activerecord 3.2.6 → 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -1,34 +1,28 @@
-begin
-  require 'psych'
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
-require 'yaml'
-require 'set'
-require 'thread'
-require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
-require 'active_support/dependencies'
-require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
-require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'arel'
-require 'active_record/errors'
-require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
-require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "yaml"
+require "active_support/benchmarkable"
+require "active_support/dependencies"
+require "active_support/descendants_tracker"
+require "active_support/time"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/slice"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/behavior"
+require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/introspection"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses"
+require "active_record/attribute_decorators"
+require "active_record/define_callbacks"
+require "active_record/errors"
+require "active_record/log_subscriber"
+require "active_record/explain_subscriber"
+require "active_record/relation/delegation"
+require "active_record/attributes"
+require "active_record/type_caster"
+require "active_record/database_configurations"
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -47,7 +41,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # method is especially useful when you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an
   # HTTP request. It works like this:
   #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
+  #   user = User.new(name: "David", occupation: "Code Artist")
   #   user.name # => "David"
   #
   # You can also use block initialization:
@@ -80,7 +74,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     end
   #
   #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
-  #       where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
+  #       where(user_name: user_name, password: password).first
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -98,27 +92,27 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   #   Company.where(
   #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
-  #     { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
+  #     { id: 3, name: "37signals", division: "First", accounting_date: '2005-01-01' }
   #   ).first
   #
   # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
   # operator. For instance:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1)
+  #   Student.where(first_name: "Harvey", status: 1)
   #   Student.where(params[:student])
   #
   # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:grade => 9..12)
+  #   Student.where(grade: 9..12)
   #
   # An array may be used in the hash to use the SQL IN operator:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:grade => [9,11,12])
+  #   Student.where(grade: [9,11,12])
   #
   # When joining tables, nested hashes or keys written in the form 'table_name.column_name'
   # can be used to qualify the table name of a particular condition. For instance:
   #
-  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(:schools => { :category => 'public' })
+  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(schools: { category: 'public' })
   #   Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.category' => 'public' )
   #
   # == Overwriting default accessors
@@ -126,36 +120,33 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record
   # object, but sometimes you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting
   # the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) and calling
-  # <tt>read_attribute(attr_name)</tt> and <tt>write_attribute(attr_name, value)</tt> to actually
-  # change things.
+  # +super+ to actually change things.
   #
   #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
   #
   #     def length=(minutes)
-  #       write_attribute(:length, minutes.to_i * 60)
+  #       super(minutes.to_i * 60)
   #     end
   #
   #     def length
-  #       read_attribute(:length) / 60
+  #       super / 60
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # You can alternatively use <tt>self[:attribute]=(value)</tt> and <tt>self[:attribute]</tt>
-  # instead of <tt>write_attribute(:attribute, value)</tt> and <tt>read_attribute(:attribute)</tt>.
-  #
   # == Attribute query methods
   #
   # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
   # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
+  # Additionally, when dealing with numeric values, a query method will return false if the value is zero.
   #
   # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
   # to determine whether the user has a name:
   #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David")
+  #   user = User.new(name: "David")
   #   user.name? # => true
   #
-  #   anonymous = User.new(:name => "")
+  #   anonymous = User.new(name: "")
   #   anonymous.name? # => false
   #
   # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
@@ -171,71 +162,31 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
   #
-  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects
+  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a mildly deprecated way of getting (and/or creating) objects
   # by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by appending the name of an attribute
-  # to <tt>find_by_</tt>, <tt>find_last_by_</tt>, or <tt>find_all_by_</tt> and thus produces finders
-  # like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>, <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name</tt>, and
-  # <tt>Payment.find_by_transaction_id</tt>. Instead of writing
-  # <tt>Person.where(:user_name => user_name).first</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
-  # And instead of writing <tt>Person.where(:last_name => last_name).all</tt>, you just do
-  # <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
+  # to <tt>find_by_</tt> like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>.
+  # Instead of writing <tt>Person.find_by(user_name: user_name)</tt>, you can use
+  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
   #
   # It's possible to add an exclamation point (!) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error if they do not return any records,
+  # ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound error if they do not return any records,
   # like <tt>Person.find_by_last_name!</tt>.
   #
-  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_".
+  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same <tt>find_by_</tt> by separating them with
+  # "_and_".
   #
-  #  Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
+  #  Person.find_by(user_name: user_name, password: password)
   #  Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) # with dynamic finder
   #
   # It's even possible to call these dynamic finder methods on relations and named scopes.
   #
-  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_all_by_amount(50)
-  #   Payment.pending.find_last_by_amount(100)
-  #
-  # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist.
-  # This dynamic finder is called with <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if
-  # it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Protected attributes won't be set
-  # unless they are given in a block.
-  #
-  #   # No 'Summer' tag exists
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
-  #
-  #   # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
-  #
-  #   # Now 'Bob' exist and is an 'admin'
-  #   User.find_or_create_by_name('Bob', :age => 40) { |u| u.admin = true }
-  #
-  # Adding an exclamation point (!) on to the end of <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> will
-  # raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt> error if the new record is invalid.
-  #
-  # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without
-  # saving it first. Protected attributes won't be set unless they are given in a block.
-  #
-  #   # No 'Winter' tag exists
-  #   winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter")
-  #   winter.persisted? # false
-  #
-  # To find by a subset of the attributes to be used for instantiating a new object, pass a hash instead of
-  # a list of parameters.
-  #
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "rails", :creator => current_user)
-  #
-  # That will either find an existing tag named "rails", or create a new one while setting the
-  # user that created it.
-  #
-  # Just like <tt>find_by_*</tt>, you can also use <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> to retrieve data. The good thing about
-  # using this feature is that the very first time result is returned using <tt>method_missing</tt> technique
-  # but after that the method is declared on the class. Henceforth <tt>method_missing</tt> will not be hit.
-  #
-  #  User.scoped_by_user_name('David')
+  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_by_amount(50)
   #
   # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
   #
   # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must
-  # specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
+  # specify this with a call to the class method
+  # {serialize}[rdoc-ref:AttributeMethods::Serialization::ClassMethods#serialize].
   # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing
   # any additional work.
   #
@@ -243,7 +194,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     serialize :preferences
   #   end
   #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
+  #   user = User.create(preferences: { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
   #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
   #
   # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception
@@ -253,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     serialize :preferences, Hash
   #   end
   #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
+  #   user = User.create(preferences: %w( one two three ))
   #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
   #
   # When you specify a class option, the default value for that attribute will be a new
@@ -269,453 +220,109 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Single table inheritance
   #
-  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
-  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
-  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
-  #
-  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-  #   class Firm < Company; end
-  #   class Client < Company; end
-  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
-  #
-  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(:name => "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
-  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
-  # <tt>Company.where(:name => '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
-  #
-  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
-  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
-  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
-  #
-  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
-  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a
+  # column that is named "type" by default. See ActiveRecord::Inheritance for
+  # more details.
   #
   # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
   #
-  # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved
+  # Connections are usually created through
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] and retrieved
   # by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this
   # connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is an
   # ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say <tt>Course.establish_connection</tt>
   # and Course and all of its subclasses will use this connection instead.
   #
   # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is
-  # a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the retrieve_connection method
+  # a hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the
+  # {ActiveRecord::Base.retrieve_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#retrieve_connection] method
   # will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
   #
   # == Exceptions
   #
   # * ActiveRecordError - Generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record.
-  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include an
-  #   <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
-  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified a
-  #   non-existent adapter
+  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
+  #   didn't include an <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
+  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection]
+  #   specified a non-existent adapter
   #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
   # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
   #   specified in the association definition.
-  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
-  # * ConnectionNotEstablished+ - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
-  #   before querying.
-  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
-  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
-  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
-  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
-  # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
-  #   AttributeAssignmentError
-  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
   # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
   #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
   #   triggered the error.
+  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established.
+  #   Use {ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionHandling#establish_connection] before querying.
+  # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base#attributes=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeAssignment#attributes=] method.
+  #   The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
+  #   AttributeAssignmentError
+  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
+  # * RecordInvalid - raised by {ActiveRecord::Base#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!] and
+  #   {ActiveRecord::Base.create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!]
+  #   when the record is invalid.
+  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] method.
+  #   Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
+  #   Some {ActiveRecord::Base.find}[rdoc-ref:FinderMethods#find] calls do not raise this exception to signal
+  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
+  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
+  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
   #
   # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
   # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through <tt>Base.logger=</tt> which will then be used by all
   # instances in the current object space.
   class Base
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class,
-    # which is then passed on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both
-    # a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
-    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
-    # as a Hash.
-    #
-    # For example, the following database.yml...
-    #
-    #   development:
-    #     adapter: sqlite3
-    #     database: db/development.sqlite3
-    #
-    #   production:
-    #     adapter: sqlite3
-    #     database: db/production.sqlite3
-    #
-    # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
-    #
-    #   {
-    #      'development' => {
-    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-    #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
-    #      },
-    #      'production' => {
-    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-    #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
-    #      }
-    #   }
-    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
-    @@configurations = {}
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling
-    # dates and times from the database. This is set to :local by default.
-    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
-    @@default_timezone = :local
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
-    # Rakefile. If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
-    # specific) SQL statements. If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
-    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
-    # supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database
-    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
-    @@schema_format = :ruby
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
-    cattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations , :instance_writer => false
-    @@timestamped_migrations = true
-
-    class << self # Class methods
-      def inherited(child_class) #:nodoc:
-        child_class.initialize_generated_modules
-        super
-      end
-
-      def initialize_generated_modules #:nodoc:
-        @attribute_methods_mutex = Mutex.new
-
-        # force attribute methods to be higher in inheritance hierarchy than other generated methods
-        generated_attribute_methods
-        generated_feature_methods
-      end
-
-      def generated_feature_methods
-        @generated_feature_methods ||= begin
-          mod = const_set(:GeneratedFeatureMethods, Module.new)
-          include mod
-          mod
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string like 'Post(id:integer, title:string, body:text)'
-      def inspect
-        if self == Base
-          super
-        elsif abstract_class?
-          "#{super}(abstract)"
-        elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
-          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
-        else
-          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
-      def ===(object)
-        object.is_a?(self)
-      end
-
-      def arel_table
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
-      end
-
-      def arel_engine
-        @arel_engine ||= begin
-          if self == ActiveRecord::Base
-            ActiveRecord::Base
-          else
-            connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(self) ? self : superclass.arel_engine
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def relation #:nodoc:
-        @relation ||= Relation.new(self, arel_table)
-
-        if finder_needs_type_condition?
-          @relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
-        else
-          @relation
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    public
-      # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
-      # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
-      # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
-      # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
-      #
-      # +initialize+ respects mass-assignment security and accepts either +:as+ or +:without_protection+ options
-      # in the +options+ parameter.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # Instantiates a single new object
-      #   User.new(:first_name => 'Jamie')
-      #
-      #   # Instantiates a single new object using the :admin mass-assignment security role
-      #   User.new({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :as => :admin)
-      #
-      #   # Instantiates a single new object bypassing mass-assignment security
-      #   User.new({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :without_protection => true)
-      def initialize(attributes = nil, options = {})
-        @attributes = self.class.initialize_attributes(self.class.column_defaults.dup)
-        @association_cache = {}
-        @aggregation_cache = {}
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        @new_record = true
-        @readonly = false
-        @destroyed = false
-        @marked_for_destruction = false
-        @previously_changed = {}
-        @changed_attributes = {}
-        @relation = nil
-
-        ensure_proper_type
-
-        populate_with_current_scope_attributes
-
-        assign_attributes(attributes, options) if attributes
-
-        yield self if block_given?
-        run_callbacks :initialize
-      end
-
-      # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ must contain
-      # the attributes necessary for initializing an empty model object. For
-      # example:
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   post = Post.allocate
-      #   post.init_with('attributes' => { 'title' => 'hello world' })
-      #   post.title # => 'hello world'
-      def init_with(coder)
-        @attributes = self.class.initialize_attributes(coder['attributes'])
-        @relation = nil
-
-        @attributes_cache, @previously_changed, @changed_attributes = {}, {}, {}
-        @association_cache = {}
-        @aggregation_cache = {}
-        @readonly = @destroyed = @marked_for_destruction = false
-        @new_record = false
-        run_callbacks :find
-        run_callbacks :initialize
-
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Duped objects have no id assigned and are treated as new records. Note
-      # that this is a "shallow" copy as it copies the object's attributes
-      # only, not its associations. The extent of a "deep" copy is application
-      # specific and is therefore left to the application to implement according
-      # to its need.
-      # The dup method does not preserve the timestamps (created|updated)_(at|on).
-      def initialize_dup(other)
-        cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-        self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes, :serialized => false)
-
-        cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-
-        @attributes = cloned_attributes
-
-        _run_after_initialize_callbacks if respond_to?(:_run_after_initialize_callbacks)
-
-        @changed_attributes = {}
-        self.class.column_defaults.each do |attr, orig_value|
-          @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
-        end
-
-        @aggregation_cache = {}
-        @association_cache = {}
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        @new_record  = true
-
-        ensure_proper_type
-        populate_with_current_scope_attributes
-        super
-      end
-
-      # Backport dup from 1.9 so that initialize_dup() gets called
-      unless Object.respond_to?(:initialize_dup)
-        def dup # :nodoc:
-          copy = super
-          copy.initialize_dup(self)
-          copy
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Populate +coder+ with attributes about this record that should be
-      # serialized. The structure of +coder+ defined in this method is
-      # guaranteed to match the structure of +coder+ passed to the +init_with+
-      # method.
-      #
-      # Example:
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #   end
-      #   coder = {}
-      #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
-      #   coder # => { 'id' => nil, ... }
-      def encode_with(coder)
-        coder['attributes'] = attributes
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
-      # is of the same type and +self+ has an ID and it is equal to +comparison_object.id+.
-      #
-      # Note that new records are different from any other record by definition, unless the
-      # other record is the receiver itself. Besides, if you fetch existing records with
-      # +select+ and leave the ID out, you're on your own, this predicate will return false.
-      #
-      # Note also that destroying a record preserves its ID in the model instance, so deleted
-      # models are still comparable.
-      def ==(comparison_object)
-        super ||
-          comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-          id.present? &&
-          comparison_object.id == id
-      end
-      alias :eql? :==
-
-      # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
-      #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
-      def hash
-        id.hash
-      end
-
-      # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
-      def freeze
-        @attributes.freeze; self
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
-      def frozen?
-        @attributes.frozen?
-      end
-
-      # Allows sort on objects
-      def <=>(other_object)
-        if other_object.is_a?(self.class)
-          self.to_key <=> other_object.to_key
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-      # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
-      def readonly?
-        @readonly
-      end
-
-      # Marks this record as read only.
-      def readonly!
-        @readonly = true
-      end
-
-      # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
-      def inspect
-        inspection = if @attributes
-                       self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
-                         if has_attribute?(name)
-                           "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
-                         end
-                       }.compact.join(", ")
-                     else
-                       "not initialized"
-                     end
-        "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
-      end
-
-      # Hackery to accomodate Syck. Remove for 4.0.
-      def to_yaml(opts = {}) #:nodoc:
-        if YAML.const_defined?(:ENGINE) && !YAML::ENGINE.syck?
-          super
-        else
-          coder = {}
-          encode_with(coder)
-          YAML.quick_emit(self, opts) do |out|
-            out.map(taguri, to_yaml_style) do |map|
-              coder.each { |k, v| map.add(k, v) }
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Hackery to accomodate Syck. Remove for 4.0.
-      def yaml_initialize(tag, coder) #:nodoc:
-        init_with(coder)
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      # Under Ruby 1.9, Array#flatten will call #to_ary (recursively) on each of the elements
-      # of the array, and then rescues from the possible NoMethodError. If those elements are
-      # ActiveRecord::Base's, then this triggers the various method_missing's that we have,
-      # which significantly impacts upon performance.
-      #
-      # So we can avoid the method_missing hit by explicitly defining #to_ary as nil here.
-      #
-      # See also http://tenderlovemaking.com/2011/06/28/til-its-ok-to-return-nil-from-to_ary/
-      def to_ary # :nodoc:
-        nil
-      end
-
-    include ActiveRecord::Persistence
     extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
+
     extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
     extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
 
+    extend ConnectionHandling
+    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
     extend Querying
+    extend Translation
+    extend DynamicMatchers
+    extend Explain
+    extend Enum
+    extend Delegation::DelegateCache
+    extend Aggregations::ClassMethods
+
+    include Core
+    include Persistence
     include ReadonlyAttributes
     include ModelSchema
-    extend Translation
     include Inheritance
     include Scoping
-    extend DynamicMatchers
     include Sanitization
-    include Integration
     include AttributeAssignment
     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    include Integration
     include Validations
-    extend CounterCache
-    include Locking::Optimistic, Locking::Pessimistic
+    include CounterCache
+    include Attributes
+    include AttributeDecorators
+    include Locking::Optimistic
+    include Locking::Pessimistic
+    include DefineCallbacks
     include AttributeMethods
-    include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp
+    include Callbacks
+    include Timestamp
     include Associations
-    include IdentityMap
     include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-    extend Explain
-
-    # AutosaveAssociation needs to be included before Transactions, because we want
-    # #save_with_autosave_associations to be wrapped inside a transaction.
-    include AutosaveAssociation, NestedAttributes
-    include Aggregations, Transactions, Reflection, Serialization, Store
+    include AutosaveAssociation
+    include NestedAttributes
+    include Transactions
+    include TouchLater
+    include NoTouching
+    include Reflection
+    include Serialization
+    include Store
+    include SecureToken
+    include Suppressor
   end
-end
 
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_specification'
-ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, ActiveRecord::Base)
+  ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
+end