qiskit 1.0.0b1__cp38-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/base_pauli.py

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+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2023
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+"""
+Optimized list of Pauli operators
+"""
+# pylint: disable=invalid-name
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import copy
+from typing import Literal, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
+from qiskit.circuit.barrier import Barrier
+from qiskit.circuit.delay import Delay
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.base_operator import BaseOperator
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import AdjointMixin, MultiplyMixin
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
+
+
+# utility for _to_matrix
+_PARITY = np.array([-1 if bin(i).count("1") % 2 else 1 for i in range(256)], dtype=complex)
+
+
+class BasePauli(BaseOperator, AdjointMixin, MultiplyMixin):
+    r"""Symplectic representation of a list of N-qubit Paulis.
+
+    Base class for Pauli and PauliList.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, z: np.ndarray, x: np.ndarray, phase: np.ndarray):
+        """Initialize the BasePauli.
+
+        This is an array of M N-qubit Paulis defined as
+        P = (-i)^phase Z^z X^x.
+
+        Args:
+            z (np.ndarray): input z matrix.
+            x (np.ndarray): input x matrix.
+            phase (np.ndarray): input phase vector.
+        """
+        self._z = z
+        self._x = x
+        self._phase = phase
+        self._num_paulis, num_qubits = self._z.shape
+        super().__init__(num_qubits=num_qubits)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Make a deep copy of current operator."""
+        # Deepcopy has terrible performance on objects with Numpy arrays
+        # attributes so we make a shallow copy and then manually copy the
+        # Numpy arrays to efficiently mimic a deepcopy
+        ret = copy.copy(self)
+        ret._z = self._z.copy()
+        ret._x = self._x.copy()
+        ret._phase = self._phase.copy()
+        return ret
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # BaseOperator methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def tensor(self, other):
+        return self._tensor(self, other)
+
+    def expand(self, other):
+        return self._tensor(other, self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _tensor(cls, a, b):
+        x1 = cls._stack(a._x, b._num_paulis, False)
+        x2 = cls._stack(b._x, a._num_paulis)
+        z1 = cls._stack(a._z, b._num_paulis, False)
+        z2 = cls._stack(b._z, a._num_paulis)
+        phase1 = (
+            np.vstack(b._num_paulis * [a._phase])
+            .transpose(1, 0)
+            .reshape(a._num_paulis * b._num_paulis)
+        )
+        phase2 = cls._stack(b._phase, a._num_paulis)
+        z = np.hstack([z2, z1])
+        x = np.hstack([x2, x1])
+        phase = np.mod(phase1 + phase2, 4)
+        return BasePauli(z, x, phase)
+
+    def compose(self, other, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False, inplace=False):
+        """Return the composition of Paulis.
+
+        Args:
+            a ({cls}): an operator object.
+            b ({cls}): an operator object.
+            qargs (list or None): Optional, qubits to apply dot product
+                                  on (default: None).
+            inplace (bool): If True update in-place (default: False).
+
+        Returns:
+            {cls}: The operator a.compose(b)
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if number of qubits of other does not match qargs.
+        """.format(
+            cls=type(self).__name__
+        )
+        # Validation
+        if qargs is None and other.num_qubits != self.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(f"other {type(self).__name__} must be on the same number of qubits.")
+
+        if qargs and other.num_qubits != len(qargs):
+            raise QiskitError(
+                f"Number of qubits of the other {type(self).__name__} does not match qargs."
+            )
+
+        if other._num_paulis not in [1, self._num_paulis]:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Incompatible BasePaulis. Second list must "
+                "either have 1 or the same number of Paulis."
+            )
+
+        # Compute phase shift
+        if qargs is not None:
+            x1, z1 = self._x[:, qargs], self._z[:, qargs]
+        else:
+            x1, z1 = self._x, self._z
+        x2, z2 = other._x, other._z
+
+        # Get phase shift
+        phase = self._phase + other._phase
+        if front:
+            phase += 2 * _count_y(x1, z2, dtype=phase.dtype)
+        else:
+            phase += 2 * _count_y(x2, z1, dtype=phase.dtype)
+
+        # Update Pauli
+        x = np.logical_xor(x1, x2)
+        z = np.logical_xor(z1, z2)
+
+        if qargs is None:
+            if not inplace:
+                return BasePauli(z, x, phase)
+            # Inplace update
+            self._x = x
+            self._z = z
+            self._phase = phase
+            return self
+
+        # Qargs update
+        ret = self if inplace else self.copy()
+        ret._x[:, qargs] = x
+        ret._z[:, qargs] = z
+        ret._phase = np.mod(phase, 4)
+        return ret
+
+    def _multiply(self, other):
+        """Return the {cls} other * self.
+
+        Args:
+            other (complex): a complex number in ``[1, -1j, -1, 1j]``.
+
+        Returns:
+            {cls}: the {cls} other * self.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the phase is not in the set ``[1, -1j, -1, 1j]``.
+        """.format(
+            cls=type(self).__name__
+        )
+        if isinstance(other, (np.ndarray, list, tuple)):
+            phase = np.array([self._phase_from_complex(phase) for phase in other])
+        else:
+            phase = self._phase_from_complex(other)
+        return BasePauli(self._z, self._x, np.mod(self._phase + phase, 4))
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        """Return the conjugate of each Pauli in the list."""
+        complex_phase = np.mod(self._phase, 2)
+        if np.all(complex_phase == 0):
+            return self
+        return BasePauli(self._z, self._x, np.mod(self._phase + 2 * complex_phase, 4))
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        """Return the transpose of each Pauli in the list."""
+        # Transpose sets Y -> -Y. This has effect on changing the phase
+        parity_y = self._count_y(dtype=self._phase.dtype) % 2
+        if np.all(parity_y == 0):
+            return self
+        return BasePauli(self._z, self._x, np.mod(self._phase + 2 * parity_y, 4))
+
+    def commutes(self, other: BasePauli, qargs: list | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Return ``True`` if Pauli commutes with ``other``.
+
+        Args:
+            other (BasePauli): another BasePauli operator.
+            qargs (list): qubits to apply dot product on (default: ``None``).
+
+        Returns:
+            np.array: Boolean array of ``True`` if Paulis commute, ``False`` if
+                      they anti-commute.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if number of qubits of ``other`` does not match ``qargs``.
+        """
+        if qargs is not None and len(qargs) != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Number of qubits of other Pauli does not match number of "
+                "qargs ({} != {}).".format(other.num_qubits, len(qargs))
+            )
+        if qargs is None and self.num_qubits != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Number of qubits of other Pauli does not match the current "
+                "Pauli ({} != {}).".format(other.num_qubits, self.num_qubits)
+            )
+        if qargs is not None:
+            inds = list(qargs)
+            x1, z1 = self._x[:, inds], self._z[:, inds]
+        else:
+            x1, z1 = self._x, self._z
+        a_dot_b = np.mod(_count_y(x1, other._z), 2)
+        b_dot_a = np.mod(_count_y(other._x, z1), 2)
+        return a_dot_b == b_dot_a
+
+    def evolve(
+        self,
+        other: BasePauli | QuantumCircuit | Clifford,
+        qargs: list | None = None,
+        frame: Literal["h", "s"] = "h",
+    ) -> BasePauli:
+        r"""Performs either Heisenberg (default) or Schrödinger picture
+        evolution of the Pauli by a Clifford and returns the evolved Pauli.
+
+        Schrödinger picture evolution can be chosen by passing parameter ``frame='s'``.
+        This option yields a faster calculation.
+
+        Heisenberg picture evolves the Pauli as :math:`P^\prime = C^\dagger.P.C`.
+
+        Schrödinger picture evolves the Pauli as :math:`P^\prime = C.P.C^\dagger`.
+
+        Args:
+            other (BasePauli or QuantumCircuit): The Clifford circuit to evolve by.
+            qargs (list): a list of qubits to apply the Clifford to.
+            frame (string): ``'h'`` for Heisenberg or ``'s'`` for Schrödinger framework.
+
+        Returns:
+            BasePauli: the Pauli :math:`C^\dagger.P.C` (Heisenberg picture)
+            or the Pauli :math:`C.P.C^\dagger` (Schrödinger picture).
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the Clifford number of qubits and ``qargs`` don't match.
+        """
+        # Check dimension
+        if qargs is not None and len(qargs) != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Incorrect number of qubits for Clifford circuit ({} != {}).".format(
+                    other.num_qubits, len(qargs)
+                )
+            )
+        if qargs is None and self.num_qubits != other.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Incorrect number of qubits for Clifford circuit ({} != {}).".format(
+                    other.num_qubits, self.num_qubits
+                )
+            )
+
+        # Evolve via Pauli
+        if isinstance(other, BasePauli):
+            if frame == "s":
+                ret = self.compose(other, qargs=qargs)
+                ret = ret.compose(other.adjoint(), front=True, qargs=qargs)
+            else:
+                ret = self.compose(other.adjoint(), qargs=qargs)
+                ret = ret.compose(other, front=True, qargs=qargs)
+            return ret
+
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
+
+        # Convert Clifford to quantum circuits
+        if isinstance(other, Clifford):
+            return self._evolve_clifford(other, qargs=qargs, frame=frame)
+
+        # Otherwise evolve by the inverse circuit to compute C^dg.P.C
+        if frame == "s":
+            return self.copy()._append_circuit(other, qargs=qargs)
+        return self.copy()._append_circuit(other.inverse(), qargs=qargs)
+
+    def _evolve_clifford(self, other, qargs=None, frame="h"):
+        """Heisenberg picture evolution of a Pauli by a Clifford."""
+
+        if frame == "s":
+            adj = other
+        else:
+            adj = other.adjoint()
+
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs_ = slice(None)
+        else:
+            qargs_ = list(qargs)
+
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli_list import PauliList
+
+        num_paulis = self._x.shape[0]
+
+        ret = self.copy()
+        ret._x[:, qargs_] = False
+        ret._z[:, qargs_] = False
+
+        idx = np.concatenate((self._x[:, qargs_], self._z[:, qargs_]), axis=1)
+        for idx_, row in zip(
+            idx.T,
+            PauliList.from_symplectic(z=adj.z, x=adj.x, phase=2 * adj.phase),
+        ):
+            # most of the logic below is to properly index if self is a PauliList (2D),
+            # while not trying to index if the object is just a Pauli (1D).
+            if idx_.any():
+                if np.sum(idx_) == num_paulis:
+                    ret.compose(row, qargs=qargs, inplace=True)
+                else:
+                    ret[idx_] = ret[idx_].compose(row, qargs=qargs)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _eq(self, other):
+        """Entrywise comparison of Pauli equality."""
+        return (
+            self.num_qubits == other.num_qubits
+            and np.all(np.mod(self._phase, 4) == np.mod(other._phase, 4))
+            and np.all(self._z == other._z)
+            and np.all(self._x == other._x)
+        )
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Helper Methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __imul__(self, other):
+        return self.compose(other, front=True, inplace=True)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        ret = copy.copy(self)
+        ret._phase = np.mod(self._phase + 2, 4)
+        return ret
+
+    def _count_y(self, dtype=None):
+        """Count the number of I Paulis"""
+        return _count_y(self._x, self._z, dtype=dtype)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _stack(array, size, vertical=True):
+        """Stack array."""
+        if size == 1:
+            return array
+        if vertical:
+            return np.vstack(size * [array]).reshape((size * len(array),) + array.shape[1:])
+        return np.hstack(size * [array]).reshape((size * len(array),) + array.shape[1:])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _phase_from_complex(coeff):
+        """Return the phase from a label"""
+        if np.isclose(coeff, 1):
+            return 0
+        if np.isclose(coeff, -1j):
+            return 1
+        if np.isclose(coeff, -1):
+            return 2
+        if np.isclose(coeff, 1j):
+            return 3
+        raise QiskitError("Pauli can only be multiplied by 1, -1j, -1, 1j.")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _from_array(z, x, phase=0):
+        """Convert array data to BasePauli data."""
+        if isinstance(z, np.ndarray) and z.dtype == bool:
+            base_z = z
+        else:
+            base_z = np.asarray(z, dtype=bool)
+        if base_z.ndim == 1:
+            base_z = base_z.reshape((1, base_z.size))
+        elif base_z.ndim != 2:
+            raise QiskitError("Invalid Pauli z vector shape.")
+
+        if isinstance(x, np.ndarray) and x.dtype == bool:
+            base_x = x
+        else:
+            base_x = np.asarray(x, dtype=bool)
+        if base_x.ndim == 1:
+            base_x = base_x.reshape((1, base_x.size))
+        elif base_x.ndim != 2:
+            raise QiskitError("Invalid Pauli x vector shape.")
+
+        if base_z.shape != base_x.shape:
+            raise QiskitError("z and x vectors are different size.")
+
+        # Convert group phase convention to internal ZX-phase conversion.
+        dtype = getattr(phase, "dtype", None)
+        base_phase = np.mod(_count_y(base_x, base_z, dtype=dtype) + phase, 4)
+        return base_z, base_x, base_phase
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_matrix(z, x, phase=0, group_phase=False, sparse=False):
+        """Return the matrix from symplectic representation.
+
+        The Pauli is defined as :math:`P = (-i)^{phase + z.x} * Z^z.x^x`
+        where ``array = [x, z]``.
+
+        Args:
+            z (array): The symplectic representation z vector.
+            x (array): The symplectic representation x vector.
+            phase (int): Pauli phase.
+            group_phase (bool): Optional. If ``True`` use group-phase convention
+                                instead of BasePauli ZX-phase convention.
+                                (default: ``False``).
+            sparse (bool): Optional. Of ``True`` return a sparse CSR matrix,
+                           otherwise return a dense Numpy array
+                           (default: ``False``).
+
+        Returns:
+            array: if ``sparse=False``.
+            csr_matrix: if ``sparse=True``.
+        """
+        num_qubits = z.size
+
+        # Convert to zx_phase
+        if group_phase:
+            phase += np.sum(x & z)
+            phase %= 4
+
+        dim = 2**num_qubits
+        twos_array = 1 << np.arange(num_qubits, dtype=np.uint)
+        x_indices = np.asarray(x).dot(twos_array)
+        z_indices = np.asarray(z).dot(twos_array)
+
+        indptr = np.arange(dim + 1, dtype=np.uint)
+        indices = indptr ^ x_indices
+        if phase:
+            coeff = (-1j) ** phase
+        else:
+            coeff = 1
+
+        # Compute parities of `z_indices & indptr`, i.e.,
+        # np.array([(-1) ** bin(i).count("1") for i in z_indices & indptr])
+        vec_u64 = z_indices & indptr
+        mat_u8 = np.zeros((vec_u64.size, 8), dtype=np.uint8)
+        for i in range(8):
+            mat_u8[:, i] = vec_u64 & 255
+            vec_u64 >>= 8
+            if np.all(vec_u64 == 0):
+                break
+        parity = _PARITY[np.bitwise_xor.reduce(mat_u8, axis=1)]
+
+        data = coeff * parity
+        if sparse:
+            # Return sparse matrix
+            from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix
+
+            return csr_matrix((data, indices, indptr), shape=(dim, dim), dtype=complex)
+
+        # Build dense matrix using csr format
+        mat = np.zeros((dim, dim), dtype=complex)
+        mat[range(dim), indices[:dim]] = data[:dim]
+        return mat
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_label(z, x, phase, group_phase=False, full_group=True, return_phase=False):
+        """Return the label string for a Pauli.
+
+        Args:
+            z (array): The symplectic representation z vector.
+            x (array): The symplectic representation x vector.
+            phase (int): Pauli phase.
+            group_phase (bool): Optional. If ``True`` use group-phase convention
+                                instead of BasePauli ZX-phase convention.
+                                (default: ``False``).
+            full_group (bool): If True return the Pauli label from the full Pauli group
+                including complex coefficient from [1, -1, 1j, -1j]. If
+                ``False`` return the unsigned Pauli label with coefficient 1
+                (default: ``True``).
+            return_phase (bool): If ``True`` return the adjusted phase for the coefficient
+                of the returned Pauli label. This can be used even if
+                ``full_group=False``.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: the Pauli label from the full Pauli group (if ``full_group=True``) or
+                from the unsigned Pauli group (if ``full_group=False``).
+            tuple[str, int]: if ``return_phase=True`` returns a tuple of the Pauli
+                            label (from either the full or unsigned Pauli group) and
+                            the phase ``q`` for the coefficient :math:`(-i)^(q + x.z)`
+                            for the label from the full Pauli group.
+        """
+        num_qubits = z.size
+        phase = int(phase)
+        coeff_labels = {0: "", 1: "-i", 2: "-", 3: "i"}
+        label = ""
+        for i in range(num_qubits):
+            if not z[num_qubits - 1 - i]:
+                if not x[num_qubits - 1 - i]:
+                    label += "I"
+                else:
+                    label += "X"
+            elif not x[num_qubits - 1 - i]:
+                label += "Z"
+            else:
+                label += "Y"
+                if not group_phase:
+                    phase -= 1
+        phase %= 4
+        if phase and full_group:
+            label = coeff_labels[phase] + label
+        if return_phase:
+            return label, phase
+        return label
+
+    def _append_circuit(self, circuit, qargs=None):
+        """Update BasePauli inplace by applying a Clifford circuit.
+
+        Args:
+            circuit (QuantumCircuit or Instruction): the gate or composite gate to apply.
+            qargs (list or None): The qubits to apply gate to.
+
+        Returns:
+            BasePauli: the updated Pauli.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if input gate cannot be decomposed into Clifford gates.
+        """
+        if isinstance(circuit, (Barrier, Delay)):
+            return self
+
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = list(range(self.num_qubits))
+
+        if isinstance(circuit, QuantumCircuit):
+            gate = circuit.to_instruction()
+        else:
+            gate = circuit
+
+        # Basis Clifford Gates
+        basis_1q = {
+            "i": _evolve_i,
+            "id": _evolve_i,
+            "iden": _evolve_i,
+            "x": _evolve_x,
+            "y": _evolve_y,
+            "z": _evolve_z,
+            "h": _evolve_h,
+            "s": _evolve_s,
+            "sdg": _evolve_sdg,
+            "sinv": _evolve_sdg,
+        }
+        basis_2q = {"cx": _evolve_cx, "cz": _evolve_cz, "cy": _evolve_cy, "swap": _evolve_swap}
+
+        # Non-Clifford gates
+        non_clifford = ["t", "tdg", "ccx", "ccz"]
+
+        if isinstance(gate, str):
+            # Check if gate is a valid Clifford basis gate string
+            if gate not in basis_1q and gate not in basis_2q:
+                raise QiskitError(f"Invalid Clifford gate name string {gate}")
+            name = gate
+        else:
+            # Assume gate is an Instruction
+            name = gate.name
+
+        # Apply gate if it is a Clifford basis gate
+        if name in non_clifford:
+            raise QiskitError(f"Cannot update Pauli with non-Clifford gate {name}")
+        if name in basis_1q:
+            if len(qargs) != 1:
+                raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 1-qubit gate.")
+            return basis_1q[name](self, qargs[0])
+        if name in basis_2q:
+            if len(qargs) != 2:
+                raise QiskitError("Invalid qubits for 2-qubit gate.")
+            return basis_2q[name](self, qargs[0], qargs[1])
+
+        # If not a Clifford basis gate we try to unroll the gate and
+        # raise an exception if unrolling reaches a non-Clifford gate.
+        if gate.definition is None:
+            raise QiskitError(f"Cannot apply Instruction: {gate.name}")
+        if not isinstance(gate.definition, QuantumCircuit):
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "{} instruction definition is {}; expected QuantumCircuit".format(
+                    gate.name, type(gate.definition)
+                )
+            )
+
+        flat_instr = gate.definition
+        bit_indices = {
+            bit: index
+            for bits in [flat_instr.qubits, flat_instr.clbits]
+            for index, bit in enumerate(bits)
+        }
+
+        for instruction in flat_instr:
+            if instruction.clbits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"Cannot apply Instruction with classical bits: {instruction.operation.name}"
+                )
+            # Get the integer position of the flat register
+            new_qubits = [qargs[bit_indices[tup]] for tup in instruction.qubits]
+            self._append_circuit(instruction.operation, new_qubits)
+
+        # Since the individual gate evolution functions don't take mod
+        # of phase we update it at the end
+        self._phase %= 4
+        return self
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Evolution by Clifford gates
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _evolve_h(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> H.P.H"""
+    x = base_pauli._x[:, qubit].copy()
+    z = base_pauli._z[:, qubit].copy()
+    base_pauli._x[:, qubit] = z
+    base_pauli._z[:, qubit] = x
+    base_pauli._phase += 2 * np.logical_and(x, z).T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_s(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> S.P.Sdg"""
+    x = base_pauli._x[:, qubit]
+    base_pauli._z[:, qubit] ^= x
+    base_pauli._phase += x.T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_sdg(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> Sdg.P.S"""
+    x = base_pauli._x[:, qubit]
+    base_pauli._z[:, qubit] ^= x
+    base_pauli._phase -= x.T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+# pylint: disable=unused-argument
+def _evolve_i(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> P"""
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_x(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> X.P.X"""
+    base_pauli._phase += 2 * base_pauli._z[:, qubit].T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_y(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> Y.P.Y"""
+    xp = base_pauli._x[:, qubit].T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    zp = base_pauli._z[:, qubit].T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    base_pauli._phase += 2 * (xp + zp)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_z(base_pauli, qubit):
+    """Update P -> Z.P.Z"""
+    base_pauli._phase += 2 * base_pauli._x[:, qubit].T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_cx(base_pauli, qctrl, qtrgt):
+    """Update P -> CX.P.CX"""
+    base_pauli._x[:, qtrgt] ^= base_pauli._x[:, qctrl]
+    base_pauli._z[:, qctrl] ^= base_pauli._z[:, qtrgt]
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_cz(base_pauli, q1, q2):
+    """Update P -> CZ.P.CZ"""
+    x1 = base_pauli._x[:, q1].copy()
+    x2 = base_pauli._x[:, q2].copy()
+    base_pauli._z[:, q1] ^= x2
+    base_pauli._z[:, q2] ^= x1
+    base_pauli._phase += 2 * np.logical_and(x1, x2).T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_cy(base_pauli, qctrl, qtrgt):
+    """Update P -> CY.P.CY"""
+    x1 = base_pauli._x[:, qctrl].copy()
+    x2 = base_pauli._x[:, qtrgt].copy()
+    z2 = base_pauli._z[:, qtrgt].copy()
+    base_pauli._x[:, qtrgt] ^= x1
+    base_pauli._z[:, qtrgt] ^= x1
+    base_pauli._z[:, qctrl] ^= np.logical_xor(x2, z2)
+    base_pauli._phase += x1 + 2 * np.logical_and(x1, x2).T.astype(base_pauli._phase.dtype)
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _evolve_swap(base_pauli, q1, q2):
+    """Update P -> SWAP.P.SWAP"""
+    x1 = base_pauli._x[:, q1].copy()
+    z1 = base_pauli._z[:, q1].copy()
+    base_pauli._x[:, q1] = base_pauli._x[:, q2]
+    base_pauli._z[:, q1] = base_pauli._z[:, q2]
+    base_pauli._x[:, q2] = x1
+    base_pauli._z[:, q2] = z1
+    return base_pauli
+
+
+def _count_y(x, z, dtype=None):
+    """Count the number of I Paulis"""
+    return (x & z).sum(axis=1, dtype=dtype)