsCall();
+  return cluster_locality_stats;
+}
+
+void XdsClient::RemoveClusterLocalityStats(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& xds_server, absl::string_view cluster_name,
+    absl::string_view eds_service_name,
+    const RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>& locality,
+    XdsClusterLocalityStats* cluster_locality_stats) {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  auto server_it = xds_load_report_server_map_.find(xds_server);
+  if (server_it == xds_load_report_server_map_.end()) return;
+  auto load_report_it = server_it->second.load_report_map.find(
+      std::make_pair(std::string(cluster_name), std::string(eds_service_name)));
+  if (load_report_it == server_it->second.load_report_map.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState& load_report_state = load_report_it->second;
+  auto locality_it = load_report_state.locality_stats.find(locality);
+  if (locality_it == load_report_state.locality_stats.end()) return;
+  LoadReportState::LocalityState& locality_state = locality_it->second;
+  if (locality_state.locality_stats == cluster_locality_stats) {
+    // Record final snapshot in deleted_locality_stats, which will be
+    // added to the next load report.
+    locality_state.deleted_locality_stats +=
+        locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+    locality_state.locality_stats = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::ResetBackoff() {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  for (auto& p : xds_server_channel_map_) {
+    grpc_channel_reset_connect_backoff(p.second->channel());
+  }
+}
+
+void XdsClient::NotifyOnErrorLocked(absl::Status status) {
+  const auto* node = bootstrap_->node();
+  if (node != nullptr) {
+    status = absl::Status(
+        status.code(), absl::StrCat(status.message(),
+                                    " (node ID:", bootstrap_->node()->id, ")"));
+  }
+  std::set<RefCountedPtr<ResourceWatcherInterface>> watchers;
+  for (const auto& a : authority_state_map_) {     // authority
+    for (const auto& t : a.second.resource_map) {  // type
+      for (const auto& r : t.second) {             // resource id
+        for (const auto& w : r.second.watchers) {  // watchers
+          watchers.insert(w.second);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  work_serializer_.Schedule(
+      // TODO(yashykt): When we move to C++14, capture watchers using
+      // std::move()
+      [watchers, status]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(work_serializer_) {
+        for (const auto& watcher : watchers) {
+          watcher->OnError(status);
+        }
+      },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::NotifyWatchersOnErrorLocked(
+    const std::map<ResourceWatcherInterface*,
+                   RefCountedPtr<ResourceWatcherInterface>>& watchers,
+    absl::Status status) {
+  const auto* node = bootstrap_->node();
+  if (node != nullptr) {
+    status = absl::Status(
+        status.code(), absl::StrCat(status.message(),
+                                    " (node ID:", bootstrap_->node()->id, ")"));
+  }
+  work_serializer_.Schedule(
+      [watchers, status]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&work_serializer_) {
+        for (const auto& p : watchers) {
+          p.first->OnError(status);
+        }
+      },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+void XdsClient::NotifyWatchersOnResourceDoesNotExist(
+    const std::map<ResourceWatcherInterface*,
+                   RefCountedPtr<ResourceWatcherInterface>>& watchers) {
+  work_serializer_.Schedule(
+      [watchers]() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(&work_serializer_) {
+        for (const auto& p : watchers) {
+          p.first->OnResourceDoesNotExist();
+        }
+      },
+      DEBUG_LOCATION);
+}
+
+XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap XdsClient::BuildLoadReportSnapshotLocked(
+    const XdsBootstrap::XdsServer& xds_server, bool send_all_clusters,
+    const std::set<std::string>& clusters) {
+  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "[xds_client %p] start building load report", this);
+  }
+  XdsApi::ClusterLoadReportMap snapshot_map;
+  auto server_it = xds_load_report_server_map_.find(xds_server);
+  if (server_it == xds_load_report_server_map_.end()) return snapshot_map;
+  auto& load_report_map = server_it->second.load_report_map;
+  for (auto load_report_it = load_report_map.begin();
+       load_report_it != load_report_map.end();) {
+    // Cluster key is cluster and EDS service name.
+    const auto& cluster_key = load_report_it->first;
+    LoadReportState& load_report = load_report_it->second;
+    // If the CDS response for a cluster indicates to use LRS but the
+    // LRS server does not say that it wants reports for this cluster,
+    // then we'll have stats objects here whose data we're not going to
+    // include in the load report.  However, we still need to clear out
+    // the data from the stats objects, so that if the LRS server starts
+    // asking for the data in the future, we don't incorrectly include
+    // data from previous reporting intervals in that future report.
+    const bool record_stats =
+        send_all_clusters || clusters.find(cluster_key.first) != clusters.end();
+    XdsApi::ClusterLoadReport snapshot;
+    // Aggregate drop stats.
+    snapshot.dropped_requests = std::move(load_report.deleted_drop_stats);
+    if (load_report.drop_stats != nullptr) {
+      snapshot.dropped_requests +=
+          load_report.drop_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                "[xds_client %p] cluster=%s eds_service_name=%s drop_stats=%p",
+                this, cluster_key.first.c_str(), cluster_key.second.c_str(),
+                load_report.drop_stats);
+      }
+    }
+    // Aggregate locality stats.
+    for (auto it = load_report.locality_stats.begin();
+         it != load_report.locality_stats.end();) {
+      const RefCountedPtr<XdsLocalityName>& locality_name = it->first;
+      auto& locality_state = it->second;
+      XdsClusterLocalityStats::Snapshot& locality_snapshot =
+          snapshot.locality_stats[locality_name];
+      locality_snapshot = std::move(locality_state.deleted_locality_stats);
+      if (locality_state.locality_stats != nullptr) {
+        locality_snapshot +=
+            locality_state.locality_stats->GetSnapshotAndReset();
+        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+          gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+                  "[xds_client %p] cluster=%s eds_service_name=%s "
+                  "locality=%s locality_stats=%p",
+                  this, cluster_key.first.c_str(), cluster_key.second.c_str(),
+                  locality_name->AsHumanReadableString().c_str(),
+                  locality_state.locality_stats);
+        }
+      }
+      // If the only thing left in this entry was final snapshots from
+      // deleted locality stats objects, remove the entry.
+      if (locality_state.locality_stats == nullptr) {
+        it = load_report.locality_stats.erase(it);
+      } else {
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+    // Compute load report interval.
+    const Timestamp now = ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+    snapshot.load_report_interval = now - load_report.last_report_time;
+    load_report.last_report_time = now;
+    // Record snapshot.
+    if (record_stats) {
+      snapshot_map[cluster_key] = std::move(snapshot);
+    }
+    // If the only thing left in this entry was final snapshots from
+    // deleted stats objects, remove the entry.
+    if (load_report.locality_stats.empty() &&
+        load_report.drop_stats == nullptr) {
+      load_report_it = load_report_map.erase(load_report_it);
+    } else {
+      ++load_report_it;
+    }
+  }
+  return snapshot_map;
+}
+
+std::string XdsClient::DumpClientConfigBinary() {
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  XdsApi::ResourceTypeMetadataMap resource_type_metadata_map;
+  for (const auto& a : authority_state_map_) {  // authority
+    const std::string& authority = a.first;
+    for (const auto& t : a.second.resource_map) {  // type
+      const XdsResourceType* type = t.first;
+      auto& resource_metadata_map =
+          resource_type_metadata_map[type->type_url()];
+      for (const auto& r : t.second) {  // resource id
+        const XdsResourceKey& resource_key = r.first;
+        const ResourceState& resource_state = r.second;
+        resource_metadata_map[ConstructFullXdsResourceName(
+            authority, type->type_url(), resource_key)] = &resource_state.meta;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Assemble config dump messages
+  return api_.AssembleClientConfig(resource_type_metadata_map);
+}
+
+//
+// accessors for global state
+//
+
+void XdsClientGlobalInit() {
+  g_mu = new Mutex;
+  XdsHttpFilterRegistry::Init();
+  XdsClusterSpecifierPluginRegistry::Init();
+}
+
+// TODO(roth): Find a better way to clear the fallback config that does
+// not require using ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS.
+void XdsClientGlobalShutdown() ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  gpr_free(g_fallback_bootstrap_config);
+  g_fallback_bootstrap_config = nullptr;
+  delete g_mu;
+  g_mu = nullptr;
+  XdsHttpFilterRegistry::Shutdown();
+  XdsClusterSpecifierPluginRegistry::Shutdown();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+std::string GetBootstrapContents(const char* fallback_config,
+                                 grpc_error_handle* error) {
+  // First, try GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP env var.
+  UniquePtr<char> path(gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP"));
+  if (path != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "Got bootstrap file location from GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP "
+              "environment variable: %s",
+              path.get());
+    }
+    grpc_slice contents;
+    *error =
+        grpc_load_file(path.get(), /*add_null_terminator=*/true, &contents);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return "";
+    std::string contents_str(StringViewFromSlice(contents));
+    grpc_slice_unref_internal(contents);
+    return contents_str;
+  }
+  // Next, try GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG env var.
+  UniquePtr<char> env_config(gpr_getenv("GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG"));
+  if (env_config != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
+              "Got bootstrap contents from GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG "
+              "environment variable");
+    }
+    return env_config.get();
+  }
+  // Finally, try fallback config.
+  if (fallback_config != nullptr) {
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Got bootstrap contents from fallback config");
+    }
+    return fallback_config;
+  }
+  // No bootstrap config found.
+  *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
+      "Environment variables GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP or GRPC_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG "
+      "not defined");
+  return "";
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> XdsClient::GetOrCreate(const grpc_channel_args* args,
+                                                grpc_error_handle* error) {
+  RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> xds_client;
+  // If getting bootstrap from channel args, create a local XdsClient
+  // instance for the channel or server instead of using the global instance.
+  const char* bootstrap_config = grpc_channel_args_find_string(
+      args, GRPC_ARG_TEST_ONLY_DO_NOT_USE_IN_PROD_XDS_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIG);
+  if (bootstrap_config != nullptr) {
+    std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap =
+        XdsBootstrap::Create(bootstrap_config, error);
+    if (*error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      grpc_channel_args* xds_channel_args =
+          grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<grpc_channel_args>(
+              args,
+              GRPC_ARG_TEST_ONLY_DO_NOT_USE_IN_PROD_XDS_CLIENT_CHANNEL_ARGS);
+      return MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(std::move(bootstrap), xds_channel_args);
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  // Otherwise, use the global instance.
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+    if (g_xds_client != nullptr) {
+      auto xds_client = g_xds_client->RefIfNonZero();
+      if (xds_client != nullptr) return xds_client;
+    }
+    // Find bootstrap contents.
+    std::string bootstrap_contents =
+        GetBootstrapContents(g_fallback_bootstrap_config, error);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return nullptr;
+    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_xds_client_trace)) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "xDS bootstrap contents: %s",
+              bootstrap_contents.c_str());
+    }
+    // Parse bootstrap.
+    std::unique_ptr<XdsBootstrap> bootstrap =
+        XdsBootstrap::Create(bootstrap_contents, error);
+    if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return nullptr;
+    // Instantiate XdsClient.
+    xds_client =
+        MakeRefCounted<XdsClient>(std::move(bootstrap), g_channel_args);
+    g_xds_client = xds_client.get();
+  }
+  return xds_client;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+
+void SetXdsChannelArgsForTest(grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  g_channel_args = args;
+}
+
+void UnsetGlobalXdsClientForTest() {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  g_xds_client = nullptr;
+}
+
+void SetXdsFallbackBootstrapConfig(const char* config) {
+  MutexLock lock(g_mu);
+  gpr_free(g_fallback_bootstrap_config);
+  g_fallback_bootstrap_config = gpr_strdup(config);
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+//
+// embedding XdsClient in channel args
+//
+
+#define GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT "grpc.internal.xds_client"
+
+namespace {
+
+void* XdsClientArgCopy(void* p) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client = static_cast<XdsClient*>(p);
+  xds_client->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "channel arg").release();
+  return p;
+}
+
+void XdsClientArgDestroy(void* p) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client = static_cast<XdsClient*>(p);
+  xds_client->Unref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "channel arg");
+}
+
+int XdsClientArgCmp(void* p, void* q) { return QsortCompare(p, q); }
+
+const grpc_arg_pointer_vtable kXdsClientArgVtable = {
+    XdsClientArgCopy, XdsClientArgDestroy, XdsClientArgCmp};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+grpc_arg XdsClient::MakeChannelArg() const {
+  return grpc_channel_arg_pointer_create(const_cast<char*>(GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT),
+                                         const_cast<XdsClient*>(this),
+                                         &kXdsClientArgVtable);
+}
+
+RefCountedPtr<XdsClient> XdsClient::GetFromChannelArgs(
+    const grpc_channel_args& args) {
+  XdsClient* xds_client =
+      grpc_channel_args_find_pointer<XdsClient>(&args, GRPC_ARG_XDS_CLIENT);
+  if (xds_client == nullptr) return nullptr;
+  return xds_client->Ref(DEBUG_LOCATION, "GetFromChannelArgs");
+}
+
+}  // namespace grpc_core
+
+// The returned bytes may contain NULL(0), so we can't use c-string.
+grpc_slice grpc_dump_xds_configs() {
+  grpc_core::ApplicationCallbackExecCtx callback_exec_ctx;
+  grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  auto xds_client = grpc_core::XdsClient::GetOrCreate(nullptr, &error);
+  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    // If we isn't using xDS, just return an empty string.
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+    return grpc_empty_slice();
+  }
+  return grpc_slice_from_cpp_string(xds_client->DumpClientConfigBinary());
+}