torchrl 0.11.0__cp314-cp314t-win_amd64.whl

torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2412 @@
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import atexit
+import logging
+import multiprocessing as mp
+import os
+import shutil
+import signal
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
+from copy import copy
+from multiprocessing.context import get_spawning_popen
+from typing import Any
+
+import numpy as np
+import tensordict
+import torch
+from tensordict import (
+    is_tensor_collection,
+    lazy_stack,
+    LazyStackedTensorDict,
+    TensorDict,
+    TensorDictBase,
+)
+from tensordict.base import _NESTED_TENSORS_AS_LISTS
+from tensordict.memmap import MemoryMappedTensor
+from tensordict.utils import _zip_strict
+from torch.utils._pytree import tree_flatten, tree_map, tree_unflatten
+
+from torchrl._utils import _make_ordinal_device, implement_for, logger as torchrl_logger
+from torchrl.data.replay_buffers.checkpointers import (
+    CompressedListStorageCheckpointer,
+    ListStorageCheckpointer,
+    StorageCheckpointerBase,
+    StorageEnsembleCheckpointer,
+    TensorStorageCheckpointer,
+)
+from torchrl.data.replay_buffers.utils import (
+    _init_pytree,
+    _is_int,
+    INT_CLASSES,
+    tree_iter,
+)
+
+try:
+    from torch.compiler import disable as compile_disable, is_compiling
+except ImportError:
+    from torch._dynamo import disable as compile_disable, is_compiling
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Memmap Storage Cleanup Infrastructure
+# =============================================================================
+# This module-level infrastructure ensures that memmap files created by
+# LazyMemmapStorage are cleaned up even when scripts are interrupted with
+# Ctrl+C (SIGINT) or killed with SIGTERM.
+
+# Registry of storages to clean up (weak references to avoid preventing GC)
+_MEMMAP_STORAGE_REGISTRY: weakref.WeakSet = weakref.WeakSet()
+
+# Track if cleanup has already run (to avoid double cleanup)
+_CLEANUP_DONE = False
+
+# Store original signal handlers to restore after cleanup
+_ORIGINAL_SIGINT_HANDLER = None
+_ORIGINAL_SIGTERM_HANDLER = None
+
+
+def _cleanup_all_memmap_storages():
+    """Clean up all registered memmap storages.
+
+    This function is called on exit (via atexit) and on signal interrupts.
+    It removes all temporary memmap directories that were created with
+    auto_cleanup=True.
+    """
+    global _CLEANUP_DONE
+    if _CLEANUP_DONE:
+        return
+    _CLEANUP_DONE = True
+
+    for storage in list(_MEMMAP_STORAGE_REGISTRY):
+        try:
+            storage.cleanup()
+        except Exception:
+            # Ignore errors during cleanup - the storage might already be gone
+            pass
+
+
+def _signal_cleanup_handler(signum, frame):
+    """Signal handler that cleans up memmap storages before exiting.
+
+    This handler is robust to cleanup failures - it will always re-raise the
+    signal to ensure proper process termination.
+    """
+    # Always ensure we re-raise the signal, even if cleanup fails
+    try:
+        _cleanup_all_memmap_storages()
+    except Exception:
+        # Ignore any cleanup errors - we must re-raise the signal
+        pass
+
+    # Re-raise the signal with the original handler (or default behavior)
+    if signum == signal.SIGINT:
+        original = _ORIGINAL_SIGINT_HANDLER
+    elif signum == signal.SIGTERM:
+        original = _ORIGINAL_SIGTERM_HANDLER
+    else:
+        original = signal.SIG_DFL
+
+    # Restore original handler and re-raise
+    signal.signal(signum, original if original else signal.SIG_DFL)
+    os.kill(os.getpid(), signum)
+
+
+def _register_cleanup_handlers():
+    """Register atexit and signal handlers for memmap cleanup.
+
+    This is called once when the first storage with auto_cleanup=True is created.
+    """
+    global _ORIGINAL_SIGINT_HANDLER, _ORIGINAL_SIGTERM_HANDLER
+
+    # Register atexit handler (for normal exits)
+    atexit.register(_cleanup_all_memmap_storages)
+
+    # Register signal handlers (for Ctrl+C and kill)
+    # Only register if we're in the main thread (signals can only be handled in main thread)
+    try:
+        import threading
+
+        if threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread():
+            _ORIGINAL_SIGINT_HANDLER = signal.signal(
+                signal.SIGINT, _signal_cleanup_handler
+            )
+            _ORIGINAL_SIGTERM_HANDLER = signal.signal(
+                signal.SIGTERM, _signal_cleanup_handler
+            )
+    except (ValueError, RuntimeError):
+        # Signal handling not available (e.g., not main thread)
+        pass
+
+
+# Flag to track if handlers have been registered
+_CLEANUP_HANDLERS_REGISTERED = False
+
+
+def _ensure_cleanup_handlers():
+    """Ensure cleanup handlers are registered (called once per process)."""
+    global _CLEANUP_HANDLERS_REGISTERED
+    if not _CLEANUP_HANDLERS_REGISTERED:
+        _register_cleanup_handlers()
+        _CLEANUP_HANDLERS_REGISTERED = True
+
+
+class Storage:
+    """A Storage is the container of a replay buffer.
+
+    Every storage must have a set, get and __len__ methods implemented.
+    Get and set should support integers as well as list of integers.
+
+    The storage does not need to have a definite size, but if it does one should
+    make sure that it is compatible with the buffer size.
+
+    """
+
+    ndim = 1
+    max_size: int
+    _default_checkpointer: StorageCheckpointerBase = StorageCheckpointerBase
+    _rng: torch.Generator | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int,
+        checkpointer: StorageCheckpointerBase | None = None,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.max_size = int(max_size)
+        self.checkpointer = checkpointer
+        self._compilable = compilable
+        self._attached_entities_list = []
+
+    @property
+    def checkpointer(self):
+        return self._checkpointer
+
+    def register_save_hook(self, hook):
+        """Register a save hook for this storage.
+
+        The hook is forwarded to the checkpointer.
+        """
+        self._checkpointer.register_save_hook(hook)
+
+    def register_load_hook(self, hook):
+        """Register a load hook for this storage.
+
+        The hook is forwarded to the checkpointer.
+        """
+        self._checkpointer.register_load_hook(hook)
+
+    @checkpointer.setter
+    def checkpointer(self, value: StorageCheckpointerBase | None) -> None:
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._default_checkpointer()
+        self._checkpointer = value
+
+    @property
+    def _is_full(self):
+        return len(self) == self.max_size
+
+    @property
+    def _attached_entities(self) -> list:
+        # RBs that use a given instance of Storage should add
+        # themselves to this set.
+        _attached_entities_list = getattr(self, "_attached_entities_list", None)
+        if _attached_entities_list is None:
+            self._attached_entities_list = _attached_entities_list = []
+        return _attached_entities_list
+
+    # TODO: Check this
+    @torch._dynamo.assume_constant_result
+    def _attached_entities_iter(self):
+        return self._attached_entities
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def set(self, cursor: int, data: Any, *, set_cursor: bool = True):
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get(self, index: int) -> Any:
+        ...
+
+    def dumps(self, path):
+        self.checkpointer.dumps(self, path)
+
+    def loads(self, path):
+        self.checkpointer.loads(self, path)
+
+    def attach(self, buffer: Any) -> None:
+        """This function attaches a sampler to this storage.
+
+        Buffers that read from this storage must be included as an attached
+        entity by calling this method. This guarantees that when data
+        in the storage changes, components are made aware of changes even if the storage
+        is shared with other buffers (eg. Priority Samplers).
+
+        Args:
+            buffer: the object that reads from this storage.
+        """
+        if buffer not in self._attached_entities:
+            self._attached_entities.append(buffer)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return self.get(item)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+        """Sets values in the storage without updating the cursor or length."""
+        return self.set(index, value, set_cursor=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for i in range(len(self)):
+            yield self[i]
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __len__(self):
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def _empty(self):
+        ...
+
+    # TODO: Without this disable, compiler recompiles due to changing len(self) guards.
+    @compile_disable()
+    def _rand_given_ndim(self, batch_size):
+        # a method to return random indices given the storage ndim
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return torch.randint(
+                0,
+                len(self),
+                (batch_size,),
+                generator=self._rng,
+                device=getattr(self, "device", None),
+            )
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Random number generation is not implemented for storage of type {type(self)} with ndim {self.ndim}. "
+            f"Please report this exception as well as the use case (incl. buffer construction) on github."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return torch.Size([self.max_size])
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"storage.shape is not supported for storages of type {type(self)} when ndim > 1."
+            f"Please report this exception as well as the use case (incl. buffer construction) on github."
+        )
+
+    def _max_size_along_dim0(self, *, single_data=None, batched_data=None):
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return self.max_size
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"storage._max_size_along_dim0 is not supported for storages of type {type(self)} when ndim > 1."
+            f"Please report this exception as well as the use case (incl. buffer construction) on github."
+        )
+
+    def flatten(self):
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return self
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"storage.flatten is not supported for storages of type {type(self)} when ndim > 1."
+            f"Please report this exception as well as the use case (incl. buffer construction) on github."
+        )
+
+    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Alias for :meth:`dumps`."""
+        return self.dumps(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def dump(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Alias for :meth:`dumps`."""
+        return self.dumps(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def load(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Alias for :meth:`loads`."""
+        return self.loads(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = copy(self.__dict__)
+        state["_rng"] = None
+        return state
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item):
+        ...
+
+
+class ListStorage(Storage):
+    """A storage stored in a list.
+
+    This class cannot be extended with PyTrees, the data provided during calls to
+    :meth:`~torchrl.data.replay_buffers.ReplayBuffer.extend` should be iterables
+    (like lists, tuples, tensors or tensordicts with non-empty batch-size).
+
+    Args:
+        max_size (int, optional): the maximum number of elements stored in the storage.
+            If not provided, an unlimited storage is created.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        compilable (bool, optional): if ``True``, the storage will be made compatible with :func:`~torch.compile` at
+            the cost of being executable in multiprocessed settings.
+        device (str, optional): the device to use for the storage. Defaults to `None` (inputs are not moved to the device).
+
+    """
+
+    _default_checkpointer = ListStorageCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+        device: torch.device | str | int | None = None,
+    ):
+        if max_size is None:
+            max_size = torch.iinfo(torch.int64).max
+        super().__init__(max_size, compilable=compilable)
+        self._storage = []
+        self.device = device
+
+    def _to_device(self, data: Any) -> Any:
+        """Utility method to move data to the device."""
+        if self.device is not None:
+            if hasattr(data, "to"):
+                data = data.to(self.device)
+            else:
+                data = tree_map(
+                    lambda x: x.to(self.device) if hasattr(x, "to") else x, data
+                )
+        return data
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        cursor: int | Sequence[int] | slice,
+        data: Any,
+        *,
+        set_cursor: bool = True,
+    ):
+        if not isinstance(cursor, INT_CLASSES):
+            if (isinstance(cursor, torch.Tensor) and cursor.ndim == 0) or (
+                isinstance(cursor, np.ndarray) and cursor.ndim == 0
+            ):
+                self.set(int(cursor), data, set_cursor=set_cursor)
+                return
+            if isinstance(cursor, slice):
+                data = self._to_device(data)
+                self._set_slice(cursor, data)
+                return
+            if isinstance(
+                data,
+                (
+                    list,
+                    tuple,
+                    torch.Tensor,
+                    TensorDictBase,
+                    *tensordict.base._ACCEPTED_CLASSES,
+                    range,
+                    set,
+                    np.ndarray,
+                ),
+            ):
+                for _cursor, _data in _zip_strict(cursor, data):
+                    self.set(_cursor, _data, set_cursor=set_cursor)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Cannot extend a {type(self)} with data of type {type(data)}. "
+                    f"Provide a list, tuple, set, range, np.ndarray, tensor or tensordict subclass instead."
+                )
+            return
+        else:
+            if cursor > len(self._storage):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Cannot append data located more than one item away from "
+                    f"the storage size: the storage size is {len(self._storage)} "
+                    f"and the index of the item to be set is {cursor}."
+                )
+            if cursor >= self.max_size:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot append data to the list storage: "
+                    f"maximum capacity is {self.max_size} "
+                    f"and the index of the item to be set is {cursor}."
+                )
+            data = self._to_device(data)
+            self._set_item(cursor, data)
+
+    def _set_item(self, cursor: int, data: Any) -> None:
+        """Set a single item in the storage."""
+        if cursor == len(self._storage):
+            self._storage.append(data)
+        else:
+            self._storage[cursor] = data
+
+    def _set_slice(self, cursor: slice, data: Any) -> None:
+        """Set a slice in the storage."""
+        self._storage[cursor] = data
+
+    def get(self, index: int | Sequence[int] | slice) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(index, INT_CLASSES):
+            return self._get_item(index)
+        elif isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._get_slice(index)
+        elif isinstance(index, tuple):
+            if len(index) > 1:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"{type(self).__name__} can only be indexed with one-length tuples."
+                )
+            return self.get(index[0])
+        else:
+            if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor) and index.device.type != "cpu":
+                index = index.cpu().tolist()
+            return self._get_list(index)
+
+    def _get_item(self, index: int) -> Any:
+        """Get a single item from the storage."""
+        return self._storage[index]
+
+    def _get_slice(self, index: slice) -> Any:
+        """Get a slice from the storage."""
+        return self._storage[index]
+
+    def _get_list(self, index: list) -> list:
+        """Get a list of items from the storage."""
+        return [self._storage[i] for i in index]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Get the length of the storage."""
+        return len(self._storage)
+
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "_storage": [
+                elt if not hasattr(elt, "state_dict") else elt.state_dict()
+                for elt in self._storage
+            ]
+        }
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
+        _storage = state_dict["_storage"]
+        self._storage = []
+        for elt in _storage:
+            if isinstance(elt, torch.Tensor):
+                self._storage.append(elt)
+            elif isinstance(elt, (dict, OrderedDict)):
+                self._storage.append(TensorDict().load_state_dict(elt, strict=False))
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Objects of type {type(elt)} are not supported by ListStorage.load_state_dict"
+                )
+
+    def _empty(self):
+        self._storage = []
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        if get_spawning_popen() is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Cannot share a storage of type {type(self)} between processes."
+            )
+        state = super().__getstate__()
+        return state
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        storage = getattr(self, "_storage", [None])
+        if not storage:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(items=[{storage[0]}, ...])"
+
+    def contains(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            if item < 0:
+                item += len(self._storage)
+            return self._contains_int(item)
+        if isinstance(item, torch.Tensor):
+            return torch.tensor(
+                [self.contains(elt) for elt in item.tolist()],
+                dtype=torch.bool,
+                device=item.device,
+            ).reshape_as(item)
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"type {type(item)} is not supported yet.")
+
+    def _contains_int(self, item: int) -> bool:
+        """Check if an integer index is contained in the storage."""
+        return 0 <= item < len(self._storage)
+
+
+class LazyStackStorage(ListStorage):
+    """A ListStorage that returns LazyStackTensorDict instances.
+
+    This storage allows for heterougeneous structures to be indexed as a single `TensorDict` representation.
+    It uses :class:`~tensordict.LazyStackedTensorDict` which operates on non-contiguous lists of tensordicts,
+    lazily stacking items when queried.
+    This means that this storage is going to be fast to sample but data access may be slow (as it requires a stack).
+    Tensors of heterogeneous shapes can also be stored within the storage and stacked together.
+    Because the storage is represented as a list, the number of tensors to store in memory will grow linearly with
+    the size of the buffer.
+
+    If possible, nested tensors can also be created via :meth:`~tensordict.LazyStackedTensorDict.densify`
+    (see :mod:`~torch.nested`).
+
+    Args:
+        max_size (int, optional): the maximum number of elements stored in the storage.
+            If not provided, an unlimited storage is created.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        compilable (bool, optional): if ``True``, the storage will be made compatible with :func:`~torch.compile` at
+            the cost of being executable in multiprocessed settings.
+        stack_dim (int, optional): the stack dimension in terms of TensorDict batch sizes. Defaults to `0`.
+        device (str, optional): the device to use for the storage. Defaults to `None` (inputs are not moved to the device).
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> import torch
+        >>> from torchrl.data import ReplayBuffer, LazyStackStorage
+        >>> from tensordict import TensorDict
+        >>> _ = torch.manual_seed(0)
+        >>> rb = ReplayBuffer(storage=LazyStackStorage(max_size=1000, stack_dim=-1))
+        >>> data0 = TensorDict(a=torch.randn((10,)), b=torch.rand(4), c="a string!")
+        >>> data1 = TensorDict(a=torch.randn((11,)), b=torch.rand(4), c="another string!")
+        >>> _ = rb.add(data0)
+        >>> _ = rb.add(data1)
+        >>> rb.sample(10)
+        LazyStackedTensorDict(
+            fields={
+                a: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([10, -1]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+                b: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([10, 4]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+                c: NonTensorStack(
+                    ['another string!', 'another string!', 'another st...,
+                    batch_size=torch.Size([10]),
+                    device=None)},
+            exclusive_fields={
+            },
+            batch_size=torch.Size([10]),
+            device=None,
+            is_shared=False,
+            stack_dim=0)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+        stack_dim: int = 0,
+        device: torch.device | str | int | None = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(max_size=max_size, compilable=compilable, device=device)
+        self.stack_dim = stack_dim
+
+    def get(self, index: int | Sequence[int] | slice) -> Any:
+        out = super().get(index=index)
+        if isinstance(out, list):
+            stack_dim = self.stack_dim
+            if stack_dim < 0:
+                stack_dim = out[0].ndim + 1 + stack_dim
+            out = lazy_stack(list(out), stack_dim)
+            return out
+        return out
+
+
+class TensorStorage(Storage):
+    """A storage for tensors and tensordicts.
+
+    Args:
+        storage (tensor or TensorDict): the data buffer to be used.
+        max_size (int): size of the storage, i.e. maximum number of elements stored
+            in the buffer.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        device (torch.device, optional): device where the sampled tensors will be
+            stored and sent. Default is :obj:`torch.device("cpu")`.
+            If "auto" is passed, the device is automatically gathered from the
+            first batch of data passed. This is not enabled by default to avoid
+            data placed on GPU by mistake, causing OOM issues.
+        ndim (int, optional): the number of dimensions to be accounted for when
+            measuring the storage size. For instance, a storage of shape ``[3, 4]``
+            has capacity ``3`` if ``ndim=1`` and ``12`` if ``ndim=2``.
+            Defaults to ``1``.
+        compilable (bool, optional): whether the storage is compilable.
+            If ``True``, the writer cannot be shared between multiple processes.
+            Defaults to ``False``.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> data = TensorDict({
+        ...     "some data": torch.randn(10, 11),
+        ...     ("some", "nested", "data"): torch.randn(10, 11, 12),
+        ... }, batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = TensorStorage(data)
+        >>> len(storage)  # only the first dimension is considered as indexable
+        10
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        TensorDict(
+            fields={
+                some data: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+                some: TensorDict(
+                    fields={
+                        nested: TensorDict(
+                            fields={
+                                data: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
+                            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                            device=None,
+                            is_shared=False)},
+                    batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                    device=None,
+                    is_shared=False)},
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=None,
+            is_shared=False)
+        >>> storage.set(0, storage.get(0).zero_()) # zeros the data along index ``0``
+
+    This class also supports tensorclass data.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from tensordict import tensorclass
+        >>> @tensorclass
+        ... class MyClass:
+        ...     foo: torch.Tensor
+        ...     bar: torch.Tensor
+        >>> data = MyClass(foo=torch.randn(10, 11), bar=torch.randn(10, 11, 12), batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = TensorStorage(data)
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        MyClass(
+            bar=Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            foo=Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=None,
+            is_shared=False)
+
+    """
+
+    _storage = None
+    _default_checkpointer = TensorStorageCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        storage,
+        max_size=None,
+        *,
+        device: torch.device | str = "cpu",
+        ndim: int = 1,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+    ):
+        if not ((storage is None) ^ (max_size is None)):
+            if storage is None:
+                raise ValueError("Expected storage to be non-null.")
+            if max_size != storage.shape[0]:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The max-size and the storage shape mismatch: got "
+                    f"max_size={max_size} for a storage of shape {storage.shape}."
+                )
+        elif storage is not None:
+            if is_tensor_collection(storage):
+                max_size = storage.shape[0]
+            else:
+                max_size = tree_flatten(storage)[0][0].shape[0]
+        self.ndim = ndim
+        super().__init__(max_size, compilable=compilable)
+        self.initialized = storage is not None
+        if self.initialized:
+            self._len = max_size
+        else:
+            self._len = 0
+        self.device = (
+            _make_ordinal_device(torch.device(device))
+            if device != "auto"
+            else storage.device
+            if storage is not None
+            else "auto"
+        )
+        self._storage = storage
+        self._last_cursor = None
+        self.__dict__["_storage_keys"] = None
+
+    @property
+    def _storage_keys(self) -> list | None:
+        """Cached list of storage keys for filtering incoming data.
+
+        Returns None if storage is not locked, not a tensor collection, or not initialized.
+        Only locked storage (shared memory) needs key filtering to prevent adding
+        keys that won't propagate in multiprocessing pipelines.
+        """
+        keys = self.__dict__.get("_storage_keys")
+        if keys is None and self.initialized and is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+            # Only cache keys if storage is locked - unlocked storage can accept new keys
+            if self._storage.is_locked:
+                keys = list(
+                    self._storage.keys(
+                        include_nested=True,
+                        leaves_only=True,
+                        is_leaf=_NESTED_TENSORS_AS_LISTS,
+                    )
+                )
+                self.__dict__["_storage_keys"] = keys
+        return keys
+
+    @_storage_keys.setter
+    def _storage_keys(self, value):
+        self.__dict__["_storage_keys"] = value
+
+    @property
+    def _len(self):
+        _len_value = self.__dict__.get("_len_value", None)
+        if not self._compilable:
+            if _len_value is None:
+                _len_value = self._len_value = mp.Value("i", 0)
+            return _len_value.value
+        else:
+            if _len_value is None:
+                _len_value = self._len_value = 0
+            return _len_value
+
+    @_len.setter
+    def _len(self, value):
+        if not is_compiling() and not self._compilable:
+            _len_value = self.__dict__.get("_len_value", None)
+            if _len_value is None:
+                _len_value = self._len_value = mp.Value("i", 0)
+            _len_value.value = value
+        else:
+            self._len_value = value
+
+    @property
+    def _total_shape(self):
+        # Total shape, irrespective of how full the storage is
+        _total_shape = self.__dict__.get("_total_shape_value", None)
+        if _total_shape is None and self.initialized:
+            if is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+                _total_shape = self._storage.shape[: self.ndim]
+            else:
+                leaf = next(tree_iter(self._storage))
+                _total_shape = leaf.shape[: self.ndim]
+            self.__dict__["_total_shape_value"] = _total_shape
+            self._len = torch.Size([self._len_along_dim0, *_total_shape[1:]]).numel()
+        return _total_shape
+
+    @property
+    def _is_full(self):
+        # whether the storage is full
+        return len(self) == self.max_size
+
+    @property
+    def _len_along_dim0(self):
+        # returns the length of the buffer along dim0
+        len_along_dim = len(self)
+        if self.ndim > 1:
+            _total_shape = self._total_shape
+            if _total_shape is not None:
+                len_along_dim = -(len_along_dim // -_total_shape[1:].numel())
+            else:
+                return None
+        return len_along_dim
+
+    def _max_size_along_dim0(self, *, single_data=None, batched_data=None):
+        # returns the max_size of the buffer along dim0
+        max_size = self.max_size
+        if self.ndim > 1:
+            shape = self.shape
+            if shape is None:
+                if single_data is not None:
+                    data = single_data
+                elif batched_data is not None:
+                    data = batched_data
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("single_data or batched_data must be passed.")
+                if is_tensor_collection(data):
+                    datashape = data.shape[: self.ndim]
+                else:
+                    for leaf in tree_iter(data):
+                        datashape = leaf.shape[: self.ndim]
+                        break
+                if batched_data is not None:
+                    datashape = datashape[1:]
+                max_size = -(max_size // -datashape.numel())
+            else:
+                max_size = -(max_size // -self._total_shape[1:].numel())
+        return max_size
+
+    @property
+    def shape(self):
+        # Shape, truncated where needed to accommodate for the length of the storage
+        if self._is_full:
+            return self._total_shape
+        _total_shape = self._total_shape
+        if _total_shape is not None:
+            return torch.Size([self._len_along_dim0] + list(_total_shape[1:]))
+
+    # TODO: Without this disable, compiler recompiles for back-to-back calls.
+    # Figuring out a way to avoid this disable would give better performance.
+    @compile_disable()
+    def _rand_given_ndim(self, batch_size):
+        return self._rand_given_ndim_impl(batch_size)
+
+    # At the moment, this is separated into its own function so that we can test
+    # it without the `disable` and detect if future updates to the
+    # compiler fix the recompile issue.
+    def _rand_given_ndim_impl(self, batch_size):
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return super()._rand_given_ndim(batch_size)
+        shape = self.shape
+        return tuple(
+            torch.randint(_dim, (batch_size,), generator=self._rng, device=self.device)
+            for _dim in shape
+        )
+
+    def flatten(self):
+        if self.ndim == 1:
+            return self
+        if not self.initialized:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot flatten a non-initialized storage.")
+        if is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+            if self._is_full:
+                return TensorStorage(self._storage.flatten(0, self.ndim - 1))
+            return TensorStorage(
+                self._storage[: self._len_along_dim0].flatten(0, self.ndim - 1)
+            )
+        if self._is_full:
+            return TensorStorage(
+                tree_map(lambda x: x.flatten(0, self.ndim - 1), self._storage)
+            )
+        return TensorStorage(
+            tree_map(
+                lambda x: x[: self._len_along_dim0].flatten(0, self.ndim - 1),
+                self._storage,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = super().__getstate__()
+        if get_spawning_popen() is None:
+            length = self._len
+            del state["_len_value"]
+            state["len__context"] = length
+        elif not self.initialized:
+            if not self.shared_init:
+                # check that the storage is initialized
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cowardly refusing to share a storage of type {type(self)} between processes if "
+                    f"it has not been initialized yet. You can either:\n"
+                    f"- Populate the buffer with some data in the main process before passing it to the other processes (or create the buffer explicitly with a TensorStorage).\n"
+                    f"- set shared_init=True when creating the storage such that it can be initialized by the remote processes."
+                )
+            return state
+        else:
+            # check that the content is shared, otherwise tell the user we can't help
+            storage = self._storage
+            STORAGE_ERR = "The storage must be place in shared memory or memmapped before being shared between processes."
+
+            # If the content is on cpu, it will be placed in shared memory.
+            # If it's on cuda it's already shared.
+            # If it's memmaped no worry in this case either.
+            # Only if the device is not "cpu" or "cuda" we may have a problem.
+            def assert_is_sharable(tensor):
+                if tensor.device is None or tensor.device.type in (
+                    "cuda",
+                    "cpu",
+                    "meta",
+                ):
+                    return
+                raise RuntimeError(STORAGE_ERR)
+
+            if is_tensor_collection(storage):
+                storage.apply(assert_is_sharable, filter_empty=True)
+            else:
+                tree_map(storage, assert_is_sharable)
+
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        len = state.pop("len__context", None)
+        if len is not None:
+            if not state["_compilable"]:
+                _len_value = mp.Value("i", len)
+                state["_len_value"] = _len_value
+            else:
+                state["_len_value"] = len
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _storage = self._storage
+        if isinstance(_storage, torch.Tensor):
+            pass
+        elif is_tensor_collection(_storage):
+            _storage = _storage.state_dict()
+        elif _storage is None:
+            _storage = {}
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Objects of type {type(_storage)} are not supported by {type(self)}.state_dict"
+            )
+        return {
+            "_storage": _storage,
+            "initialized": self.initialized,
+            "_len": self._len,
+        }
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
+        _storage = copy(state_dict["_storage"])
+        if isinstance(_storage, torch.Tensor):
+            if isinstance(self._storage, torch.Tensor):
+                self._storage.copy_(_storage)
+            elif self._storage is None:
+                self._storage = _storage
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot copy a storage of type {type(_storage)} onto another of type {type(self._storage)}"
+                )
+        elif isinstance(_storage, (dict, OrderedDict)):
+            if is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+                self._storage.load_state_dict(_storage, strict=False)
+            elif self._storage is None:
+                self._storage = TensorDict().load_state_dict(_storage, strict=False)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot copy a storage of type {type(_storage)} onto another of type {type(self._storage)}. If your storage is pytree-based, use the dumps/load API instead."
+                )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Objects of type {type(_storage)} are not supported by ListStorage.load_state_dict"
+            )
+        self.initialized = state_dict["initialized"]
+        self._len = state_dict["_len"]
+
+    @implement_for("torch", "2.3", compilable=True)
+    def _set_tree_map(self, cursor, data, storage):
+        def set_tensor(datum, store):
+            store[cursor] = datum
+
+        # this won't be available until v2.3
+        tree_map(set_tensor, data, storage)
+
+    @implement_for("torch", "2.0", "2.3", compilable=True)
+    def _set_tree_map(self, cursor, data, storage):  # noqa: 534
+        # flatten data and cursor
+        data_flat = tree_flatten(data)[0]
+        storage_flat = tree_flatten(storage)[0]
+        for datum, store in zip(data_flat, storage_flat):
+            store[cursor] = datum
+
+    def _get_new_len(self, data, cursor):
+        int_cursor = _is_int(cursor)
+        ndim = self.ndim - int_cursor
+        if is_tensor_collection(data) or isinstance(data, torch.Tensor):
+            numel = data.shape[:ndim].numel()
+        else:
+            leaf = next(tree_iter(data))
+            numel = leaf.shape[:ndim].numel()
+        self._len = min(self._len + numel, self.max_size)
+
+    @implement_for("torch", "2.0", None, compilable=True)
+    def set(
+        self,
+        cursor: int | Sequence[int] | slice,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor,
+        *,
+        set_cursor: bool = True,
+    ):
+        if set_cursor:
+            self._last_cursor = cursor
+
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            # flip list
+            try:
+                data = _flip_list(data)
+            except Exception:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Stacking the elements of the list resulted in "
+                    "an error. "
+                    f"Storages of type {type(self)} expect all elements of the list "
+                    f"to have the same tree structure. If the list is compact (each "
+                    f"leaf is itself a batch with the appropriate number of elements) "
+                    f"consider using a tuple instead, as lists are used within `extend` "
+                    f"for per-item addition."
+                )
+
+        if set_cursor:
+            self._get_new_len(data, cursor)
+
+        if not self.initialized:
+            if not isinstance(cursor, INT_CLASSES):
+                if is_tensor_collection(data):
+                    self._init(data[0])
+                else:
+                    self._init(tree_map(lambda x: x[0], data))
+            else:
+                self._init(data)
+
+        if is_tensor_collection(data):
+            # Filter data to only include keys present in storage.
+            # _storage_keys is only set when storage is locked (shared memory),
+            # so this handles cases where policy outputs extra keys that can't
+            # be added to locked shared memory.
+            storage_keys = self._storage_keys
+            if storage_keys is not None:
+                data = data.select(*storage_keys, strict=False)
+            try:
+                self._storage[cursor] = data
+            except RuntimeError as e:
+                if "locked" in str(e).lower():
+                    # Provide informative error about key differences
+                    self._raise_informative_lock_error(data, e)
+                raise
+        else:
+            self._set_tree_map(cursor, data, self._storage)
+
+    @implement_for("torch", None, "2.0", compilable=True)
+    def set(  # noqa: F811
+        self,
+        cursor: int | Sequence[int] | slice,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor,
+        *,
+        set_cursor: bool = True,
+    ):
+        if set_cursor:
+            self._last_cursor = cursor
+
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            # flip list
+            try:
+                data = _flip_list(data)
+            except Exception:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Stacking the elements of the list resulted in "
+                    "an error. "
+                    f"Storages of type {type(self)} expect all elements of the list "
+                    f"to have the same tree structure. If the list is compact (each "
+                    f"leaf is itself a batch with the appropriate number of elements) "
+                    f"consider using a tuple instead, as lists are used within `extend` "
+                    f"for per-item addition."
+                )
+        if set_cursor:
+            self._get_new_len(data, cursor)
+
+        if not is_tensor_collection(data) and not isinstance(data, torch.Tensor):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "storage extension with pytrees is only available with torch >= 2.0. If you need this "
+                "feature, please open an issue on TorchRL's github repository."
+            )
+        if not self.initialized:
+            if not isinstance(cursor, INT_CLASSES):
+                self._init(data[0])
+            else:
+                self._init(data)
+
+        if not isinstance(cursor, (*INT_CLASSES, slice)):
+            if not isinstance(cursor, torch.Tensor):
+                cursor = torch.tensor(cursor, dtype=torch.long)
+            elif cursor.dtype != torch.long:
+                cursor = cursor.to(dtype=torch.long)
+            if len(cursor) > self._len_along_dim0:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "A cursor of length superior to the storage capacity was provided. "
+                    "To accommodate for this, the cursor will be truncated to its last "
+                    "element such that its length matched the length of the storage. "
+                    "This may **not** be the optimal behavior for your application! "
+                    "Make sure that the storage capacity is big enough to support the "
+                    "batch size provided."
+                )
+        # Filter data to only include keys present in storage.
+        # _storage_keys is only set when storage is locked (shared memory),
+        # so this handles cases where policy outputs extra keys that can't
+        # be added to locked shared memory.
+        if is_tensor_collection(data):
+            storage_keys = self._storage_keys
+            if storage_keys is not None:
+                data = data.select(*storage_keys, strict=False)
+        try:
+            self._storage[cursor] = data
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+            if "locked" in str(e).lower():
+                # Provide informative error about key differences
+                self._raise_informative_lock_error(data, e)
+            raise
+
+    def _wait_for_init(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _raise_informative_lock_error(
+        self, data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor, original_error: RuntimeError
+    ) -> None:
+        """Raise an informative error when storage is locked and data has different keys.
+
+        This method is called when an assignment to the storage fails due to a lock error.
+        It provides detailed information about which keys are new in the data vs what the
+        storage expects.
+        """
+        if not is_tensor_collection(data) or not is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+            # Can only provide detailed info for tensor collections
+            raise original_error
+
+        # Get all keys from both storage and data
+        storage_keys = set(
+            self._storage.keys(
+                include_nested=True, leaves_only=True, is_leaf=_NESTED_TENSORS_AS_LISTS
+            )
+        )
+        data_keys = set(
+            data.keys(
+                include_nested=True, leaves_only=True, is_leaf=_NESTED_TENSORS_AS_LISTS
+            )
+        )
+
+        new_keys = data_keys - storage_keys
+        missing_keys = storage_keys - data_keys
+
+        error_parts = [
+            "Cannot write to locked storage due to key mismatch.",
+            f"\nOriginal error: {original_error}",
+        ]
+
+        if new_keys:
+            error_parts.append(
+                f"\n\nNew keys in data (not in storage): {sorted(str(k) for k in new_keys)}"
+            )
+        if missing_keys:
+            error_parts.append(
+                f"\n\nMissing keys in data (present in storage): {sorted(str(k) for k in missing_keys)}"
+            )
+
+        if new_keys or missing_keys:
+            error_parts.append(
+                "\n\nThis typically happens when:"
+                "\n  1. The policy is called on some steps but not others (e.g., during init_random_frames)"
+                "\n  2. A transform conditionally adds keys based on data content"
+                "\n  3. Different collectors/workers produce data with different keys"
+                "\n\nTo fix this, ensure all data written to the buffer has consistent keys."
+            )
+        else:
+            error_parts.append(
+                "\n\nNo key differences detected. The lock error may be due to shape or dtype mismatches."
+            )
+
+        raise RuntimeError("".join(error_parts)) from original_error
+
+    def get(self, index: int | Sequence[int] | slice) -> Any:
+        _storage = self._storage
+        is_tc = is_tensor_collection(_storage)
+        if not self.initialized:
+            if getattr(self, "shared_init", False):
+                self._wait_for_init()
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot get elements out of a non-initialized storage.")
+        if not self._is_full:
+            if is_tc:
+                storage = self._storage[: self._len_along_dim0]
+            else:
+                storage = tree_map(lambda x: x[: self._len_along_dim0], self._storage)
+        else:
+            storage = self._storage
+        if not self.initialized:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot get an item from an uninitialized LazyMemmapStorage"
+            )
+        if is_tc:
+            return storage[index]
+        else:
+            return tree_map(lambda x: x[index], storage)
+
+    # TODO: Without this disable, compiler recompiles due to changing _len_value guards.
+    @compile_disable()
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self._len
+
+    def _empty(self):
+        # assuming that the data structure is the same, we don't need to to
+        # anything if the cursor is reset to 0
+        self._len = 0
+
+    def _init(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"{type(self)} must be initialized during construction."
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if not self.initialized:
+            storage_str = textwrap.indent("data=<empty>", 4 * " ")
+        elif is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+            storage_str = textwrap.indent(f"data={self[:]}", 4 * " ")
+        else:
+
+            def repr_item(x):
+                if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
+                    return f"{x.__class__.__name__}(shape={x.shape}, dtype={x.dtype}, device={x.device})"
+                return x.__class__.__name__
+
+            storage_str = textwrap.indent(
+                f"data={tree_map(repr_item, self[:])}", 4 * " "
+            )
+        shape_str = textwrap.indent(f"shape={self.shape}", 4 * " ")
+        len_str = textwrap.indent(f"len={len(self)}", 4 * " ")
+        maxsize_str = textwrap.indent(f"max_size={self.max_size}", 4 * " ")
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(\n{storage_str}, \n{shape_str}, \n{len_str}, \n{maxsize_str})"
+
+    def contains(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            if item < 0:
+                item += self._len_along_dim0
+
+            return 0 <= item < self._len_along_dim0
+        if isinstance(item, torch.Tensor):
+
+            def _is_valid_index(idx):
+                try:
+                    torch.zeros(self.shape, device="meta")[idx]
+                    return True
+                except IndexError:
+                    return False
+
+            if item.ndim:
+                return torch.tensor(
+                    [_is_valid_index(idx) for idx in item],
+                    dtype=torch.bool,
+                    device=item.device,
+                )
+            return torch.tensor(_is_valid_index(item), device=item.device)
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"type {type(item)} is not supported yet.")
+
+
+class LazyTensorStorage(TensorStorage):
+    """A pre-allocated tensor storage for tensors and tensordicts.
+
+    Args:
+        max_size (int): size of the storage, i.e. maximum number of elements stored
+            in the buffer.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        device (torch.device, optional): device where the sampled tensors will be
+            stored and sent. Default is :obj:`torch.device("cpu")`.
+            If "auto" is passed, the device is automatically gathered from the
+            first batch of data passed. This is not enabled by default to avoid
+            data placed on GPU by mistake, causing OOM issues.
+        ndim (int, optional): the number of dimensions to be accounted for when
+            measuring the storage size. For instance, a storage of shape ``[3, 4]``
+            has capacity ``3`` if ``ndim=1`` and ``12`` if ``ndim=2``.
+            Defaults to ``1``.
+        compilable (bool, optional): whether the storage is compilable.
+            If ``True``, the writer cannot be shared between multiple processes.
+            Defaults to ``False``.
+        consolidated (bool, optional): if ``True``, the storage will be consolidated after
+            its first expansion. Defaults to ``False``.
+        shared_init (bool, optional): if ``True``, enables multiprocess coordination
+            during storage initialization. First process initializes with memmap,
+            others wait and load from the shared memmap. Defaults to ``False``.
+        cleanup_memmap (bool, optional): if ``True`` and ``shared_init=True``,
+            the temporary memmap will be deleted after initialization and the
+            storage will operate in RAM. Defaults to ``True``.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> data = TensorDict({
+        ...     "some data": torch.randn(10, 11),
+        ...     ("some", "nested", "data"): torch.randn(10, 11, 12),
+        ... }, batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = LazyTensorStorage(100)
+        >>> storage.set(range(10), data)
+        >>> len(storage)  # only the first dimension is considered as indexable
+        10
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        TensorDict(
+            fields={
+                some data: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+                some: TensorDict(
+                    fields={
+                        nested: TensorDict(
+                            fields={
+                                data: Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
+                            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                            device=cpu,
+                            is_shared=False)},
+                    batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                    device=cpu,
+                    is_shared=False)},
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=cpu,
+            is_shared=False)
+        >>> storage.set(0, storage.get(0).zero_()) # zeros the data along index ``0``
+
+    This class also supports tensorclass data.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from tensordict import tensorclass
+        >>> @tensorclass
+        ... class MyClass:
+        ...     foo: torch.Tensor
+        ...     bar: torch.Tensor
+        >>> data = MyClass(foo=torch.randn(10, 11), bar=torch.randn(10, 11, 12), batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = LazyTensorStorage(10)
+        >>> storage.set(range(10), data)
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        MyClass(
+            bar=Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            foo=Tensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=cpu,
+            is_shared=False)
+
+    """
+
+    _default_checkpointer = TensorStorageCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int,
+        *,
+        device: torch.device | str = "cpu",
+        ndim: int = 1,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+        consolidated: bool = False,
+        shared_init: bool = False,
+        cleanup_memmap: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            storage=None,
+            max_size=max_size,
+            device=device,
+            ndim=ndim,
+            compilable=compilable,
+        )
+        self.consolidated = consolidated
+        self.shared_init = shared_init
+        self.cleanup_memmap = cleanup_memmap
+
+        # Initialize multiprocess coordination objects if shared_init is enabled
+        if self.shared_init:
+            if self._compilable:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Cannot share a compilable storage between processes."
+                )
+            self._init_lock = mp.Lock()
+            self._init_event = mp.Event()
+            self._make_init_directory()
+
+    def _make_init_directory(self):
+        if getattr(self, "scratch_dir", None) is not None:
+            self._init_directory = self.scratch_dir
+            return
+        # Create a shared directory
+        self.scratch_dir = self._init_directory = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            prefix="torchrl_storage_init_"
+        )
+        return
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | PyTree,  # noqa: F821
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self.shared_init:
+            return self._init_standard(data)
+
+        # Try to become coordinator
+        is_coordinator = not self._init_event.is_set()
+        is_coordinator = is_coordinator and self._init_lock.acquire(block=False)
+
+        if is_coordinator:
+            try:
+                # We are the coordinator
+                self._init_coordinator(data)
+            finally:
+                # Signal other processes that initialization is complete
+                self._init_event.set()
+                self._init_lock.release()
+        else:
+            # Failed to acquire lock, wait for coordinator
+            self._wait_for_init()
+
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    def _init_standard(
+        self,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | PyTree,  # noqa: F821
+    ) -> None:
+        """Standard initialization without multiprocess coordination."""
+        if not self._compilable:
+            # TODO: Investigate why this seems to have a performance impact with
+            # the compiler
+            torchrl_logger.debug("Creating a TensorStorage...")
+        if self.device == "auto":
+            self.device = data.device
+
+        def max_size_along_dim0(data_shape):
+            if self.ndim > 1:
+                result = (
+                    -(self.max_size // -data_shape[: self.ndim - 1].numel()),
+                    *data_shape,
+                )
+                self.max_size = torch.Size(result).numel()
+                return result
+            return (self.max_size, *data_shape)
+
+        if is_tensor_collection(data):
+            out = data.to(self.device)
+            out: TensorDictBase = torch.empty_like(
+                out.expand(max_size_along_dim0(data.shape))
+            )
+            if self.consolidated:
+                out = out.consolidate()
+        else:
+            # if Tensor, we just create a MemoryMappedTensor of the desired shape, device and dtype
+            out = tree_map(
+                lambda data: torch.empty(
+                    max_size_along_dim0(data.shape),
+                    device=self.device,
+                    dtype=data.dtype,
+                ),
+                data,
+            )
+            if self.consolidated:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot consolidate non-tensordict storages.")
+
+        self._storage = out
+        self.initialized = True
+        if hasattr(self._storage, "shape"):
+            torchrl_logger.info(
+                f"Initialized LazyTensorStorage with {self._storage.shape} shape"
+            )
+
+    def _init_coordinator(
+        self,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | PyTree,  # noqa: F821
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize storage as the coordinating process using temporary memmap."""
+        # Use LazyMemmapStorage which does everything we want
+        temp_memmap_storage = LazyMemmapStorage(
+            max_size=self.max_size,
+            scratch_dir=self._init_directory,
+            ndim=self.ndim,
+            existsok=False,
+            shared_init=False,  # Don't recurse
+        )
+        temp_memmap_storage._init_standard(data)
+        self._storage = temp_memmap_storage._storage
+        return
+
+    def _wait_for_init(self) -> None:
+        # wait till coordinator has initialized
+        self._init_event.wait()
+        storage = TensorDict.load_memmap(self._init_directory)
+        self._storage = storage
+        self.initialized = True
+        return
+
+    # Read blocks
+    def get(self, indices: slice) -> TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | Any:
+        if not self.initialized and self.shared_init:
+            # Trigger initialization with dummy data
+            self._wait_for_init()
+        idx = super().get(indices)
+        return idx
+
+
+class LazyMemmapStorage(LazyTensorStorage):
+    """A memory-mapped storage for tensors and tensordicts.
+
+    Args:
+        max_size (int): size of the storage, i.e. maximum number of elements stored
+            in the buffer.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        scratch_dir (str or path): directory where memmap-tensors will be written.
+            If ``shared_init=True`` and no ``scratch_dir`` is provided, a shared
+            temporary directory will be created automatically.
+        device (torch.device, optional): device where the sampled tensors will be
+            stored and sent. Default is :obj:`torch.device("cpu")`.
+            If ``None`` is provided, the device is automatically gathered from the
+            first batch of data passed. This is not enabled by default to avoid
+            data placed on GPU by mistake, causing OOM issues.
+        ndim (int, optional): the number of dimensions to be accounted for when
+            measuring the storage size. For instance, a storage of shape ``[3, 4]``
+            has capacity ``3`` if ``ndim=1`` and ``12`` if ``ndim=2``.
+            Defaults to ``1``.
+        existsok (bool, optional): whether an error should be raised if any of the
+            tensors already exists on disk. Defaults to ``True``. If ``False``, the
+            tensor will be opened as is, not overewritten.
+        shared_init (bool, optional): if ``True``, enables multiprocess coordination
+            during storage initialization. First process initializes the memmap,
+            others wait and load from the shared directory. Defaults to ``False``.
+        auto_cleanup (bool, optional): if ``True``, automatically registers this
+            storage for cleanup when the process exits (normally or via Ctrl+C/SIGTERM).
+            This removes the memmap files from disk when no longer needed.
+            Defaults to ``True`` when ``scratch_dir`` is ``None`` (using temp directory),
+            and ``False`` when a custom ``scratch_dir`` is provided (preserving user data).
+
+    .. note:: When checkpointing a ``LazyMemmapStorage``, one can provide a path identical to where the storage is
+        already stored to avoid executing long copies of data that is already stored on disk.
+        This will only work if the default :class:`~torchrl.data.TensorStorageCheckpointer` checkpointer is used.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from tensordict import TensorDict
+            >>> from torchrl.data import TensorStorage, LazyMemmapStorage, ReplayBuffer
+            >>> import tempfile
+            >>> from pathlib import Path
+            >>> import time
+            >>> td = TensorDict(a=0, b=1).expand(1000).clone()
+            >>> # We pass a path that is <main_ckpt_dir>/storage to LazyMemmapStorage
+            >>> rb_memmap = ReplayBuffer(storage=LazyMemmapStorage(10_000_000, scratch_dir="dump/storage"))
+            >>> rb_memmap.extend(td);
+            >>> # Checkpointing in `dump` is a zero-copy, as the data is already in `dump/storage`
+            >>> rb_memmap.dumps(Path("./dump"))
+
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> data = TensorDict({
+        ...     "some data": torch.randn(10, 11),
+        ...     ("some", "nested", "data"): torch.randn(10, 11, 12),
+        ... }, batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = LazyMemmapStorage(100)
+        >>> storage.set(range(10), data)
+        >>> len(storage)  # only the first dimension is considered as indexable
+        10
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        TensorDict(
+            fields={
+                some data: MemoryMappedTensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+                some: TensorDict(
+                    fields={
+                        nested: TensorDict(
+                            fields={
+                                data: MemoryMappedTensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False)},
+                            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                            device=cpu,
+                            is_shared=False)},
+                    batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+                    device=cpu,
+                    is_shared=False)},
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=cpu,
+            is_shared=False)
+
+    This class also supports tensorclass data.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from tensordict import tensorclass
+        >>> @tensorclass
+        ... class MyClass:
+        ...     foo: torch.Tensor
+        ...     bar: torch.Tensor
+        >>> data = MyClass(foo=torch.randn(10, 11), bar=torch.randn(10, 11, 12), batch_size=[10, 11])
+        >>> storage = LazyMemmapStorage(10)
+        >>> storage.set(range(10), data)
+        >>> storage.get(0)
+        MyClass(
+            bar=MemoryMappedTensor(shape=torch.Size([11, 12]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            foo=MemoryMappedTensor(shape=torch.Size([11]), device=cpu, dtype=torch.float32, is_shared=False),
+            batch_size=torch.Size([11]),
+            device=cpu,
+            is_shared=False)
+
+    """
+
+    _default_checkpointer = TensorStorageCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int,
+        *,
+        scratch_dir=None,
+        device: torch.device | str = "cpu",
+        ndim: int = 1,
+        existsok: bool = False,
+        compilable: bool = False,
+        shared_init: bool = False,
+        auto_cleanup: bool | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.initialized = False
+        self.scratch_dir = None
+        self._scratch_dir_is_temp = scratch_dir is None
+        self.existsok = existsok
+        if scratch_dir is not None:
+            self.scratch_dir = str(scratch_dir)
+            if self.scratch_dir[-1] != "/":
+                self.scratch_dir += "/"
+        super().__init__(
+            max_size,
+            ndim=ndim,
+            compilable=compilable,
+            shared_init=shared_init,
+            cleanup_memmap=False,
+        )
+        self.device = (
+            _make_ordinal_device(torch.device(device))
+            if device != "auto"
+            else torch.device("cpu")
+        )
+        if self.device.type != "cpu":
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Memory map device other than CPU isn't supported. To cast your data to the desired device, "
+                "use `buffer.append_transform(lambda x: x.to(device))` or a similar transform."
+            )
+        self._len = 0
+
+        # Auto cleanup: default to True for temp dirs, False for user-specified dirs
+        if auto_cleanup is None:
+            auto_cleanup = self._scratch_dir_is_temp
+        self._auto_cleanup = auto_cleanup
+        self._cleaned_up = False
+
+        if self._auto_cleanup:
+            _ensure_cleanup_handlers()
+            _MEMMAP_STORAGE_REGISTRY.add(self)
+
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _storage = self._storage
+        if isinstance(_storage, torch.Tensor):
+            _storage = _mem_map_tensor_as_tensor(_storage)
+        elif isinstance(_storage, TensorDictBase):
+            _storage = _storage.apply(_mem_map_tensor_as_tensor).state_dict()
+        elif _storage is None:
+            _storage = {}
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Objects of type {type(_storage)} are not supported by LazyTensorStorage.state_dict. If you are trying to serialize a PyTree, the storage.dumps/loads is preferred."
+            )
+        return {
+            "_storage": _storage,
+            "initialized": self.initialized,
+            "_len": self._len,
+        }
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
+        _storage = copy(state_dict["_storage"])
+        if isinstance(_storage, torch.Tensor):
+            if isinstance(self._storage, torch.Tensor):
+                _mem_map_tensor_as_tensor(self._storage).copy_(_storage)
+            elif self._storage is None:
+                self._storage = _make_memmap(
+                    _storage,
+                    path=self.scratch_dir + "/tensor.memmap"
+                    if self.scratch_dir is not None
+                    else None,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot copy a storage of type {type(_storage)} onto another of type {type(self._storage)}"
+                )
+        elif isinstance(_storage, (dict, OrderedDict)):
+            if is_tensor_collection(self._storage):
+                self._storage.load_state_dict(_storage, strict=False)
+                self._storage.memmap_()
+            elif self._storage is None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Loading the storage on an uninitialized TensorDict."
+                    "It is preferable to load a storage onto a"
+                    "pre-allocated one whenever possible."
+                )
+                self._storage = TensorDict().load_state_dict(_storage, strict=False)
+                self._storage.memmap_()
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot copy a storage of type {type(_storage)} onto another of type {type(self._storage)}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Objects of type {type(_storage)} are not supported by ListStorage.load_state_dict"
+            )
+        self.initialized = state_dict["initialized"]
+        self._len = state_dict["_len"]
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | PyTree,  # noqa: F821
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self.shared_init:
+            return self._init_standard(data)
+        is_coordinator = not self._init_event.is_set()
+        is_coordinator = is_coordinator and self._init_lock.acquire(block=False)
+
+        if is_coordinator:
+            # coordinator init
+            try:
+                return self._init_coordinator(data)
+            finally:
+                self._init_event.set()
+                self._init_lock.release()
+        else:
+            # Standard initialization
+            self._wait_for_init()
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    def _init_coordinator(self, data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor | Any) -> None:
+        return self._init_standard(data)
+
+    def _init_standard(self, data: TensorDictBase | torch.Tensor) -> None:
+        torchrl_logger.debug("Creating a MemmapStorage...")
+        if self.device == "auto":
+            self.device = data.device
+        if self.device.type != "cpu":
+            raise RuntimeError("Support for Memmap device other than CPU is deprecated")
+
+        def max_size_along_dim0(data_shape):
+            if self.ndim > 1:
+                result = (
+                    -(self.max_size // -data_shape[: self.ndim - 1].numel()),
+                    *data_shape,
+                )
+                self.max_size = torch.Size(result).numel()
+                return result
+            return (self.max_size, *data_shape)
+
+        if is_tensor_collection(data):
+            out = data.clone().to(self.device)
+            out = out.expand(max_size_along_dim0(data.shape))
+            out = out.memmap_like(prefix=self.scratch_dir, existsok=self.existsok)
+            if torchrl_logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+                for key, tensor in sorted(
+                    out.items(
+                        include_nested=True,
+                        leaves_only=True,
+                        is_leaf=_NESTED_TENSORS_AS_LISTS,
+                    ),
+                    key=str,
+                ):
+                    try:
+                        filesize = os.path.getsize(tensor.filename) / 1024 / 1024
+                        torchrl_logger.debug(
+                            f"\t{key}: {tensor.filename}, {filesize} Mb of storage (size: {tensor.shape})."
+                        )
+                    except (AttributeError, RuntimeError):
+                        pass
+        else:
+            out = _init_pytree(self.scratch_dir, max_size_along_dim0, data)
+        self._storage = out
+        if hasattr(self._storage, "shape"):
+            torchrl_logger.info(
+                f"Initialized LazyMemmapStorage with {self._storage.shape} shape"
+            )
+        self.initialized = True
+
+    def get(self, index: int | Sequence[int] | slice) -> Any:
+        if not self.initialized and self.shared_init:
+            # Trigger initialization with dummy data
+            self._wait_for_init()
+        result = super().get(index)
+        return result
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> bool:
+        """Clean up memmap files from disk.
+
+        This method removes the memmap directory and all its contents from disk.
+        It is automatically called on process exit if ``auto_cleanup=True``.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: ``True`` if cleanup was performed, ``False`` if already cleaned up
+                or no cleanup needed.
+
+        Note:
+            After cleanup, the storage is no longer usable. Any attempt to access
+            the storage will result in undefined behavior.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> storage = LazyMemmapStorage(1000, auto_cleanup=True)
+            >>> # ... use storage ...
+            >>> storage.cleanup()  # Manually clean up when done
+        """
+        if getattr(self, "_cleaned_up", False):
+            return False
+
+        self._cleaned_up = True
+
+        # Get the directory to clean up
+        scratch_dir = getattr(self, "scratch_dir", None)
+        if scratch_dir is None:
+            # No scratch dir - check if storage has memmap tensors with temp paths
+            storage = getattr(self, "_storage", None)
+            if storage is not None and is_tensor_collection(storage):
+                # Get all memmap file paths and find their common directory
+                paths = set()
+                try:
+                    for tensor in storage.values(include_nested=True, leaves_only=True):
+                        if hasattr(tensor, "filename") and tensor.filename:
+                            paths.add(os.path.dirname(tensor.filename))
+                except Exception:
+                    # Storage might be in an invalid state during cleanup
+                    pass
+                for path in paths:
+                    if (
+                        path
+                        and os.path.isdir(path)
+                        and path.startswith(tempfile.gettempdir())
+                    ):
+                        try:
+                            shutil.rmtree(path)
+                            torchrl_logger.debug(f"Cleaned up memmap directory: {path}")
+                        except Exception:
+                            # Ignore errors - file might be in use or already deleted
+                            pass
+                return bool(paths)
+            return False
+
+        # Clean up the scratch directory
+        scratch_dir = scratch_dir.rstrip("/")
+        if os.path.isdir(scratch_dir):
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(scratch_dir)
+                torchrl_logger.debug(f"Cleaned up memmap directory: {scratch_dir}")
+                return True
+            except Exception as e:
+                torchrl_logger.warning(f"Failed to clean up memmap directory: {e}")
+                return False
+        return False
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """Ensure cleanup on garbage collection if auto_cleanup is enabled."""
+        if getattr(self, "_auto_cleanup", False) and not getattr(
+            self, "_cleaned_up", True
+        ):
+            self.cleanup()
+
+
+class CompressedListStorage(ListStorage):
+    """A storage that compresses and decompresses data.
+
+    This storage compresses data when storing and decompresses when retrieving.
+    It's particularly useful for storing raw sensory observations like images
+    that can be compressed significantly to save memory.
+
+    Args:
+        max_size (int): size of the storage, i.e. maximum number of elements stored
+            in the buffer.
+        compression_fn (callable, optional): function to compress data. Should take
+            a tensor and return a compressed byte tensor. Defaults to zstd compression.
+        decompression_fn (callable, optional): function to decompress data. Should take
+            a compressed byte tensor and return the original tensor. Defaults to zstd decompression.
+        compression_level (int, optional): compression level (1-22 for zstd) when using the default compression function.
+            Defaults to 3.
+        device (torch.device, optional): device where the sampled tensors will be
+            stored and sent. Default is :obj:`torch.device("cpu")`.
+        compilable (bool, optional): whether the storage is compilable.
+            If ``True``, the writer cannot be shared between multiple processes.
+            Defaults to ``False``.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> import torch
+        >>> from torchrl.data import CompressedListStorage, ReplayBuffer
+        >>> from tensordict import TensorDict
+        >>>
+        >>> # Create a compressed storage for image data
+        >>> storage = CompressedListStorage(max_size=1000, compression_level=3)
+        >>> rb = ReplayBuffer(storage=storage, batch_size=5)
+        >>>
+        >>> # Add some image data
+        >>> images = torch.randn(10, 3, 84, 84)  # Atari-like frames
+        >>> data = TensorDict({"obs": images}, batch_size=[10])
+        >>> rb.extend(data)
+        >>>
+        >>> # Sample and verify data is decompressed correctly
+        >>> sample = rb.sample(3)
+        >>> print(sample["obs"].shape)  # torch.Size([3, 3, 84, 84])
+
+    """
+
+    _default_checkpointer = CompressedListStorageCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int,
+        *,
+        compression_fn: Callable | None = None,
+        decompression_fn: Callable | None = None,
+        compression_level: int = 3,
+        device: torch.device = "cpu",
+        compilable: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(max_size, compilable=compilable, device=device)
+        self.compression_level = compression_level
+
+        # Set up compression functions
+        if compression_fn is None:
+            self.compression_fn = self._default_compression_fn
+        else:
+            self.compression_fn = compression_fn
+
+        if decompression_fn is None:
+            self.decompression_fn = self._default_decompression_fn
+        else:
+            self.decompression_fn = decompression_fn
+
+        # Store compressed data and metadata
+        self._storage = []
+        self._metadata = []  # Store shape, dtype, device info for each item
+
+    def _default_compression_fn(self, tensor: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Default compression using zstd."""
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+            from compression import zstd
+
+            compressor_fn = zstd.compress
+
+        else:
+            import zlib
+
+            compressor_fn = zlib.compress
+
+        # Convert tensor to bytes
+        tensor_bytes = self.to_bytestream(tensor)
+
+        # Compress with zstd
+        compressed_bytes = compressor_fn(tensor_bytes, level=self.compression_level)
+
+        # Convert to tensor
+        return torch.frombuffer(bytearray(compressed_bytes), dtype=torch.uint8)
+
+    def _default_decompression_fn(
+        self, compressed_tensor: torch.Tensor, metadata: dict
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Default decompression using zstd."""
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+            from compression import zstd
+
+            decompressor_fn = zstd.decompress
+
+        else:
+            import zlib
+
+            decompressor_fn = zlib.decompress
+
+        # Convert tensor to bytes
+        compressed_bytes = self.to_bytestream(compressed_tensor.cpu())
+
+        # Decompress with zstd
+        decompressed_bytes = decompressor_fn(compressed_bytes)
+
+        # Convert back to tensor
+        tensor = torch.frombuffer(
+            bytearray(decompressed_bytes), dtype=metadata["dtype"]
+        )
+        tensor = tensor.reshape(metadata["shape"])
+        tensor = tensor.to(metadata["device"])
+
+        return tensor
+
+    def _compress_item(self, item: Any) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, dict]:
+        """Compress a single item and return compressed data with metadata."""
+        if isinstance(item, torch.Tensor):
+            metadata = {
+                "type": "tensor",
+                "shape": item.shape,
+                "dtype": item.dtype,
+                "device": item.device,
+            }
+            compressed = self.compression_fn(item)
+        elif is_tensor_collection(item):
+            # For TensorDict, compress each tensor field
+            compressed_fields = {}
+            metadata = {"type": "tensordict", "fields": {}}
+
+            for key, value in item.items():
+                if isinstance(value, torch.Tensor):
+                    compressed_fields[key] = self.compression_fn(value)
+                    metadata["fields"][key] = {
+                        "type": "tensor",
+                        "shape": value.shape,
+                        "dtype": value.dtype,
+                        "device": value.device,
+                    }
+                else:
+                    # For non-tensor data, store as-is
+                    compressed_fields[key] = value
+                    metadata["fields"][key] = {"type": "non_tensor", "value": value}
+
+            compressed = compressed_fields
+        else:
+            # For other types, store as-is
+            compressed = item
+            metadata = {"type": "other", "value": item}
+
+        return compressed, metadata
+
+    def _decompress_item(self, compressed_data: Any, metadata: dict) -> Any:
+        """Decompress a single item using its metadata."""
+        if metadata["type"] == "tensor":
+            return self.decompression_fn(compressed_data, metadata)
+        elif metadata["type"] == "tensordict":
+            # Reconstruct TensorDict
+            result = TensorDict({}, batch_size=metadata.get("batch_size", []))
+
+            for key, field_metadata in metadata["fields"].items():
+                if field_metadata["type"] == "non_tensor":
+                    result[key] = field_metadata["value"]
+                else:
+                    # Decompress tensor field
+                    result[key] = self.decompression_fn(
+                        compressed_data[key], field_metadata
+                    )
+
+            return result
+        else:
+            # Return as-is for other types
+            return metadata["value"]
+
+    def _set_item(self, cursor: int, data: Any) -> None:
+        """Set a single item in the compressed storage."""
+        # Ensure we have enough space
+        while len(self._storage) <= cursor:
+            self._storage.append(None)
+            self._metadata.append(None)
+
+        # Compress and store
+        compressed_data, metadata = self._compress_item(data)
+        self._storage[cursor] = compressed_data
+        self._metadata[cursor] = metadata
+
+    def _set_slice(self, cursor: slice, data: Any) -> None:
+        """Set a slice in the compressed storage."""
+        # Handle slice assignment
+        if not hasattr(data, "__iter__"):
+            data = [data]
+        start, stop, step = cursor.indices(len(self._storage))
+        indices = list(range(start, stop, step))
+
+        for i, value in zip(indices, data):
+            self._set_item(i, value)
+
+    def _get_item(self, index: int) -> Any:
+        """Get a single item from the compressed storage."""
+        if index >= len(self._storage) or self._storage[index] is None:
+            raise IndexError(f"Index {index} out of bounds or not set")
+
+        compressed_data = self._storage[index]
+        metadata = self._metadata[index]
+        return self._decompress_item(compressed_data, metadata)
+
+    def _get_slice(self, index: slice) -> list:
+        """Get a slice from the compressed storage."""
+        start, stop, step = index.indices(len(self._storage))
+        results = []
+        for i in range(start, stop, step):
+            if i < len(self._storage) and self._storage[i] is not None:
+                results.append(self._get_item(i))
+        return results
+
+    def _get_list(self, index: list) -> list:
+        """Get a list of items from the compressed storage."""
+        if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor) and index.device.type != "cpu":
+            index = index.cpu().tolist()
+
+        results = []
+        for i in index:
+            if i >= len(self._storage) or self._storage[i] is None:
+                raise IndexError(f"Index {i} out of bounds or not set")
+            results.append(self._get_item(i))
+        return results
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Get the length of the compressed storage."""
+        return len([item for item in self._storage if item is not None])
+
+    def _contains_int(self, item: int) -> bool:
+        """Check if an integer index is contained in the compressed storage."""
+        return 0 <= item < len(self._storage) and self._storage[item] is not None
+
+    def _empty(self):
+        """Empty the storage."""
+        self._storage = []
+        self._metadata = []
+
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Save the storage state."""
+        return {
+            "_storage": self._storage,
+            "_metadata": self._metadata,
+        }
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Load the storage state."""
+        self._storage = state_dict["_storage"]
+        self._metadata = state_dict["_metadata"]
+
+    def to_bytestream(self, data_to_bytestream: torch.Tensor | np.array | Any) -> bytes:
+        """Convert data to a byte stream."""
+        if isinstance(data_to_bytestream, torch.Tensor):
+            byte_stream = data_to_bytestream.cpu().numpy().tobytes()
+
+        elif isinstance(data_to_bytestream, np.array):
+            byte_stream = bytes(data_to_bytestream.tobytes())
+
+        else:
+            import io
+            import pickle
+
+            buffer = io.BytesIO()
+            pickle.dump(data_to_bytestream, buffer)
+            buffer.seek(0)
+            byte_stream = bytes(buffer.read())
+
+        return byte_stream
+
+    def bytes(self):
+        """Return the number of bytes in the storage."""
+
+        def compressed_size_from_list(data: Any) -> int:
+            if data is None:
+                return 0
+            elif isinstance(data, (bytes,)):
+                return len(data)
+            elif isinstance(data, (np.ndarray,)):
+                return data.nbytes
+            elif isinstance(data, (torch.Tensor)):
+                return compressed_size_from_list(data.cpu().numpy())
+            elif isinstance(data, (tuple, list, Sequence)):
+                return sum(compressed_size_from_list(item) for item in data)
+            elif isinstance(data, Mapping) or is_tensor_collection(data):
+                return sum(compressed_size_from_list(value) for value in data.values())
+            else:
+                return 0
+
+        compressed_size_estimate = compressed_size_from_list(self._storage)
+        if compressed_size_estimate == 0:
+            if len(self._storage) > 0:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Compressed storage is not empty but the compressed size is 0. This is a bug."
+                )
+            warnings.warn("Compressed storage is empty, returning 0 bytes.")
+
+        return compressed_size_estimate
+
+
+class StorageEnsemble(Storage):
+    """An ensemble of storages.
+
+    This class is designed to work with :class:`~torchrl.data.replay_buffers.replay_buffers.ReplayBufferEnsemble`.
+
+    Args:
+        storages (sequence of Storage): the storages to make the composite storage.
+
+    Keyword Args:
+        transforms (list of :class:`~torchrl.envs.Transform`, optional): a list of
+            transforms of the same length as storages.
+
+    .. warning::
+      This class signatures for :meth:`get` does not match other storages, as
+      it will return a tuple ``(buffer_id, samples)`` rather than just the samples.
+
+    .. warning::
+       This class does not support writing (similarly to :class:`~torchrl.data.replay_buffers.writers.WriterEnsemble`).
+       To extend one of the replay buffers, simply index the parent
+       :class:`~torchrl.data.ReplayBufferEnsemble` object.
+
+    """
+
+    _default_checkpointer = StorageEnsembleCheckpointer
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *storages: Storage,
+        transforms: list[Transform] = None,  # noqa: F821
+    ):
+        self._rng_private = None
+        self._storages = storages
+        self._transforms = transforms
+        if transforms is not None and len(transforms) != len(storages):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "transforms must have the same length as the storages provided."
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _rng(self):
+        return self._rng_private
+
+    @_rng.setter
+    def _rng(self, value):
+        self._rng_private = value
+        for storage in self._storages:
+            storage._rng = value
+
+    def extend(self, value):
+        raise RuntimeError
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        raise RuntimeError
+
+    def get(self, item):
+        # we return the buffer id too to be able to track the appropriate collate_fn
+        buffer_ids = item.get("buffer_ids")
+        index = item.get("index")
+        results = []
+        for buffer_id, sample in zip(buffer_ids, index):
+            buffer_id = self._convert_id(buffer_id)
+            results.append((buffer_id, self._get_storage(buffer_id).get(sample)))
+        if self._transforms is not None:
+            results = [
+                (buffer_id, self._transforms[buffer_id](result))
+                if self._transforms[buffer_id] is not None
+                else (buffer_id, result)
+                for buffer_id, result in results
+            ]
+        return results
+
+    def _convert_id(self, sub):
+        if isinstance(sub, torch.Tensor):
+            sub = sub.item()
+        return sub
+
+    def _get_storage(self, sub):
+        return self._storages[sub]
+
+    def state_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    _INDEX_ERROR = "Expected an index of type torch.Tensor, range, np.ndarray, int, slice or ellipsis, got {} instead."
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        if isinstance(index, tuple):
+            if index[0] is Ellipsis:
+                index = (slice(None), index[1:])
+            result = self[index[0]]
+            if len(index) > 1:
+                if result is self:
+                    # then index[0] is an ellipsis/slice(None)
+                    sample = [storage[index[1:]] for storage in self._storages]
+                    return sample
+                if isinstance(result, StorageEnsemble):
+                    new_index = (slice(None), *index[1:])
+                    return result[new_index]
+                return result[index[1:]]
+            return result
+        if isinstance(index, slice) and index == slice(None):
+            return self
+        if isinstance(index, (list, range, np.ndarray)):
+            index = torch.as_tensor(index)
+        if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor):
+            if index.ndim > 1:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Cannot index a {type(self)} with tensor indices that have more than one dimension."
+                )
+            if index.is_floating_point():
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "A floating point index was received when an integer dtype was expected."
+                )
+        if isinstance(index, int) or (not isinstance(index, slice) and len(index) == 0):
+            try:
+                index = int(index)
+            except Exception:
+                raise IndexError(self._INDEX_ERROR.format(type(index)))
+            try:
+                return self._storages[index]
+            except IndexError:
+                raise IndexError(self._INDEX_ERROR.format(type(index)))
+        if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor):
+            index = index.tolist()
+            storages = [self._storages[i] for i in index]
+            transforms = (
+                [self._transforms[i] for i in index]
+                if self._transforms is not None
+                else [None] * len(index)
+            )
+        else:
+            # slice
+            storages = self._storages[index]
+            transforms = (
+                self._transforms[index]
+                if self._transforms is not None
+                else [None] * len(storages)
+            )
+
+        return StorageEnsemble(*storages, transforms=transforms)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._storages)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        storages = textwrap.indent(f"storages={self._storages}", " " * 4)
+        transforms = textwrap.indent(f"transforms={self._transforms}", " " * 4)
+        return f"StorageEnsemble(\n{storages}, \n{transforms})"
+
+
+# Utils
+def _mem_map_tensor_as_tensor(mem_map_tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    if isinstance(mem_map_tensor, torch.Tensor):
+        # This will account for MemoryMappedTensors
+        return mem_map_tensor
+
+
+def _collate_list_tensordict(x):
+    out = torch.stack(x, 0)
+    return out
+
+
+@implement_for("torch", "2.4")
+def _stack_anything(data):
+    if is_tensor_collection(data[0]):
+        return LazyStackedTensorDict.maybe_dense_stack(data)
+    return tree_map(
+        lambda *x: torch.stack(x),
+        *data,
+        is_leaf=lambda x: isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) or is_tensor_collection(x),
+    )
+
+
+@implement_for("torch", None, "2.4")
+def _stack_anything(data):  # noqa: F811
+    from tensordict import _pytree
+
+    if not _pytree.PYTREE_REGISTERED_TDS:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "TensorDict is not registered within PyTree. "
+            "If you see this error, it means tensordicts instances cannot be natively stacked using tree_map. "
+            "To solve this issue, (a) upgrade pytorch to a version > 2.4, or (b) make sure TensorDict is registered in PyTree. "
+            "If this error persists, open an issue on https://github.com/pytorch/rl/issues"
+        )
+    if is_tensor_collection(data[0]):
+        return LazyStackedTensorDict.maybe_dense_stack(data)
+    flat_trees = []
+    spec = None
+    for d in data:
+        flat_tree, spec = tree_flatten(d)
+        flat_trees.append(flat_tree)
+
+    leaves = []
+    for leaf in zip(*flat_trees):
+        leaf = torch.stack(leaf)
+        leaves.append(leaf)
+
+    return tree_unflatten(leaves, spec)
+
+
+def _collate_id(x):
+    return x
+
+
+def _get_default_collate(storage, _is_tensordict=False):
+    if isinstance(storage, (LazyStackStorage, TensorStorage)):
+        return _collate_id
+    elif isinstance(storage, CompressedListStorage):
+        return lazy_stack
+    elif isinstance(storage, (ListStorage, StorageEnsemble)):
+        return _stack_anything
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Could not find a default collate_fn for storage {type(storage)}."
+        )
+
+
+def _make_memmap(tensor, path):
+    return MemoryMappedTensor.from_tensor(tensor, filename=path)
+
+
+def _make_empty_memmap(shape, dtype, path):
+    return MemoryMappedTensor.empty(shape=shape, dtype=dtype, filename=path)
+
+
+def _flip_list(data):
+    if all(is_tensor_collection(_data) for _data in data):
+        return torch.stack(data)
+    flat_data, flat_specs = zip(*[tree_flatten(item) for item in data])
+    flat_data = zip(*flat_data)
+    stacks = [torch.stack(item) for item in flat_data]
+    return tree_unflatten(stacks, flat_specs[0])