grpc 1.45.0-x86_64-linux → 1.46.2-x86_64-linux

data/third_party/abseil-cpp/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2034 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// An open-addressing
+// hashtable with quadratic probing.
+//
+// This is a low level hashtable on top of which different interfaces can be
+// implemented, like flat_hash_set, node_hash_set, string_hash_set, etc.
+//
+// The table interface is similar to that of std::unordered_set. Notable
+// differences are that most member functions support heterogeneous keys when
+// BOTH the hash and eq functions are marked as transparent. They do so by
+// providing a typedef called `is_transparent`.
+//
+// When heterogeneous lookup is enabled, functions that take key_type act as if
+// they have an overload set like:
+//
+//   iterator find(const key_type& key);
+//   template <class K>
+//   iterator find(const K& key);
+//
+//   size_type erase(const key_type& key);
+//   template <class K>
+//   size_type erase(const K& key);
+//
+//   std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key);
+//   template <class K>
+//   std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const K& key);
+//
+// When heterogeneous lookup is disabled, only the explicit `key_type` overloads
+// exist.
+//
+// find() also supports passing the hash explicitly:
+//
+//   iterator find(const key_type& key, size_t hash);
+//   template <class U>
+//   iterator find(const U& key, size_t hash);
+//
+// In addition the pointer to element and iterator stability guarantees are
+// weaker: all iterators and pointers are invalidated after a new element is
+// inserted.
+//
+// IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
+//
+// The table stores elements inline in a slot array. In addition to the slot
+// array the table maintains some control state per slot. The extra state is one
+// byte per slot and stores empty or deleted marks, or alternatively 7 bits from
+// the hash of an occupied slot. The table is split into logical groups of
+// slots, like so:
+//
+//      Group 1         Group 2        Group 3
+// +---------------+---------------+---------------+
+// | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+// +---------------+---------------+---------------+
+//
+// On lookup the hash is split into two parts:
+// - H2: 7 bits (those stored in the control bytes)
+// - H1: the rest of the bits
+// The groups are probed using H1. For each group the slots are matched to H2 in
+// parallel. Because H2 is 7 bits (128 states) and the number of slots per group
+// is low (8 or 16) in almost all cases a match in H2 is also a lookup hit.
+//
+// On insert, once the right group is found (as in lookup), its slots are
+// filled in order.
+//
+// On erase a slot is cleared. In case the group did not have any empty slots
+// before the erase, the erased slot is marked as deleted.
+//
+// Groups without empty slots (but maybe with deleted slots) extend the probe
+// sequence. The probing algorithm is quadratic. Given N the number of groups,
+// the probing function for the i'th probe is:
+//
+//   P(0) = H1 % N
+//
+//   P(i) = (P(i - 1) + i) % N
+//
+// This probing function guarantees that after N probes, all the groups of the
+// table will be probed exactly once.
+//
+// The control state and slot array are stored contiguously in a shared heap
+// allocation. The layout of this allocation is: `capacity()` control bytes,
+// one sentinel control byte, `Group::kWidth - 1` cloned control bytes,
+// <possible padding>, `capacity()` slots. The sentinel control byte is used in
+// iteration so we know when we reach the end of the table. The cloned control
+// bytes at the end of the table are cloned from the beginning of the table so
+// groups that begin near the end of the table can see a full group. In cases in
+// which there are more than `capacity()` cloned control bytes, the extra bytes
+// are `kEmpty`, and these ensure that we always see at least one empty slot and
+// can stop an unsuccessful search.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_
+#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/common.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/hashtable_debug_hooks.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/have_sse.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+#include "absl/utility/utility.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace container_internal {
+
+template <typename AllocType>
+void SwapAlloc(AllocType& lhs, AllocType& rhs,
+               std::true_type /* propagate_on_container_swap */) {
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(lhs, rhs);
+}
+template <typename AllocType>
+void SwapAlloc(AllocType& /*lhs*/, AllocType& /*rhs*/,
+               std::false_type /* propagate_on_container_swap */) {}
+
+template <size_t Width>
+class probe_seq {
+ public:
+  probe_seq(size_t hash, size_t mask) {
+    assert(((mask + 1) & mask) == 0 && "not a mask");
+    mask_ = mask;
+    offset_ = hash & mask_;
+  }
+  size_t offset() const { return offset_; }
+  size_t offset(size_t i) const { return (offset_ + i) & mask_; }
+
+  void next() {
+    index_ += Width;
+    offset_ += index_;
+    offset_ &= mask_;
+  }
+  // 0-based probe index. The i-th probe in the probe sequence.
+  size_t index() const { return index_; }
+
+ private:
+  size_t mask_;
+  size_t offset_;
+  size_t index_ = 0;
+};
+
+template <class ContainerKey, class Hash, class Eq>
+struct RequireUsableKey {
+  template <class PassedKey, class... Args>
+  std::pair<
+      decltype(std::declval<const Hash&>()(std::declval<const PassedKey&>())),
+      decltype(std::declval<const Eq&>()(std::declval<const ContainerKey&>(),
+                                         std::declval<const PassedKey&>()))>*
+  operator()(const PassedKey&, const Args&...) const;
+};
+
+template <class E, class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class... Ts>
+struct IsDecomposable : std::false_type {};
+
+template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class... Ts>
+struct IsDecomposable<
+    absl::void_t<decltype(
+        Policy::apply(RequireUsableKey<typename Policy::key_type, Hash, Eq>(),
+                      std::declval<Ts>()...))>,
+    Policy, Hash, Eq, Ts...> : std::true_type {};
+
+// TODO(alkis): Switch to std::is_nothrow_swappable when gcc/clang supports it.
+template <class T>
+constexpr bool IsNoThrowSwappable(std::true_type = {} /* is_swappable */) {
+  using std::swap;
+  return noexcept(swap(std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>()));
+}
+template <class T>
+constexpr bool IsNoThrowSwappable(std::false_type /* is_swappable */) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+uint32_t TrailingZeros(T x) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSUME(x != 0);
+  return countr_zero(x);
+}
+
+// An abstraction over a bitmask. It provides an easy way to iterate through the
+// indexes of the set bits of a bitmask.  When Shift=0 (platforms with SSE),
+// this is a true bitmask.  On non-SSE, platforms the arithematic used to
+// emulate the SSE behavior works in bytes (Shift=3) and leaves each bytes as
+// either 0x00 or 0x80.
+//
+// For example:
+//   for (int i : BitMask<uint32_t, 16>(0x5)) -> yields 0, 2
+//   for (int i : BitMask<uint64_t, 8, 3>(0x0000000080800000)) -> yields 2, 3
+template <class T, int SignificantBits, int Shift = 0>
+class BitMask {
+  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "");
+  static_assert(Shift == 0 || Shift == 3, "");
+
+ public:
+  // These are useful for unit tests (gunit).
+  using value_type = int;
+  using iterator = BitMask;
+  using const_iterator = BitMask;
+
+  explicit BitMask(T mask) : mask_(mask) {}
+  BitMask& operator++() {
+    mask_ &= (mask_ - 1);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  explicit operator bool() const { return mask_ != 0; }
+  int operator*() const { return LowestBitSet(); }
+  uint32_t LowestBitSet() const {
+    return container_internal::TrailingZeros(mask_) >> Shift;
+  }
+  uint32_t HighestBitSet() const {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>((bit_width(mask_) - 1) >> Shift);
+  }
+
+  BitMask begin() const { return *this; }
+  BitMask end() const { return BitMask(0); }
+
+  uint32_t TrailingZeros() const {
+    return container_internal::TrailingZeros(mask_) >> Shift;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t LeadingZeros() const {
+    constexpr int total_significant_bits = SignificantBits << Shift;
+    constexpr int extra_bits = sizeof(T) * 8 - total_significant_bits;
+    return countl_zero(mask_ << extra_bits) >> Shift;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  friend bool operator==(const BitMask& a, const BitMask& b) {
+    return a.mask_ == b.mask_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(const BitMask& a, const BitMask& b) {
+    return a.mask_ != b.mask_;
+  }
+
+  T mask_;
+};
+
+using h2_t = uint8_t;
+
+// The values here are selected for maximum performance. See the static asserts
+// below for details. We use an enum class so that when strict aliasing is
+// enabled, the compiler knows ctrl_t doesn't alias other types.
+enum class ctrl_t : int8_t {
+  kEmpty = -128,   // 0b10000000
+  kDeleted = -2,   // 0b11111110
+  kSentinel = -1,  // 0b11111111
+};
+static_assert(
+    (static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kDeleted) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel) & 0x80) != 0,
+    "Special markers need to have the MSB to make checking for them efficient");
+static_assert(
+    ctrl_t::kEmpty < ctrl_t::kSentinel && ctrl_t::kDeleted < ctrl_t::kSentinel,
+    "ctrl_t::kEmpty and ctrl_t::kDeleted must be smaller than "
+    "ctrl_t::kSentinel to make the SIMD test of IsEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
+static_assert(
+    ctrl_t::kSentinel == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-1),
+    "ctrl_t::kSentinel must be -1 to elide loading it from memory into SIMD "
+    "registers (pcmpeqd xmm, xmm)");
+static_assert(ctrl_t::kEmpty == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-128),
+              "ctrl_t::kEmpty must be -128 to make the SIMD check for its "
+              "existence efficient (psignb xmm, xmm)");
+static_assert(
+    (~static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty) &
+     ~static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kDeleted) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel) & 0x7F) != 0,
+    "ctrl_t::kEmpty and ctrl_t::kDeleted must share an unset bit that is not "
+    "shared by ctrl_t::kSentinel to make the scalar test for "
+    "MatchEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
+static_assert(ctrl_t::kDeleted == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-2),
+              "ctrl_t::kDeleted must be -2 to make the implementation of "
+              "ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted efficient");
+
+// A single block of empty control bytes for tables without any slots allocated.
+// This enables removing a branch in the hot path of find().
+ABSL_DLL extern const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[16];
+inline ctrl_t* EmptyGroup() {
+  return const_cast<ctrl_t*>(kEmptyGroup);
+}
+
+// Mixes a randomly generated per-process seed with `hash` and `ctrl` to
+// randomize insertion order within groups.
+bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl);
+
+// Returns a hash seed.
+//
+// The seed consists of the ctrl_ pointer, which adds enough entropy to ensure
+// non-determinism of iteration order in most cases.
+inline size_t HashSeed(const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
+  // The low bits of the pointer have little or no entropy because of
+  // alignment. We shift the pointer to try to use higher entropy bits. A
+  // good number seems to be 12 bits, because that aligns with page size.
+  return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ctrl) >> 12;
+}
+
+inline size_t H1(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
+  return (hash >> 7) ^ HashSeed(ctrl);
+}
+inline h2_t H2(size_t hash) { return hash & 0x7F; }
+
+inline bool IsEmpty(ctrl_t c) { return c == ctrl_t::kEmpty; }
+inline bool IsFull(ctrl_t c) { return c >= static_cast<ctrl_t>(0); }
+inline bool IsDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c == ctrl_t::kDeleted; }
+inline bool IsEmptyOrDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c < ctrl_t::kSentinel; }
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2
+
+// https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/209
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=87853
+// _mm_cmpgt_epi8 is broken under GCC with -funsigned-char
+// Work around this by using the portable implementation of Group
+// when using -funsigned-char under GCC.
+inline __m128i _mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(__m128i a, __m128i b) {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+  if (std::is_unsigned<char>::value) {
+    const __m128i mask = _mm_set1_epi8(0x80);
+    const __m128i diff = _mm_subs_epi8(b, a);
+    return _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_and_si128(diff, mask), mask);
+  }
+#endif
+  return _mm_cmpgt_epi8(a, b);
+}
+
+struct GroupSse2Impl {
+  static constexpr size_t kWidth = 16;  // the number of slots per group
+
+  explicit GroupSse2Impl(const ctrl_t* pos) {
+    ctrl = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(pos));
+  }
+
+  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of slots that match hash.
+  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> Match(h2_t hash) const {
+    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(hash);
+    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
+        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(match, ctrl)));
+  }
+
+  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty slots.
+  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmpty() const {
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSSE3
+    // This only works because ctrl_t::kEmpty is -128.
+    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
+        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_sign_epi8(ctrl, ctrl)));
+#else
+    return Match(static_cast<h2_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty));
+#endif
+  }
+
+  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty or deleted slots.
+  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmptyOrDeleted() const {
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
+    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
+        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)));
+  }
+
+  // Returns the number of trailing empty or deleted elements in the group.
+  uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
+    return TrailingZeros(static_cast<uint32_t>(
+        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)) + 1));
+  }
+
+  void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
+    auto msbs = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(-128));
+    auto x126 = _mm_set1_epi8(126);
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSSE3
+    auto res = _mm_or_si128(_mm_shuffle_epi8(x126, ctrl), msbs);
+#else
+    auto zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
+    auto special_mask = _mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(zero, ctrl);
+    auto res = _mm_or_si128(msbs, _mm_andnot_si128(special_mask, x126));
+#endif
+    _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(dst), res);
+  }
+
+  __m128i ctrl;
+};
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2
+
+struct GroupPortableImpl {
+  static constexpr size_t kWidth = 8;
+
+  explicit GroupPortableImpl(const ctrl_t* pos)
+      : ctrl(little_endian::Load64(pos)) {}
+
+  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> Match(h2_t hash) const {
+    // For the technique, see:
+    // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html##ValueInWord
+    // (Determine if a word has a byte equal to n).
+    //
+    // Caveat: there are false positives but:
+    // - they only occur if there is a real match
+    // - they never occur on ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kDeleted, ctrl_t::kSentinel
+    // - they will be handled gracefully by subsequent checks in code
+    //
+    // Example:
+    //   v = 0x1716151413121110
+    //   hash = 0x12
+    //   retval = (v - lsbs) & ~v & msbs = 0x0000000080800000
+    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
+    constexpr uint64_t lsbs = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
+    auto x = ctrl ^ (lsbs * hash);
+    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((x - lsbs) & ~x & msbs);
+  }
+
+  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> MatchEmpty() const {
+    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
+    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((ctrl & (~ctrl << 6)) & msbs);
+  }
+
+  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> MatchEmptyOrDeleted() const {
+    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
+    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((ctrl & (~ctrl << 7)) & msbs);
+  }
+
+  uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
+    constexpr uint64_t gaps = 0x00FEFEFEFEFEFEFEULL;
+    return (TrailingZeros(((~ctrl & (ctrl >> 7)) | gaps) + 1) + 7) >> 3;
+  }
+
+  void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
+    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
+    constexpr uint64_t lsbs = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
+    auto x = ctrl & msbs;
+    auto res = (~x + (x >> 7)) & ~lsbs;
+    little_endian::Store64(dst, res);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t ctrl;
+};
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2
+using Group = GroupSse2Impl;
+#else
+using Group = GroupPortableImpl;
+#endif
+
+// The number of cloned control bytes that we copy from the beginning to the
+// end of the control bytes array.
+constexpr size_t NumClonedBytes() { return Group::kWidth - 1; }
+
+template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class Alloc>
+class raw_hash_set;
+
+inline bool IsValidCapacity(size_t n) { return ((n + 1) & n) == 0 && n > 0; }
+
+// PRECONDITION:
+//   IsValidCapacity(capacity)
+//   ctrl[capacity] == ctrl_t::kSentinel
+//   ctrl[i] != ctrl_t::kSentinel for all i < capacity
+// Applies mapping for every byte in ctrl:
+//   DELETED -> EMPTY
+//   EMPTY -> EMPTY
+//   FULL -> DELETED
+void ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t capacity);
+
+// Rounds up the capacity to the next power of 2 minus 1, with a minimum of 1.
+inline size_t NormalizeCapacity(size_t n) {
+  return n ? ~size_t{} >> countl_zero(n) : 1;
+}
+
+// General notes on capacity/growth methods below:
+// - We use 7/8th as maximum load factor. For 16-wide groups, that gives an
+//   average of two empty slots per group.
+// - For (capacity+1) >= Group::kWidth, growth is 7/8*capacity.
+// - For (capacity+1) < Group::kWidth, growth == capacity. In this case, we
+//   never need to probe (the whole table fits in one group) so we don't need a
+//   load factor less than 1.
+
+// Given `capacity` of the table, returns the size (i.e. number of full slots)
+// at which we should grow the capacity.
+inline size_t CapacityToGrowth(size_t capacity) {
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
+  // `capacity*7/8`
+  if (Group::kWidth == 8 && capacity == 7) {
+    // x-x/8 does not work when x==7.
+    return 6;
+  }
+  return capacity - capacity / 8;
+}
+// From desired "growth" to a lowerbound of the necessary capacity.
+// Might not be a valid one and requires NormalizeCapacity().
+inline size_t GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size_t growth) {
+  // `growth*8/7`
+  if (Group::kWidth == 8 && growth == 7) {
+    // x+(x-1)/7 does not work when x==7.
+    return 8;
+  }
+  return growth + static_cast<size_t>((static_cast<int64_t>(growth) - 1) / 7);
+}
+
+template <class InputIter>
+size_t SelectBucketCountForIterRange(InputIter first, InputIter last,
+                                     size_t bucket_count) {
+  if (bucket_count != 0) {
+    return bucket_count;
+  }
+  using InputIterCategory =
+      typename std::iterator_traits<InputIter>::iterator_category;
+  if (std::is_base_of<std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                      InputIterCategory>::value) {
+    return GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(
+        static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(first, last)));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline void AssertIsFull(ctrl_t* ctrl) {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT((ctrl != nullptr && IsFull(*ctrl)) &&
+                        "Invalid operation on iterator. The element might have "
+                        "been erased, or the table might have rehashed.");
+}
+
+inline void AssertIsValid(ctrl_t* ctrl) {
+  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT((ctrl == nullptr || IsFull(*ctrl)) &&
+                        "Invalid operation on iterator. The element might have "
+                        "been erased, or the table might have rehashed.");
+}
+
+struct FindInfo {
+  size_t offset;
+  size_t probe_length;
+};
+
+// The representation of the object has two modes:
+//  - small: For capacities < kWidth-1
+//  - large: For the rest.
+//
+// Differences:
+//  - In small mode we are able to use the whole capacity. The extra control
+//  bytes give us at least one "empty" control byte to stop the iteration.
+//  This is important to make 1 a valid capacity.
+//
+//  - In small mode only the first `capacity()` control bytes after the
+//  sentinel are valid. The rest contain dummy ctrl_t::kEmpty values that do not
+//  represent a real slot. This is important to take into account on
+//  find_first_non_full(), where we never try ShouldInsertBackwards() for
+//  small tables.
+inline bool is_small(size_t capacity) { return capacity < Group::kWidth - 1; }
+
+inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
+                                      size_t capacity) {
+  return probe_seq<Group::kWidth>(H1(hash, ctrl), capacity);
+}
+
+// Probes the raw_hash_set with the probe sequence for hash and returns the
+// pointer to the first empty or deleted slot.
+// NOTE: this function must work with tables having both ctrl_t::kEmpty and
+// ctrl_t::kDeleted in one group. Such tables appears during
+// drop_deletes_without_resize.
+//
+// This function is very useful when insertions happen and:
+// - the input is already a set
+// - there are enough slots
+// - the element with the hash is not in the table
+template <typename = void>
+inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
+                                    size_t capacity) {
+  auto seq = probe(ctrl, hash, capacity);
+  while (true) {
+    Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
+    auto mask = g.MatchEmptyOrDeleted();
+    if (mask) {
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+      // We want to add entropy even when ASLR is not enabled.
+      // In debug build we will randomly insert in either the front or back of
+      // the group.
+      // TODO(kfm,sbenza): revisit after we do unconditional mixing
+      if (!is_small(capacity) && ShouldInsertBackwards(hash, ctrl)) {
+        return {seq.offset(mask.HighestBitSet()), seq.index()};
+      }
+#endif
+      return {seq.offset(mask.LowestBitSet()), seq.index()};
+    }
+    seq.next();
+    assert(seq.index() <= capacity && "full table!");
+  }
+}
+
+// Extern template for inline function keep possibility of inlining.
+// When compiler decided to not inline, no symbols will be added to the
+// corresponding translation unit.
+extern template FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t*, size_t, size_t);
+
+// Reset all ctrl bytes back to ctrl_t::kEmpty, except the sentinel.
+inline void ResetCtrl(size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl, const void* slot,
+                      size_t slot_size) {
+  std::memset(ctrl, static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty),
+              capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes());
+  ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
+  SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slot, slot_size * capacity);
+}
+
+// Sets the control byte, and if `i < NumClonedBytes()`, set the cloned byte
+// at the end too.
+inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, ctrl_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                    const void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  assert(i < capacity);
+
+  auto* slot_i = static_cast<const char*>(slot) + i * slot_size;
+  if (IsFull(h)) {
+    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slot_i, slot_size);
+  } else {
+    SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slot_i, slot_size);
+  }
+
+  ctrl[i] = h;
+  ctrl[((i - NumClonedBytes()) & capacity) + (NumClonedBytes() & capacity)] = h;
+}
+
+inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, h2_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                    const void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  SetCtrl(i, static_cast<ctrl_t>(h), capacity, ctrl, slot, slot_size);
+}
+
+// The allocated block consists of `capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes()` control
+// bytes followed by `capacity` slots, which must be aligned to `slot_align`.
+// SlotOffset returns the offset of the slots into the allocated block.
+inline size_t SlotOffset(size_t capacity, size_t slot_align) {
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
+  const size_t num_control_bytes = capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes();
+  return (num_control_bytes + slot_align - 1) & (~slot_align + 1);
+}
+
+// Returns the size of the allocated block. See also above comment.
+inline size_t AllocSize(size_t capacity, size_t slot_size, size_t slot_align) {
+  return SlotOffset(capacity, slot_align) + capacity * slot_size;
+}
+
+// Policy: a policy defines how to perform different operations on
+// the slots of the hashtable (see hash_policy_traits.h for the full interface
+// of policy).
+//
+// Hash: a (possibly polymorphic) functor that hashes keys of the hashtable. The
+// functor should accept a key and return size_t as hash. For best performance
+// it is important that the hash function provides high entropy across all bits
+// of the hash.
+//
+// Eq: a (possibly polymorphic) functor that compares two keys for equality. It
+// should accept two (of possibly different type) keys and return a bool: true
+// if they are equal, false if they are not. If two keys compare equal, then
+// their hash values as defined by Hash MUST be equal.
+//
+// Allocator: an Allocator
+// [https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Allocator] with which
+// the storage of the hashtable will be allocated and the elements will be
+// constructed and destroyed.
+template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class Alloc>
+class raw_hash_set {
+  using PolicyTraits = hash_policy_traits<Policy>;
+  using KeyArgImpl =
+      KeyArg<IsTransparent<Eq>::value && IsTransparent<Hash>::value>;
+
+ public:
+  using init_type = typename PolicyTraits::init_type;
+  using key_type = typename PolicyTraits::key_type;
+  // TODO(sbenza): Hide slot_type as it is an implementation detail. Needs user
+  // code fixes!
+  using slot_type = typename PolicyTraits::slot_type;
+  using allocator_type = Alloc;
+  using size_type = size_t;
+  using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+  using hasher = Hash;
+  using key_equal = Eq;
+  using policy_type = Policy;
+  using value_type = typename PolicyTraits::value_type;
+  using reference = value_type&;
+  using const_reference = const value_type&;
+  using pointer = typename absl::allocator_traits<
+      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<value_type>::pointer;
+  using const_pointer = typename absl::allocator_traits<
+      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<value_type>::const_pointer;
+
+  // Alias used for heterogeneous lookup functions.
+  // `key_arg<K>` evaluates to `K` when the functors are transparent and to
+  // `key_type` otherwise. It permits template argument deduction on `K` for the
+  // transparent case.
+  template <class K>
+  using key_arg = typename KeyArgImpl::template type<K, key_type>;
+
+ private:
+  // Give an early error when key_type is not hashable/eq.
+  auto KeyTypeCanBeHashed(const Hash& h, const key_type& k) -> decltype(h(k));
+  auto KeyTypeCanBeEq(const Eq& eq, const key_type& k) -> decltype(eq(k, k));
+
+  using AllocTraits = absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>;
+  using SlotAlloc = typename absl::allocator_traits<
+      allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<slot_type>;
+  using SlotAllocTraits = typename absl::allocator_traits<
+      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<slot_type>;
+
+  static_assert(std::is_lvalue_reference<reference>::value,
+                "Policy::element() must return a reference");
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct SameAsElementReference
+      : std::is_same<typename std::remove_cv<
+                         typename std::remove_reference<reference>::type>::type,
+                     typename std::remove_cv<
+                         typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type> {};
+
+  // An enabler for insert(T&&): T must be convertible to init_type or be the
+  // same as [cv] value_type [ref].
+  // Note: we separate SameAsElementReference into its own type to avoid using
+  // reference unless we need to. MSVC doesn't seem to like it in some
+  // cases.
+  template <class T>
+  using RequiresInsertable = typename std::enable_if<
+      absl::disjunction<std::is_convertible<T, init_type>,
+                        SameAsElementReference<T>>::value,
+      int>::type;
+
+  // RequiresNotInit is a workaround for gcc prior to 7.1.
+  // See https://godbolt.org/g/Y4xsUh.
+  template <class T>
+  using RequiresNotInit =
+      typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, init_type>::value, int>::type;
+
+  template <class... Ts>
+  using IsDecomposable = IsDecomposable<void, PolicyTraits, Hash, Eq, Ts...>;
+
+ public:
+  static_assert(std::is_same<pointer, value_type*>::value,
+                "Allocators with custom pointer types are not supported");
+  static_assert(std::is_same<const_pointer, const value_type*>::value,
+                "Allocators with custom pointer types are not supported");
+
+  class iterator {
+    friend class raw_hash_set;
+
+   public:
+    using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type = typename raw_hash_set::value_type;
+    using reference =
+        absl::conditional_t<PolicyTraits::constant_iterators::value,
+                            const value_type&, value_type&>;
+    using pointer = absl::remove_reference_t<reference>*;
+    using difference_type = typename raw_hash_set::difference_type;
+
+    iterator() {}
+
+    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
+    reference operator*() const {
+      AssertIsFull(ctrl_);
+      return PolicyTraits::element(slot_);
+    }
+
+    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
+    pointer operator->() const { return &operator*(); }
+
+    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
+    iterator& operator++() {
+      AssertIsFull(ctrl_);
+      ++ctrl_;
+      ++slot_;
+      skip_empty_or_deleted();
+      return *this;
+    }
+    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
+    iterator operator++(int) {
+      auto tmp = *this;
+      ++*this;
+      return tmp;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
+      AssertIsValid(a.ctrl_);
+      AssertIsValid(b.ctrl_);
+      return a.ctrl_ == b.ctrl_;
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
+      return !(a == b);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    iterator(ctrl_t* ctrl, slot_type* slot) : ctrl_(ctrl), slot_(slot) {
+      // This assumption helps the compiler know that any non-end iterator is
+      // not equal to any end iterator.
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSUME(ctrl != nullptr);
+    }
+
+    void skip_empty_or_deleted() {
+      while (IsEmptyOrDeleted(*ctrl_)) {
+        uint32_t shift = Group{ctrl_}.CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted();
+        ctrl_ += shift;
+        slot_ += shift;
+      }
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*ctrl_ == ctrl_t::kSentinel)) ctrl_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    ctrl_t* ctrl_ = nullptr;
+    // To avoid uninitialized member warnings, put slot_ in an anonymous union.
+    // The member is not initialized on singleton and end iterators.
+    union {
+      slot_type* slot_;
+    };
+  };
+
+  class const_iterator {
+    friend class raw_hash_set;
+
+   public:
+    using iterator_category = typename iterator::iterator_category;
+    using value_type = typename raw_hash_set::value_type;
+    using reference = typename raw_hash_set::const_reference;
+    using pointer = typename raw_hash_set::const_pointer;
+    using difference_type = typename raw_hash_set::difference_type;
+
+    const_iterator() {}
+    // Implicit construction from iterator.
+    const_iterator(iterator i) : inner_(std::move(i)) {}
+
+    reference operator*() const { return *inner_; }
+    pointer operator->() const { return inner_.operator->(); }
+
+    const_iterator& operator++() {
+      ++inner_;
+      return *this;
+    }
+    const_iterator operator++(int) { return inner_++; }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const const_iterator& a, const const_iterator& b) {
+      return a.inner_ == b.inner_;
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(const const_iterator& a, const const_iterator& b) {
+      return !(a == b);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    const_iterator(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const slot_type* slot)
+        : inner_(const_cast<ctrl_t*>(ctrl), const_cast<slot_type*>(slot)) {}
+
+    iterator inner_;
+  };
+
+  using node_type = node_handle<Policy, hash_policy_traits<Policy>, Alloc>;
+  using insert_return_type = InsertReturnType<iterator, node_type>;
+
+  raw_hash_set() noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+          std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
+              std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value) {}
+
+  explicit raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash = hasher(),
+                        const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
+                        const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
+      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()),
+        settings_(0, HashtablezInfoHandle(), hash, eq, alloc) {
+    if (bucket_count) {
+      capacity_ = NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count);
+      initialize_slots();
+    }
+  }
+
+  raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash,
+               const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  explicit raw_hash_set(const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  template <class InputIter>
+  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count = 0,
+               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
+               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
+      : raw_hash_set(SelectBucketCountForIterRange(first, last, bucket_count),
+                     hash, eq, alloc) {
+    insert(first, last);
+  }
+
+  template <class InputIter>
+  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count,
+               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(first, last, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  template <class InputIter>
+  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count,
+               const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(first, last, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  template <class InputIter>
+  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(first, last, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  // Instead of accepting std::initializer_list<value_type> as the first
+  // argument like std::unordered_set<value_type> does, we have two overloads
+  // that accept std::initializer_list<T> and std::initializer_list<init_type>.
+  // This is advantageous for performance.
+  //
+  //   // Turns {"abc", "def"} into std::initializer_list<std::string>, then
+  //   // copies the strings into the set.
+  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s = {"abc", "def"};
+  //
+  //   // Turns {"abc", "def"} into std::initializer_list<const char*>, then
+  //   // copies the strings into the set.
+  //   absl::flat_hash_set<std::string> s = {"abc", "def"};
+  //
+  // The same trick is used in insert().
+  //
+  // The enabler is necessary to prevent this constructor from triggering where
+  // the copy constructor is meant to be called.
+  //
+  //   absl::flat_hash_set<int> a, b{a};
+  //
+  // RequiresNotInit<T> is a workaround for gcc prior to 7.1.
+  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count = 0,
+               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
+               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
+      : raw_hash_set(init.begin(), init.end(), bucket_count, hash, eq, alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count = 0,
+               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
+               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
+      : raw_hash_set(init.begin(), init.end(), bucket_count, hash, eq, alloc) {}
+
+  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count,
+               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count,
+               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count,
+               const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count,
+               const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init,
+               const allocator_type& alloc)
+      : raw_hash_set(init, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(const raw_hash_set& that)
+      : raw_hash_set(that, AllocTraits::select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                               that.alloc_ref())) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(const raw_hash_set& that, const allocator_type& a)
+      : raw_hash_set(0, that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), a) {
+    reserve(that.size());
+    // Because the table is guaranteed to be empty, we can do something faster
+    // than a full `insert`.
+    for (const auto& v : that) {
+      const size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, v);
+      auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+      SetCtrl(target.offset, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_,
+              sizeof(slot_type));
+      emplace_at(target.offset, v);
+      infoz().RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
+    }
+    size_ = that.size();
+    growth_left() -= that.size();
+  }
+
+  raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<hasher>::value&&
+          std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
+              std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      : ctrl_(absl::exchange(that.ctrl_, EmptyGroup())),
+        slots_(absl::exchange(that.slots_, nullptr)),
+        size_(absl::exchange(that.size_, 0)),
+        capacity_(absl::exchange(that.capacity_, 0)),
+        // Hash, equality and allocator are copied instead of moved because
+        // `that` must be left valid. If Hash is std::function<Key>, moving it
+        // would create a nullptr functor that cannot be called.
+        settings_(absl::exchange(that.growth_left(), 0),
+                  absl::exchange(that.infoz(), HashtablezInfoHandle()),
+                  that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), that.alloc_ref()) {}
+
+  raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that, const allocator_type& a)
+      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()),
+        slots_(nullptr),
+        size_(0),
+        capacity_(0),
+        settings_(0, HashtablezInfoHandle(), that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(),
+                  a) {
+    if (a == that.alloc_ref()) {
+      std::swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
+      std::swap(slots_, that.slots_);
+      std::swap(size_, that.size_);
+      std::swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
+      std::swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
+      std::swap(infoz(), that.infoz());
+    } else {
+      reserve(that.size());
+      // Note: this will copy elements of dense_set and unordered_set instead of
+      // moving them. This can be fixed if it ever becomes an issue.
+      for (auto& elem : that) insert(std::move(elem));
+    }
+  }
+
+  raw_hash_set& operator=(const raw_hash_set& that) {
+    raw_hash_set tmp(that,
+                     AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value
+                         ? that.alloc_ref()
+                         : alloc_ref());
+    swap(tmp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  raw_hash_set& operator=(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
+      absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value&&
+          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
+              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
+    // TODO(sbenza): We should only use the operations from the noexcept clause
+    // to make sure we actually adhere to that contract.
+    return move_assign(
+        std::move(that),
+        typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment());
+  }
+
+  ~raw_hash_set() { destroy_slots(); }
+
+  iterator begin() {
+    auto it = iterator_at(0);
+    it.skip_empty_or_deleted();
+    return it;
+  }
+  iterator end() { return {}; }
+
+  const_iterator begin() const {
+    return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->begin();
+  }
+  const_iterator end() const { return {}; }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const { return begin(); }
+  const_iterator cend() const { return end(); }
+
+  bool empty() const { return !size(); }
+  size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  size_t capacity() const { return capacity_; }
+  size_t max_size() const { return (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max)(); }
+
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES void clear() {
+    // Iterating over this container is O(bucket_count()). When bucket_count()
+    // is much greater than size(), iteration becomes prohibitively expensive.
+    // For clear() it is more important to reuse the allocated array when the
+    // container is small because allocation takes comparatively long time
+    // compared to destruction of the elements of the container. So we pick the
+    // largest bucket_count() threshold for which iteration is still fast and
+    // past that we simply deallocate the array.
+    if (capacity_ > 127) {
+      destroy_slots();
+
+      infoz().RecordClearedReservation();
+    } else if (capacity_) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
+        if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
+          PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
+        }
+      }
+      size_ = 0;
+      ResetCtrl(capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+      reset_growth_left();
+    }
+    assert(empty());
+    infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, capacity_);
+  }
+
+  // This overload kicks in when the argument is an rvalue of insertable and
+  // decomposable type other than init_type.
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, int> m;
+  //   m.insert(std::make_pair("abc", 42));
+  // TODO(cheshire): A type alias T2 is introduced as a workaround for the nvcc
+  // bug.
+  template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
+            class T2 = T,
+            typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
+            T* = nullptr>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(T&& value) {
+    return emplace(std::forward<T>(value));
+  }
+
+  // This overload kicks in when the argument is a bitfield or an lvalue of
+  // insertable and decomposable type.
+  //
+  //   union { int n : 1; };
+  //   flat_hash_set<int> s;
+  //   s.insert(n);
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_set<std::string> s;
+  //   const char* p = "hello";
+  //   s.insert(p);
+  //
+  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
+  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
+  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
+  template <
+      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
+      typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const T& value) {
+    return emplace(value);
+  }
+
+  // This overload kicks in when the argument is an rvalue of init_type. Its
+  // purpose is to handle brace-init-list arguments.
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, int> s;
+  //   s.insert({"abc", 42});
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(init_type&& value) {
+    return emplace(std::move(value));
+  }
+
+  // TODO(cheshire): A type alias T2 is introduced as a workaround for the nvcc
+  // bug.
+  template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0, class T2 = T,
+            typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
+            T* = nullptr>
+  iterator insert(const_iterator, T&& value) {
+    return insert(std::forward<T>(value)).first;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
+  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
+  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
+  template <
+      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
+      typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  iterator insert(const_iterator, const T& value) {
+    return insert(value).first;
+  }
+
+  iterator insert(const_iterator, init_type&& value) {
+    return insert(std::move(value)).first;
+  }
+
+  template <class InputIt>
+  void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
+    for (; first != last; ++first) emplace(*first);
+  }
+
+  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<const T&> = 0>
+  void insert(std::initializer_list<T> ilist) {
+    insert(ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
+  }
+
+  void insert(std::initializer_list<init_type> ilist) {
+    insert(ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
+  }
+
+  insert_return_type insert(node_type&& node) {
+    if (!node) return {end(), false, node_type()};
+    const auto& elem = PolicyTraits::element(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node));
+    auto res = PolicyTraits::apply(
+        InsertSlot<false>{*this, std::move(*CommonAccess::GetSlot(node))},
+        elem);
+    if (res.second) {
+      CommonAccess::Reset(&node);
+      return {res.first, true, node_type()};
+    } else {
+      return {res.first, false, std::move(node)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  iterator insert(const_iterator, node_type&& node) {
+    auto res = insert(std::move(node));
+    node = std::move(res.node);
+    return res.position;
+  }
+
+  // This overload kicks in if we can deduce the key from args. This enables us
+  // to avoid constructing value_type if an entry with the same key already
+  // exists.
+  //
+  // For example:
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, std::string> m = {{"abc", "def"}};
+  //   // Creates no std::string copies and makes no heap allocations.
+  //   m.emplace("abc", "xyz");
+  template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
+                               IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
+    return PolicyTraits::apply(EmplaceDecomposable{*this},
+                               std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // This overload kicks in if we cannot deduce the key from args. It constructs
+  // value_type unconditionally and then either moves it into the table or
+  // destroys.
+  template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
+                               !IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
+    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
+    slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);
+
+    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slot, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    const auto& elem = PolicyTraits::element(slot);
+    return PolicyTraits::apply(InsertSlot<true>{*this, std::move(*slot)}, elem);
+  }
+
+  template <class... Args>
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, Args&&... args) {
+    return emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
+  }
+
+  // Extension API: support for lazy emplace.
+  //
+  // Looks up key in the table. If found, returns the iterator to the element.
+  // Otherwise calls `f` with one argument of type `raw_hash_set::constructor`.
+  //
+  // `f` must abide by several restrictions:
+  //  - it MUST call `raw_hash_set::constructor` with arguments as if a
+  //    `raw_hash_set::value_type` is constructed,
+  //  - it MUST NOT access the container before the call to
+  //    `raw_hash_set::constructor`, and
+  //  - it MUST NOT erase the lazily emplaced element.
+  // Doing any of these is undefined behavior.
+  //
+  // For example:
+  //
+  //   std::unordered_set<ArenaString> s;
+  //   // Makes ArenaStr even if "abc" is in the map.
+  //   s.insert(ArenaString(&arena, "abc"));
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_set<ArenaStr> s;
+  //   // Makes ArenaStr only if "abc" is not in the map.
+  //   s.lazy_emplace("abc", [&](const constructor& ctor) {
+  //     ctor(&arena, "abc");
+  //   });
+  //
+  // WARNING: This API is currently experimental. If there is a way to implement
+  // the same thing with the rest of the API, prefer that.
+  class constructor {
+    friend class raw_hash_set;
+
+   public:
+    template <class... Args>
+    void operator()(Args&&... args) const {
+      assert(*slot_);
+      PolicyTraits::construct(alloc_, *slot_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+      *slot_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+   private:
+    constructor(allocator_type* a, slot_type** slot) : alloc_(a), slot_(slot) {}
+
+    allocator_type* alloc_;
+    slot_type** slot_;
+  };
+
+  template <class K = key_type, class F>
+  iterator lazy_emplace(const key_arg<K>& key, F&& f) {
+    auto res = find_or_prepare_insert(key);
+    if (res.second) {
+      slot_type* slot = slots_ + res.first;
+      std::forward<F>(f)(constructor(&alloc_ref(), &slot));
+      assert(!slot);
+    }
+    return iterator_at(res.first);
+  }
+
+  // Extension API: support for heterogeneous keys.
+  //
+  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s;
+  //   // Turns "abc" into std::string.
+  //   s.erase("abc");
+  //
+  //   flat_hash_set<std::string> s;
+  //   // Uses "abc" directly without copying it into std::string.
+  //   s.erase("abc");
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  size_type erase(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+    auto it = find(key);
+    if (it == end()) return 0;
+    erase(it);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // Erases the element pointed to by `it`.  Unlike `std::unordered_set::erase`,
+  // this method returns void to reduce algorithmic complexity to O(1).  The
+  // iterator is invalidated, so any increment should be done before calling
+  // erase.  In order to erase while iterating across a map, use the following
+  // idiom (which also works for standard containers):
+  //
+  // for (auto it = m.begin(), end = m.end(); it != end;) {
+  //   // `erase()` will invalidate `it`, so advance `it` first.
+  //   auto copy_it = it++;
+  //   if (<pred>) {
+  //     m.erase(copy_it);
+  //   }
+  // }
+  void erase(const_iterator cit) { erase(cit.inner_); }
+
+  // This overload is necessary because otherwise erase<K>(const K&) would be
+  // a better match if non-const iterator is passed as an argument.
+  void erase(iterator it) {
+    AssertIsFull(it.ctrl_);
+    PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), it.slot_);
+    erase_meta_only(it);
+  }
+
+  iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+    while (first != last) {
+      erase(first++);
+    }
+    return last.inner_;
+  }
+
+  // Moves elements from `src` into `this`.
+  // If the element already exists in `this`, it is left unmodified in `src`.
+  template <typename H, typename E>
+  void merge(raw_hash_set<Policy, H, E, Alloc>& src) {  // NOLINT
+    assert(this != &src);
+    for (auto it = src.begin(), e = src.end(); it != e;) {
+      auto next = std::next(it);
+      if (PolicyTraits::apply(InsertSlot<false>{*this, std::move(*it.slot_)},
+                              PolicyTraits::element(it.slot_))
+              .second) {
+        src.erase_meta_only(it);
+      }
+      it = next;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename H, typename E>
+  void merge(raw_hash_set<Policy, H, E, Alloc>&& src) {
+    merge(src);
+  }
+
+  node_type extract(const_iterator position) {
+    AssertIsFull(position.inner_.ctrl_);
+    auto node =
+        CommonAccess::Transfer<node_type>(alloc_ref(), position.inner_.slot_);
+    erase_meta_only(position);
+    return node;
+  }
+
+  template <
+      class K = key_type,
+      typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<K, iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  node_type extract(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+    auto it = find(key);
+    return it == end() ? node_type() : extract(const_iterator{it});
+  }
+
+  void swap(raw_hash_set& that) noexcept(
+      IsNoThrowSwappable<hasher>() && IsNoThrowSwappable<key_equal>() &&
+      IsNoThrowSwappable<allocator_type>(
+          typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{})) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
+    swap(slots_, that.slots_);
+    swap(size_, that.size_);
+    swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
+    swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
+    swap(hash_ref(), that.hash_ref());
+    swap(eq_ref(), that.eq_ref());
+    swap(infoz(), that.infoz());
+    SwapAlloc(alloc_ref(), that.alloc_ref(),
+              typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{});
+  }
+
+  void rehash(size_t n) {
+    if (n == 0 && capacity_ == 0) return;
+    if (n == 0 && size_ == 0) {
+      destroy_slots();
+      infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, 0);
+      infoz().RecordClearedReservation();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // bitor is a faster way of doing `max` here. We will round up to the next
+    // power-of-2-minus-1, so bitor is good enough.
+    auto m = NormalizeCapacity(n | GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size()));
+    // n == 0 unconditionally rehashes as per the standard.
+    if (n == 0 || m > capacity_) {
+      resize(m);
+
+      // This is after resize, to ensure that we have completed the allocation
+      // and have potentially sampled the hashtable.
+      infoz().RecordReservation(n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void reserve(size_t n) {
+    if (n > size() + growth_left()) {
+      size_t m = GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(n);
+      resize(NormalizeCapacity(m));
+
+      // This is after resize, to ensure that we have completed the allocation
+      // and have potentially sampled the hashtable.
+      infoz().RecordReservation(n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Extension API: support for heterogeneous keys.
+  //
+  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s;
+  //   // Turns "abc" into std::string.
+  //   s.count("abc");
+  //
+  //   ch_set<std::string> s;
+  //   // Uses "abc" directly without copying it into std::string.
+  //   s.count("abc");
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  size_t count(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+    return find(key) == end() ? 0 : 1;
+  }
+
+  // Issues CPU prefetch instructions for the memory needed to find or insert
+  // a key.  Like all lookup functions, this support heterogeneous keys.
+  //
+  // NOTE: This is a very low level operation and should not be used without
+  // specific benchmarks indicating its importance.
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  void prefetch(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+    (void)key;
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+    prefetch_heap_block();
+    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash_ref()(key), capacity_);
+    __builtin_prefetch(static_cast<const void*>(ctrl_ + seq.offset()));
+    __builtin_prefetch(static_cast<const void*>(slots_ + seq.offset()));
+#endif  // __GNUC__
+  }
+
+  // The API of find() has two extensions.
+  //
+  // 1. The hash can be passed by the user. It must be equal to the hash of the
+  // key.
+  //
+  // 2. The type of the key argument doesn't have to be key_type. This is so
+  // called heterogeneous key support.
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) {
+    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    while (true) {
+      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
+        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
+                EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
+                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
+          return iterator_at(seq.offset(i));
+      }
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) return end();
+      seq.next();
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+    }
+  }
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+    prefetch_heap_block();
+    return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
+  }
+
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) const {
+    return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->find(key, hash);
+  }
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+    prefetch_heap_block();
+    return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
+  }
+
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  bool contains(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+    return find(key) != end();
+  }
+
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+    auto it = find(key);
+    if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
+    return {it, it};
+  }
+  template <class K = key_type>
+  std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(
+      const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+    auto it = find(key);
+    if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
+    return {it, it};
+  }
+
+  size_t bucket_count() const { return capacity_; }
+  float load_factor() const {
+    return capacity_ ? static_cast<double>(size()) / capacity_ : 0.0;
+  }
+  float max_load_factor() const { return 1.0f; }
+  void max_load_factor(float) {
+    // Does nothing.
+  }
+
+  hasher hash_function() const { return hash_ref(); }
+  key_equal key_eq() const { return eq_ref(); }
+  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return alloc_ref(); }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const raw_hash_set& a, const raw_hash_set& b) {
+    if (a.size() != b.size()) return false;
+    const raw_hash_set* outer = &a;
+    const raw_hash_set* inner = &b;
+    if (outer->capacity() > inner->capacity()) std::swap(outer, inner);
+    for (const value_type& elem : *outer)
+      if (!inner->has_element(elem)) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const raw_hash_set& a, const raw_hash_set& b) {
+    return !(a == b);
+  }
+
+  friend void swap(raw_hash_set& a,
+                   raw_hash_set& b) noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b))) {
+    a.swap(b);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <class Container, typename Enabler>
+  friend struct absl::container_internal::hashtable_debug_internal::
+      HashtableDebugAccess;
+
+  struct FindElement {
+    template <class K, class... Args>
+    const_iterator operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) const {
+      return s.find(key);
+    }
+    const raw_hash_set& s;
+  };
+
+  struct HashElement {
+    template <class K, class... Args>
+    size_t operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) const {
+      return h(key);
+    }
+    const hasher& h;
+  };
+
+  template <class K1>
+  struct EqualElement {
+    template <class K2, class... Args>
+    bool operator()(const K2& lhs, Args&&...) const {
+      return eq(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    const K1& rhs;
+    const key_equal& eq;
+  };
+
+  struct EmplaceDecomposable {
+    template <class K, class... Args>
+    std::pair<iterator, bool> operator()(const K& key, Args&&... args) const {
+      auto res = s.find_or_prepare_insert(key);
+      if (res.second) {
+        s.emplace_at(res.first, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+      }
+      return {s.iterator_at(res.first), res.second};
+    }
+    raw_hash_set& s;
+  };
+
+  template <bool do_destroy>
+  struct InsertSlot {
+    template <class K, class... Args>
+    std::pair<iterator, bool> operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) && {
+      auto res = s.find_or_prepare_insert(key);
+      if (res.second) {
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&s.alloc_ref(), s.slots_ + res.first, &slot);
+      } else if (do_destroy) {
+        PolicyTraits::destroy(&s.alloc_ref(), &slot);
+      }
+      return {s.iterator_at(res.first), res.second};
+    }
+    raw_hash_set& s;
+    // Constructed slot. Either moved into place or destroyed.
+    slot_type&& slot;
+  };
+
+  // "erases" the object from the container, except that it doesn't actually
+  // destroy the object. It only updates all the metadata of the class.
+  // This can be used in conjunction with Policy::transfer to move the object to
+  // another place.
+  void erase_meta_only(const_iterator it) {
+    assert(IsFull(*it.inner_.ctrl_) && "erasing a dangling iterator");
+    --size_;
+    const size_t index = it.inner_.ctrl_ - ctrl_;
+    const size_t index_before = (index - Group::kWidth) & capacity_;
+    const auto empty_after = Group(it.inner_.ctrl_).MatchEmpty();
+    const auto empty_before = Group(ctrl_ + index_before).MatchEmpty();
+
+    // We count how many consecutive non empties we have to the right and to the
+    // left of `it`. If the sum is >= kWidth then there is at least one probe
+    // window that might have seen a full group.
+    bool was_never_full =
+        empty_before && empty_after &&
+        static_cast<size_t>(empty_after.TrailingZeros() +
+                            empty_before.LeadingZeros()) < Group::kWidth;
+
+    SetCtrl(index, was_never_full ? ctrl_t::kEmpty : ctrl_t::kDeleted,
+            capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+    growth_left() += was_never_full;
+    infoz().RecordErase();
+  }
+
+  void initialize_slots() {
+    assert(capacity_);
+    // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
+    // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
+    // calls they will or wont make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
+    // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
+    // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
+    //
+    // People are often sloppy with the exact type of their allocator (sometimes
+    // it has an extra const or is missing the pair, but rebinds made it work
+    // anyway).  To avoid the ambiguity, we work off SlotAlloc which we have
+    // bound more carefully.
+    if (std::is_same<SlotAlloc, std::allocator<slot_type>>::value &&
+        slots_ == nullptr) {
+      infoz() = Sample(sizeof(slot_type));
+    }
+
+    char* mem = static_cast<char*>(Allocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
+        &alloc_ref(),
+        AllocSize(capacity_, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type))));
+    ctrl_ = reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(mem);
+    slots_ = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(
+        mem + SlotOffset(capacity_, alignof(slot_type)));
+    ResetCtrl(capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+    reset_growth_left();
+    infoz().RecordStorageChanged(size_, capacity_);
+  }
+
+  void destroy_slots() {
+    if (!capacity_) return;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
+      if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
+        PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
+    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slots_, sizeof(slot_type) * capacity_);
+    Deallocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
+        &alloc_ref(), ctrl_,
+        AllocSize(capacity_, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
+    ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();
+    slots_ = nullptr;
+    size_ = 0;
+    capacity_ = 0;
+    growth_left() = 0;
+  }
+
+  void resize(size_t new_capacity) {
+    assert(IsValidCapacity(new_capacity));
+    auto* old_ctrl = ctrl_;
+    auto* old_slots = slots_;
+    const size_t old_capacity = capacity_;
+    capacity_ = new_capacity;
+    initialize_slots();
+
+    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != old_capacity; ++i) {
+      if (IsFull(old_ctrl[i])) {
+        size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()},
+                                          PolicyTraits::element(old_slots + i));
+        auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+        size_t new_i = target.offset;
+        total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
+        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, old_slots + i);
+      }
+    }
+    if (old_capacity) {
+      SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots,
+                                    sizeof(slot_type) * old_capacity);
+      Deallocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
+          &alloc_ref(), old_ctrl,
+          AllocSize(old_capacity, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
+    }
+    infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
+  }
+
+  void drop_deletes_without_resize() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
+    assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity_));
+    assert(!is_small(capacity_));
+    // Algorithm:
+    // - mark all DELETED slots as EMPTY
+    // - mark all FULL slots as DELETED
+    // - for each slot marked as DELETED
+    //     hash = Hash(element)
+    //     target = find_first_non_full(hash)
+    //     if target is in the same group
+    //       mark slot as FULL
+    //     else if target is EMPTY
+    //       transfer element to target
+    //       mark slot as EMPTY
+    //       mark target as FULL
+    //     else if target is DELETED
+    //       swap current element with target element
+    //       mark target as FULL
+    //       repeat procedure for current slot with moved from element (target)
+    ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_, capacity_);
+    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
+    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
+    slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
+      if (!IsDeleted(ctrl_[i])) continue;
+      const size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(
+          HashElement{hash_ref()}, PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + i));
+      const FindInfo target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+      const size_t new_i = target.offset;
+      total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
+
+      // Verify if the old and new i fall within the same group wrt the hash.
+      // If they do, we don't need to move the object as it falls already in the
+      // best probe we can.
+      const size_t probe_offset = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_).offset();
+      const auto probe_index = [probe_offset, this](size_t pos) {
+        return ((pos - probe_offset) & capacity_) / Group::kWidth;
+      };
+
+      // Element doesn't move.
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(probe_index(new_i) == probe_index(i))) {
+        SetCtrl(i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (IsEmpty(ctrl_[new_i])) {
+        // Transfer element to the empty spot.
+        // SetCtrl poisons/unpoisons the slots so we have to call it at the
+        // right time.
+        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slots_ + i);
+        SetCtrl(i, ctrl_t::kEmpty, capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+      } else {
+        assert(IsDeleted(ctrl_[new_i]));
+        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+        // Until we are done rehashing, DELETED marks previously FULL slots.
+        // Swap i and new_i elements.
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slot, slots_ + i);
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i, slots_ + new_i);
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slot);
+        --i;  // repeat
+      }
+    }
+    reset_growth_left();
+    infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
+  }
+
+  void rehash_and_grow_if_necessary() {
+    if (capacity_ == 0) {
+      resize(1);
+    } else if (capacity_ > Group::kWidth &&
+               // Do these calcuations in 64-bit to avoid overflow.
+               size() * uint64_t{32} <= capacity_ * uint64_t{25}) {
+      // Squash DELETED without growing if there is enough capacity.
+      //
+      // Rehash in place if the current size is <= 25/32 of capacity_.
+      // Rationale for such a high factor: 1) drop_deletes_without_resize() is
+      // faster than resize, and 2) it takes quite a bit of work to add
+      // tombstones.  In the worst case, seems to take approximately 4
+      // insert/erase pairs to create a single tombstone and so if we are
+      // rehashing because of tombstones, we can afford to rehash-in-place as
+      // long as we are reclaiming at least 1/8 the capacity without doing more
+      // than 2X the work.  (Where "work" is defined to be size() for rehashing
+      // or rehashing in place, and 1 for an insert or erase.)  But rehashing in
+      // place is faster per operation than inserting or even doubling the size
+      // of the table, so we actually afford to reclaim even less space from a
+      // resize-in-place.  The decision is to rehash in place if we can reclaim
+      // at about 1/8th of the usable capacity (specifically 3/28 of the
+      // capacity) which means that the total cost of rehashing will be a small
+      // fraction of the total work.
+      //
+      // Here is output of an experiment using the BM_CacheInSteadyState
+      // benchmark running the old case (where we rehash-in-place only if we can
+      // reclaim at least 7/16*capacity_) vs. this code (which rehashes in place
+      // if we can recover 3/32*capacity_).
+      //
+      // Note that although in the worst-case number of rehashes jumped up from
+      // 15 to 190, but the number of operations per second is almost the same.
+      //
+      // Abridged output of running BM_CacheInSteadyState benchmark from
+      // raw_hash_set_benchmark.   N is the number of insert/erase operations.
+      //
+      //      | OLD (recover >= 7/16        | NEW (recover >= 3/32)
+      // size |    N/s LoadFactor NRehashes |    N/s LoadFactor NRehashes
+      //  448 | 145284       0.44        18 | 140118       0.44        19
+      //  493 | 152546       0.24        11 | 151417       0.48        28
+      //  538 | 151439       0.26        11 | 151152       0.53        38
+      //  583 | 151765       0.28        11 | 150572       0.57        50
+      //  628 | 150241       0.31        11 | 150853       0.61        66
+      //  672 | 149602       0.33        12 | 150110       0.66        90
+      //  717 | 149998       0.35        12 | 149531       0.70       129
+      //  762 | 149836       0.37        13 | 148559       0.74       190
+      //  807 | 149736       0.39        14 | 151107       0.39        14
+      //  852 | 150204       0.42        15 | 151019       0.42        15
+      drop_deletes_without_resize();
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise grow the container.
+      resize(capacity_ * 2 + 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool has_element(const value_type& elem) const {
+    size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, elem);
+    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    while (true) {
+      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
+        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)) ==
+                              elem))
+          return true;
+      }
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) return false;
+      seq.next();
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(alkis): Optimize this assuming *this and that don't overlap.
+  raw_hash_set& move_assign(raw_hash_set&& that, std::true_type) {
+    raw_hash_set tmp(std::move(that));
+    swap(tmp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  raw_hash_set& move_assign(raw_hash_set&& that, std::false_type) {
+    raw_hash_set tmp(std::move(that), alloc_ref());
+    swap(tmp);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  template <class K>
+  std::pair<size_t, bool> find_or_prepare_insert(const K& key) {
+    prefetch_heap_block();
+    auto hash = hash_ref()(key);
+    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    while (true) {
+      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
+        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
+                EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
+                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
+          return {seq.offset(i), false};
+      }
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) break;
+      seq.next();
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+    }
+    return {prepare_insert(hash), true};
+  }
+
+  size_t prepare_insert(size_t hash) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
+    auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(growth_left() == 0 &&
+                           !IsDeleted(ctrl_[target.offset]))) {
+      rehash_and_grow_if_necessary();
+      target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    }
+    ++size_;
+    growth_left() -= IsEmpty(ctrl_[target.offset]);
+    SetCtrl(target.offset, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_,
+            sizeof(slot_type));
+    infoz().RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
+    return target.offset;
+  }
+
+  // Constructs the value in the space pointed by the iterator. This only works
+  // after an unsuccessful find_or_prepare_insert() and before any other
+  // modifications happen in the raw_hash_set.
+  //
+  // PRECONDITION: i is an index returned from find_or_prepare_insert(k), where
+  // k is the key decomposed from `forward<Args>(args)...`, and the bool
+  // returned by find_or_prepare_insert(k) was true.
+  // POSTCONDITION: *m.iterator_at(i) == value_type(forward<Args>(args)...).
+  template <class... Args>
+  void emplace_at(size_t i, Args&&... args) {
+    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i,
+                            std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+
+    assert(PolicyTraits::apply(FindElement{*this}, *iterator_at(i)) ==
+               iterator_at(i) &&
+           "constructed value does not match the lookup key");
+  }
+
+  iterator iterator_at(size_t i) { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }
+  const_iterator iterator_at(size_t i) const { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }
+
+ private:
+  friend struct RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess;
+
+  void reset_growth_left() {
+    growth_left() = CapacityToGrowth(capacity()) - size_;
+  }
+
+  size_t& growth_left() { return settings_.template get<0>(); }
+
+  void prefetch_heap_block() const {
+    // Prefetch the heap-allocated memory region to resolve potential TLB
+    // misses.  This is intended to overlap with execution of calculating the
+    // hash for a key.
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+    __builtin_prefetch(static_cast<const void*>(ctrl_), 0, 1);
+#endif  // __GNUC__
+  }
+
+  HashtablezInfoHandle& infoz() { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
+
+  hasher& hash_ref() { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
+  const hasher& hash_ref() const { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
+  key_equal& eq_ref() { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
+  const key_equal& eq_ref() const { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
+  allocator_type& alloc_ref() { return settings_.template get<4>(); }
+  const allocator_type& alloc_ref() const {
+    return settings_.template get<4>();
+  }
+
+  // TODO(alkis): Investigate removing some of these fields:
+  // - ctrl/slots can be derived from each other
+  // - size can be moved into the slot array
+  ctrl_t* ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();  // [(capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes()) * ctrl_t]
+  slot_type* slots_ = nullptr;   // [capacity * slot_type]
+  size_t size_ = 0;              // number of full slots
+  size_t capacity_ = 0;          // total number of slots
+  absl::container_internal::CompressedTuple<size_t /* growth_left */,
+                                            HashtablezInfoHandle, hasher,
+                                            key_equal, allocator_type>
+      settings_{0, HashtablezInfoHandle{}, hasher{}, key_equal{},
+                allocator_type{}};
+};
+
+// Erases all elements that satisfy the predicate `pred` from the container `c`.
+template <typename P, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename Predicate>
+void EraseIf(Predicate& pred, raw_hash_set<P, H, E, A>* c) {
+  for (auto it = c->begin(), last = c->end(); it != last;) {
+    if (pred(*it)) {
+      c->erase(it++);
+    } else {
+      ++it;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+namespace hashtable_debug_internal {
+template <typename Set>
+struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
+  using Traits = typename Set::PolicyTraits;
+  using Slot = typename Traits::slot_type;
+
+  static size_t GetNumProbes(const Set& set,
+                             const typename Set::key_type& key) {
+    size_t num_probes = 0;
+    size_t hash = set.hash_ref()(key);
+    auto seq = probe(set.ctrl_, hash, set.capacity_);
+    while (true) {
+      container_internal::Group g{set.ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      for (int i : g.Match(container_internal::H2(hash))) {
+        if (Traits::apply(
+                typename Set::template EqualElement<typename Set::key_type>{
+                    key, set.eq_ref()},
+                Traits::element(set.slots_ + seq.offset(i))))
+          return num_probes;
+        ++num_probes;
+      }
+      if (g.MatchEmpty()) return num_probes;
+      seq.next();
+      ++num_probes;
+    }
+  }
+
+  static size_t AllocatedByteSize(const Set& c) {
+    size_t capacity = c.capacity_;
+    if (capacity == 0) return 0;
+    size_t m = AllocSize(capacity, sizeof(Slot), alignof(Slot));
+
+    size_t per_slot = Traits::space_used(static_cast<const Slot*>(nullptr));
+    if (per_slot != ~size_t{}) {
+      m += per_slot * c.size();
+    } else {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity; ++i) {
+        if (container_internal::IsFull(c.ctrl_[i])) {
+          m += Traits::space_used(c.slots_ + i);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return m;
+  }
+
+  static size_t LowerBoundAllocatedByteSize(size_t size) {
+    size_t capacity = GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size);
+    if (capacity == 0) return 0;
+    size_t m =
+        AllocSize(NormalizeCapacity(capacity), sizeof(Slot), alignof(Slot));
+    size_t per_slot = Traits::space_used(static_cast<const Slot*>(nullptr));
+    if (per_slot != ~size_t{}) {
+      m += per_slot * size;
+    }
+    return m;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace hashtable_debug_internal
+}  // namespace container_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_