qiskit 1.0.0b1__cp38-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl

qiskit/circuit/library/arithmetic/piecewise_linear_pauli_rotations.py

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+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2020.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+
+"""Piecewise-linearly-controlled rotation."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.circuit import QuantumRegister, AncillaRegister, QuantumCircuit
+from qiskit.circuit.exceptions import CircuitError
+
+from .functional_pauli_rotations import FunctionalPauliRotations
+from .linear_pauli_rotations import LinearPauliRotations
+from .integer_comparator import IntegerComparator
+
+
+class PiecewiseLinearPauliRotations(FunctionalPauliRotations):
+    r"""Piecewise-linearly-controlled Pauli rotations.
+
+    For a piecewise linear (not necessarily continuous) function :math:`f(x)`, which is defined
+    through breakpoints, slopes and offsets as follows.
+    Suppose the breakpoints :math:`(x_0, ..., x_J)` are a subset of :math:`[0, 2^n-1]`, where
+    :math:`n` is the number of state qubits. Further on, denote the corresponding slopes and
+    offsets by :math:`a_j` and :math:`b_j` respectively.
+    Then f(x) is defined as:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        f(x) = \begin{cases}
+            0, x < x_0 \\
+            a_j (x - x_j) + b_j, x_j \leq x < x_{j+1}
+            \end{cases}
+
+    where we implicitly assume :math:`x_{J+1} = 2^n`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_state_qubits: int | None = None,
+        breakpoints: list[int] | None = None,
+        slopes: list[float] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        offsets: list[float] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+        basis: str = "Y",
+        name: str = "pw_lin",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct piecewise-linearly-controlled Pauli rotations.
+
+        Args:
+            num_state_qubits: The number of qubits representing the state.
+            breakpoints: The breakpoints to define the piecewise-linear function.
+                Defaults to ``[0]``.
+            slopes: The slopes for different segments of the piecewise-linear function.
+                Defaults to ``[1]``.
+            offsets: The offsets for different segments of the piecewise-linear function.
+                Defaults to ``[0]``.
+            basis: The type of Pauli rotation (``'X'``, ``'Y'``, ``'Z'``).
+            name: The name of the circuit.
+        """
+        # store parameters
+        self._breakpoints = breakpoints if breakpoints is not None else [0]
+        self._slopes = slopes if slopes is not None else [1]
+        self._offsets = offsets if offsets is not None else [0]
+
+        super().__init__(num_state_qubits=num_state_qubits, basis=basis, name=name)
+
+    @property
+    def breakpoints(self) -> list[int]:
+        """The breakpoints of the piecewise linear function.
+
+        The function is linear in the intervals ``[point_i, point_{i+1}]`` where the last
+        point implicitly is ``2**(num_state_qubits + 1)``.
+        """
+        return self._breakpoints
+
+    @breakpoints.setter
+    def breakpoints(self, breakpoints: list[int]) -> None:
+        """Set the breakpoints.
+
+        Args:
+            breakpoints: The new breakpoints.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._breakpoints = breakpoints
+
+        if self.num_state_qubits and breakpoints:
+            self._reset_registers(self.num_state_qubits)
+
+    @property
+    def slopes(self) -> list[float] | np.ndarray:
+        """The breakpoints of the piecewise linear function.
+
+        The function is linear in the intervals ``[point_i, point_{i+1}]`` where the last
+        point implicitly is ``2**(num_state_qubits + 1)``.
+        """
+        return self._slopes
+
+    @slopes.setter
+    def slopes(self, slopes: list[float]) -> None:
+        """Set the slopes.
+
+        Args:
+            slopes: The new slopes.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._slopes = slopes
+
+    @property
+    def offsets(self) -> list[float] | np.ndarray:
+        """The breakpoints of the piecewise linear function.
+
+        The function is linear in the intervals ``[point_i, point_{i+1}]`` where the last
+        point implicitly is ``2**(num_state_qubits + 1)``.
+        """
+        return self._offsets
+
+    @offsets.setter
+    def offsets(self, offsets: list[float]) -> None:
+        """Set the offsets.
+
+        Args:
+            offsets: The new offsets.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._offsets = offsets
+
+    @property
+    def mapped_slopes(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """The slopes mapped to the internal representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The mapped slopes.
+        """
+        mapped_slopes = np.zeros_like(self.slopes)
+        for i, slope in enumerate(self.slopes):
+            mapped_slopes[i] = slope - sum(mapped_slopes[:i])
+
+        return mapped_slopes
+
+    @property
+    def mapped_offsets(self) -> np.ndarray:
+        """The offsets mapped to the internal representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The mapped offsets.
+        """
+        mapped_offsets = np.zeros_like(self.offsets)
+        for i, (offset, slope, point) in enumerate(
+            zip(self.offsets, self.slopes, self.breakpoints)
+        ):
+            mapped_offsets[i] = offset - slope * point - sum(mapped_offsets[:i])
+
+        return mapped_offsets
+
+    @property
+    def contains_zero_breakpoint(self) -> bool | np.bool_:
+        """Whether 0 is the first breakpoint.
+
+        Returns:
+            True, if 0 is the first breakpoint, otherwise False.
+        """
+        return np.isclose(0, self.breakpoints[0])
+
+    def evaluate(self, x: float) -> float:
+        """Classically evaluate the piecewise linear rotation.
+
+        Args:
+            x: Value to be evaluated at.
+
+        Returns:
+            Value of piecewise linear function at x.
+        """
+
+        y = (x >= self.breakpoints[0]) * (x * self.mapped_slopes[0] + self.mapped_offsets[0])
+        for i in range(1, len(self.breakpoints)):
+            y = y + (x >= self.breakpoints[i]) * (
+                x * self.mapped_slopes[i] + self.mapped_offsets[i]
+            )
+
+        return y
+
+    def _check_configuration(self, raise_on_failure: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Check if the current configuration is valid."""
+        valid = True
+
+        if self.num_state_qubits is None:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise AttributeError("The number of qubits has not been set.")
+
+        if self.num_qubits < self.num_state_qubits + 1:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise CircuitError(
+                    "Not enough qubits in the circuit, need at least "
+                    "{}.".format(self.num_state_qubits + 1)
+                )
+
+        if len(self.breakpoints) != len(self.slopes) or len(self.breakpoints) != len(self.offsets):
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise ValueError("Mismatching sizes of breakpoints, slopes and offsets.")
+
+        return valid
+
+    def _reset_registers(self, num_state_qubits: int | None) -> None:
+        """Reset the registers."""
+        self.qregs = []
+
+        if num_state_qubits is not None:
+            qr_state = QuantumRegister(num_state_qubits)
+            qr_target = QuantumRegister(1)
+            self.qregs = [qr_state, qr_target]
+
+            # add ancillas if required
+            if len(self.breakpoints) > 1:
+                num_ancillas = num_state_qubits
+                qr_ancilla = AncillaRegister(num_ancillas)
+                self.add_register(qr_ancilla)
+
+    def _build(self):
+        """If not already built, build the circuit."""
+        if self._is_built:
+            return
+
+        super()._build()
+
+        circuit = QuantumCircuit(*self.qregs, name=self.name)
+
+        qr_state = circuit.qubits[: self.num_state_qubits]
+        qr_target = [circuit.qubits[self.num_state_qubits]]
+        qr_ancilla = circuit.ancillas
+
+        # apply comparators and controlled linear rotations
+        for i, point in enumerate(self.breakpoints):
+            if i == 0 and self.contains_zero_breakpoint:
+                # apply rotation
+                lin_r = LinearPauliRotations(
+                    num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits,
+                    slope=self.mapped_slopes[i],
+                    offset=self.mapped_offsets[i],
+                    basis=self.basis,
+                )
+                circuit.append(lin_r.to_gate(), qr_state[:] + qr_target)
+
+            else:
+                qr_compare = [qr_ancilla[0]]
+                qr_helper = qr_ancilla[1:]
+
+                # apply Comparator
+                comp = IntegerComparator(num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits, value=point)
+                qr = qr_state[:] + qr_compare[:]  # add ancilla as compare qubit
+
+                circuit.append(comp.to_gate(), qr[:] + qr_helper[: comp.num_ancillas])
+
+                # apply controlled rotation
+                lin_r = LinearPauliRotations(
+                    num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits,
+                    slope=self.mapped_slopes[i],
+                    offset=self.mapped_offsets[i],
+                    basis=self.basis,
+                )
+                circuit.append(lin_r.to_gate().control(), qr_compare[:] + qr_state[:] + qr_target)
+
+                # uncompute comparator
+                circuit.append(comp.to_gate().inverse(), qr[:] + qr_helper[: comp.num_ancillas])
+
+        self.append(circuit.to_gate(), self.qubits)

qiskit/circuit/library/arithmetic/piecewise_polynomial_pauli_rotations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2020.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""Piecewise-polynomially-controlled Pauli rotations."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import List, Optional
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.circuit import QuantumRegister, AncillaRegister, QuantumCircuit
+from qiskit.circuit.exceptions import CircuitError
+
+from .functional_pauli_rotations import FunctionalPauliRotations
+from .polynomial_pauli_rotations import PolynomialPauliRotations
+from .integer_comparator import IntegerComparator
+
+
+class PiecewisePolynomialPauliRotations(FunctionalPauliRotations):
+    r"""Piecewise-polynomially-controlled Pauli rotations.
+
+    This class implements a piecewise polynomial (not necessarily continuous) function,
+    :math:`f(x)`, on qubit amplitudes, which is defined through breakpoints and coefficients as
+    follows.
+    Suppose the breakpoints :math:`(x_0, ..., x_J)` are a subset of :math:`[0, 2^n-1]`, where
+    :math:`n` is the number of state qubits. Further on, denote the corresponding coefficients by
+    :math:`[a_{j,1},...,a_{j,d}]`, where :math:`d` is the highest degree among all polynomials.
+
+    Then :math:`f(x)` is defined as:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        f(x) = \begin{cases}
+            0, x < x_0 \\
+            \sum_{i=0}^{i=d}a_{j,i}/2 x^i, x_j \leq x < x_{j+1}
+            \end{cases}
+
+    where if given the same number of breakpoints as polynomials, we implicitly assume
+    :math:`x_{J+1} = 2^n`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Note the :math:`1/2` factor in the coefficients of :math:`f(x)`, this is consistent with
+        Qiskit's Pauli rotations.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
+        >>> from qiskit.circuit.library.arithmetic.piecewise_polynomial_pauli_rotations import\
+        ... PiecewisePolynomialPauliRotations
+        >>> qubits, breakpoints, coeffs = (2, [0, 2], [[0, -1.2],[-1, 1, 3]])
+        >>> poly_r = PiecewisePolynomialPauliRotations(num_state_qubits=qubits,
+        ...breakpoints=breakpoints, coeffs=coeffs)
+        >>>
+        >>> qc = QuantumCircuit(poly_r.num_qubits)
+        >>> qc.h(list(range(qubits)));
+        >>> qc.append(poly_r.to_instruction(), list(range(qc.num_qubits)));
+        >>> qc.draw()
+             ┌───┐┌──────────┐
+        q_0: ┤ H ├┤0         ├
+             ├───┤│          │
+        q_1: ┤ H ├┤1         ├
+             └───┘│          │
+        q_2: ─────┤2         ├
+                  │  pw_poly │
+        q_3: ─────┤3         ├
+                  │          │
+        q_4: ─────┤4         ├
+                  │          │
+        q_5: ─────┤5         ├
+                  └──────────┘
+
+    References:
+        [1]: Haener, T., Roetteler, M., & Svore, K. M. (2018).
+             Optimizing Quantum Circuits for Arithmetic.
+             `arXiv:1805.12445 <http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12445>`_
+
+        [2]: Carrera Vazquez, A., Hiptmair, R., & Woerner, S. (2022).
+             Enhancing the Quantum Linear Systems Algorithm using Richardson Extrapolation.
+             `ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing 3, 1, Article 2 <https://doi.org/10.1145/3490631>`_
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_state_qubits: Optional[int] = None,
+        breakpoints: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        coeffs: Optional[List[List[float]]] = None,
+        basis: str = "Y",
+        name: str = "pw_poly",
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            num_state_qubits: The number of qubits representing the state.
+            breakpoints: The breakpoints to define the piecewise-linear function.
+                Defaults to ``[0]``.
+            coeffs: The coefficients of the polynomials for different segments of the
+            piecewise-linear function. ``coeffs[j][i]`` is the coefficient of the i-th power of x
+            for the j-th polynomial.
+                Defaults to linear: ``[[1]]``.
+            basis: The type of Pauli rotation (``'X'``, ``'Y'``, ``'Z'``).
+            name: The name of the circuit.
+        """
+        # store parameters
+        self._breakpoints = breakpoints if breakpoints is not None else [0]
+        self._coeffs = coeffs if coeffs is not None else [[1]]
+
+        # store a list of coefficients as homogeneous polynomials adding 0's where necessary
+        self._hom_coeffs = []
+        self._degree = len(max(self._coeffs, key=len)) - 1
+        for poly in self._coeffs:
+            self._hom_coeffs.append(poly + [0] * (self._degree + 1 - len(poly)))
+
+        super().__init__(num_state_qubits=num_state_qubits, basis=basis, name=name)
+
+    @property
+    def breakpoints(self) -> List[int]:
+        """The breakpoints of the piecewise polynomial function.
+
+        The function is polynomial in the intervals ``[point_i, point_{i+1}]`` where the last
+        point implicitly is ``2**(num_state_qubits + 1)``.
+
+        Returns:
+            The list of breakpoints.
+        """
+        if (
+            self.num_state_qubits is not None
+            and len(self._breakpoints) == len(self.coeffs)
+            and self._breakpoints[-1] < 2**self.num_state_qubits
+        ):
+            return self._breakpoints + [2**self.num_state_qubits]
+
+        return self._breakpoints
+
+    @breakpoints.setter
+    def breakpoints(self, breakpoints: List[int]) -> None:
+        """Set the breakpoints.
+
+        Args:
+            breakpoints: The new breakpoints.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._breakpoints = breakpoints
+
+        if self.num_state_qubits and breakpoints:
+            self._reset_registers(self.num_state_qubits)
+
+    @property
+    def coeffs(self) -> List[List[float]]:
+        """The coefficients of the polynomials.
+
+        Returns:
+            The polynomial coefficients per interval as nested lists.
+        """
+        return self._coeffs
+
+    @coeffs.setter
+    def coeffs(self, coeffs: List[List[float]]) -> None:
+        """Set the polynomials.
+
+        Args:
+            coeffs: The new polynomials.
+        """
+        self._invalidate()
+        self._coeffs = coeffs
+
+        # update the homogeneous polynomials and degree
+        self._hom_coeffs = []
+        self._degree = len(max(self._coeffs, key=len)) - 1
+        for poly in self._coeffs:
+            self._hom_coeffs.append(poly + [0] * (self._degree + 1 - len(poly)))
+
+        if self.num_state_qubits and coeffs:
+            self._reset_registers(self.num_state_qubits)
+
+    @property
+    def mapped_coeffs(self) -> List[List[float]]:
+        """The coefficients mapped to the internal representation, since we only compare
+        x>=breakpoint.
+
+        Returns:
+            The mapped coefficients.
+        """
+        mapped_coeffs = []
+
+        # First polynomial
+        mapped_coeffs.append(self._hom_coeffs[0])
+        for i in range(1, len(self._hom_coeffs)):
+            mapped_coeffs.append([])
+            for j in range(0, self._degree + 1):
+                mapped_coeffs[i].append(self._hom_coeffs[i][j] - self._hom_coeffs[i - 1][j])
+
+        return mapped_coeffs
+
+    @property
+    def contains_zero_breakpoint(self) -> bool | np.bool_:
+        """Whether 0 is the first breakpoint.
+
+        Returns:
+            True, if 0 is the first breakpoint, otherwise False.
+        """
+        return np.isclose(0, self.breakpoints[0])
+
+    def evaluate(self, x: float) -> float:
+        """Classically evaluate the piecewise polynomial rotation.
+
+        Args:
+            x: Value to be evaluated at.
+
+        Returns:
+            Value of piecewise polynomial function at x.
+        """
+
+        y = 0
+        for i in range(0, len(self.breakpoints)):
+            y = y + (x >= self.breakpoints[i]) * (np.poly1d(self.mapped_coeffs[i][::-1])(x))
+
+        return y
+
+    def _check_configuration(self, raise_on_failure: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Check if the current configuration is valid."""
+        valid = True
+
+        if self.num_state_qubits is None:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise AttributeError("The number of qubits has not been set.")
+
+        if self.num_qubits < self.num_state_qubits + 1:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise CircuitError(
+                    "Not enough qubits in the circuit, need at least "
+                    "{}.".format(self.num_state_qubits + 1)
+                )
+
+        if len(self.breakpoints) != len(self.coeffs) + 1:
+            valid = False
+            if raise_on_failure:
+                raise ValueError("Mismatching number of breakpoints and polynomials.")
+
+        return valid
+
+    def _reset_registers(self, num_state_qubits: Optional[int]) -> None:
+        """Reset the registers."""
+        self.qregs = []
+
+        if num_state_qubits:
+            qr_state = QuantumRegister(num_state_qubits)
+            qr_target = QuantumRegister(1)
+            self.qregs = [qr_state, qr_target]
+
+            # Calculate number of ancilla qubits required
+            num_ancillas = num_state_qubits + 1
+            if self.contains_zero_breakpoint:
+                num_ancillas -= 1
+            if num_ancillas > 0:
+                qr_ancilla = AncillaRegister(num_ancillas)
+                self.add_register(qr_ancilla)
+
+    def _build(self):
+        """If not already built, build the circuit."""
+        if self._is_built:
+            return
+
+        super()._build()
+
+        circuit = QuantumCircuit(*self.qregs, name=self.name)
+        qr_state = circuit.qubits[: self.num_state_qubits]
+        qr_target = [circuit.qubits[self.num_state_qubits]]
+        # Ancilla for the comparator circuit
+        qr_ancilla = circuit.qubits[self.num_state_qubits + 1 :]
+
+        # apply comparators and controlled linear rotations
+        for i, point in enumerate(self.breakpoints[:-1]):
+            if i == 0 and self.contains_zero_breakpoint:
+                # apply rotation
+                poly_r = PolynomialPauliRotations(
+                    num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits,
+                    coeffs=self.mapped_coeffs[i],
+                    basis=self.basis,
+                )
+                circuit.append(poly_r.to_gate(), qr_state[:] + qr_target)
+
+            else:
+                # apply Comparator
+                comp = IntegerComparator(num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits, value=point)
+                qr_state_full = qr_state[:] + [qr_ancilla[0]]  # add compare qubit
+                qr_remaining_ancilla = qr_ancilla[1:]  # take remaining ancillas
+
+                circuit.append(
+                    comp.to_gate(), qr_state_full[:] + qr_remaining_ancilla[: comp.num_ancillas]
+                )
+
+                # apply controlled rotation
+                poly_r = PolynomialPauliRotations(
+                    num_state_qubits=self.num_state_qubits,
+                    coeffs=self.mapped_coeffs[i],
+                    basis=self.basis,
+                )
+                circuit.append(
+                    poly_r.to_gate().control(), [qr_ancilla[0]] + qr_state[:] + qr_target
+                )
+
+                # uncompute comparator
+                circuit.append(
+                    comp.to_gate().inverse(),
+                    qr_state_full[:] + qr_remaining_ancilla[: comp.num_ancillas],
+                )
+
+        self.append(circuit.to_gate(), self.qubits)