switchboard-hw 0.3.0__cp314-cp314-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

switchboard/umi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,793 @@
+# Python interface for UMI reads, writes, and atomic operations
+
+# Copyright (c) 2024 Zero ASIC Corporation
+# This code is licensed under Apache License 2.0 (see LICENSE for details)
+
+import random
+import numpy as np
+
+from numbers import Integral
+from typing import Iterable, Union, Dict
+
+from _switchboard import (PyUmi, PyUmiPacket, umi_pack, UmiCmd, UmiAtomic)
+from .gpio import UmiGpio
+
+# note: it was convenient to implement some of this in Python, rather
+# than have everything in C++, because it was easier to provide
+# flexibility with numpy types
+
+
+class UmiTxRx:
+    def __init__(self, tx_uri: str = None, rx_uri: str = None,
+        srcaddr: Union[int, Dict[str, int]] = 0, posted: bool = False,
+        max_bytes: int = None, fresh: bool = False, error: bool = True,
+        max_rate: float = -1):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        tx_uri: str, optional
+            Name of the switchboard queue that
+            write() and send() will send UMI packets to.  Defaults to
+            None, meaning "unused".
+        rx_uri: str, optional
+            Name of the switchboard queue that
+            read() and recv() will receive UMI packets from.  Defaults
+            to None, meaning "unused".
+        srcaddr: int, optional
+            Default srcaddr to use for reads,
+            ack'd writes, and atomics.  Defaults to 0.  Can also be
+            provided as a dictionary with separate defaults for each
+            type of transaction: srcaddr={'read': 0x1234, 'write':
+            0x2345, 'atomic': 0x3456}.  When the defaults are provided
+            with a dictionary, all keys are optional.  Transactions
+            that are not specified in the dictionary will default
+            to a srcaddr of 0.
+        posted: bool, optional
+            If True, default to using posted
+            (i.e., non-ack'd) writes.  This can be overridden on a
+            transaction-by-transaction basis.  Defaults to False.
+        max_bytes: int, optional
+            Default maximum number of bytes
+            to use in each UMI transaction.  Can be overridden on a
+            transaction-by-transaction basis.  Defaults to 32 bytes.
+        fresh: bool, optional
+           If True, the queue specified by the uri parameter will get
+           cleared before executing the simulation.
+        error: bool, optional
+            If True, error out upon receiving an unexpected UMI response.
+        """
+
+        if tx_uri is None:
+            tx_uri = ""
+
+        if rx_uri is None:
+            rx_uri = ""
+
+        self.umi = PyUmi(tx_uri, rx_uri, fresh, max_rate=max_rate)
+
+        if srcaddr is not None:
+            # convert srcaddr default to a dictionary if necessary
+            if isinstance(srcaddr, int):
+                srcaddr = {
+                    'read': srcaddr,
+                    'write': srcaddr,
+                    'atomic': srcaddr
+                }
+
+            if isinstance(srcaddr, dict):
+                self.def_read_srcaddr = int(srcaddr.get('read', 0))
+                self.def_write_srcaddr = int(srcaddr.get('write', 0))
+                self.def_atomic_srcaddr = int(srcaddr.get('atomic', 0))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f'Unsupported default srcaddr specification: {srcaddr}')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Default value of "srcaddr" cannot be None.')
+
+        if posted is not None:
+            self.default_posted = bool(posted)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Default value of "posted" cannot be None.')
+
+        if max_bytes is None:
+            max_bytes = 32
+
+        self.default_max_bytes = max_bytes
+        self.default_error = error
+
+    def gpio(
+        self,
+        iwidth: int = 32,
+        owidth: int = 32,
+        init: int = 0,
+        dstaddr: int = 0,
+        srcaddr: int = 0,
+        posted: bool = False,
+        max_bytes: int = 32
+    ) -> UmiGpio:
+        """
+        Returns an object for communicating with umi_gpio modules.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        iwidth: int
+            Width of GPIO input (bits). Defaults to 32.
+        owidth: int
+            Width of GPIO output (bits). Defaults to 32.
+        init: int
+            Default value of GPIO output. Defaults to 0.
+        dstaddr: int
+            Base address of the GPIO device. Defaults to 0.
+        srcaddr: int
+            Source address to which responses should be routed. Defaults to 0.
+        posted: bool
+            Whether writes should be sent as posted. Defaults to False.
+        max_bytes: int
+            Maximum number of bytes in a single transaction to umi_gpio.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        UmiGpio
+            UmiGpio object with .i (input) and .o (output) attributes
+        """
+
+        return UmiGpio(
+            iwidth=iwidth,
+            owidth=owidth,
+            init=init,
+            dstaddr=dstaddr,
+            srcaddr=srcaddr,
+            posted=posted,
+            max_bytes=max_bytes,
+            umi=self
+        )
+
+    def init_queues(self, tx_uri: str = None, rx_uri: str = None, fresh: bool = False):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        tx_uri: str, optional
+            Name of the switchboard queue that
+            write() and send() will send UMI packets to.  Defaults to
+            None, meaning "unused".
+        rx_uri: str, optional
+            Name of the switchboard queue that
+            read() and recv() will receive UMI packets from.  Defaults
+            to None, meaning "unused".
+        fresh: bool, optional
+           If True, the queue specified by the uri parameter will get
+           cleared before executing the simulation.
+        """
+
+        if tx_uri is None:
+            tx_uri = ""
+
+        if rx_uri is None:
+            rx_uri = ""
+
+        self.umi.init(tx_uri, rx_uri, fresh)
+
+    def send(self, p, blocking=True) -> bool:
+        """
+        Sends (or tries to send if burst=False) a UMI transaction (PyUmiPacket)
+        Returns True if the packet was sent successfully, else False.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        p: PyUmiPacket
+            The UMI packet that will be sent
+        blocking: bool, optional
+            If True, the program will pause execution until a response to the write request
+            is received.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        bool
+            Returns true if the `p` was sent successfully
+        """
+
+        return self.umi.send(p, blocking)
+
+    def recv(self, blocking=True) -> PyUmiPacket:
+        """
+        Wait for and return a UMI packet if blocking=True, otherwise return a
+        UMI packet if one can be read immediately, and None otherwise.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        blocking: bool, optional
+            If True, the function will wait until a UMI packet can be read.
+            If False, a None type will be returned if no UMI packet can be read
+            immediately.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        PyUmiPacket
+            If `blocking` is True, a PyUmiPacket is always returned. If `blocking` is
+            False, a PyUmiPacket object will be returned if one can be read immediately.
+            Otherwise, a None type will be returned.
+        """
+
+        return self.umi.recv(blocking)
+
+    def write(self, addr, data, srcaddr=None, max_bytes=None,
+        posted=None, qos=0, prot=0, progressbar=False, check_alignment=True,
+        error=None):
+        """
+        Writes the provided data to the given 64-bit address.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        addr: int
+            64-bit address that will be written to
+
+        data: np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64, or np.array
+            Can be either a numpy integer type (e.g., np.uint32) or an numpy
+            array of integer types (np.uint8, np.uin16, np.uint32, np.uint64, etc.).
+            The `data` input may contain more than "max_bytes", in which case
+            the write will automatically be split into multiple transactions.
+
+        srcaddr: int, optional
+            UMI source address used for the write transaction. This is sometimes needed to make
+            the write response gets routed to the right place.
+
+        max_bytes: int, optional
+            Indicates the maximum number of bytes that can be used for any individual UMI
+            transaction. If not specified, this defaults to the value of `max_bytes`
+            provided in the UmiTxRx constructor, which in turn defaults to 32.
+
+        posted: bool, optional
+            If True, a write response will be received.
+
+        qos: int, optional
+            4-bit Quality of Service field in UMI Command
+
+        prot: int, optional
+            2-bit protection mode field in UMI command
+
+        progressbar: bool, optional
+            If True, the number of packets written will be displayed via a progressbar
+            in the terminal.
+
+        check_alignment: bool, optional
+            If true, an exception will be raised if the `addr` parameter cannot be aligned based
+            on the size of the `data` parameter
+
+        error: bool, optional
+            If True, error out upon receiving an unexpected UMI response.
+        """
+
+        # set defaults
+
+        if max_bytes is None:
+            max_bytes = self.default_max_bytes
+
+        max_bytes = int(max_bytes)
+
+        if srcaddr is None:
+            srcaddr = self.def_write_srcaddr
+
+        srcaddr = int(srcaddr)
+
+        if posted is None:
+            posted = self.default_posted
+
+        posted = bool(posted)
+
+        if error is None:
+            error = self.default_error
+
+        error = bool(error)
+
+        # format the data to be written
+
+        if isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
+            if data.ndim == 0:
+                write_data = np.atleast_1d(data)
+            elif data.ndim == 1:
+                write_data = data
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f'Can only write 1D arrays (got ndim={data.ndim})')
+
+            if not np.issubdtype(write_data.dtype, np.integer):
+                raise ValueError('Can only write integer dtypes such as uint8, uint16, etc.'
+                    f'  (got dtype "{data.dtype}")')
+        elif isinstance(data, np.integer):
+            write_data = np.array(data, ndmin=1)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"Unknown data type: {type(data)}")
+
+        if check_alignment:
+            size = dtype2size(write_data.dtype)
+            if not addr_aligned(addr=addr, align=size):
+                raise ValueError(f'addr=0x{addr:x} misaligned for size={size}')
+
+        # perform write
+        self.umi.write(addr, write_data, srcaddr, max_bytes,
+            posted, qos, prot, progressbar, error)
+
+    def write_readback(self, addr, value, mask=None, srcaddr=None, dtype=None,
+        posted=True, write_srcaddr=None, check_alignment=True, error=None):
+        """
+        Writes the provided value to the given 64-bit address, and blocks
+        until that value is read back from the provided address.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        addr: int
+            The destination address to write to and read from
+
+        value: int, np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, or np.uint64
+            The data written to `addr`
+
+        mask: int, optional
+            argument (optional) allows the user to mask off some bits
+            in the comparison of the data written vs. data read back.  For example,
+            if a user only cares that bit "5" is written to "1", and does not care
+            about the value of other bits read back, they could use mask=1<<5.
+
+        srcaddr: int, optional
+            The UMI source address used for the read transaction.  This is
+            sometimes needed to make sure that reads get routed to the right place.
+
+        dtype: np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, or np.uint64, optional
+            If `value` is specified as plain integer, then dtype must be specified,
+            indicating a particular numpy integer type. This is so that the size of
+            the UMI transaction can be set appropriately.
+
+        posted: bool, optional
+            By default, the write is performed as a posted write, however it is
+            is possible to use an ack'd write by setting posted=False.
+
+        write_srcaddr: int, optional
+            If `posted`=True, write_srcaddr specifies the srcaddr used for that
+            transaction. If write_srcaddr is None, the default srcaddr for writes
+            will be used.
+
+        check_alignment: bool, optional
+            If true, an exception will be raised if the `addr` parameter cannot be aligned based
+            on the size of the `data` parameter
+
+        error: bool, optional
+            If True, error out upon receiving an unexpected UMI response.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        TypeError
+            If `value` is not an integer type, if `mask` is not an integer type
+        """
+
+        # set defaults
+
+        if srcaddr is None:
+            srcaddr = self.def_read_srcaddr
+
+        srcaddr = int(srcaddr)
+
+        if write_srcaddr is None:
+            write_srcaddr = self.def_write_srcaddr
+
+        write_srcaddr = int(write_srcaddr)
+
+        # convert value to a numpy datatype if it is not already
+        if not isinstance(value, np.integer):
+            if dtype is not None:
+                value = dtype(value)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("Must provide value as a numpy integer type, or specify dtype.")
+
+        # set the mask to all ones if it is None
+        if mask is None:
+            nbits = (np.dtype(value.dtype).itemsize * 8)
+            mask = (1 << nbits) - 1
+
+        # convert mask to a numpy datatype if it is not already
+        if not isinstance(mask, np.integer):
+            if dtype is not None:
+                mask = dtype(mask)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("Must provide mask as a numpy integer type, or specify dtype.")
+
+        # write, then read repeatedly until the value written is observed
+        self.write(addr, value, srcaddr=write_srcaddr, posted=posted,
+            check_alignment=check_alignment, error=error)
+        rdval = self.read(addr, value.dtype, srcaddr=srcaddr,
+            check_alignment=check_alignment, error=error)
+        while ((rdval & mask) != (value & mask)):
+            rdval = self.read(addr, value.dtype, srcaddr=srcaddr,
+                check_alignment=check_alignment, error=error)
+
+    def read(self, addr, num_or_dtype, dtype=np.uint8, srcaddr=None,
+        max_bytes=None, qos=0, prot=0, check_alignment=True, error=None):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        addr: int
+            The 64-bit address read from
+
+        num_or_dtype: int or numpy integer datatype
+            If a plain int, `num_or_datatype` specifies the number of bytes to be read.
+            If a numpy integer datatype (np.uint8, np.uint16, etc.), num_or_datatype
+            specifies the data type to be returned.
+
+        dtype: numpy integer datatype, optional
+            If num_or_dtype is a plain integer, the value returned by this function
+            will be a numpy array of type "dtype".  On the other hand, if num_or_dtype
+            is a numpy datatype, the value returned will be a scalar of that datatype.
+
+        srcaddr: int, optional
+           The UMI source address used for the read transaction.  This
+           is sometimes needed to make sure that reads get routed to the right place.
+
+        max_bytes: int, optional
+            Indicates the maximum number of bytes that can be used for any individual UMI
+            transaction. If not specified, this defaults to the value of `max_bytes`
+            provided in the UmiTxRx constructor, which in turn defaults to 32.
+
+        qos: int, optional
+            4-bit Quality of Service field used in the UMI command
+
+        prot: int, optional
+            2-bit Protection mode field used in the UMI command
+
+        error: bool, optional
+            If True, error out upon receiving an unexpected UMI response.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        numpy integer array
+            An array of `num_or_dtype` bytes read from `addr`. The array will have the type
+            specified by `dtype` or `num_or_dtype`
+        """
+
+        # set defaults
+
+        if max_bytes is None:
+            max_bytes = self.default_max_bytes
+
+        max_bytes = int(max_bytes)
+
+        if srcaddr is None:
+            srcaddr = self.def_read_srcaddr
+
+        srcaddr = int(srcaddr)
+
+        if error is None:
+            error = self.default_error
+
+        error = bool(error)
+
+        if isinstance(num_or_dtype, (type, np.dtype)):
+            num = 1
+            bytes_per_elem = np.dtype(num_or_dtype).itemsize
+        else:
+            num = num_or_dtype
+            bytes_per_elem = np.dtype(dtype).itemsize
+
+        if check_alignment:
+            size = nbytes2size(bytes_per_elem)
+            if not addr_aligned(addr=addr, align=size):
+                raise ValueError(f'addr=0x{addr:x} misaligned for size={size}')
+
+        result = self.umi.read(addr, num, bytes_per_elem, srcaddr, max_bytes,
+            qos, prot, error)
+
+        if isinstance(num_or_dtype, (type, np.dtype)):
+            return result.view(num_or_dtype)[0]
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    def atomic(self, addr, data, opcode, srcaddr=None, qos=0, prot=0, error=None):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        addr: int
+            64-bit address atomic operation will be applied to.
+
+        data: np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64
+            must so that the size of the atomic operation can be determined.
+
+        opcode: str or switchboard.UmiAtomic value
+            Supported string values are 'add', 'and', 'or', 'xor', 'max', 'min',
+            'minu', 'maxu', and 'swap' (case-insensitive).
+
+        srcaddr: int, optional
+            The UMI source address used for the atomic transaction.  This
+            is sometimes needed to make sure the response get routed to the right place.
+
+        qos: int, optional
+            4-bit Quality of Service field used in the UMI command
+
+        prot: int, optional
+            2-bit Protection mode field used in the UMI command
+
+        error: bool, optional
+            If True, error out upon receiving an unexpected UMI response.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        TypeError
+            If `value` is not a numpy integer datatype
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64
+            The value returned by this function is the original value at addr,
+            immediately before the atomic operation is applied.  The numpy dtype of the
+            returned value will be the same as for "data".
+        """
+
+        # set defaults
+
+        if srcaddr is None:
+            srcaddr = self.def_atomic_srcaddr
+
+        srcaddr = int(srcaddr)
+
+        if error is None:
+            error = self.default_error
+
+        error = bool(error)
+
+        # resolve the opcode to an enum if needed
+        if isinstance(opcode, str):
+            opcode = getattr(UmiAtomic, f'UMI_REQ_ATOMIC{opcode.upper()}')
+
+        # format the data for sending
+        if isinstance(data, np.integer):
+            atomic_data = np.array(data, ndmin=1).view(np.uint8)
+            result = self.umi.atomic(addr, atomic_data, opcode, srcaddr, qos, prot, error)
+            return result.view(data.dtype)[0]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("The data provided to atomic should be of a numpy integer type"
+                " so that the transaction size can be determined")
+
+
+def size2dtype(size: int, signed: bool = False, float: bool = False):
+    if float:
+        dtypes = [None, np.float16, np.float32, np.float64, np.float128]
+    elif signed:
+        dtypes = [np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.int64]
+    else:
+        dtypes = [np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32, np.uint64]
+
+    dtype = None
+
+    if size < len(dtypes):
+        dtype = dtypes[size]
+
+    if dtype is None:
+        raise ValueError(f'Size {size} unsupported with signed={signed} and float={float}')
+
+    return dtype
+
+
+def nbytes2size(nbytes: Integral):
+    if not isinstance(nbytes, Integral):
+        raise ValueError(f'Number of bytes must be an integer (got {nbytes})')
+    elif nbytes <= 0:
+        raise ValueError(f'Number of bytes must be positive (got {nbytes})')
+
+    nbytes = int(nbytes)
+
+    if bin(nbytes).count('1') != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f'Number of bytes must be a power of two (got {nbytes})')
+
+    size = nbytes.bit_length() - 1
+
+    if size < 0:
+        raise ValueError(f'size cannot be negative (got {size})')
+
+    return size
+
+
+def dtype2size(dtype: np.dtype):
+    if isinstance(dtype, np.dtype):
+        return nbytes2size(dtype.itemsize)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f'dtype must be of type np.dtype (got {type(dtype)})')
+
+
+def addr_aligned(addr: Integral, align: Integral) -> bool:
+    return ((addr >> align) << align) == addr
+
+
+def random_int_value(name, value, min, max, align=None):
+    # determine the length of the transaction
+
+    if isinstance(value, range) or (value is None):
+        if isinstance(value, range):
+            a = value.start
+            b = value.stop - 1
+        else:
+            a = min
+            b = max
+
+        value = random.randint(a, b)
+
+        if align is not None:
+            value >>= align
+            value <<= align
+    elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple, np.ndarray)):
+        value = random.choice(value)
+
+        if isinstance(value, (range, list, tuple)):
+            # if we happen to pick a range object from the list/tuple, then run this
+            # function on the range object.  this allows users to specify a collection
+            # of values and ranges to efficiently represent a discontinuous space
+            # of options.  it is also possible to have lists of lists of ranges, to
+            # adjust the probabilities of drawing from each range
+            return random_int_value(name=name, value=value, min=min, max=max, align=align)
+
+    # validate result
+
+    check_int_in_range(name, value, min=min, max=max)
+
+    value = int(value)
+
+    if align is not None:
+        if not addr_aligned(addr=value, align=align):
+            raise ValueError(f'misaligned {name}: 0x{value:x}')
+
+    # return result
+
+    return value
+
+
+def check_int_in_range(name, value, min=None, max=None):
+    if not np.issubdtype(type(value), np.integer):
+        raise ValueError(f'{name} is not an integer')
+
+    if (min is not None) and (value < min):
+        raise ValueError(f'{name} is less than {min}')
+
+    if (max is not None) and (value > max):
+        raise ValueError(f'{name} is greater than {max}')
+
+
+def random_umi_packet(
+    opcode=None,
+    len=None,
+    size=None,
+    dstaddr=None,
+    srcaddr=None,
+    data=None,
+    qos=0,
+    prot=0,
+    ex=0,
+    atype=0,
+    eom=1,
+    eof=1,
+    max_bytes=32
+):
+    """
+    Generates a Random UMI packet. All parameters are optional. Parameters that
+    are not explicitly specified will be assigned randomly.
+
+    For more information on the meanings of each parameter, reference
+    `the UMI specification <https://github.com/zeroasiccorp/umi/blob/main/README.md>`_
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    opcode: int, optional
+        Command opcode
+
+    len: int, optional
+        Word transfers per message. (`len`-1 words will be transferred
+        per message)
+
+    size: int, optional
+        Word size ((2^size)-1 bits per word)
+
+    dstaddr: int, optional
+        64-bit destination address used in the UMI packet
+
+    srcaddr: int, optional
+        64-bit source address used in the UMI packet
+
+    data: numpy integer array, optional
+        Values used in the Data field for the UMI packet
+
+    qos: int, optional
+        4-bit Quality of Service field used in the UMI command
+
+    prot: int, optional
+        2-bit Protection mode field used in the UMI command
+
+    ex: int, optional
+        1-bit Exclusive access indicator in the UMI command
+
+    atype: int, optional
+        8-bit field specifying the type of atomic transaction used
+        in the UMI command for an atomic operation
+
+    eom: int, optional
+        1-bit End of Message indicator in UMI command, used to track
+        the transfer of the last word in a message
+
+    eof: int, optional
+        1-bit End of Frame bit in UMI command, used to indicate the
+        last message in a sequence of related UMI transactions
+
+    max_bytes: int, optional
+        The maximum number of bytes included in each UMI packet
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    """
+
+    # input validation
+
+    check_int_in_range("max_bytes", max_bytes, min=0, max=32)
+
+    # TODO: make these parameters flexible, or more centrally-defined
+
+    MAX_SUMI_SIZE = 3
+    AW = 64
+
+    # determine the opcode
+
+    if opcode is None:
+        opcode = random.choice([
+            UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_WRITE,
+            UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_POSTED,
+            UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_READ,
+            UmiCmd.UMI_RESP_WRITE,
+            UmiCmd.UMI_RESP_READ,
+            UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_ATOMIC
+        ])
+    elif isinstance(opcode, Iterable):
+        opcode = random.choice(opcode)
+
+    # determine the size of the transaction
+
+    if (size is None) and (data is not None):
+        size = dtype2size(data.dtype)
+
+    size = random_int_value('size', size, 0, MAX_SUMI_SIZE)
+
+    # determine the length of the transaction
+
+    if (len is None) and (data is not None):
+        len = data.size - 1
+
+    len = random_int_value('len', len, 0, (max_bytes >> size) - 1)
+
+    # generate other fields
+
+    atype = random_int_value('atype', atype, 0x00, 0x08)
+    qos = random_int_value('qos', qos, 0b0000, 0b1111)
+    prot = random_int_value('prot', prot, 0b00, 0b11)
+    eom = random_int_value('eom', eom, 0b0, 0b1)
+    eof = random_int_value('eof', eof, 0b0, 0b1)
+    ex = random_int_value('ex', ex, 0b0, 0b1)
+
+    # construct the command field
+
+    cmd = umi_pack(opcode, atype, size, len, eom, eof, qos, prot, ex)
+
+    # generate destination address
+
+    dstaddr = random_int_value('dstaddr', dstaddr, 0, (1 << AW) - 1, align=size)
+    srcaddr = random_int_value('srcaddr', srcaddr, 0, (1 << AW) - 1, align=size)
+
+    # generate data if needed
+
+    if opcode in [
+        UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_WRITE,
+        UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_POSTED,
+        UmiCmd.UMI_RESP_READ,
+        UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_ATOMIC
+    ]:
+        if data is None:
+            dtype = size2dtype(size)
+            iinfo = np.iinfo(dtype)
+            if opcode != UmiCmd.UMI_REQ_ATOMIC:
+                nelem = len + 1
+            else:
+                nelem = 1
+            data = np.random.randint(iinfo.min, iinfo.max - 1,
+                size=nelem, dtype=dtype)
+
+    # return the packet
+
+    return PyUmiPacket(cmd=cmd, dstaddr=dstaddr, srcaddr=srcaddr, data=data)