passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp314-cp314t-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/vectorfield_module.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2445 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Vector Field Modules
+
+The set of vector fields along a differentiable manifold `U` with values on
+a differentiable manifold `M` via a differentiable map `\Phi: U \to M`
+(possibly `U = M` and `\Phi=\mathrm{Id}_M`) is a module over the algebra
+`C^k(U)` of differentiable scalar fields on `U`. If `\Phi` is the identity
+map, this module is considered a Lie algebroid under the Lie bracket `[\ ,\ ]`
+(cf. :wikipedia:`Lie_algebroid`). It is a free module if and only if `M` is
+parallelizable. Accordingly, there are two classes for vector field modules:
+
+- :class:`VectorFieldModule` for vector fields with values on a
+  generic (in practice, not parallelizable) differentiable manifold `M`.
+- :class:`VectorFieldFreeModule` for vector fields with values on a
+  parallelizable manifold `M`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2014-2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): structure of Lie algebroid (:issue:`20771`)
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [KN1963]_
+- [Lee2013]_
+- [ONe1983]_
+"""
+
+# ******************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2021 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#                     2015      Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#                     2016      Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#                     2018      Florentin Jaffredo
+#                     2019      Hans Fotsing Tetsing
+#                     2020      Michael Jung
+#                     2020-2022 Matthias Koeppe
+#                     2021-2022 Tobias Diez
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ******************************************************************************
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Optional, overload
+
+from sage.categories.modules import Modules
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield import VectorField, VectorFieldParal
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+from sage.tensor.modules.finite_rank_free_module import FiniteRankFreeModule
+from sage.tensor.modules.reflexive_module import ReflexiveModule_base
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form import DiffForm
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map import DiffMap
+    from sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold import DifferentiableManifold
+    from sage.manifolds.scalarfield import ScalarField
+
+
+class VectorFieldModule(UniqueRepresentation, ReflexiveModule_base):
+    r"""
+    Module of vector fields along a differentiable manifold `U`
+    with values on a differentiable manifold `M`, via a differentiable
+    map `U \rightarrow M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \Phi:\  U \longrightarrow M,
+
+    the *vector field module* `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is the set of
+    all vector fields of the type
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        v:\ U  \longrightarrow TM
+
+    (where `TM` is the tangent bundle of `M`) such that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \forall p \in U,\ v(p) \in T_{\Phi(p)}M,
+
+    where `T_{\Phi(p)}M` is the tangent space to `M` at the point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+    The set `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is a module over `C^k(U)`, the ring
+    (algebra) of differentiable scalar fields on `U` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra`).
+    Furthermore, it is a Lie algebroid under the Lie bracket (cf.
+    :wikipedia:`Lie_algebroid`)
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        [X, Y] = X \circ Y - Y \circ X
+
+    over the scalarfields if `\Phi` is the identity map. That is to say
+    the Lie bracket is antisymmetric, bilinear over the base field,
+    satisfies the Jacobi identity, and `[X, fY] = X(f) Y + f[X, Y]`.
+
+    The standard case of vector fields *on* a differentiable manifold
+    corresponds to `U = M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`; we then denote
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M,\mathrm{Id}_M)` by merely `\mathfrak{X}(M)`. Other common
+    cases are `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M`
+    (`U` is then an open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is parallelizable, the class :class:`VectorFieldFreeModule`
+        should be used instead.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- differentiable manifold `U` along which the
+      vector fields are defined
+    - ``dest_map`` -- (default: ``None``) destination map
+      `\Phi:\ U \rightarrow M`
+      (type: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`);
+      if ``None``, it is assumed that `U = M` and `\Phi` is the identity
+      map of `M` (case of vector fields *on* `M`)
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Module of vector fields on the 2-sphere::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+        ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold M
+
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M)` is a module over the algebra `C^k(M)`::
+
+        sage: XM.category()
+        Category of modules over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: XM.base_ring() is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+        True
+
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M)` is not a free module::
+
+        sage: isinstance(XM, FiniteRankFreeModule)
+        False
+
+    because `M = S^2` is not parallelizable::
+
+        sage: M.is_manifestly_parallelizable()
+        False
+
+    On the contrary, the module of vector fields on `U` is a free module,
+    since `U` is parallelizable (being a coordinate domain)::
+
+        sage: XU = U.vector_field_module()
+        sage: isinstance(XU, FiniteRankFreeModule)
+        True
+        sage: U.is_manifestly_parallelizable()
+        True
+
+    The zero element of the module::
+
+        sage: z = XM.zero() ; z
+        Vector field zero on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        sage: z.display(c_xy.frame())
+        zero = 0
+        sage: z.display(c_uv.frame())
+        zero = 0
+
+    The module `\mathfrak{X}(M)` coerces to any module of vector fields defined
+    on a subdomain of `M`, for instance `\mathfrak{X}(U)`::
+
+        sage: XU.has_coerce_map_from(XM)
+        True
+        sage: XU.coerce_map_from(XM)
+        Coercion map:
+          From: Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+           differentiable manifold M
+          To:   Free module X(U) of vector fields on the Open subset U of the
+           2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+    The conversion map is actually the restriction of vector fields defined
+    on `M` to `U`.
+    """
+    Element = VectorField
+
+    def __init__(self, domain: DifferentiableManifold, dest_map: Optional[DiffMap] = None):
+        r"""
+        Construct the module of vector fields taking values on a (a priori)
+        non-parallelizable differentiable manifold.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module import VectorFieldModule
+            sage: XM = VectorFieldModule(M, dest_map=M.identity_map()); XM
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: XM is M.vector_field_module()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(XM).run(skip='_test_elements')
+
+        In the above test suite, _test_elements is skipped because of the
+        _test_pickling error of the elements (to be fixed in class
+        TensorField)
+        """
+        self._domain = domain
+        name = "X(" + domain._name
+        latex_name = r"\mathfrak{X}\left(" + domain._latex_name
+        if dest_map is None:
+            dest_map = domain.identity_map()
+        self._dest_map = dest_map
+        if dest_map is not domain.identity_map():
+            dm_name = dest_map._name
+            dm_latex_name = dest_map._latex_name
+            if dm_name is None:
+                dm_name = "unnamed map"
+            if dm_latex_name is None:
+                dm_latex_name = r"\mathrm{unnamed\; map}"
+            name += "," + dm_name
+            latex_name += "," + dm_latex_name
+        self._name = name + ")"
+        self._latex_name = latex_name + r"\right)"
+        self._ambient_domain = self._dest_map._codomain
+        # The member self._ring is created for efficiency (to avoid
+        # calls to self.base_ring()):
+        self._ring = domain.scalar_field_algebra()
+        Parent.__init__(self, base=self._ring,
+                        category=Modules(self._ring))
+        # Dictionary of the tensor modules built on self
+        #   (keys = (k,l) --the tensor type)
+        # This dictionary is to be extended on need by the method tensor_module
+        self._tensor_modules = {(1,0): self} # self is considered as the set
+                                             # of tensors of type (1,0)
+        # Dictionaries of exterior powers of self and of its dual
+        #   (keys = p --the power degree)
+        # These dictionaries are to be extended on need by the methods
+        # exterior_power and dual_exterior_power
+        self._exterior_powers = {1: self}
+        self._dual_exterior_powers = {}
+        self._general_linear_group = None
+
+    #### Parent methods
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, comp=[], frame=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of the module.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart(); c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: v = XM([-x,y], frame=c_xy.frame(), name='v'); v
+            Vector field v on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: v.display()
+            v = -x ∂/∂x + y ∂/∂y
+            sage: XM(0) is XM.zero()
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            if comp.is_trivial_zero():
+                return self.zero()
+        except AttributeError:
+            if comp == 0:
+                return self.zero()
+        if isinstance(comp, VectorField):
+            if (self._domain.is_subset(comp._domain)
+                   and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(comp._ambient_domain)):
+                return comp.restrict(self._domain)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                                 "to a vector field in {}".format(self))
+        if not isinstance(comp, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                            "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        # standard construction
+        resu = self.element_class(self, name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        if comp:
+            resu.set_comp(frame)[:] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some (unnamed) element of the module.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); V = M.open_subset('V')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart(); c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart()
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._an_element_()
+            Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        resu = self.element_class(self)
+        for oc in self._domain.open_covers(trivial=False):
+            # the first non-trivial open cover is selected
+            for dom in oc:
+                vmodule_dom = dom.vector_field_module(
+                                         dest_map=self._dest_map.restrict(dom))
+                resu.set_restriction(vmodule_dom._an_element_())
+            return resu
+        return resu
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from other parent.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._coerce_map_from_(XU)
+            False
+            sage: XU._coerce_map_from_(XM)
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (VectorFieldModule, VectorFieldFreeModule)):
+            return self._domain.is_subset(other._domain) and \
+                   self._ambient_domain.is_subset(other._ambient_domain)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    #### End of parent methods
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._repr_()
+            'Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(XM)  # indirect doctest
+            'Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: XM  # indirect doctest
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Module "
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += self._name + " "
+        description += "of vector fields "
+        if self._dest_map is self._domain.identity_map():
+            description += "on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += ("along the {}".format(self._domain)
+                            + " mapped into the {}".format(self._ambient_domain))
+        return description
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._latex_()
+            '\\mathfrak{X}\\left(M\\right)'
+            sage: latex(XM)  # indirect doctest
+            \mathfrak{X}\left(M\right)
+        """
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            return r"\text{" + str(self) + r"}"
+        else:
+            return self._latex_name
+
+    def domain(self) -> DifferentiableManifold:
+        r"""
+        Return the domain of the vector fields in this module.
+
+        If the module is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`, returns the domain `U` of
+        `\Phi`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+          representing the domain of the vector fields that belong to this
+          module
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(5, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.domain()
+            5-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.domain()
+            2-dimensional differentiable manifold U
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def ambient_domain(self) -> DifferentiableManifold:
+        r"""
+        Return the manifold in which the vector fields of this module take
+        their values.
+
+        If the module is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`, returns the codomain `M` of
+        `\Phi`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+          representing the manifold in which the vector fields of this
+          module take their values
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(5, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.ambient_domain()
+            5-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.ambient_domain()
+            5-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._ambient_domain
+
+    def destination_map(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the differential map associated to this module.
+
+        The differential map associated to this module is the map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi:\  U \longrightarrow M
+
+        such that this module is the set `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of all
+        vector fields of the type
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            v:\ U  \longrightarrow TM
+
+        (where `TM` is the tangent bundle of `M`) such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \forall p \in U,\ v(p) \in T_{\Phi(p)}M,
+
+        where `T_{\Phi(p)}M` is the tangent space to `M` at the
+        point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`
+          representing the differential map `\Phi`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(5, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.destination_map()
+            Identity map Id_M of the 5-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.destination_map()
+            Differentiable map Phi from the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold U to the 5-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._dest_map
+
+    def tensor_module(self, k, l, *, sym=None, antisym=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the module of type-`(k,l)` tensors on ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``k`` -- nonnegative integer; the contravariant rank,
+          the tensor type being `(k,l)`
+        - ``l`` -- nonnegative integer; the covariant rank,
+          the tensor type being `(k,l)`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module.TensorFieldModule`
+          representing the module `T^{(k,l)}(U,\Phi)` of type-`(k,l)`
+          tensors on the vector field module
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A tensor field module on a 2-dimensional differentiable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,2)
+            Module T^(1,2)(M) of type-(1,2) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+
+        The special case of tensor fields of type (1,0)::
+
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,0)
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,2) is XM.tensor_module(1,2)
+            True
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,0) is XM
+            True
+
+        See
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module.TensorFieldModule`
+        for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        if sym or antisym:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        try:
+            return self._tensor_modules[(k,l)]
+        except KeyError:
+            from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module import (
+                TensorFieldModule,
+            )
+            T = TensorFieldModule(self, (k,l))
+            self._tensor_modules[(k,l)] = T
+            return T
+
+    def exterior_power(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-th exterior power of ``self``.
+
+        If the vector field module ``self`` is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`,
+        its `p`-th exterior power is the set `A^p(U, \Phi)` of
+        `p`-vector fields along `U` with values on `\Phi(U)`. It is a
+        module over `C^k(U)`, the ring (algebra) of differentiable
+        scalar fields on `U`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - for `p=0`, the base ring, i.e. `C^k(U)`
+        - for `p=1`, the vector field module ``self``, since
+          `A^1(U, \Phi) = \mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`
+        - for `p \geq 2`, instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module.MultivectorModule`
+          representing the module `A^p(U,\Phi)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(2)
+            Module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(1)
+            Module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(1) is XM
+            True
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(0)
+            Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(0) is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module.MultivectorModule`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._exterior_powers[p]
+        except KeyError:
+            if p == 0:
+                L = self._ring
+            else:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module import (
+                    MultivectorModule,
+                )
+                L = MultivectorModule(self, p)
+            self._exterior_powers[p] = L
+            return L
+
+    def dual_exterior_power(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-th exterior power of the dual of the vector field
+        module.
+
+        If the vector field module is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`, the
+        `p`-th exterior power of its dual is the set `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)`
+        of `p`-forms along `U` with values on `\Phi(U)`. It is a module
+        over `C^k(U)`, the ring (algebra) of differentiable scalar
+        fields on `U`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - for `p=0`, the base ring, i.e. `C^k(U)`
+        - for `p \geq 1`, instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module.DiffFormModule`
+          representing the module `\Omega^p(U,\Phi)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(2)
+            Module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(1)
+            Module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(1) is XM.dual()
+            True
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(0)
+            Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(0) is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module.DiffFormModule`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._dual_exterior_powers[p]
+        except KeyError:
+            if p == 0:
+                L = self._ring
+            else:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module import (
+                    DiffFormModule,
+                )
+                L = DiffFormModule(self, p)
+            self._dual_exterior_powers[p] = L
+        return L
+
+    def dual(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the dual module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.dual()
+            Module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+        """
+        return self.dual_exterior_power(1)
+
+    def general_linear_group(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the general linear group of ``self``.
+
+        If the vector field module is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`, the *general
+        linear group* is the group `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))` of
+        automorphisms of `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)`. Note that an automorphism
+        of `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` can also be viewed as a *field* along `U`
+        of automorphisms of the tangent spaces of `M \supset \Phi(U)`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of class
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group.AutomorphismFieldGroup`
+          representing `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.general_linear_group()
+            General linear group of the Module X(M) of vector fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group.AutomorphismFieldGroup`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        if self._general_linear_group is None:
+            from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group import (
+                AutomorphismFieldGroup,
+            )
+            self._general_linear_group = AutomorphismFieldGroup(self)
+        return self._general_linear_group
+
+    def _tensor(self, tensor_type, name=None, latex_name=None, sym=None,
+                antisym=None, specific_type=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a tensor on ``self``.
+
+        The tensor is actually a tensor field on the domain of
+        the vector field module.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor_type`` -- pair (k,l) with k being the contravariant rank
+          and l the covariant rank
+        - ``name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) name given to the tensor
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the tensor; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``sym`` -- (default: ``None``) a symmetry or a list of symmetries
+          among the tensor arguments: each symmetry is described by a tuple
+          containing the positions of the involved arguments, with the
+          convention position=0 for the first argument; for instance:
+
+          * ``sym=(0,1)`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 2nd arguments
+          * ``sym=[(0,2),(1,3,4)]`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 3rd
+            arguments and a symmetry between the 2nd, 4th and 5th arguments
+
+        - ``antisym`` -- (default: ``None``) antisymmetry or list of
+          antisymmetries among the arguments, with the same convention
+          as for ``sym``
+        - ``specific_type`` -- (default: ``None``) specific subclass of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField` for
+          the output
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+          representing the tensor defined on the vector field module with the
+          provided characteristics
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor((1,2), name='t')
+            Tensor field t of type (1,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield import AutomorphismField
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import (
+            DegenerateMetric,
+            PseudoRiemannianMetric,
+        )
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import CompWithSym
+        sym, antisym = CompWithSym._canonicalize_sym_antisym(
+            tensor_type[0] + tensor_type[1], sym, antisym)
+        if tensor_type == (1,0):
+            return self.element_class(self, name=name,
+                                      latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (0,1):
+            return self.linear_form(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (1,1) and specific_type is not None:
+            if issubclass(specific_type, AutomorphismField):
+                return self.automorphism(name=name,
+                                         latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type[0] == 0 and tensor_type[1] > 1 and antisym:
+            if len(antisym[0]) == tensor_type[1]:
+                return self.alternating_form(tensor_type[1], name=name,
+                                             latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type[0] > 1 and tensor_type[1] == 0 and antisym:
+            if len(antisym[0]) == tensor_type[0]:
+                return self.alternating_contravariant_tensor(
+                    tensor_type[0], name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (0,2) and specific_type is not None:
+            if issubclass(specific_type, PseudoRiemannianMetric):
+                return self.metric(name, latex_name=latex_name)
+                # NB: the signature is not treated
+            if issubclass(specific_type, DegenerateMetric):
+                sign = self._domain._dim
+                return self.metric(name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                   signature=(0, sign-1, 1))
+        # Generic case
+        return self.tensor_module(*tensor_type).element_class(
+            self, tensor_type, name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+            sym=sym, antisym=antisym)
+
+    def tensor(self, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct a tensor field on the domain of ``self`` or a tensor product
+        of ``self`` with other modules.
+
+        If ``args`` consist of other parents, just delegate to :meth:`tensor_product`.
+
+        Otherwise, construct a tensor (i.e., a tensor field on the domain of
+        the vector field module) from the following input.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor_type`` -- pair (k,l) with k being the contravariant rank
+          and l the covariant rank
+        - ``name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) name given to the tensor
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the tensor; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``sym`` -- (default: ``None``) a symmetry or a list of symmetries
+          among the tensor arguments: each symmetry is described by a tuple
+          containing the positions of the involved arguments, with the
+          convention position=0 for the first argument; for instance:
+
+          * ``sym=(0,1)`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 2nd arguments
+          * ``sym=[(0,2),(1,3,4)]`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 3rd
+            arguments and a symmetry between the 2nd, 4th and 5th arguments
+
+        - ``antisym`` -- (default: ``None``) antisymmetry or list of
+          antisymmetries among the arguments, with the same convention
+          as for ``sym``
+        - ``specific_type`` -- (default: ``None``) specific subclass of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField` for
+          the output
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+          representing the tensor defined on the vector field module with the
+          provided characteristics
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor((1,2), name='t')
+            Tensor field t of type (1,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor((1,0), name='a')
+            Vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor((0,2), name='a', antisym=(0,1))
+            2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        Delegation to :meth:`tensor_product`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor(XM)
+            Module T^(2,0)(M) of type-(2,0) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor(XM, XM.dual(), XM)
+            Module T^(3,1)(M) of type-(3,1) tensors fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor(XM).tensor(XM.dual().tensor(XM.dual()))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AttributeError: 'TensorFieldModule_with_category' object has no attribute '_basis_sym'...
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        # Until https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/30373 is done,
+        # TensorProductFunctor._functor_name is "tensor", so this method
+        # also needs to double as the tensor product construction
+        if isinstance(args[0], Parent):
+            return self.tensor_product(*args, **kwds)
+        return self._tensor(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def alternating_contravariant_tensor(self, degree, name=None,
+                                         latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct an alternating contravariant tensor on the vector
+        field module ``self``.
+
+        An alternating contravariant tensor on ``self`` is actually a
+        multivector field along the differentiable manifold `U` over
+        which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``degree`` -- degree of the alternating contravariant tensor
+          (i.e. its tensor rank)
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; name given to the
+          alternating contravariant tensor
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to
+          denote the alternating contravariant tensor; if none is
+          provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivectorfield.MultivectorField`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.alternating_contravariant_tensor(2, name='a')
+            2-vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        An alternating contravariant tensor of degree 1 is simply
+        a vector field::
+
+            sage: XM.alternating_contravariant_tensor(1, name='a')
+            Vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivectorfield.MultivectorField`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        if degree == 0:
+            return self._domain.scalar_field(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        if degree == 1:
+            return self.element_class(self, name=name,
+                                      latex_name=latex_name)
+        return self.exterior_power(degree).element_class(self, degree,
+                                                         name=name,
+                                                         latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    @overload
+    def alternating_form(
+        self, degree: Literal[0], name=None, latex_name=None
+    ) -> ScalarField:
+        pass
+
+    def alternating_form(self, degree: int, name=None, latex_name=None) -> DiffForm:
+        r"""
+        Construct an alternating form on the vector field module
+        ``self``.
+
+        An alternating form on ``self`` is actually a differential form
+        along the differentiable manifold `U` over which ``self`` is
+        defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``degree`` -- the degree of the alternating form
+          (i.e. its tensor rank)
+        - ``name`` -- (string; optional) name given to the alternating
+          form
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; optional) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the alternating form; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is
+          set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form.DiffForm`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.alternating_form(2, name='a')
+            2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.alternating_form(1, name='a')
+            1-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form.DiffForm`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        if degree == 0:
+            return self._domain.scalar_field(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        return self.dual_exterior_power(degree).element_class(self,
+                               degree, name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def linear_form(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a linear form on the vector field module.
+
+        A linear form on the vector field module is actually a field
+        of linear forms (i.e. a 1-form) along the differentiable
+        manifold `U` over which the vector field module is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- (string; optional) name given to the linear form
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; optional) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the linear form; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is
+          set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form.DiffForm`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.linear_form()
+            1-form on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.linear_form(name='a')
+            1-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form.DiffForm`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        return self.dual_exterior_power(1).element_class(self, 1,
+                                       name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def automorphism(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct an automorphism of the vector field module.
+
+        An automorphism of the vector field module is actually a field
+        of tangent-space automorphisms along the differentiable manifold
+        `U` over which the vector field module is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- (string; optional) name given to the automorphism
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; optional) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the automorphism; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is
+          set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.automorphism()
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.automorphism(name='a')
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        return self.general_linear_group().element_class(self,
+                                       name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def identity_map(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct the identity map on the vector field module.
+
+        The identity map on the vector field module is actually a field
+        of tangent-space identity maps along the differentiable manifold
+        `U` over which the vector field module is defined.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield.AutomorphismField`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Get the identity map on a vector field module::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: Id = XM.identity_map(); Id
+            Field of tangent-space identity maps on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+
+        If the identity should be renamed, one has to create a copy::
+
+            sage: Id.set_name('1')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the name of an immutable element cannot be changed
+            sage: one = Id.copy('1'); one
+            Field of tangent-space automorphisms 1 on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self.general_linear_group().one()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def zero(self):
+        """
+        Return the zero of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.zero()
+            Vector field zero on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+        """
+        zero = self.element_class(self, name='zero', latex_name='0')
+        for frame in self._domain._frames:
+            if self._dest_map.restrict(frame._domain) == frame._dest_map:
+                zero.add_comp(frame)
+                # (since new components are initialized to zero)
+        zero._is_zero = True  # This element is certainly zero
+        zero.set_immutable()
+        return zero
+
+    def metric(self, name: str, signature: Optional[int] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a metric (symmetric bilinear
+        form) on the current vector field module.
+
+        A metric of the vector field module is actually a
+        field of tangent-space non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms along
+        the manifold `U` on which the vector field module is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string; name given to the metric
+        - ``signature`` -- integer (default: ``None``); signature `S` of the
+          metric: `S = n_+ - n_-`, where `n_+` (resp. `n_-`) is the number of
+          positive terms (resp. number of negative terms) in any diagonal
+          writing of the metric components; if ``signature`` is not provided,
+          `S` is set to the manifold's dimension (Riemannian signature)
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the metric; if ``None``, it is formed from ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric.PseudoRiemannianMetric`
+          representing the defined pseudo-Riemannian metric.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.metric('g')
+            Riemannian metric g on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.metric('g', signature=0)
+            Lorentzian metric g on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric.PseudoRiemannianMetric`
+            for more documentation.
+        """
+        # signature:
+        ndim = self._ambient_domain.dimension()
+        try:
+            for elt in signature:
+                if (elt < 0) or (not isinstance(elt, (int, Integer))):
+                    raise ValueError("{} must be a positive integer".format(elt))
+                if elt > ndim:
+                    raise ValueError("{} must be less than {}".format(elt,ndim))
+                sign = signature[0]+signature[1]+signature[2]
+                if sign != ndim:
+                    raise ValueError("{} is different from the dimension".format(sign) +
+                                        " of the manifold, who is {}".format(ndim))
+            if signature[2] != 0:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import DegenerateMetric
+                return DegenerateMetric(self, name, signature=signature,
+                                        latex_name=latex_name)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        if signature is None:
+            signature = (ndim,0)
+        if isinstance(signature, (Integer, int)):
+            if (signature+ndim) % 2 == 1:
+                if ndim % 2 == 0:
+                    raise ValueError("the metric signature must be even")
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("the metric signature must be odd")
+            signature = (int((ndim+signature)/2), int((ndim-signature)/2))
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import PseudoRiemannianMetric
+        return PseudoRiemannianMetric(self, name, signature=signature[0]-signature[1],
+                                      latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def symplectic_form(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a symplectic form on the current vector field module.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form.SymplecticForm`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Symplectic form on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = manifolds.Sphere(2, coordinates='stereographic')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: omega = XM.symplectic_form(name='omega', latex_name=r'\omega')
+            sage: omega
+            Symplectic form omega on the 2-sphere S^2 of radius 1 smoothly
+             embedded in the Euclidean space E^3
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form import SymplecticForm
+
+        return SymplecticForm(self, name, latex_name)
+
+    def poisson_tensor(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a Poisson tensor on the current vector field module.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor.PoissonTensorField`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Poisson tensor on the 2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = manifolds.Sphere(2, coordinates='stereographic')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: varpi = XM.poisson_tensor(name='varpi', latex_name=r'\varpi')
+            sage: varpi
+            2-vector field varpi on the 2-sphere S^2 of radius 1 smoothly embedded in the Euclidean space E^3
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor import PoissonTensorField
+
+        return PoissonTensorField(self, name, latex_name)
+
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+class VectorFieldFreeModule(FiniteRankFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    Free module of vector fields along a differentiable manifold `U` with
+    values on a parallelizable manifold `M`, via a differentiable map
+    `U \rightarrow M`.
+
+    Given a differentiable map
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \Phi:\ U \longrightarrow M
+
+    the *vector field module* `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is the set of all vector
+    fields of the type
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        v:\ U  \longrightarrow TM
+
+    (where `TM` is the tangent bundle of `M`) such that
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \forall p \in U,\ v(p) \in T_{\Phi(p)} M,
+
+    where `T_{\Phi(p)} M` is the tangent space to `M` at the point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+    Since `M` is parallelizable, the set `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is a
+    free module over `C^k(U)`, the ring (algebra) of differentiable
+    scalar fields on `U` (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield_algebra.DiffScalarFieldAlgebra`).
+    In fact, it carries the structure of a finite-dimensional Lie algebroid
+    (cf. :wikipedia:`Lie_algebroid`).
+
+    The standard case of vector fields *on* a differentiable manifold
+    corresponds to `U=M` and `\Phi = \mathrm{Id}_M`; we then denote
+    `\mathfrak{X}(M,\mathrm{Id}_M)` by merely `\mathfrak{X}(M)`. Other common
+    cases are `\Phi` being an immersion and `\Phi` being a curve in `M` (`U` is
+    then an open interval of `\RR`).
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If `M` is not parallelizable, the class :class:`VectorFieldModule`
+        should be used instead, for `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` is no longer a
+        free module.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- differentiable manifold `U` along which the vector fields
+      are defined
+    - ``dest_map`` -- (default: ``None``) destination map
+      `\Phi:\ U \rightarrow M`
+      (type: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`); if
+      ``None``, it is assumed that `U=M` and `\Phi` is the identity map of
+      `M` (case of vector fields *on* `M`)
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Module of vector fields on `\RR^2`::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2')
+        sage: cart.<x,y> = M.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Free module X(R^2) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2
+        sage: XM.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional modules
+         over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields
+         on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: XM.base_ring() is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+        True
+
+    Since `\RR^2` is obviously parallelizable, ``XM`` is a free module::
+
+        sage: isinstance(XM, FiniteRankFreeModule)
+        True
+
+    Some elements::
+
+        sage: XM.an_element().display()
+        2 ∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂y
+        sage: XM.zero().display()
+        zero = 0
+        sage: v = XM([-y,x]) ; v
+        Vector field on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: v.display()
+        -y ∂/∂x + x ∂/∂y
+
+    An example of module of vector fields with a destination map `\Phi`
+    different from the identity map, namely a mapping
+    `\Phi: I \rightarrow \RR^2`, where `I` is an open interval of `\RR`::
+
+        sage: I = Manifold(1, 'I')
+        sage: canon.<t> = I.chart('t:(0,2*pi)')
+        sage: Phi = I.diff_map(M, coord_functions=[cos(t), sin(t)], name='Phi',
+        ....:                      latex_name=r'\Phi') ; Phi
+        Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold
+         I to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: I → R^2
+           t ↦ (x, y) = (cos(t), sin(t))
+        sage: XIM = I.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi) ; XIM
+        Free module X(I,Phi) of vector fields along the 1-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold I mapped into the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2
+        sage: XIM.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional modules
+         over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields
+         on the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold I
+
+    The rank of the free module `\mathfrak{X}(I,\Phi)` is the dimension
+    of the manifold `\RR^2`, namely two::
+
+        sage: XIM.rank()
+        2
+
+    A basis of it is induced by the coordinate vector frame of `\RR^2`::
+
+        sage: XIM.bases()
+        [Vector frame (I, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y)) with values on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2]
+
+    Some elements of this module::
+
+        sage: XIM.an_element().display()
+        2 ∂/∂x + 2 ∂/∂y
+        sage: v = XIM([t, t^2]) ; v
+        Vector field along the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold I with
+         values on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: v.display()
+        t ∂/∂x + t^2 ∂/∂y
+
+    The test suite is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(XIM).run()
+
+    Let us introduce an open subset of `J\subset I` and the vector field module
+    corresponding to the restriction of `\Phi` to it::
+
+        sage: J = I.open_subset('J', coord_def={canon: t<pi})
+        sage: XJM = J.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi.restrict(J)); XJM
+        Free module X(J,Phi) of vector fields along the Open subset J of the
+         1-dimensional differentiable manifold I mapped into the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+
+    We have then::
+
+        sage: XJM.default_basis()
+        Vector frame (J, (∂/∂x,∂/∂y)) with values on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: XJM.default_basis() is XIM.default_basis().restrict(J)
+        True
+        sage: v.restrict(J)
+        Vector field along the Open subset J of the 1-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold I with values on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: v.restrict(J).display()
+        t ∂/∂x + t^2 ∂/∂y
+
+    Let us now consider the module of vector fields on the circle `S^1`; we
+    start by constructing the `S^1` manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(1, 'S^1')
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U')  # the complement of one point
+        sage: c_t.<t> =  U.chart('t:(0,2*pi)') # the standard angle coordinate
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # the complement of the point t=pi
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^1 is the union of U and V
+        sage: c_u.<u> = V.chart('u:(0,2*pi)') # the angle t-pi
+        sage: t_to_u = c_t.transition_map(c_u, (t-pi,), intersection_name='W',
+        ....:                     restrictions1 = t!=pi, restrictions2 = u!=pi)
+        sage: u_to_t = t_to_u.inverse()
+        sage: W = U.intersection(V)
+
+    `S^1` cannot be covered by a single chart, so it cannot be covered by
+    a coordinate frame. It is however parallelizable and we introduce a global
+    vector frame as follows. We notice that on their common subdomain, `W`,
+    the coordinate vectors `\partial/\partial t` and `\partial/\partial u`
+    coincide, as we can check explicitly::
+
+        sage: c_t.frame()[0].display(c_u.frame().restrict(W))
+        ∂/∂t = ∂/∂u
+
+    Therefore, we can extend `\partial/\partial t` to all `V` and hence to all
+    `S^1`, to form a vector field on `S^1` whose components w.r.t. both
+    `\partial/\partial t` and `\partial/\partial u` are 1::
+
+        sage: e = M.vector_frame('e')
+        sage: U.set_change_of_frame(e.restrict(U), c_t.frame(),
+        ....:                       U.tangent_identity_field())
+        sage: V.set_change_of_frame(e.restrict(V), c_u.frame(),
+        ....:                       V.tangent_identity_field())
+        sage: e[0].display(c_t.frame())
+        e_0 = ∂/∂t
+        sage: e[0].display(c_u.frame())
+        e_0 = ∂/∂u
+
+    Equipped with the frame `e`, the manifold `S^1` is manifestly
+    parallelizable::
+
+        sage: M.is_manifestly_parallelizable()
+        True
+
+    Consequently, the module of vector fields on `S^1` is a free module::
+
+        sage: XM = M.vector_field_module() ; XM
+        Free module X(S^1) of vector fields on the 1-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold S^1
+        sage: isinstance(XM, FiniteRankFreeModule)
+        True
+        sage: XM.category()
+        Category of finite dimensional modules
+         over Algebra of differentiable scalar fields
+         on the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold S^1
+        sage: XM.base_ring() is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+        True
+
+    The zero element::
+
+        sage: z = XM.zero() ; z
+        Vector field zero on the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold S^1
+        sage: z.display()
+        zero = 0
+        sage: z.display(c_t.frame())
+        zero = 0
+
+    The module `\mathfrak{X}(S^1)` coerces to any module of vector fields
+    defined on a subdomain of `S^1`, for instance `\mathfrak{X}(U)`::
+
+        sage: XU = U.vector_field_module() ; XU
+        Free module X(U) of vector fields on the Open subset U of the
+         1-dimensional differentiable manifold S^1
+        sage: XU.has_coerce_map_from(XM)
+        True
+        sage: XU.coerce_map_from(XM)
+        Coercion map:
+          From: Free module X(S^1) of vector fields on the 1-dimensional
+           differentiable manifold S^1
+          To:   Free module X(U) of vector fields on the Open subset U of the
+           1-dimensional differentiable manifold S^1
+
+    The conversion map is actually the restriction of vector fields defined
+    on `S^1` to `U`.
+
+    The Sage test suite for modules is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(XM).run()
+    """
+
+    Element = VectorFieldParal
+
+    def __init__(self, domain, dest_map=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct the free module of vector fields with values on a
+        parallelizable manifold.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorfield_module \
+            ....:                                  import VectorFieldFreeModule
+            sage: XM = VectorFieldFreeModule(M, dest_map=M.identity_map()); XM
+            Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM is M.vector_field_module()
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(XM).run()
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.scalarfield import DiffScalarField
+        self._domain = domain
+        if dest_map is None:
+            dest_map = domain.identity_map()
+        self._dest_map = dest_map
+        self._ambient_domain = self._dest_map._codomain
+        name = "X(" + domain._name
+        latex_name = r"\mathfrak{X}\left(" + domain._latex_name
+        if dest_map is not domain.identity_map():
+            dm_name = dest_map._name
+            dm_latex_name = dest_map._latex_name
+            if dm_name is None:
+                dm_name = "unnamed map"
+            if dm_latex_name is None:
+                dm_latex_name = r"\mathrm{unnamed\; map}"
+            name += "," + dm_name
+            latex_name += "," + dm_latex_name
+        name += ")"
+        latex_name += r"\right)"
+        manif = self._ambient_domain.manifold()
+        cat = Modules(domain.scalar_field_algebra()).FiniteDimensional()
+        FiniteRankFreeModule.__init__(self, domain.scalar_field_algebra(),
+                               manif._dim, name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                               start_index=manif._sindex,
+                               output_formatter=DiffScalarField.coord_function,
+                               category=cat)
+        #
+        # Special treatment when self._dest_map != identity:
+        # bases of self are created from vector frames of the ambient domain
+        #
+        self._induced_bases = {}
+        if self._dest_map != self._domain.identity_map():
+            for frame in self._ambient_domain._top_frames:
+                if (frame.destination_map() ==
+                    self._ambient_domain.identity_map()):
+                    basis = self.basis(from_frame=frame)
+                    self._induced_bases[frame] = basis
+
+                    # basis is added to the restrictions of bases on a larger
+                    # domain
+                    for dom in domain.open_supersets():
+                        if dom is not domain:
+                            for supbase in dom._frames:
+                                if (supbase.domain() is dom and
+                                        supbase.destination_map().restrict(domain)
+                                        is self._dest_map and
+                                        domain not in supbase._restrictions):
+                                    supbase._restrictions[domain] = basis
+                                    supbase._subframes.add(basis)
+                                    basis._superframes.add(supbase)
+
+                    # basis is added as a superframe of smaller domain
+                    for superframe in basis._superframes:
+                        for subframe in superframe._subframes:
+                            if subframe.domain() is not domain and subframe.domain().is_subset(
+                                    self._domain) and self._dest_map.restrict(
+                                    subframe.domain()) is subframe.destination_map():
+                                subframe._superframes.update(basis._superframes)
+                                basis._subframes.update(subframe._subframes)
+                                basis._restrictions.update(subframe._restrictions)
+
+    #### Parent methods
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, comp=[], basis=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: v = XM([-y,x], name='v'); v
+            Vector field v on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: v.display()
+            v = -y ∂/∂x + x ∂/∂y
+            sage: XM(0) is XM.zero()
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            if comp.is_trivial_zero():
+                return self.zero()
+        except AttributeError:
+            if comp == 0:
+                return self.zero()
+        if isinstance(comp, VectorField):
+            if (self._domain.is_subset(comp._domain)
+                   and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(comp._ambient_domain)):
+                return comp.restrict(self._domain)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("cannot convert the {}".format(comp) +
+                                 "to a vector field in {}".format(self))
+        if not isinstance(comp, (list, tuple)):
+            raise TypeError("cannot convert the {} ".format(comp) +
+                            "to an element of {}".format(self))
+        # standard construction
+        resu = self.element_class(self, name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        if comp:
+            resu.set_comp(basis=basis)[:] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    # Rem: _an_element_ is declared in the superclass FiniteRankFreeModule
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from parent ``other``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._coerce_map_from_(XU)
+            False
+            sage: XU._coerce_map_from_(XM)
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (VectorFieldModule, VectorFieldFreeModule)):
+            return (self._domain.is_subset(other._domain)
+                    and self._ambient_domain.is_subset(other._ambient_domain))
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    #### End of parent methods
+
+    #### Methods to be redefined by derived classes of FiniteRankFreeModule ####
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM._repr_()
+            'Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: repr(XM)  # indirect doctest
+            'Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: XM  # indirect doctest
+            Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        description = "Free module "
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += self._name + " "
+        description += "of vector fields "
+        if self._dest_map is self._domain.identity_map():
+            description += "on the {}".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += "along the {}".format(self._domain) + \
+                           " mapped into the {}".format(self._ambient_domain)
+        return description
+
+    def domain(self) -> DifferentiableManifold:
+        r"""
+        Return the domain of the vector fields in ``self``.
+
+        If the module is `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)`, returns the domain `U`
+        of `\Phi`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+          representing the domain of the vector fields that belong to this
+          module
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.domain()
+            3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = U.chart()
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, {(Y,X): [u+v, u-v, u*v]}, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.domain()
+            2-dimensional differentiable manifold U
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def ambient_domain(self) -> DifferentiableManifold:
+        r"""
+        Return the manifold in which the vector fields of ``self``
+        take their values.
+
+        If the module is `\mathfrak{X}(U, \Phi)`, returns the codomain `M`
+        of `\Phi`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold`
+          representing the manifold in which the vector fields of ``self``
+          take their values
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.ambient_domain()
+            3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = U.chart()
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, {(Y,X): [u+v, u-v, u*v]}, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.ambient_domain()
+            3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._ambient_domain
+
+    def destination_map(self) -> DiffMap:
+        r"""
+        Return the differential map associated to ``self``.
+
+        The differential map associated to this module is the map
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi:\  U \longrightarrow M
+
+        such that this module is the set `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` of all vector
+        fields of the type
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            v:\ U  \longrightarrow TM
+
+        (where `TM` is the tangent bundle of `M`) such that
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \forall p \in U,\ v(p) \in T_{\Phi(p)} M,
+
+        where `T_{\Phi(p)} M` is the tangent space to `M` at the
+        point `\Phi(p)`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_map.DiffMap`
+          representing the differential map `\Phi`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.destination_map()
+            Identity map Id_M of the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: U = Manifold(2, 'U')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = U.chart()
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(M, {(Y,X): [u+v, u-v, u*v]}, name='Phi')
+            sage: XU = U.vector_field_module(dest_map=Phi)
+            sage: XU.destination_map()
+            Differentiable map Phi from the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold U to the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+        """
+        return self._dest_map
+
+    def tensor_module(self, k, l, *, sym=None, antisym=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the free module of all tensors of type `(k, l)` defined
+        on ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``k`` -- nonnegative integer; the contravariant rank,
+          the tensor type being `(k, l)`
+        - ``l`` -- nonnegative integer; the covariant rank,
+          the tensor type being `(k, l)`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module.TensorFieldFreeModule`
+          representing the free module of type-`(k,l)` tensors on the
+          vector field module
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A tensor field module on a 2-dimensional differentiable manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,2)
+            Free module T^(1,2)(M) of type-(1,2) tensors fields on the
+             2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        The special case of tensor fields of type (1,0)::
+
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,0)
+            Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,2) is XM.tensor_module(1,2)
+            True
+            sage: XM.tensor_module(1,0) is XM
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module.TensorFieldFreeModule`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        if sym or antisym:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        try:
+            return self._tensor_modules[(k,l)]
+        except KeyError:
+            if (k, l) == (1, 0):
+                T = self
+            elif (k, l) == (0, 1):
+                T = self.dual()
+            else:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_module import (
+                    TensorFieldFreeModule,
+                )
+                T = TensorFieldFreeModule(self, (k,l))
+            self._tensor_modules[(k,l)] = T
+            return T
+
+    def exterior_power(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-th exterior power of ``self``.
+
+        If the vector field module ``self`` is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`,
+        its `p`-th exterior power is the set `A^p(U, \Phi)` of
+        `p`-vector fields along `U` with values on `\Phi(U)`. It is a
+        free module over `C^k(U)`, the ring (algebra) of differentiable
+        scalar fields on `U`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - for `p=0`, the base ring, i.e. `C^k(U)`
+        - for `p=1`, the vector field free module ``self``, since
+          `A^1(U, \Phi) = \mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`
+        - for `p \geq 2`, instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module.MultivectorFreeModule`
+          representing the module `A^p(U,\Phi)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(2)
+            Free module A^2(M) of 2-vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(1)
+            Free module X(M) of vector fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(1) is XM
+            True
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(0)
+            Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.exterior_power(0) is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module.MultivectorFreeModule`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._exterior_powers[p]
+        except KeyError:
+            if p == 0:
+                L = self._ring
+            elif p == 1:
+                L = self
+            else:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.multivector_module import (
+                    MultivectorFreeModule,
+                )
+                L = MultivectorFreeModule(self, p)
+            self._exterior_powers[p] = L
+            return L
+
+    def dual_exterior_power(self, p):
+        r"""
+        Return the `p`-th exterior power of the dual of ``self``.
+
+        If the vector field module ``self`` is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`,
+        the `p`-th exterior power of its dual is the set
+        `\Omega^p(U, \Phi)` of `p`-forms along `U` with values on
+        `\Phi(U)`. It is a free module over `C^k(U)`, the ring (algebra)
+        of differentiable scalar fields on `U`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - for `p=0`, the base ring, i.e. `C^k(U)`
+        - for `p \geq 1`, a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module.DiffFormFreeModule`
+          representing the module `\Omega^p(U,\Phi)`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(2)
+            Free module Omega^2(M) of 2-forms on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(1)
+            Free module Omega^1(M) of 1-forms on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(1) is XM.dual()
+            True
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(0)
+            Algebra of differentiable scalar fields on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.dual_exterior_power(0) is M.scalar_field_algebra()
+            True
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module.DiffFormFreeModule`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._dual_exterior_powers[p]
+        except KeyError:
+            if p == 0:
+                L = self._ring
+            elif p == 1:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module import (
+                    VectorFieldDualFreeModule,
+                )
+                L = VectorFieldDualFreeModule(self)
+            else:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.diff_form_module import (
+                    DiffFormFreeModule,
+                )
+                L = DiffFormFreeModule(self, p)
+            self._dual_exterior_powers[p] = L
+            return L
+
+    def general_linear_group(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the general linear group of ``self``.
+
+        If the vector field module is `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`, the *general
+        linear group* is the group `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))` of
+        automorphisms of `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)`. Note that an automorphism of
+        `\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi)` can also be viewed as a *field* along `U` of
+        automorphisms of the tangent spaces of `V=\Phi(U)`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group.AutomorphismFieldParalGroup`
+          representing `\mathrm{GL}(\mathfrak{X}(U,\Phi))`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.general_linear_group()
+            General linear group of the Free module X(M) of vector fields on
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group.AutomorphismFieldParalGroup`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield_group import (
+            AutomorphismFieldParalGroup,
+        )
+        return AutomorphismFieldParalGroup(self)
+
+    def basis(self, symbol=None, latex_symbol=None, from_frame=None,
+              indices=None, latex_indices=None, symbol_dual=None,
+              latex_symbol_dual=None):
+        r"""
+        Define a basis of ``self``.
+
+        A basis of the vector field module is actually a vector frame along
+        the differentiable manifold `U` over which the vector field module
+        is defined.
+
+        If the basis specified by the given symbol already exists, it is
+        simply returned.
+        If no argument is provided the module's default basis is returned.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used as a
+          common base for the symbols of the elements of the basis, or a
+          tuple of strings, representing the individual symbols of the
+          elements of the basis
+        - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+          as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the elements of the basis,
+          or a tuple of strings, representing the individual LaTeX symbols
+          of the elements of the basis; if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in
+          place of ``latex_symbol``
+        - ``from_frame`` -- (default: ``None``) vector frame `\tilde{e}`
+          on the codomain `M` of the destination map `\Phi` of ``self``;
+          the returned basis `e` is then such that for all `p \in U`,
+          we have `e(p) = \tilde{e}(\Phi(p))`
+        - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a
+          single string) tuple of strings representing the indices
+          labelling the elements of the basis; if ``None``, the indices will be
+          generated as integers within the range declared on ``self``
+        - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings
+          representing the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the elements of
+          the basis; if ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+        - ``symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``symbol`` but for the
+          dual basis; if ``None``, ``symbol`` must be a string and is used
+          for the common base of the symbols of the elements of the dual basis
+        - ``latex_symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``latex_symbol``
+          but for the dual basis
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.VectorFrame`
+          representing a basis on ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: e = XM.basis('e'); e
+            Vector frame (M, (e_0,e_1))
+
+        See :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe.VectorFrame`
+        for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.vectorframe import VectorFrame
+        if symbol is None:
+            if from_frame is None:
+                return self.default_basis()
+            else:
+                symbol = from_frame._symbol
+                latex_symbol = from_frame._latex_symbol
+                indices = from_frame._indices
+                latex_indices = from_frame._latex_indices
+                symbol_dual = from_frame._symbol_dual
+                latex_symbol_dual = from_frame._latex_symbol_dual
+        for other in self._known_bases:
+            if symbol == other._symbol:
+                return other
+        return VectorFrame(self, symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                           from_frame=from_frame, indices=indices,
+                           latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                           symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                           latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+
+    def _tensor(self, tensor_type, name=None, latex_name=None, sym=None,
+               antisym=None, specific_type=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a tensor on ``self``.
+
+        The tensor is actually a tensor field along the differentiable
+        manifold `U` over which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor_type`` -- pair (k,l) with k being the contravariant rank
+          and l the covariant rank
+        - ``name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) name given to the tensor
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the tensor; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``sym`` -- (default: ``None``) a symmetry or a list of symmetries
+          among the tensor arguments: each symmetry is described by a tuple
+          containing the positions of the involved arguments, with the
+          convention position=0 for the first argument; for instance:
+
+          * ``sym = (0,1)`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 2nd arguments
+          * ``sym = [(0,2), (1,3,4)]`` for a symmetry between the 1st and 3rd
+            arguments and a symmetry between the 2nd, 4th and 5th arguments
+
+        - ``antisym`` -- (default: ``None``) antisymmetry or list of
+          antisymmetries among the arguments, with the same convention
+          as for ``sym``
+        - ``specific_type`` -- (default: ``None``) specific subclass of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+          for the output
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+          representing the tensor defined on ``self`` with the provided
+          characteristics
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.tensor((1,2), name='t')
+            Tensor field t of type (1,2) on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor((1,0), name='a')
+            Vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor((0,2), name='a', antisym=(0,1))
+            2-form a on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.tensor((2,0), name='a', antisym=(0,1))
+            2-vector field a on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+
+        See
+        :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+        for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.automorphismfield import (
+            AutomorphismField,
+            AutomorphismFieldParal,
+        )
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import (
+            DegenerateMetric,
+            PseudoRiemannianMetric,
+        )
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import CompWithSym
+        sym, antisym = CompWithSym._canonicalize_sym_antisym(
+            tensor_type[0] + tensor_type[1], sym, antisym)
+        if tensor_type == (1,0):
+            return self.element_class(self, name=name,
+                                      latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (0,1):
+            return self.linear_form(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (1,1) and specific_type is not None:
+            if issubclass(specific_type,
+                          (AutomorphismField, AutomorphismFieldParal)):
+                return self.automorphism(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type[0] == 0 and tensor_type[1] > 1 and antisym:
+            if len(antisym[0]) == tensor_type[1]:
+                return self.alternating_form(tensor_type[1], name=name,
+                                             latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type[0] > 1 and tensor_type[1] == 0 and antisym:
+            if len(antisym[0]) == tensor_type[0]:
+                return self.alternating_contravariant_tensor(
+                    tensor_type[0], name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (0,2) and specific_type is not None:
+            if issubclass(specific_type, PseudoRiemannianMetric):
+                return self.metric(name, latex_name=latex_name)
+                # NB: the signature is not treated
+            if issubclass(specific_type, DegenerateMetric):
+                sign = self._domain._dim
+                return self.metric(name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                   signature=(0, sign-1, 1))
+        # Generic case
+        return self.tensor_module(*tensor_type).element_class(
+            self, tensor_type, name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+            sym=sym, antisym=antisym)
+
+    def tensor_from_comp(self, tensor_type, comp, name=None,
+                         latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a tensor on ``self`` from a set of components.
+
+        The tensor is actually a tensor field along the differentiable
+        manifold `U` over which the vector field module is defined.
+        The tensor symmetries are deduced from those of the components.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor_type`` -- pair `(k,l)` with `k` being the contravariant
+          rank and `l` the covariant rank
+        - ``comp`` -- :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.comp.Components`;
+          the tensor components in a given basis
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``None``); name given to the tensor
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the tensor; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+          representing the tensor defined on the vector field module with the
+          provided characteristics
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A 2-dimensional set of components transformed into a type-`(1,1)`
+        tensor field::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: from sage.tensor.modules.comp import Components
+            sage: comp = Components(M.scalar_field_algebra(), X.frame(), 2,
+            ....:                   output_formatter=XM._output_formatter)
+            sage: comp[:] = [[1+x, -y], [x*y, 2-y^2]]
+            sage: t = XM.tensor_from_comp((1,1), comp, name='t'); t
+            Tensor field t of type (1,1) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = (x + 1) ∂/∂x⊗dx - y ∂/∂x⊗dy + x*y ∂/∂y⊗dx + (-y^2 + 2) ∂/∂y⊗dy
+
+        The same set of components transformed into a type-`(0,2)`
+        tensor field::
+
+            sage: t = XM.tensor_from_comp((0,2), comp, name='t'); t
+            Tensor field t of type (0,2) on the 2-dimensional differentiable
+             manifold M
+            sage: t.display()
+            t = (x + 1) dx⊗dx - y dx⊗dy + x*y dy⊗dx + (-y^2 + 2) dy⊗dy
+        """
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import CompFullyAntiSym, CompWithSym
+
+        # 0/ Compatibility checks:
+        if comp._ring is not self._ring:
+            raise ValueError("the components are not defined on the "
+                             "same ring as the module")
+        if comp._frame not in self._known_bases:
+            raise ValueError("the components are not defined on a "
+                             "basis of the module")
+        if comp._nid != tensor_type[0] + tensor_type[1]:
+            raise ValueError("number of component indices not "
+                             "compatible with the tensor type")
+        #
+        # 1/ Construction of the tensor:
+        if tensor_type == (1, 0):
+            resu = self.element_class(self, name=name,
+                                      latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif tensor_type == (0,1):
+            resu = self.linear_form(name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif (tensor_type[0] == 0 and tensor_type[1] > 1
+              and isinstance(comp, CompFullyAntiSym)):
+            resu = self.alternating_form(tensor_type[1], name=name,
+                                         latex_name=latex_name)
+        elif (tensor_type[0] > 1 and tensor_type[1] == 0
+              and isinstance(comp, CompFullyAntiSym)):
+            resu = self.alternating_contravariant_tensor(tensor_type[0],
+                                       name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        else:
+            resu = self.tensor_module(*tensor_type).element_class(self,
+                          tensor_type, name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+            # Tensor symmetries deduced from those of comp:
+            if isinstance(comp, CompWithSym):
+                resu._sym = comp._sym
+                resu._antisym = comp._antisym
+
+        # 2/ Tensor components set to comp:
+        resu._components[comp._frame] = comp
+
+        return resu
+
+    def sym_bilinear_form(self, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a symmetric bilinear form on ``self``.
+
+        A symmetric bilinear form on the vector field module is
+        actually a field of tangent-space symmetric bilinear forms
+        along the differentiable manifold `U` over which the vector
+        field module is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``None``); name given to the
+          symmetric bilinear form
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to
+          denote the symmetric bilinear form; if ``None``, the LaTeX
+          symbol is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+          of tensor type `(0,2)` and symmetric
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.sym_bilinear_form(name='a')
+            Field of symmetric bilinear forms a on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral.TensorFieldParal`
+            for more examples and documentation.
+        """
+        return self.tensor((0,2), name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                           sym=(0,1))
+
+    #### End of methods to be redefined by derived classes of FiniteRankFreeModule ####
+
+    def metric(self, name, signature=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a pseudo-Riemannian metric (nondegenerate symmetric bilinear
+        form) on the current vector field module.
+
+        A pseudo-Riemannian metric of the vector field module is actually a
+        field of tangent-space non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms along
+        the manifold `U` on which the vector field module is defined.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string; name given to the metric
+        - ``signature`` -- integer (default: ``None``); signature `S` of the
+          metric: `S = n_+ - n_-`, where `n_+` (resp. `n_-`) is the number of
+          positive terms (resp. number of negative terms) in any diagonal
+          writing of the metric components; if ``signature`` is not provided,
+          `S` is set to the manifold's dimension (Riemannian signature)
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (string; default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the metric; if ``None``, it is formed from ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric.PseudoRiemannianMetricParal`
+          representing the defined pseudo-Riemannian metric.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()  # makes M parallelizable
+            sage: XM = M.vector_field_module()
+            sage: XM.metric('g')
+            Riemannian metric g on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: XM.metric('g', signature=0)
+            Lorentzian metric g on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric.PseudoRiemannianMetricParal`
+            for more documentation.
+        """
+        ndim = self._ambient_domain.dimension()
+        try:
+            for elt in signature:
+                if (elt < 0) or (not isinstance(elt, (int, Integer))):
+                    raise ValueError("{} must be a positive integer".format(elt))
+            sign = signature[0]+signature[1]+signature[2]
+            if sign != ndim:
+                raise ValueError("{} is different from the dimension".format(sign) +
+                                        " of the manifold, who is {}".format(ndim))
+            if signature[2] != 0:
+                from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import DegenerateMetricParal
+                return DegenerateMetricParal(self, name, signature=signature,
+                                             latex_name=latex_name)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        if signature is None:
+            signature = (ndim,0)
+        if isinstance(signature, (Integer, int)):
+            if (signature+ndim) % 2 == 1:
+                if ndim % 2 == 0:
+                    raise ValueError("the metric signature must be even")
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("the metric signature must be odd")
+            signature = (int((ndim+signature)/2), int((ndim-signature)/2))
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.metric import PseudoRiemannianMetricParal
+        return PseudoRiemannianMetricParal(self, name,
+                                           signature=signature[0]-signature[1],
+                                           latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def symplectic_form(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a symplectic form on the current vector field module.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form.SymplecticFormParal`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Standard symplectic form on `\RR^2`::
+
+            sage: M.<q, p> = EuclideanSpace(2)
+            sage: omega = M.vector_field_module().symplectic_form('omega', r'\omega')
+            sage: omega.set_comp()[1,2] = -1
+            sage: omega.display()
+            omega = -dq∧dp
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.symplectic_form import SymplecticFormParal
+
+        return SymplecticFormParal(self, name, latex_name)
+
+    def poisson_tensor(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, latex_name: Optional[str] = None
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a Poisson tensor on the current vector field module.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor.PoissonTensorFieldParal`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Standard Poisson tensor on `\RR^2`::
+
+            sage: M.<q, p> = EuclideanSpace(2)
+            sage: poisson = M.vector_field_module().poisson_tensor('varpi')
+            sage: poisson.set_comp()[1,2] = -1
+            sage: poisson.display()
+            varpi = -e_q∧e_p
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.poisson_tensor import PoissonTensorFieldParal
+
+        return PoissonTensorFieldParal(self, name, latex_name)