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data/src/jpeg-7/structure.txt

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+IJG JPEG LIBRARY:  SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
+
+Copyright (C) 1991-2009, Thomas G. Lane, Guido Vollbeding.
+This file is part of the Independent JPEG Group's software.
+For conditions of distribution and use, see the accompanying README file.
+
+
+This file provides an overview of the architecture of the IJG JPEG software;
+that is, the functions of the various modules in the system and the interfaces
+between modules.  For more precise details about any data structure or calling
+convention, see the include files and comments in the source code.
+
+We assume that the reader is already somewhat familiar with the JPEG standard.
+The README file includes references for learning about JPEG.  The file
+libjpeg.txt describes the library from the viewpoint of an application
+programmer using the library; it's best to read that file before this one.
+Also, the file coderules.txt describes the coding style conventions we use.
+
+In this document, JPEG-specific terminology follows the JPEG standard:
+  A "component" means a color channel, e.g., Red or Luminance.
+  A "sample" is a single component value (i.e., one number in the image data).
+  A "coefficient" is a frequency coefficient (a DCT transform output number).
+  A "block" is an 8x8 group of samples or coefficients.
+  An "MCU" (minimum coded unit) is an interleaved set of blocks of size
+	determined by the sampling factors, or a single block in a
+	noninterleaved scan.
+We do not use the terms "pixel" and "sample" interchangeably.  When we say
+pixel, we mean an element of the full-size image, while a sample is an element
+of the downsampled image.  Thus the number of samples may vary across
+components while the number of pixels does not.  (This terminology is not used
+rigorously throughout the code, but it is used in places where confusion would
+otherwise result.)
+
+
+*** System features ***
+
+The IJG distribution contains two parts:
+  * A subroutine library for JPEG compression and decompression.
+  * cjpeg/djpeg, two sample applications that use the library to transform
+    JFIF JPEG files to and from several other image formats.
+cjpeg/djpeg are of no great intellectual complexity: they merely add a simple
+command-line user interface and I/O routines for several uncompressed image
+formats.  This document concentrates on the library itself.
+
+We desire the library to be capable of supporting all JPEG baseline, extended
+sequential, and progressive DCT processes.  Hierarchical processes are not
+supported.
+
+The library does not support the lossless (spatial) JPEG process.  Lossless
+JPEG shares little or no code with lossy JPEG, and would normally be used
+without the extensive pre- and post-processing provided by this library.
+We feel that lossless JPEG is better handled by a separate library.
+
+Within these limits, any set of compression parameters allowed by the JPEG
+spec should be readable for decompression.  (We can be more restrictive about
+what formats we can generate.)  Although the system design allows for all
+parameter values, some uncommon settings are not yet implemented and may
+never be; nonintegral sampling ratios are the prime example.  Furthermore,
+we treat 8-bit vs. 12-bit data precision as a compile-time switch, not a
+run-time option, because most machines can store 8-bit pixels much more
+compactly than 12-bit.
+
+By itself, the library handles only interchange JPEG datastreams --- in
+particular the widely used JFIF file format.  The library can be used by
+surrounding code to process interchange or abbreviated JPEG datastreams that
+are embedded in more complex file formats.  (For example, libtiff uses this
+library to implement JPEG compression within the TIFF file format.)
+
+The library includes a substantial amount of code that is not covered by the
+JPEG standard but is necessary for typical applications of JPEG.  These
+functions preprocess the image before JPEG compression or postprocess it after
+decompression.  They include colorspace conversion, downsampling/upsampling,
+and color quantization.  This code can be omitted if not needed.
+
+A wide range of quality vs. speed tradeoffs are possible in JPEG processing,
+and even more so in decompression postprocessing.  The decompression library
+provides multiple implementations that cover most of the useful tradeoffs,
+ranging from very-high-quality down to fast-preview operation.  On the
+compression side we have generally not provided low-quality choices, since
+compression is normally less time-critical.  It should be understood that the
+low-quality modes may not meet the JPEG standard's accuracy requirements;
+nonetheless, they are useful for viewers.
+
+
+*** Portability issues ***
+
+Portability is an essential requirement for the library.  The key portability
+issues that show up at the level of system architecture are:
+
+1.  Memory usage.  We want the code to be able to run on PC-class machines
+with limited memory.  Images should therefore be processed sequentially (in
+strips), to avoid holding the whole image in memory at once.  Where a
+full-image buffer is necessary, we should be able to use either virtual memory
+or temporary files.
+
+2.  Near/far pointer distinction.  To run efficiently on 80x86 machines, the
+code should distinguish "small" objects (kept in near data space) from
+"large" ones (kept in far data space).  This is an annoying restriction, but
+fortunately it does not impact code quality for less brain-damaged machines,
+and the source code clutter turns out to be minimal with sufficient use of
+pointer typedefs.
+
+3. Data precision.  We assume that "char" is at least 8 bits, "short" and
+"int" at least 16, "long" at least 32.  The code will work fine with larger
+data sizes, although memory may be used inefficiently in some cases.  However,
+the JPEG compressed datastream must ultimately appear on external storage as a
+sequence of 8-bit bytes if it is to conform to the standard.  This may pose a
+problem on machines where char is wider than 8 bits.  The library represents
+compressed data as an array of values of typedef JOCTET.  If no data type
+exactly 8 bits wide is available, custom data source and data destination
+modules must be written to unpack and pack the chosen JOCTET datatype into
+8-bit external representation.
+
+
+*** System overview ***
+
+The compressor and decompressor are each divided into two main sections:
+the JPEG compressor or decompressor proper, and the preprocessing or
+postprocessing functions.  The interface between these two sections is the
+image data that the official JPEG spec regards as its input or output: this
+data is in the colorspace to be used for compression, and it is downsampled
+to the sampling factors to be used.  The preprocessing and postprocessing
+steps are responsible for converting a normal image representation to or from
+this form.  (Those few applications that want to deal with YCbCr downsampled
+data can skip the preprocessing or postprocessing step.)
+
+Looking more closely, the compressor library contains the following main
+elements:
+
+  Preprocessing:
+    * Color space conversion (e.g., RGB to YCbCr).
+    * Edge expansion and downsampling.  Optionally, this step can do simple
+      smoothing --- this is often helpful for low-quality source data.
+  JPEG proper:
+    * MCU assembly, DCT, quantization.
+    * Entropy coding (sequential or progressive, Huffman or arithmetic).
+
+In addition to these modules we need overall control, marker generation,
+and support code (memory management & error handling).  There is also a
+module responsible for physically writing the output data --- typically
+this is just an interface to fwrite(), but some applications may need to
+do something else with the data.
+
+The decompressor library contains the following main elements:
+
+  JPEG proper:
+    * Entropy decoding (sequential or progressive, Huffman or arithmetic).
+    * Dequantization, inverse DCT, MCU disassembly.
+  Postprocessing:
+    * Upsampling.  Optionally, this step may be able to do more general
+      rescaling of the image.
+    * Color space conversion (e.g., YCbCr to RGB).  This step may also
+      provide gamma adjustment [ currently it does not ].
+    * Optional color quantization (e.g., reduction to 256 colors).
+    * Optional color precision reduction (e.g., 24-bit to 15-bit color).
+      [This feature is not currently implemented.]
+
+We also need overall control, marker parsing, and a data source module.
+The support code (memory management & error handling) can be shared with
+the compression half of the library.
+
+There may be several implementations of each of these elements, particularly
+in the decompressor, where a wide range of speed/quality tradeoffs is very
+useful.  It must be understood that some of the best speedups involve
+merging adjacent steps in the pipeline.  For example, upsampling, color space
+conversion, and color quantization might all be done at once when using a
+low-quality ordered-dither technique.  The system architecture is designed to
+allow such merging where appropriate.
+
+
+Note: it is convenient to regard edge expansion (padding to block boundaries)
+as a preprocessing/postprocessing function, even though the JPEG spec includes
+it in compression/decompression.  We do this because downsampling/upsampling
+can be simplified a little if they work on padded data: it's not necessary to
+have special cases at the right and bottom edges.  Therefore the interface
+buffer is always an integral number of blocks wide and high, and we expect
+compression preprocessing to pad the source data properly.  Padding will occur
+only to the next block (8-sample) boundary.  In an interleaved-scan situation,
+additional dummy blocks may be used to fill out MCUs, but the MCU assembly and
+disassembly logic will create or discard these blocks internally.  (This is
+advantageous for speed reasons, since we avoid DCTing the dummy blocks.
+It also permits a small reduction in file size, because the compressor can
+choose dummy block contents so as to minimize their size in compressed form.
+Finally, it makes the interface buffer specification independent of whether
+the file is actually interleaved or not.)  Applications that wish to deal
+directly with the downsampled data must provide similar buffering and padding
+for odd-sized images.
+
+
+*** Poor man's object-oriented programming ***
+
+It should be clear by now that we have a lot of quasi-independent processing
+steps, many of which have several possible behaviors.  To avoid cluttering the
+code with lots of switch statements, we use a simple form of object-style
+programming to separate out the different possibilities.
+
+For example, two different color quantization algorithms could be implemented
+as two separate modules that present the same external interface; at runtime,
+the calling code will access the proper module indirectly through an "object".
+
+We can get the limited features we need while staying within portable C.
+The basic tool is a function pointer.  An "object" is just a struct
+containing one or more function pointer fields, each of which corresponds to
+a method name in real object-oriented languages.  During initialization we
+fill in the function pointers with references to whichever module we have
+determined we need to use in this run.  Then invocation of the module is done
+by indirecting through a function pointer; on most machines this is no more
+expensive than a switch statement, which would be the only other way of
+making the required run-time choice.  The really significant benefit, of
+course, is keeping the source code clean and well structured.
+
+We can also arrange to have private storage that varies between different
+implementations of the same kind of object.  We do this by making all the
+module-specific object structs be separately allocated entities, which will
+be accessed via pointers in the master compression or decompression struct.
+The "public" fields or methods for a given kind of object are specified by
+a commonly known struct.  But a module's initialization code can allocate
+a larger struct that contains the common struct as its first member, plus
+additional private fields.  With appropriate pointer casting, the module's
+internal functions can access these private fields.  (For a simple example,
+see jdatadst.c, which implements the external interface specified by struct
+jpeg_destination_mgr, but adds extra fields.)
+
+(Of course this would all be a lot easier if we were using C++, but we are
+not yet prepared to assume that everyone has a C++ compiler.)
+
+An important benefit of this scheme is that it is easy to provide multiple
+versions of any method, each tuned to a particular case.  While a lot of
+precalculation might be done to select an optimal implementation of a method,
+the cost per invocation is constant.  For example, the upsampling step might
+have a "generic" method, plus one or more "hardwired" methods for the most
+popular sampling factors; the hardwired methods would be faster because they'd
+use straight-line code instead of for-loops.  The cost to determine which
+method to use is paid only once, at startup, and the selection criteria are
+hidden from the callers of the method.
+
+This plan differs a little bit from usual object-oriented structures, in that
+only one instance of each object class will exist during execution.  The
+reason for having the class structure is that on different runs we may create
+different instances (choose to execute different modules).  You can think of
+the term "method" as denoting the common interface presented by a particular
+set of interchangeable functions, and "object" as denoting a group of related
+methods, or the total shared interface behavior of a group of modules.
+
+
+*** Overall control structure ***
+
+We previously mentioned the need for overall control logic in the compression
+and decompression libraries.  In IJG implementations prior to v5, overall
+control was mostly provided by "pipeline control" modules, which proved to be
+large, unwieldy, and hard to understand.  To improve the situation, the
+control logic has been subdivided into multiple modules.  The control modules
+consist of:
+
+1. Master control for module selection and initialization.  This has two
+responsibilities:
+
+   1A.  Startup initialization at the beginning of image processing.
+        The individual processing modules to be used in this run are selected
+        and given initialization calls.
+
+   1B.  Per-pass control.  This determines how many passes will be performed
+        and calls each active processing module to configure itself
+        appropriately at the beginning of each pass.  End-of-pass processing,
+	where necessary, is also invoked from the master control module.
+
+   Method selection is partially distributed, in that a particular processing
+   module may contain several possible implementations of a particular method,
+   which it will select among when given its initialization call.  The master
+   control code need only be concerned with decisions that affect more than
+   one module.
+ 
+2. Data buffering control.  A separate control module exists for each
+   inter-processing-step data buffer.  This module is responsible for
+   invoking the processing steps that write or read that data buffer.
+
+Each buffer controller sees the world as follows:
+
+input data => processing step A => buffer => processing step B => output data
+                      |              |               |
+              ------------------ controller ------------------
+
+The controller knows the dataflow requirements of steps A and B: how much data
+they want to accept in one chunk and how much they output in one chunk.  Its
+function is to manage its buffer and call A and B at the proper times.
+
+A data buffer control module may itself be viewed as a processing step by a
+higher-level control module; thus the control modules form a binary tree with
+elementary processing steps at the leaves of the tree.
+
+The control modules are objects.  A considerable amount of flexibility can
+be had by replacing implementations of a control module.  For example:
+* Merging of adjacent steps in the pipeline is done by replacing a control
+  module and its pair of processing-step modules with a single processing-
+  step module.  (Hence the possible merges are determined by the tree of
+  control modules.)
+* In some processing modes, a given interstep buffer need only be a "strip"
+  buffer large enough to accommodate the desired data chunk sizes.  In other
+  modes, a full-image buffer is needed and several passes are required.
+  The control module determines which kind of buffer is used and manipulates
+  virtual array buffers as needed.  One or both processing steps may be
+  unaware of the multi-pass behavior.
+
+In theory, we might be able to make all of the data buffer controllers
+interchangeable and provide just one set of implementations for all.  In
+practice, each one contains considerable special-case processing for its
+particular job.  The buffer controller concept should be regarded as an
+overall system structuring principle, not as a complete description of the
+task performed by any one controller.
+
+
+*** Compression object structure ***
+
+Here is a sketch of the logical structure of the JPEG compression library:
+
+                                                 |-- Colorspace conversion
+                  |-- Preprocessing controller --|
+                  |                              |-- Downsampling
+Main controller --|
+                  |                            |-- Forward DCT, quantize
+                  |-- Coefficient controller --|
+                                               |-- Entropy encoding
+
+This sketch also describes the flow of control (subroutine calls) during
+typical image data processing.  Each of the components shown in the diagram is
+an "object" which may have several different implementations available.  One
+or more source code files contain the actual implementation(s) of each object.
+
+The objects shown above are:
+
+* Main controller: buffer controller for the subsampled-data buffer, which
+  holds the preprocessed input data.  This controller invokes preprocessing to
+  fill the subsampled-data buffer, and JPEG compression to empty it.  There is
+  usually no need for a full-image buffer here; a strip buffer is adequate.
+
+* Preprocessing controller: buffer controller for the downsampling input data
+  buffer, which lies between colorspace conversion and downsampling.  Note
+  that a unified conversion/downsampling module would probably replace this
+  controller entirely.
+
+* Colorspace conversion: converts application image data into the desired
+  JPEG color space; also changes the data from pixel-interleaved layout to
+  separate component planes.  Processes one pixel row at a time.
+
+* Downsampling: performs reduction of chroma components as required.
+  Optionally may perform pixel-level smoothing as well.  Processes a "row
+  group" at a time, where a row group is defined as Vmax pixel rows of each
+  component before downsampling, and Vk sample rows afterwards (remember Vk
+  differs across components).  Some downsampling or smoothing algorithms may
+  require context rows above and below the current row group; the
+  preprocessing controller is responsible for supplying these rows via proper
+  buffering.  The downsampler is responsible for edge expansion at the right
+  edge (i.e., extending each sample row to a multiple of 8 samples); but the
+  preprocessing controller is responsible for vertical edge expansion (i.e.,
+  duplicating the bottom sample row as needed to make a multiple of 8 rows).
+
+* Coefficient controller: buffer controller for the DCT-coefficient data.
+  This controller handles MCU assembly, including insertion of dummy DCT
+  blocks when needed at the right or bottom edge.  When performing
+  Huffman-code optimization or emitting a multiscan JPEG file, this
+  controller is responsible for buffering the full image.  The equivalent of
+  one fully interleaved MCU row of subsampled data is processed per call,
+  even when the JPEG file is noninterleaved.
+
+* Forward DCT and quantization: Perform DCT, quantize, and emit coefficients.
+  Works on one or more DCT blocks at a time.  (Note: the coefficients are now
+  emitted in normal array order, which the entropy encoder is expected to
+  convert to zigzag order as necessary.  Prior versions of the IJG code did
+  the conversion to zigzag order within the quantization step.)
+
+* Entropy encoding: Perform Huffman or arithmetic entropy coding and emit the
+  coded data to the data destination module.  Works on one MCU per call.
+  For progressive JPEG, the same DCT blocks are fed to the entropy coder
+  during each pass, and the coder must emit the appropriate subset of
+  coefficients.
+
+In addition to the above objects, the compression library includes these
+objects:
+
+* Master control: determines the number of passes required, controls overall
+  and per-pass initialization of the other modules.
+
+* Marker writing: generates JPEG markers (except for RSTn, which is emitted
+  by the entropy encoder when needed).
+
+* Data destination manager: writes the output JPEG datastream to its final
+  destination (e.g., a file).  The destination manager supplied with the
+  library knows how to write to a stdio stream; for other behaviors, the
+  surrounding application may provide its own destination manager.
+
+* Memory manager: allocates and releases memory, controls virtual arrays
+  (with backing store management, where required).
+
+* Error handler: performs formatting and output of error and trace messages;
+  determines handling of nonfatal errors.  The surrounding application may
+  override some or all of this object's methods to change error handling.
+
+* Progress monitor: supports output of "percent-done" progress reports.
+  This object represents an optional callback to the surrounding application:
+  if wanted, it must be supplied by the application.
+
+The error handler, destination manager, and progress monitor objects are
+defined as separate objects in order to simplify application-specific
+customization of the JPEG library.  A surrounding application may override
+individual methods or supply its own all-new implementation of one of these
+objects.  The object interfaces for these objects are therefore treated as
+part of the application interface of the library, whereas the other objects
+are internal to the library.
+
+The error handler and memory manager are shared by JPEG compression and
+decompression; the progress monitor, if used, may be shared as well.
+
+
+*** Decompression object structure ***
+
+Here is a sketch of the logical structure of the JPEG decompression library:
+
+                                               |-- Entropy decoding
+                  |-- Coefficient controller --|
+                  |                            |-- Dequantize, Inverse DCT
+Main controller --|
+                  |                               |-- Upsampling
+                  |-- Postprocessing controller --|   |-- Colorspace conversion
+                                                  |-- Color quantization
+                                                  |-- Color precision reduction
+
+As before, this diagram also represents typical control flow.  The objects
+shown are:
+
+* Main controller: buffer controller for the subsampled-data buffer, which
+  holds the output of JPEG decompression proper.  This controller's primary
+  task is to feed the postprocessing procedure.  Some upsampling algorithms
+  may require context rows above and below the current row group; when this
+  is true, the main controller is responsible for managing its buffer so as
+  to make context rows available.  In the current design, the main buffer is
+  always a strip buffer; a full-image buffer is never required.
+
+* Coefficient controller: buffer controller for the DCT-coefficient data.
+  This controller handles MCU disassembly, including deletion of any dummy
+  DCT blocks at the right or bottom edge.  When reading a multiscan JPEG
+  file, this controller is responsible for buffering the full image.
+  (Buffering DCT coefficients, rather than samples, is necessary to support
+  progressive JPEG.)  The equivalent of one fully interleaved MCU row of
+  subsampled data is processed per call, even when the source JPEG file is
+  noninterleaved.
+
+* Entropy decoding: Read coded data from the data source module and perform
+  Huffman or arithmetic entropy decoding.  Works on one MCU per call.
+  For progressive JPEG decoding, the coefficient controller supplies the prior
+  coefficients of each MCU (initially all zeroes), which the entropy decoder
+  modifies in each scan.
+
+* Dequantization and inverse DCT: like it says.  Note that the coefficients
+  buffered by the coefficient controller have NOT been dequantized; we
+  merge dequantization and inverse DCT into a single step for speed reasons.
+  When scaled-down output is asked for, simplified DCT algorithms may be used
+  that need fewer coefficients and emit fewer samples per DCT block, not the
+  full 8x8.  Works on one DCT block at a time.
+
+* Postprocessing controller: buffer controller for the color quantization
+  input buffer, when quantization is in use.  (Without quantization, this
+  controller just calls the upsampler.)  For two-pass quantization, this
+  controller is responsible for buffering the full-image data.
+
+* Upsampling: restores chroma components to full size.  (May support more
+  general output rescaling, too.  Note that if undersized DCT outputs have
+  been emitted by the DCT module, this module must adjust so that properly
+  sized outputs are created.)  Works on one row group at a time.  This module
+  also calls the color conversion module, so its top level is effectively a
+  buffer controller for the upsampling->color conversion buffer.  However, in
+  all but the highest-quality operating modes, upsampling and color
+  conversion are likely to be merged into a single step.
+
+* Colorspace conversion: convert from JPEG color space to output color space,
+  and change data layout from separate component planes to pixel-interleaved.
+  Works on one pixel row at a time.
+
+* Color quantization: reduce the data to colormapped form, using either an
+  externally specified colormap or an internally generated one.  This module
+  is not used for full-color output.  Works on one pixel row at a time; may
+  require two passes to generate a color map.  Note that the output will
+  always be a single component representing colormap indexes.  In the current
+  design, the output values are JSAMPLEs, so an 8-bit compilation cannot
+  quantize to more than 256 colors.  This is unlikely to be a problem in
+  practice.
+
+* Color reduction: this module handles color precision reduction, e.g.,
+  generating 15-bit color (5 bits/primary) from JPEG's 24-bit output.
+  Not quite clear yet how this should be handled... should we merge it with
+  colorspace conversion???
+
+Note that some high-speed operating modes might condense the entire
+postprocessing sequence to a single module (upsample, color convert, and
+quantize in one step).
+
+In addition to the above objects, the decompression library includes these
+objects:
+
+* Master control: determines the number of passes required, controls overall
+  and per-pass initialization of the other modules.  This is subdivided into
+  input and output control: jdinput.c controls only input-side processing,
+  while jdmaster.c handles overall initialization and output-side control.
+
+* Marker reading: decodes JPEG markers (except for RSTn).
+
+* Data source manager: supplies the input JPEG datastream.  The source
+  manager supplied with the library knows how to read from a stdio stream;
+  for other behaviors, the surrounding application may provide its own source
+  manager.
+
+* Memory manager: same as for compression library.
+
+* Error handler: same as for compression library.
+
+* Progress monitor: same as for compression library.
+
+As with compression, the data source manager, error handler, and progress
+monitor are candidates for replacement by a surrounding application.
+
+
+*** Decompression input and output separation ***
+
+To support efficient incremental display of progressive JPEG files, the
+decompressor is divided into two sections that can run independently:
+
+1. Data input includes marker parsing, entropy decoding, and input into the
+   coefficient controller's DCT coefficient buffer.  Note that this
+   processing is relatively cheap and fast.
+
+2. Data output reads from the DCT coefficient buffer and performs the IDCT
+   and all postprocessing steps.
+
+For a progressive JPEG file, the data input processing is allowed to get
+arbitrarily far ahead of the data output processing.  (This occurs only
+if the application calls jpeg_consume_input(); otherwise input and output
+run in lockstep, since the input section is called only when the output
+section needs more data.)  In this way the application can avoid making
+extra display passes when data is arriving faster than the display pass
+can run.  Furthermore, it is possible to abort an output pass without
+losing anything, since the coefficient buffer is read-only as far as the
+output section is concerned.  See libjpeg.txt for more detail.
+
+A full-image coefficient array is only created if the JPEG file has multiple
+scans (or if the application specifies buffered-image mode anyway).  When
+reading a single-scan file, the coefficient controller normally creates only
+a one-MCU buffer, so input and output processing must run in lockstep in this
+case.  jpeg_consume_input() is effectively a no-op in this situation.
+
+The main impact of dividing the decompressor in this fashion is that we must
+be very careful with shared variables in the cinfo data structure.  Each
+variable that can change during the course of decompression must be
+classified as belonging to data input or data output, and each section must
+look only at its own variables.  For example, the data output section may not
+depend on any of the variables that describe the current scan in the JPEG
+file, because these may change as the data input section advances into a new
+scan.
+
+The progress monitor is (somewhat arbitrarily) defined to treat input of the
+file as one pass when buffered-image mode is not used, and to ignore data
+input work completely when buffered-image mode is used.  Note that the
+library has no reliable way to predict the number of passes when dealing
+with a progressive JPEG file, nor can it predict the number of output passes
+in buffered-image mode.  So the work estimate is inherently bogus anyway.
+
+No comparable division is currently made in the compression library, because
+there isn't any real need for it.
+
+
+*** Data formats ***
+
+Arrays of pixel sample values use the following data structure:
+
+    typedef something JSAMPLE;		a pixel component value, 0..MAXJSAMPLE
+    typedef JSAMPLE *JSAMPROW;		ptr to a row of samples
+    typedef JSAMPROW *JSAMPARRAY;	ptr to a list of rows
+    typedef JSAMPARRAY *JSAMPIMAGE;	ptr to a list of color-component arrays
+
+The basic element type JSAMPLE will typically be one of unsigned char,
+(signed) char, or short.  Short will be used if samples wider than 8 bits are
+to be supported (this is a compile-time option).  Otherwise, unsigned char is
+used if possible.  If the compiler only supports signed chars, then it is
+necessary to mask off the value when reading.  Thus, all reads of JSAMPLE
+values must be coded as "GETJSAMPLE(value)", where the macro will be defined
+as "((value) & 0xFF)" on signed-char machines and "((int) (value))" elsewhere.
+
+With these conventions, JSAMPLE values can be assumed to be >= 0.  This helps
+simplify correct rounding during downsampling, etc.  The JPEG standard's
+specification that sample values run from -128..127 is accommodated by
+subtracting 128 from the sample value in the DCT step.  Similarly, during
+decompression the output of the IDCT step will be immediately shifted back to
+0..255.  (NB: different values are required when 12-bit samples are in use.
+The code is written in terms of MAXJSAMPLE and CENTERJSAMPLE, which will be
+defined as 255 and 128 respectively in an 8-bit implementation, and as 4095
+and 2048 in a 12-bit implementation.)
+
+We use a pointer per row, rather than a two-dimensional JSAMPLE array.  This
+choice costs only a small amount of memory and has several benefits:
+* Code using the data structure doesn't need to know the allocated width of
+  the rows.  This simplifies edge expansion/compression, since we can work
+  in an array that's wider than the logical picture width.
+* Indexing doesn't require multiplication; this is a performance win on many
+  machines.
+* Arrays with more than 64K total elements can be supported even on machines
+  where malloc() cannot allocate chunks larger than 64K.
+* The rows forming a component array may be allocated at different times
+  without extra copying.  This trick allows some speedups in smoothing steps
+  that need access to the previous and next rows.
+
+Note that each color component is stored in a separate array; we don't use the
+traditional layout in which the components of a pixel are stored together.
+This simplifies coding of modules that work on each component independently,
+because they don't need to know how many components there are.  Furthermore,
+we can read or write each component to a temporary file independently, which
+is helpful when dealing with noninterleaved JPEG files.
+
+In general, a specific sample value is accessed by code such as
+	GETJSAMPLE(image[colorcomponent][row][col])
+where col is measured from the image left edge, but row is measured from the
+first sample row currently in memory.  Either of the first two indexings can
+be precomputed by copying the relevant pointer.
+
+
+Since most image-processing applications prefer to work on images in which
+the components of a pixel are stored together, the data passed to or from the
+surrounding application uses the traditional convention: a single pixel is
+represented by N consecutive JSAMPLE values, and an image row is an array of
+(# of color components)*(image width) JSAMPLEs.  One or more rows of data can
+be represented by a pointer of type JSAMPARRAY in this scheme.  This scheme is
+converted to component-wise storage inside the JPEG library.  (Applications
+that want to skip JPEG preprocessing or postprocessing will have to contend
+with component-wise storage.)
+
+
+Arrays of DCT-coefficient values use the following data structure:
+
+    typedef short JCOEF;		a 16-bit signed integer
+    typedef JCOEF JBLOCK[DCTSIZE2];	an 8x8 block of coefficients
+    typedef JBLOCK *JBLOCKROW;		ptr to one horizontal row of 8x8 blocks
+    typedef JBLOCKROW *JBLOCKARRAY;	ptr to a list of such rows
+    typedef JBLOCKARRAY *JBLOCKIMAGE;	ptr to a list of color component arrays
+
+The underlying type is at least a 16-bit signed integer; while "short" is big
+enough on all machines of interest, on some machines it is preferable to use
+"int" for speed reasons, despite the storage cost.  Coefficients are grouped
+into 8x8 blocks (but we always use #defines DCTSIZE and DCTSIZE2 rather than
+"8" and "64").
+
+The contents of a coefficient block may be in either "natural" or zigzagged
+order, and may be true values or divided by the quantization coefficients,
+depending on where the block is in the processing pipeline.  In the current
+library, coefficient blocks are kept in natural order everywhere; the entropy
+codecs zigzag or dezigzag the data as it is written or read.  The blocks
+contain quantized coefficients everywhere outside the DCT/IDCT subsystems.
+(This latter decision may need to be revisited to support variable
+quantization a la JPEG Part 3.)
+
+Notice that the allocation unit is now a row of 8x8 blocks, corresponding to
+eight rows of samples.  Otherwise the structure is much the same as for
+samples, and for the same reasons.
+
+On machines where malloc() can't handle a request bigger than 64Kb, this data
+structure limits us to rows of less than 512 JBLOCKs, or a picture width of
+4000+ pixels.  This seems an acceptable restriction.
+
+
+On 80x86 machines, the bottom-level pointer types (JSAMPROW and JBLOCKROW)
+must be declared as "far" pointers, but the upper levels can be "near"
+(implying that the pointer lists are allocated in the DS segment).
+We use a #define symbol FAR, which expands to the "far" keyword when
+compiling on 80x86 machines and to nothing elsewhere.
+
+
+*** Suspendable processing ***
+
+In some applications it is desirable to use the JPEG library as an
+incremental, memory-to-memory filter.  In this situation the data source or
+destination may be a limited-size buffer, and we can't rely on being able to
+empty or refill the buffer at arbitrary times.  Instead the application would
+like to have control return from the library at buffer overflow/underrun, and
+then resume compression or decompression at a later time.
+
+This scenario is supported for simple cases.  (For anything more complex, we
+recommend that the application "bite the bullet" and develop real multitasking
+capability.)  The libjpeg.txt file goes into more detail about the usage and
+limitations of this capability; here we address the implications for library
+structure.
+
+The essence of the problem is that the entropy codec (coder or decoder) must
+be prepared to stop at arbitrary times.  In turn, the controllers that call
+the entropy codec must be able to stop before having produced or consumed all
+the data that they normally would handle in one call.  That part is reasonably
+straightforward: we make the controller call interfaces include "progress
+counters" which indicate the number of data chunks successfully processed, and
+we require callers to test the counter rather than just assume all of the data
+was processed.
+
+Rather than trying to restart at an arbitrary point, the current Huffman
+codecs are designed to restart at the beginning of the current MCU after a
+suspension due to buffer overflow/underrun.  At the start of each call, the
+codec's internal state is loaded from permanent storage (in the JPEG object
+structures) into local variables.  On successful completion of the MCU, the
+permanent state is updated.  (This copying is not very expensive, and may even
+lead to *improved* performance if the local variables can be registerized.)
+If a suspension occurs, the codec simply returns without updating the state,
+thus effectively reverting to the start of the MCU.  Note that this implies
+leaving some data unprocessed in the source/destination buffer (ie, the
+compressed partial MCU).  The data source/destination module interfaces are
+specified so as to make this possible.  This also implies that the data buffer
+must be large enough to hold a worst-case compressed MCU; a couple thousand
+bytes should be enough.
+
+In a successive-approximation AC refinement scan, the progressive Huffman
+decoder has to be able to undo assignments of newly nonzero coefficients if it
+suspends before the MCU is complete, since decoding requires distinguishing
+previously-zero and previously-nonzero coefficients.  This is a bit tedious
+but probably won't have much effect on performance.  Other variants of Huffman
+decoding need not worry about this, since they will just store the same values
+again if forced to repeat the MCU.
+
+This approach would probably not work for an arithmetic codec, since its
+modifiable state is quite large and couldn't be copied cheaply.  Instead it
+would have to suspend and resume exactly at the point of the buffer end.
+
+The JPEG marker reader is designed to cope with suspension at an arbitrary
+point.  It does so by backing up to the start of the marker parameter segment,
+so the data buffer must be big enough to hold the largest marker of interest.
+Again, a couple KB should be adequate.  (A special "skip" convention is used
+to bypass COM and APPn markers, so these can be larger than the buffer size
+without causing problems; otherwise a 64K buffer would be needed in the worst
+case.)
+
+The JPEG marker writer currently does *not* cope with suspension.
+We feel that this is not necessary; it is much easier simply to require
+the application to ensure there is enough buffer space before starting.  (An
+empty 2K buffer is more than sufficient for the header markers; and ensuring
+there are a dozen or two bytes available before calling jpeg_finish_compress()
+will suffice for the trailer.)  This would not work for writing multi-scan
+JPEG files, but we simply do not intend to support that capability with
+suspension.
+
+
+*** Memory manager services ***
+
+The JPEG library's memory manager controls allocation and deallocation of
+memory, and it manages large "virtual" data arrays on machines where the
+operating system does not provide virtual memory.  Note that the same
+memory manager serves both compression and decompression operations.
+
+In all cases, allocated objects are tied to a particular compression or
+decompression master record, and they will be released when that master
+record is destroyed.
+
+The memory manager does not provide explicit deallocation of objects.
+Instead, objects are created in "pools" of free storage, and a whole pool
+can be freed at once.  This approach helps prevent storage-leak bugs, and
+it speeds up operations whenever malloc/free are slow (as they often are).
+The pools can be regarded as lifetime identifiers for objects.  Two
+pools/lifetimes are defined:
+  * JPOOL_PERMANENT	lasts until master record is destroyed
+  * JPOOL_IMAGE		lasts until done with image (JPEG datastream)
+Permanent lifetime is used for parameters and tables that should be carried
+across from one datastream to another; this includes all application-visible
+parameters.  Image lifetime is used for everything else.  (A third lifetime,
+JPOOL_PASS = one processing pass, was originally planned.  However it was
+dropped as not being worthwhile.  The actual usage patterns are such that the
+peak memory usage would be about the same anyway; and having per-pass storage
+substantially complicates the virtual memory allocation rules --- see below.)
+
+The memory manager deals with three kinds of object:
+1. "Small" objects.  Typically these require no more than 10K-20K total.
+2. "Large" objects.  These may require tens to hundreds of K depending on
+   image size.  Semantically they behave the same as small objects, but we
+   distinguish them for two reasons:
+     * On MS-DOS machines, large objects are referenced by FAR pointers,
+       small objects by NEAR pointers.
+     * Pool allocation heuristics may differ for large and small objects.
+   Note that individual "large" objects cannot exceed the size allowed by
+   type size_t, which may be 64K or less on some machines.
+3. "Virtual" objects.  These are large 2-D arrays of JSAMPLEs or JBLOCKs
+   (typically large enough for the entire image being processed).  The
+   memory manager provides stripwise access to these arrays.  On machines
+   without virtual memory, the rest of the array may be swapped out to a
+   temporary file.
+
+(Note: JSAMPARRAY and JBLOCKARRAY data structures are a combination of large
+objects for the data proper and small objects for the row pointers.  For
+convenience and speed, the memory manager provides single routines to create
+these structures.  Similarly, virtual arrays include a small control block
+and a JSAMPARRAY or JBLOCKARRAY working buffer, all created with one call.)
+
+In the present implementation, virtual arrays are only permitted to have image
+lifespan.  (Permanent lifespan would not be reasonable, and pass lifespan is
+not very useful since a virtual array's raison d'etre is to store data for
+multiple passes through the image.)  We also expect that only "small" objects
+will be given permanent lifespan, though this restriction is not required by
+the memory manager.
+
+In a non-virtual-memory machine, some performance benefit can be gained by
+making the in-memory buffers for virtual arrays be as large as possible.
+(For small images, the buffers might fit entirely in memory, so blind
+swapping would be very wasteful.)  The memory manager will adjust the height
+of the buffers to fit within a prespecified maximum memory usage.  In order
+to do this in a reasonably optimal fashion, the manager needs to allocate all
+of the virtual arrays at once.  Therefore, there isn't a one-step allocation
+routine for virtual arrays; instead, there is a "request" routine that simply
+allocates the control block, and a "realize" routine (called just once) that
+determines space allocation and creates all of the actual buffers.  The
+realize routine must allow for space occupied by non-virtual large objects.
+(We don't bother to factor in the space needed for small objects, on the
+grounds that it isn't worth the trouble.)
+
+To support all this, we establish the following protocol for doing business
+with the memory manager:
+  1. Modules must request virtual arrays (which may have only image lifespan)
+     during the initial setup phase, i.e., in their jinit_xxx routines.
+  2. All "large" objects (including JSAMPARRAYs and JBLOCKARRAYs) must also be
+     allocated during initial setup.
+  3. realize_virt_arrays will be called at the completion of initial setup.
+     The above conventions ensure that sufficient information is available
+     for it to choose a good size for virtual array buffers.
+Small objects of any lifespan may be allocated at any time.  We expect that
+the total space used for small objects will be small enough to be negligible
+in the realize_virt_arrays computation.
+
+In a virtual-memory machine, we simply pretend that the available space is
+infinite, thus causing realize_virt_arrays to decide that it can allocate all
+the virtual arrays as full-size in-memory buffers.  The overhead of the
+virtual-array access protocol is very small when no swapping occurs.
+
+A virtual array can be specified to be "pre-zeroed"; when this flag is set,
+never-yet-written sections of the array are set to zero before being made
+available to the caller.  If this flag is not set, never-written sections
+of the array contain garbage.  (This feature exists primarily because the
+equivalent logic would otherwise be needed in jdcoefct.c for progressive
+JPEG mode; we may as well make it available for possible other uses.)
+
+The first write pass on a virtual array is required to occur in top-to-bottom
+order; read passes, as well as any write passes after the first one, may
+access the array in any order.  This restriction exists partly to simplify
+the virtual array control logic, and partly because some file systems may not
+support seeking beyond the current end-of-file in a temporary file.  The main
+implication of this restriction is that rearrangement of rows (such as
+converting top-to-bottom data order to bottom-to-top) must be handled while
+reading data out of the virtual array, not while putting it in.
+
+
+*** Memory manager internal structure ***
+
+To isolate system dependencies as much as possible, we have broken the
+memory manager into two parts.  There is a reasonably system-independent
+"front end" (jmemmgr.c) and a "back end" that contains only the code
+likely to change across systems.  All of the memory management methods
+outlined above are implemented by the front end.  The back end provides
+the following routines for use by the front end (none of these routines
+are known to the rest of the JPEG code):
+
+jpeg_mem_init, jpeg_mem_term	system-dependent initialization/shutdown
+
+jpeg_get_small, jpeg_free_small	interface to malloc and free library routines
+				(or their equivalents)
+
+jpeg_get_large, jpeg_free_large	interface to FAR malloc/free in MSDOS machines;
+				else usually the same as
+				jpeg_get_small/jpeg_free_small
+
+jpeg_mem_available		estimate available memory
+
+jpeg_open_backing_store		create a backing-store object
+
+read_backing_store,		manipulate a backing-store object
+write_backing_store,
+close_backing_store
+
+On some systems there will be more than one type of backing-store object
+(specifically, in MS-DOS a backing store file might be an area of extended
+memory as well as a disk file).  jpeg_open_backing_store is responsible for
+choosing how to implement a given object.  The read/write/close routines
+are method pointers in the structure that describes a given object; this
+lets them be different for different object types.
+
+It may be necessary to ensure that backing store objects are explicitly
+released upon abnormal program termination.  For example, MS-DOS won't free
+extended memory by itself.  To support this, we will expect the main program
+or surrounding application to arrange to call self_destruct (typically via
+jpeg_destroy) upon abnormal termination.  This may require a SIGINT signal
+handler or equivalent.  We don't want to have the back end module install its
+own signal handler, because that would pre-empt the surrounding application's
+ability to control signal handling.
+
+The IJG distribution includes several memory manager back end implementations.
+Usually the same back end should be suitable for all applications on a given
+system, but it is possible for an application to supply its own back end at
+need.
+
+
+*** Implications of DNL marker ***
+
+Some JPEG files may use a DNL marker to postpone definition of the image
+height (this would be useful for a fax-like scanner's output, for instance).
+In these files the SOF marker claims the image height is 0, and you only
+find out the true image height at the end of the first scan.
+
+We could read these files as follows:
+1. Upon seeing zero image height, replace it by 65535 (the maximum allowed).
+2. When the DNL is found, update the image height in the global image
+   descriptor.
+This implies that control modules must avoid making copies of the image
+height, and must re-test for termination after each MCU row.  This would
+be easy enough to do.
+
+In cases where image-size data structures are allocated, this approach will
+result in very inefficient use of virtual memory or much-larger-than-necessary
+temporary files.  This seems acceptable for something that probably won't be a
+mainstream usage.  People might have to forgo use of memory-hogging options
+(such as two-pass color quantization or noninterleaved JPEG files) if they
+want efficient conversion of such files.  (One could improve efficiency by
+demanding a user-supplied upper bound for the height, less than 65536; in most
+cases it could be much less.)
+
+The standard also permits the SOF marker to overestimate the image height,
+with a DNL to give the true, smaller height at the end of the first scan.
+This would solve the space problems if the overestimate wasn't too great.
+However, it implies that you don't even know whether DNL will be used.
+
+This leads to a couple of very serious objections:
+1. Testing for a DNL marker must occur in the inner loop of the decompressor's
+   Huffman decoder; this implies a speed penalty whether the feature is used
+   or not.
+2. There is no way to hide the last-minute change in image height from an
+   application using the decoder.  Thus *every* application using the IJG
+   library would suffer a complexity penalty whether it cared about DNL or
+   not.
+We currently do not support DNL because of these problems.
+
+A different approach is to insist that DNL-using files be preprocessed by a
+separate program that reads ahead to the DNL, then goes back and fixes the SOF
+marker.  This is a much simpler solution and is probably far more efficient.
+Even if one wants piped input, buffering the first scan of the JPEG file needs
+a lot smaller temp file than is implied by the maximum-height method.  For
+this approach we'd simply treat DNL as a no-op in the decompressor (at most,
+check that it matches the SOF image height).
+
+We will not worry about making the compressor capable of outputting DNL.
+Something similar to the first scheme above could be applied if anyone ever
+wants to make that work.