activerecord 3.2.6 → 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb

@@ -1,177 +1,143 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/column"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/explain_pretty_printer"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_creation"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_definitions"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_dumper"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/schema_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/mysql/type_metadata"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :collation
+      include MySQL::Quoting
+      include MySQL::SchemaStatements
 
-        def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil)
-          super(name, default, sql_type, null)
-          @collation = collation
-        end
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # By default, the Mysql2Adapter will consider all columns of type <tt>tinyint(1)</tt>
+      # as boolean. If you wish to disable this emulation you can add the following line
+      # to your application.rb file:
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans = false
+      class_attribute :emulate_booleans, default: true
 
-        def extract_default(default)
-          if sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
-            if default.blank?
-              return null ? nil : ''
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
-            end
-          elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
-            nil
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key: "bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
+        string:      { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
+        text:        { name: "text" },
+        integer:     { name: "int", limit: 4 },
+        float:       { name: "float", limit: 24 },
+        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:    { name: "datetime" },
+        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
+        time:        { name: "time" },
+        date:        { name: "date" },
+        binary:      { name: "blob" },
+        blob:        { name: "blob" },
+        boolean:     { name: "tinyint", limit: 1 },
+        json:        { name: "json" },
+      }
 
-        def has_default?
-          return false if sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text #mysql forbids defaults on blob and text columns
-          super
-        end
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
+        private
 
-        # Must return the relevant concrete adapter
-        def adapter
-          raise NotImplementedError
-        end
+          def dealloc(stmt)
+            stmt.close
+          end
+      end
 
-        def case_sensitive?
-          collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
-        end
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
+        super(connection, logger, config)
+      end
 
-        private
+      def get_database_version #:nodoc:
+        full_version_string = get_full_version
+        version_string = version_string(full_version_string)
+        Version.new(version_string, full_version_string)
+      end
 
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          return :boolean if adapter.emulate_booleans && field_type.downcase.index("tinyint(1)")
+      def mariadb? # :nodoc:
+        /mariadb/i.match?(full_version)
+      end
 
-          case field_type
-          when /enum/i, /set/i then :string
-          when /year/i         then :integer
-          when /bit/i          then :binary
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
+      def supports_bulk_alter?
+        true
+      end
 
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /blob|text/i
-            case sql_type
-            when /tiny/i
-              255
-            when /medium/i
-              16777215
-            when /long/i
-              2147483647 # mysql only allows 2^31-1, not 2^32-1, somewhat inconsistently with the tiny/medium/normal cases
-            else
-              super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
-            end
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^int/i;       4
-          when /^mediumint/i; 3
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^tinyint/i;   1
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.1"
+      end
 
-        # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
-        # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
-        # default (string) but we can for others (integer, datetime, boolean,
-        # and the rest).
-        #
-        # Test whether the column has default '', is not null, and is not
-        # a type allowing default ''.
-        def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
-          type != :string && !null && default == ''
-        end
+      def supports_expression_index?
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "8.0.13"
       end
 
-      ##
-      # :singleton-method:
-      # By default, the MysqlAdapter will consider all columns of type <tt>tinyint(1)</tt>
-      # as boolean. If you wish to disable this emulation (which was the default
-      # behavior in versions 0.13.1 and earlier) you can add the following line
-      # to your application.rb file:
-      #
-      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql[2]Adapter.emulate_booleans = false
-      class_attribute :emulate_booleans
-      self.emulate_booleans = true
+      def supports_transaction_isolation?
+        true
+      end
 
-      LOST_CONNECTION_ERROR_MESSAGES = [
-        "Server shutdown in progress",
-        "Broken pipe",
-        "Lost connection to MySQL server during query",
-        "MySQL server has gone away" ]
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
 
-      QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        true
+      end
 
-      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
-        :primary_key => "int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
-        :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
-        :text        => { :name => "text" },
-        :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
-        :float       => { :name => "float" },
-        :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
-        :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :time        => { :name => "time" },
-        :date        => { :name => "date" },
-        :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
-        :boolean     => { :name => "tinyint", :limit => 1 }
-      }
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::MySQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
+      def supports_views?
+        true
       end
 
-      # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
-      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
-        @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
-        @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.6.4"
+      end
 
-        if config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true }
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
-        else
-          @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
-        end
+      def supports_virtual_columns?
+        mariadb? || database_version >= "5.7.5"
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
+      # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimizer-hints.html for more details.
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        !mariadb? && database_version >= "5.7.7"
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
-      def supports_migrations?
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_primary_key?
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip?
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
-      def supports_savepoints?
+      def supports_insert_on_duplicate_update?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
-        true
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_name, timeout = 0) # :nodoc:
+        query_value("SELECT GET_LOCK(#{quote(lock_name.to_s)}, #{timeout})") == 1
       end
 
-      # Technically MySQL allows to create indexes with the sort order syntax
-      # but at the moment (5.5) it doesn't yet implement them
-      def supports_index_sort_order?
-        true
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_name) # :nodoc:
+        query_value("SELECT RELEASE_LOCK(#{quote(lock_name.to_s)})") == 1
       end
 
       def native_database_types
         NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
 
+      def index_algorithms
+        { default: +"ALGORITHM = DEFAULT", copy: +"ALGORITHM = COPY", inplace: +"ALGORITHM = INPLACE" }
+      end
+
       # HELPER METHODS ===========================================
 
       # The two drivers have slightly different ways of yielding hashes of results, so
@@ -180,50 +146,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
 
-      # Overridden by the adapters to instantiate their specific Column type.
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation) # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation)
-      end
-
-      # Must return the Mysql error number from the exception, if the exception has an
+      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
       # error number.
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
 
-      # QUOTING ==================================================
-
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
-          s = column.class.string_to_binary(value).unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
-        elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
-          value.to_s("F")
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
-        @quoted_column_names[name] ||= "`#{name.to_s.gsub('`', '``')}`"
-      end
-
-      def quote_table_name(name) #:nodoc:
-        @quoted_table_names[name] ||= quote_column_name(name).gsub('.', '`.`')
-      end
-
-      def quoted_true
-        QUOTED_TRUE
-      end
-
-      def quoted_false
-        QUOTED_FALSE
-      end
-
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
-      def disable_referential_integrity(&block) #:nodoc:
-        old = select_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")
+      def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
+        old = query_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")
 
         begin
           update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0")
@@ -233,121 +165,92 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+
+      def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
+        reload_type_map
+        super
+      end
+
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
+
+      def explain(arel, binds = [])
+        sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
+        start   = Concurrent.monotonic_time
+        result  = exec_query(sql, "EXPLAIN", binds)
+        elapsed = Concurrent.monotonic_time - start
+
+        MySQL::ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
+      end
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
-        if name == :skip_logging
-          @connection.query(sql)
-        else
-          log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
-        end
-      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => exception
-        if exception.message.split(":").first =~ /Packets out of order/
-          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, "'Packets out of order' error was received from the database. Please update your mysql bindings (gem install mysql) and read http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/password-hashing.html for more information. If you're on Windows, use the Instant Rails installer to get the updated mysql bindings."
-        else
-          raise
+        materialize_transactions
+
+        log(sql, name) do
+          ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+            @connection.query(sql)
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
-      # stuff in a abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it needs to be
-      # explicitly freed or not.
-      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+      # Mysql2Adapter doesn't have to free a result after using it, but we use this method
+      # to write stuff in an abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it
+      # needs to be explicitly freed or not.
+      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) # :nodoc:
         yield execute(sql, name)
       end
 
-      def update_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        super
-        @connection.affected_rows
-      end
-
       def begin_db_transaction
         execute "BEGIN"
-      rescue Exception
-        # Transactions aren't supported
+      end
+
+      def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
+        execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{transaction_isolation_levels.fetch(isolation)}"
+        begin_db_transaction
       end
 
       def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "COMMIT"
-      rescue Exception
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "ROLLBACK"
-      rescue Exception
-        # Transactions aren't supported
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
       end
 
-      # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
-      # query. However, this does not allow for LIMIT, OFFSET and ORDER. To support
-      # these, we must use a subquery. However, MySQL is too stupid to create a
-      # temporary table for this automatically, so we have to give it some prompting
-      # in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
-      def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
-        if select.limit || select.offset || select.orders.any?
-          subsubselect = select.clone
-          subsubselect.projections = [update.key]
-
-          subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
-          subselect.project Arel.sql(update.key.name)
-          subselect.from subsubselect.as('__active_record_temp')
-
-          update.where update.key.in(subselect)
-        else
-          update.table select.source
-          update.wheres = select.constraints
-        end
+      def empty_insert_statement_value(primary_key = nil)
+        "VALUES ()"
       end
 
       # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
 
-      def structure_dump #:nodoc:
-        if supports_views?
-          sql = "SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE Table_type = 'BASE TABLE'"
-        else
-          sql = "SHOW TABLES"
-        end
-
-        select_all(sql).map { |table|
-          table.delete('Table_type')
-          sql = "SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table.to_a.first.last)}"
-          exec_without_stmt(sql).first['Create Table'] + ";\n\n"
-        }.join
-      end
-
       # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
       # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
       def recreate_database(name, options = {})
         drop_database(name)
-        create_database(name, options)
+        sql = create_database(name, options)
+        reconnect!
+        sql
       end
 
       # Create a new MySQL database with optional <tt>:charset</tt> and <tt>:collation</tt>.
-      # Charset defaults to utf8.
+      # Charset defaults to utf8mb4.
       #
       # Example:
-      #   create_database 'charset_test', :charset => 'latin1', :collation => 'latin1_bin'
+      #   create_database 'charset_test', charset: 'latin1', collation: 'latin1_bin'
       #   create_database 'matt_development'
-      #   create_database 'matt_development', :charset => :big5
+      #   create_database 'matt_development', charset: :big5
       def create_database(name, options = {})
         if options[:collation]
-          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}` COLLATE `#{options[:collation]}`"
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT COLLATE #{quote_table_name(options[:collation])}"
+        elsif options[:charset]
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET #{quote_table_name(options[:charset])}"
+        elsif row_format_dynamic_by_default?
+          execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `utf8mb4`"
         else
-          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}`"
+          raise "Configure a supported :charset and ensure innodb_large_prefix is enabled to support indexes on varchar(255) string columns."
         end
       end
 
@@ -356,319 +259,563 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Example:
       #   drop_database('sebastian_development')
       def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
-        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS `#{name}`"
+        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
       end
 
       def current_database
-        select_value 'SELECT DATABASE() as db'
+        query_value("SELECT database()", "SCHEMA")
       end
 
       # Returns the database character set.
       def charset
-        show_variable 'character_set_database'
+        show_variable "character_set_database"
       end
 
       # Returns the database collation strategy.
       def collation
-        show_variable 'collation_database'
+        show_variable "collation_database"
       end
 
-      def tables(name = nil, database = nil, like = nil) #:nodoc:
-        sql = "SHOW TABLES "
-        sql << "IN #{quote_table_name(database)} " if database
-        sql << "LIKE #{quote(like)}" if like
+      def table_comment(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
 
-        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          result.collect { |field| field.first }
-        end
+        query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA").presence
+          SELECT table_comment
+          FROM information_schema.tables
+          WHERE table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
+            AND table_name = #{scope[:name]}
+        SQL
       end
 
-      def table_exists?(name)
-        return false unless name
-        return true if tables(nil, nil, name).any?
-
-        name          = name.to_s
-        schema, table = name.split('.', 2)
+      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
+        comment = "" if comment.nil?
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} COMMENT #{quote(comment)}")
+      end
 
-        unless table # A table was provided without a schema
-          table  = schema
-          schema = nil
-        end
+      # Renames a table.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+        execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
+      end
 
-        tables(nil, schema, table).any?
+      # Drops a table from the database.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to drop temporary table.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
+      def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
-      def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
-        indexes = []
-        current_index = nil
-        execute_and_free("SHOW KEYS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          each_hash(result) do |row|
-            if current_index != row[:Key_name]
-              next if row[:Key_name] == 'PRIMARY' # skip the primary key
-              current_index = row[:Key_name]
-              indexes << IndexDefinition.new(row[:Table], row[:Key_name], row[:Non_unique].to_i == 0, [], [])
-            end
+      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        if supports_rename_index?
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
 
-            indexes.last.columns << row[:Column_name]
-            indexes.last.lengths << row[:Sub_part]
-          end
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        else
+          super
         end
+      end
 
-        indexes
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) #:nodoc:
+        default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, default: default
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
-      def columns(table_name, name = nil)#:nodoc:
-        sql = "SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
-        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          each_hash(result).map do |field|
-            new_column(field[:Field], field[:Default], field[:Type], field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation])
-          end
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
         end
-      end
 
-      def create_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        super(table_name, options.reverse_merge(:options => "ENGINE=InnoDB"))
+        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, null: null
       end
 
-      def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
-        sqls = operations.map do |command, args|
-          table, arguments = args.shift, args
-          method = :"#{command}_sql"
-
-          if respond_to?(method, true)
-            send(method, table, *arguments)
-          else
-            raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
-          end
-        end.flatten.join(", ")
-
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
+      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+        comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
+        change_column table_name, column_name, nil, comment: comment
       end
 
-      # Renames a table.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
-      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
-        execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
       end
 
-      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{rename_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)}")
+        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+      end
+
+      def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using, comment = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+        sql = +"CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns}) #{index_algorithm}"
+        execute add_sql_comment!(sql, comment)
+      end
+
+      def add_sql_comment!(sql, comment) # :nodoc:
+        sql << " COMMENT #{quote(comment)}" if comment.present?
+        sql
+      end
+
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?
+
+        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
+
+        fk_info = exec_query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name AS 'to_table',
+                 fk.referenced_column_name AS 'primary_key',
+                 fk.column_name AS 'column',
+                 fk.constraint_name AS 'name',
+                 rc.update_rule AS 'on_update',
+                 rc.delete_rule AS 'on_delete'
+          FROM information_schema.referential_constraints rc
+          JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage fk
+          USING (constraint_schema, constraint_name)
+          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name IS NOT NULL
+            AND fk.table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
+            AND fk.table_name = #{scope[:name]}
+            AND rc.constraint_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
+            AND rc.table_name = #{scope[:name]}
+        SQL
+
+        fk_info.map do |row|
+          options = {
+            column: row["column"],
+            name: row["name"],
+            primary_key: row["primary_key"]
+          }
+
+          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_update"])
+          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_delete"])
+
+          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row["to_table"], options)
+        end
       end
 
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
-        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
-      end
+      def table_options(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        table_options = {}
 
-      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
-        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)
 
-        unless null || default.nil?
-          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        # strip create_definitions and partition_options
+        raw_table_options = create_table_info.sub(/\A.*\n\) /m, "").sub(/\n\/\*!.*\*\/\n\z/m, "").strip
+
+        # strip AUTO_INCREMENT
+        raw_table_options.sub!(/(ENGINE=\w+)(?: AUTO_INCREMENT=\d+)/, '\1')
+
+        table_options[:options] = raw_table_options
+
+        # strip COMMENT
+        if raw_table_options.sub!(/ COMMENT='.+'/, "")
+          table_options[:comment] = table_comment(table_name)
         end
 
-        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :null => null
+        table_options
       end
 
-      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
+      # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
+      def show_variable(name)
+        query_value("SELECT @@#{name}", "SCHEMA")
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        nil
       end
 
-      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
-        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)}")
-      end
-
-      # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
-      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
-        case type.to_s
-        when 'integer'
-          case limit
-          when 1; 'tinyint'
-          when 2; 'smallint'
-          when 3; 'mediumint'
-          when nil, 4, 11; 'int(11)'  # compatibility with MySQL default
-          when 5..8; 'bigint'
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
-          end
-        when 'text'
-          case limit
-          when 0..0xff;               'tinytext'
-          when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    'text'
-          when 0x10000..0xffffff;     'mediumtext'
-          when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; 'longtext'
-          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No text type has character length #{limit}")
-          end
+      def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?
+
+        scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
+
+        query_values(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+          SELECT column_name
+          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
+          WHERE constraint_name = 'PRIMARY'
+            AND table_schema = #{scope[:schema]}
+            AND table_name = #{scope[:name]}
+          ORDER BY ordinal_position
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      def default_uniqueness_comparison(attribute, value, klass) # :nodoc:
+        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)
+
+        if column.collation && !column.case_sensitive? && !value.nil?
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
+            Uniqueness validator will no longer enforce case sensitive comparison in Rails 6.1.
+            To continue case sensitive comparison on the :#{attribute.name} attribute in #{klass} model,
+            pass `case_sensitive: true` option explicitly to the uniqueness validator.
+          MSG
+          attribute.eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
         else
           super
         end
       end
 
-      def add_column_position!(sql, options)
-        if options[:first]
-          sql << " FIRST"
-        elsif options[:after]
-          sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(attribute, value) # :nodoc:
+        column = column_for_attribute(attribute)
+
+        if column.collation && !column.case_sensitive?
+          attribute.eq(Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(value))
+        else
+          super
         end
       end
 
-      # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
-      def show_variable(name)
-        variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'")
-        variables.first['Value'] unless variables.empty?
+      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+        column.case_sensitive?
       end
+      private :can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?
 
-      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
-      def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-        execute_and_free("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          create_table = each_hash(result).first[:"Create Table"]
-          if create_table.to_s =~ /PRIMARY KEY\s+(?:USING\s+\w+\s+)?\((.+)\)/
-            keys = $1.split(",").map { |key| key.gsub(/[`"]/, "") }
-            keys.length == 1 ? [keys.first, nil] : nil
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+      # In MySQL 5.7.5 and up, ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY affects handling of queries that use
+      # DISTINCT and ORDER BY. It requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for
+      # distinct queries, and requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
+      # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/group-by-handling.html
+      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
+        order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map { |s|
+          # Convert Arel node to string
+          s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
+          # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
+          s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, "")
+        }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
+
+        (order_columns << super).join(", ")
       end
 
-      # Returns just a table's primary key
-      def primary_key(table)
-        pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-        pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
+      def strict_mode?
+        self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config.fetch(:strict, true))
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
-        Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
+      def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
+        index.using == :btree || super
       end
 
-      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
-        if column.case_sensitive?
-          super
-        else
-          table[attribute].eq(value)
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          no_op_column = quote_column_name(insert.keys.first)
+          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE #{no_op_column}=#{no_op_column}"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE "
+          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=VALUES(#{column})" }.join(",")
         end
+
+        sql
       end
 
-      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
-        where_sql
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < "5.5.8"
+          raise "Your version of MySQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports MySQL >= 5.5.8."
+        end
       end
 
-      protected
+      private
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+          super
 
-      def add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
-        if options.is_a?(Hash) && length = options[:length]
-          case length
-          when Hash
-            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length[name]})" if length.has_key?(name) && length[name].present?}
-          when Fixnum
-            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length})"}
+          register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i, MysqlString
+
+          m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(text)i,       Type::Text.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(blob)i,       Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+          m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
+          m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)
+
+          register_integer_type m, %r(^bigint)i,    limit: 8
+          register_integer_type m, %r(^int)i,       limit: 4
+          register_integer_type m, %r(^mediumint)i, limit: 3
+          register_integer_type m, %r(^smallint)i,  limit: 2
+          register_integer_type m, %r(^tinyint)i,   limit: 1
+
+          m.register_type %r(^tinyint\(1\))i, Type::Boolean.new if emulate_booleans
+          m.alias_type %r(year)i,          "integer"
+          m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           "binary"
+
+          m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
+            limit = sql_type[/^enum\s*\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+              .split(",").map { |enum| enum.strip.length - 2 }.max
+            MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
+          end
+
+          m.register_type(%r(^set)i) do |sql_type|
+            limit = sql_type[/^set\s*\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+              .split(",").map { |set| set.strip.length - 1 }.sum - 1
+            MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
           end
         end
 
-        return option_strings
-      end
+        def register_integer_type(mapping, key, options)
+          mapping.register_type(key) do |sql_type|
+            if /\bunsigned\b/.match?(sql_type)
+              Type::UnsignedInteger.new(options)
+            else
+              Type::Integer.new(options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
-        option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]
+        def extract_precision(sql_type)
+          if /\A(?:date)?time(?:stamp)?\b/.match?(sql_type)
+            super || 0
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/error-messages-server.html
+        ER_DUP_ENTRY            = 1062
+        ER_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION   = 1048
+        ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW    = 1216
+        ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED    = 1217
+        ER_DO_NOT_HAVE_DEFAULT  = 1364
+        ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2  = 1451
+        ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2  = 1452
+        ER_DATA_TOO_LONG        = 1406
+        ER_OUT_OF_RANGE         = 1264
+        ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK        = 1213
+        ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN   = 1215
+        ER_CANNOT_CREATE_TABLE  = 1005
+        ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT    = 1205
+        ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED    = 1317
+        ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT        = 3024
+        ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS = 3780
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
+          case error_number(exception)
+          when ER_DUP_ENTRY
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED, ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED_2, ER_NO_REFERENCED_ROW_2
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN, ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS
+            mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_CANNOT_CREATE_TABLE
+            if message.include?("errno: 150")
+              mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          when ER_DATA_TOO_LONG
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_OUT_OF_RANGE
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_NOT_NULL_VIOLATION, ER_DO_NOT_HAVE_DEFAULT
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_QUERY_TIMEOUT
+            StatementTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when ER_QUERY_INTERRUPTED
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
 
-        # add index length
-        option_strings = add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options)
+        def change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          type ||= column.sql_type
 
-        # add index sort order
-        option_strings = add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options)
+          unless options.key?(:default)
+            options[:default] = column.default
+          end
 
-        column_names.map {|name| quote_column_name(name) + option_strings[name]}
-      end
+          unless options.key?(:null)
+            options[:null] = column.null
+          end
 
-      def translate_exception(exception, message)
-        case error_number(exception)
-        when 1062
-          RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
-        when 1452
-          InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
-        else
-          super
+          unless options.key?(:comment)
+            options[:comment] = column.comment
+          end
+
+          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+          cd = td.new_column_definition(column.name, type, options)
+          schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
         end
-      end
 
-      def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        add_column_sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
-        add_column_options!(add_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_position!(add_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_sql
-      end
+        def rename_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+          column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          options = {
+            default: column.default,
+            null: column.null,
+            auto_increment: column.auto_increment?
+          }
+
+          current_type = exec_query("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE #{quote(column_name)}", "SCHEMA").first["Type"]
+          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+          cd = td.new_column_definition(new_column_name, current_type, options)
+          schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
+        end
+
+        def add_index_for_alter(table_name, column_name, options = {})
+          index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+          index_algorithm[0, 0] = ", " if index_algorithm.present?
+          "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_algorithm}"
+        end
+
+        def remove_index_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+          index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
+          "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)}"
+        end
+
+        def add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+          options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
 
-      def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+            options[:precision] = 6
+          end
 
-        unless options_include_default?(options)
-          options[:default] = column.default
+          [add_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
         end
 
-        unless options.has_key?(:null)
-          options[:null] = column.null
+        def remove_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+          [remove_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at)]
         end
 
-        change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
-        add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
-        add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
-        change_column_sql
-      end
+        def supports_rename_index?
+          mariadb? ? false : database_version >= "5.7.6"
+        end
 
-      def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
-        options = {}
+        def configure_connection
+          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
-        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          options[:default] = column.default
-          options[:null] = column.null
-        else
-          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+          # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id; Turn this off.
+          variables["sql_auto_is_null"] = 0
+
+          # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
+          wait_timeout = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:wait_timeout])
+          wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Integer)
+          variables["wait_timeout"] = wait_timeout
+
+          defaults = [":default", :default].to_set
+
+          # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
+          # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
+          # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
+          if sql_mode = variables.delete("sql_mode")
+            sql_mode = quote(sql_mode)
+          elsif !defaults.include?(strict_mode?)
+            if strict_mode?
+              sql_mode = "CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ',STRICT_ALL_TABLES')"
+            else
+              sql_mode = "REPLACE(@@sql_mode, 'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES', '')"
+              sql_mode = "REPLACE(#{sql_mode}, 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES', '')"
+              sql_mode = "REPLACE(#{sql_mode}, 'TRADITIONAL', '')"
+            end
+            sql_mode = "CONCAT(#{sql_mode}, ',NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO')"
+          end
+          sql_mode_assignment = "@@SESSION.sql_mode = #{sql_mode}, " if sql_mode
+
+          # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
+          # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-names.html
+          # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
+          if @config[:encoding]
+            encoding = +"NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
+            encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
+            encoding << ", "
+          end
+
+          # Gather up all of the SET variables...
+          variable_assignments = variables.map do |k, v|
+            if defaults.include?(v)
+              "@@SESSION.#{k} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+            elsif !v.nil?
+              "@@SESSION.#{k} = #{quote(v)}"
+            end
+            # or else nil; compact to clear nils out
+          end.compact.join(", ")
+
+          # ...and send them all in one query
+          execute "SET #{encoding} #{sql_mode_assignment} #{variable_assignments}"
         end
 
-        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'")["Type"]
-        rename_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)} #{current_type}"
-        add_column_options!(rename_column_sql, options)
-        rename_column_sql
-      end
+        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          execute_and_free("SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", "SCHEMA") do |result|
+            each_hash(result)
+          end
+        end
 
-      def remove_column_sql(table_name, *column_names)
-        columns_for_remove(table_name, *column_names).map {|column_name| "DROP #{column_name}" }
-      end
-      alias :remove_columns_sql :remove_column
+        def create_table_info(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          exec_query("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", "SCHEMA").first["Create Table"]
+        end
 
-      def add_index_sql(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-        index_name, index_type, index_columns = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
-        "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{index_name} (#{index_columns})"
-      end
+        def arel_visitor
+          Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new(self)
+        end
 
-      def remove_index_sql(table_name, options = {})
-        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
-        "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
-      end
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+        end
 
-      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name)
-        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime)]
-      end
+        def mismatched_foreign_key(message, sql:, binds:)
+          match = %r/
+            (?:CREATE|ALTER)\s+TABLE\s*(?:`?\w+`?\.)?`?(?<table>\w+)`?.+?
+            FOREIGN\s+KEY\s*\(`?(?<foreign_key>\w+)`?\)\s*
+            REFERENCES\s*(`?(?<target_table>\w+)`?)\s*\(`?(?<primary_key>\w+)`?\)
+          /xmi.match(sql)
+
+          options = {
+            message: message,
+            sql: sql,
+            binds: binds,
+          }
+
+          if match
+            options[:table] = match[:table]
+            options[:foreign_key] = match[:foreign_key]
+            options[:target_table] = match[:target_table]
+            options[:primary_key] = match[:primary_key]
+            options[:primary_key_column] = column_for(match[:target_table], match[:primary_key])
+          end
 
-      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name)
-        [remove_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_sql(table_name, :created_at)]
-      end
+          MismatchedForeignKey.new(options)
+        end
 
-      private
+        def version_string(full_version_string)
+          full_version_string.match(/^(?:5\.5\.5-)?(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)/)[1]
+        end
 
-      def supports_views?
-        version[0] >= 5
-      end
+        class MysqlString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          def serialize(value)
+            case value
+            when true then "1"
+            when false then "0"
+            else super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+            def cast_value(value)
+              case value
+              when true then "1"
+              when false then "0"
+              else super
+              end
+            end
         end
-        column
-      end
+
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, MysqlString, adapter: :mysql2)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql2)
     end
   end
 end