passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp314-cp314t-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/symbolic/ring.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,1393 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+"""
+The symbolic ring
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008      William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#       Copyright (C) 2008-2013 Burcin Erocal <burcin@erocal.org>
+#       Copyright (C) 2009      Mike Hansen
+#       Copyright (C) 2011      Karl-Dieter Crisman
+#       Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Volker Braun
+#       Copyright (C) 2013-2019 Frédéric Chapoton
+#       Copyright (C) 2014-2020 Marc Mezzarobba
+#       Copyright (C) 2015      Bruno Grenet
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Daniel Krenn
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Jeroen Demeyer
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2017 Vincent Delecroix
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Ralf Stephan
+#       Copyright (C) 2016      Julian Rüth
+#       Copyright (C) 2017      Marcelo Forets
+#       Copyright (C) 2018      Martin Rubey
+#       Copyright (C) 2019      E. Madison Bray
+#       Copyright (C) 2019      Markus Wageringel
+#       Copyright (C) 2021      Marius Gerbershagen
+#       Copyright (C) 2021      Matthias Koeppe
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.rings.integer cimport Integer
+
+import sage.rings.abc
+
+from sage.symbolic.expression cimport (
+    _latex_Expression,
+    _repr_Expression,
+    new_Expression,
+    new_Expression_from_pyobject,
+    new_Expression_wild,
+    new_Expression_symbol,
+)
+
+from sage.categories.commutative_rings import CommutativeRings
+from sage.structure.element cimport Element, Expression
+from sage.structure.parent cimport Parent
+from sage.categories.morphism cimport Morphism
+from sage.structure.coerce cimport is_numpy_type
+
+import sage.rings.abc
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+import keyword
+import operator
+
+# Do not allow any of these keywords as identifiers for symbolic variables
+KEYWORDS = set(keyword.kwlist).union(['exec', 'print', 'None', 'True',
+                                      'False', 'nonlocal'])
+
+
+cdef class SymbolicRing(sage.rings.abc.SymbolicRing):
+    """
+    Symbolic Ring, parent object for all symbolic expressions.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, base_ring=None):
+        """
+        Initialize the Symbolic Ring.
+
+        This is a commutative ring of symbolic expressions and functions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: isinstance(SR, sage.symbolic.ring.SymbolicRing)
+            True
+            sage: TestSuite(SR).run(skip=['_test_divides'])
+        """
+        if base_ring is None:
+            base_ring = self
+        Parent.__init__(self, base_ring, category=CommutativeRings())
+        self._populate_coercion_lists_(convert_method_name='_symbolic_')
+        self.symbols = {}
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+           sage: loads(dumps(SR)) == SR           # indirect doctest
+           True
+        """
+        return the_SymbolicRing, tuple()
+
+    def _repr_(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: repr(SR)
+            'Symbolic Ring'
+        """
+        return "Symbolic Ring"
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return latex representation of the symbolic ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: latex(SR)
+            \text{SR}
+            sage: M = MatrixSpace(SR, 2); latex(M)
+            \mathrm{Mat}_{2\times 2}(\text{SR})
+        """
+        return r'\text{SR}'
+
+    cpdef _coerce_map_from_(self, R):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.coerce(int(2))
+            2
+            sage: SR.coerce(-infinity)
+            -Infinity
+            sage: SR.coerce(unsigned_infinity)
+            Infinity
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(ZZ['t'])
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(ZZ['t,u,v'])
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(Frac(ZZ['t,u,v']))
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(GF(5)['t'])
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(SR['t'])
+            False
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(Integers(8))
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(GF(9, 'a'))                                    # needs sage.rings.finite_rings
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(RealBallField())
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(ComplexBallField())
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(UnsignedInfinityRing)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(pari)                                          # needs sage.libs.pari
+            False
+
+        Check if arithmetic with bools works (see :issue:`9560`)::
+
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(bool)
+            True
+            sage: SR(5)*True; True*SR(5)
+            5
+            5
+            sage: SR(5)+True; True+SR(5)
+            6
+            6
+            sage: SR(5)-True
+            4
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(SR.subring(accepting_variables=('a',)))
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(SR.subring(rejecting_variables=('r',)))
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(SR.subring(no_variables=True))
+            True
+
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(AA)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+            sage: SR.has_coerce_map_from(QQbar)                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(R, type):
+            if R in (int, float, complex, bool):
+                return True
+
+            if is_numpy_type(R):
+                import numpy
+                if (issubclass(R, numpy.integer) or
+                        issubclass(R, numpy.floating) or
+                        issubclass(R, numpy.complexfloating)):
+                    return NumpyToSRMorphism(R)
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+            if 'sympy' in R.__module__:
+                from sympy.core.basic import Basic
+                if issubclass(R, Basic):
+                    return UnderscoreSageMorphism(R, self)
+
+            return False
+        else:
+            from sage.rings.fraction_field import FractionField_generic
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring import PolynomialRing_generic
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring import MPolynomialRing_base
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.laurent_polynomial_ring_base import LaurentPolynomialRing_generic
+            from sage.rings.infinity import InfinityRing, UnsignedInfinityRing
+            from sage.rings.real_lazy import RLF, CLF
+            from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_base import FiniteField
+
+            from sage.symbolic.subring import GenericSymbolicSubring
+
+            if R._is_numerical():
+                # Almost anything with a coercion into any precision of CC
+                return R not in (RLF, CLF)
+            elif isinstance(R, (PolynomialRing_generic, MPolynomialRing_base,
+                                FractionField_generic, LaurentPolynomialRing_generic)):
+                base = R.base_ring()
+                return base is not self and self.has_coerce_map_from(base)
+            elif (R is InfinityRing or R is UnsignedInfinityRing
+                  or isinstance(R, (sage.rings.abc.RealIntervalField,
+                                    sage.rings.abc.ComplexIntervalField,
+                                    sage.rings.abc.RealBallField,
+                                    sage.rings.abc.ComplexBallField,
+                                    sage.rings.abc.IntegerModRing,
+                                    FiniteField))):
+                return True
+            elif isinstance(R, GenericSymbolicSubring):
+                return True
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Convert `x` into the symbolic expression ring SR.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = SR(-3/4); a
+            -3/4
+            sage: type(a)
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+            sage: a.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: K.<a> = QuadraticField(-3)                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: a + sin(x)                                                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            I*sqrt(3) + sin(x)
+            sage: x = var('x'); y0,y1 = PolynomialRing(ZZ,2,'y').gens()
+            sage: x+y0/y1
+            x + y0/y1
+            sage: x.subs(x=y0/y1)
+            y0/y1
+            sage: x + int(1)
+            x + 1
+
+        If `a` is already in the symbolic expression ring, coercing returns
+        `a` itself (not a copy)::
+
+            sage: a = SR(-3/4); a
+            -3/4
+            sage: SR(a) is a
+            True
+
+        A Python complex number::
+
+            sage: SR(complex(2,-3))
+            (2-3j)
+
+        Any proper subset of the complex numbers::
+
+            sage: SR(NN)
+            Non negative integer semiring
+            sage: SR(ZZ)
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: SR(Set([1/2, 2/3, 3/4]))
+            {3/4, 2/3, 1/2}
+            sage: SR(RealSet(0, 1))
+            (0, 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: SR.coerce(int(5))
+            5
+            sage: SR.coerce(5)
+            5
+            sage: SR.coerce(float(5))
+            5.0
+            sage: SR.coerce(5.0)
+            5.00000000000000
+
+        An interval arithmetic number::
+
+            sage: SR.coerce(RIF(pi))
+            3.141592653589794?
+
+        The complex number `I`::
+
+            sage: si = SR.coerce(I)
+            sage: si^2
+            -1
+            sage: bool(si == CC.0)
+            True
+
+        Polynomial ring element factorizations::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.libs.pari
+            sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
+            sage: SR(factor(5*x^2 - 5))
+            5*(x + 1)*(x - 1)
+            sage: R.<x,y> = QQ[]
+            sage: SR(factor(x^2 - y^2))
+            (x + y)*(x - y)
+            sage: R.<x,y,z> = QQ[]
+            sage: SR(factor(x^2*y^3 + x^2*y^2*z - x*y^3 - x*y^2*z - 2*x*y*z - 2*x*z^2 + 2*y*z + 2*z^2))
+            (x*y^2 - 2*z)*(x - 1)*(y + z)
+
+        Asymptotic expansions::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: A.<x, y> = AsymptoticRing(growth_group='x^ZZ * y^QQ * log(y)^ZZ', coefficient_ring=ZZ)
+            sage: s = SR(3*x^5 * log(y) + 4*y^(3/7) + O(x*log(y))); s
+            3*x^5*log(y) + 4*y^(3/7) + Order(x*log(y))
+            sage: s.operator(), s.operands()
+            (<function add_vararg at 0x...>,
+             [3*x^5*log(y), 4*y^(3/7), Order(x*log(y))])
+            sage: t = s.operands()[0]; t
+            3*x^5*log(y)
+            sage: t.operator(), t.operands()
+            (<function mul_vararg at 0x...>, [x^5, log(y), 3])
+
+        We get a sensible error message if conversion fails::
+
+            sage: SR(int)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert <... 'int'> to a symbolic expression
+            sage: r^(1/2)                                                               # needs R
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): 'R' and 'sage.rings.rational.Rational'
+
+        Check that :issue:`22068` is fixed::
+
+            sage: _ = var('x')
+            sage: sin(x).subs(x=RR('NaN'))
+            sin(NaN)
+            sage: SR(RR('NaN')).is_real()
+            False
+            sage: sin(x).subs(x=float('NaN'))
+            sin(NaN)
+            sage: SR(float('NaN')).is_real()
+            False
+            sage: sin(x).subs(x=complex('NaN'))
+            sin(NaN)
+
+        Check that :issue:`24072` is solved::
+
+            sage: x = polygen(GF(3))
+            sage: a = SR.var('a')
+            sage: (2*x + 1) * a
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: positive characteristic not allowed in symbolic computations
+
+        Check support for unicode characters (:issue:`29280`)::
+
+            sage: SR('λ + 2λ')
+            3*λ
+            sage: SR('μ') is var('μ')
+            True
+            sage: SR('λ + * 1')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Malformed expression: λ + * !!!  1
+        """
+        return new_Expression(self, x)
+
+    def _force_pyobject(self, x, bint force=False, bint recursive=True):
+        r"""
+        Wrap the given Python object in a symbolic expression even if it
+        cannot be coerced to the Symbolic Ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``x`` -- a Python object
+
+        - ``force`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the Python object
+          is taken as is without attempting coercion or list traversal
+
+        - ``recursive`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); disables recursive
+          traversal of lists
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t = SR._force_pyobject(QQ); t
+            Rational Field
+            sage: type(t)
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+        Testing tuples::
+
+            sage: t = SR._force_pyobject((1, 2, x, x+1, x+2)); t
+            (1, 2, x, x + 1, x + 2)
+            sage: t.subs(x = 2*x^2)
+            (1, 2, 2*x^2, 2*x^2 + 1, 2*x^2 + 2)
+            sage: t.op[0]
+            1
+            sage: t.op[2]
+            x
+
+        It also works if the argument is a ``list``::
+
+            sage: t = SR._force_pyobject([1, 2, x, x+1, x+2]); t
+            (1, 2, x, x + 1, x + 2)
+            sage: t.subs(x = 2*x^2)
+            (1, 2, 2*x^2, 2*x^2 + 1, 2*x^2 + 2)
+            sage: SR._force_pyobject((QQ, RR, CC))
+            (Rational Field, Real Field with 53 bits of precision, Complex Field with 53 bits of precision)
+            sage: t = SR._force_pyobject((QQ, (x, x + 1, x + 2), CC)); t
+            (Rational Field, (x, x + 1, x + 2), Complex Field with 53 bits of precision)
+            sage: t.subs(x=x^2)
+            (Rational Field, (x^2, x^2 + 1, x^2 + 2), Complex Field with 53 bits of precision)
+
+        If ``recursive`` is ``False`` the inner tuple is taken as a Python
+        object. This prevents substitution as above::
+
+            sage: t = SR._force_pyobject((QQ, (x, x + 1, x + 2), CC), recursive=False)
+            sage: t
+            (Rational Field, (x, x + 1, x + 2), Complex Field with 53 bits
+            of precision)
+            sage: t.subs(x=x^2)
+            (Rational Field, (x, x + 1, x + 2), Complex Field with 53 bits
+            of precision)
+        """
+        return new_Expression_from_pyobject(self, x, force, recursive)
+
+    def wild(self, unsigned int n=0):
+        r"""
+        Return the n-th wild-card for pattern matching and substitution.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- nonnegative integer
+
+        OUTPUT: n-th wildcard expression
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x,y = var('x,y')
+            sage: w0 = SR.wild(0); w1 = SR.wild(1)
+            sage: pattern = sin(x)*w0*w1^2; pattern
+            $1^2*$0*sin(x)
+            sage: f = atan(sin(x)*3*x^2); f
+            arctan(3*x^2*sin(x))
+            sage: f.has(pattern)
+            True
+            sage: f.subs(pattern == x^2)
+            arctan(x^2)
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`15047` is fixed::
+
+            sage: latex(SR.wild(0))
+            \$0
+
+        Check that :issue:`21455` is fixed::
+
+            sage: coth(SR.wild(0))
+            coth($0)
+        """
+        return new_Expression_wild(self, n)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        r"""
+        ``True`` if there is an element of the symbolic ring that is equal to x
+        under ``==``.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The symbolic variable x is in the symbolic ring.::
+
+            sage: x.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+            sage: x in SR
+            True
+
+        2 is also in the symbolic ring since it is equal to something in
+        SR, even though 2's parent is not SR.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: 2 in SR
+            True
+            sage: parent(2)
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: 1/3 in SR
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            x2 = self(x)
+            return bool(x2 == x)
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
+
+    def characteristic(self):
+        """
+        Return the characteristic of the symbolic ring, which is 0.
+
+        OUTPUT: a Sage integer
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = SR.characteristic(); c
+            0
+            sage: type(c)
+            <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+        """
+        return Integer(0)
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        """
+        Return an element of the symbolic ring, which is used by the
+        coercion model.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR._an_element_()
+            some_variable
+        """
+        return self.symbol('some_variable')
+
+    def is_field(self, proof=True):
+        """
+        Return ``True``, since the symbolic expression ring is (for the most
+        part) a field.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.is_field()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def is_finite(self):
+        """
+        Return ``False``, since the Symbolic Ring is infinite.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.is_finite()
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+    cpdef bint is_exact(self) except -2:
+        """
+        Return ``False``, because there are approximate elements in the
+        symbolic ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.is_exact()
+            False
+
+        Here is an inexact element.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: SR(1.9393)
+            1.93930000000000
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def pi(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.pi() is pi
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.constants import pi
+        return self(pi)
+
+    def I(self):
+        r"""
+        The imaginary unit, viewed as an element of the symbolic ring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR.I()^2
+            -1
+            sage: SR.I().parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that :issue:`32404` is fixed::
+
+            sage: SR0 = SR.subring(no_variables=True)
+            sage: SR0.I().parent()
+            Symbolic Constants Subring
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.constants import I
+        return self(I)
+
+    def symbol(self, name=None, latex_name=None, domain=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: t0 = SR.symbol("t0")
+            sage: t0.conjugate()
+            conjugate(t0)
+
+            sage: t1 = SR.symbol("t1", domain='real')
+            sage: t1.conjugate()
+            t1
+
+            sage: t0.abs()
+            abs(t0)
+
+            sage: t0_2 = SR.symbol("t0", domain='positive')
+            sage: t0_2.abs()
+            t0
+            sage: bool(t0_2 == t0)
+            True
+            sage: t0.conjugate()
+            t0
+
+            sage: SR.symbol() # temporary variable
+            symbol...
+
+        We propagate the domain to the assumptions database::
+
+            sage: n = var('n', domain='integer')
+            sage: solve([n^2 == 3],n)
+            []
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that the parent is set correctly (inheritance)::
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.ring import SymbolicRing
+            sage: class MySymbolicRing(SymbolicRing):
+            ....:     def _repr_(self):
+            ....:         return 'My Symbolic Ring'
+            sage: MySR = MySymbolicRing()
+            sage: MySR.symbol('x').parent()
+            My Symbolic Ring
+            sage: MySR.var('x').parent()  # indirect doctest
+            My Symbolic Ring
+            sage: MySR.var('blub').parent()  # indirect doctest
+            My Symbolic Ring
+            sage: MySR.an_element().parent()
+            My Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        return new_Expression_symbol(self, name, latex_name, domain)
+
+    def temp_var(self, n=None, domain=None):
+        """
+        Return one or multiple new unique symbolic variables as an element
+        of the symbolic ring. Use this instead of SR.var() if there is a
+        possibility of name clashes occuring. Call SR.cleanup_var() once
+        the variables are no longer needed or use a `with SR.temp_var()
+        as ...` construct.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- (optional) positive integer; number of symbolic variables
+
+        - ``domain`` -- (optional) specify the domain of the variable(s);
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Simple definition of a functional derivative::
+
+            sage: def functional_derivative(expr, f, x):
+            ....:     with SR.temp_var() as a:
+            ....:         return expr.subs({f(x):a}).diff(a).subs({a:f(x)})
+            sage: f = function('f')
+            sage: a = var('a')
+            sage: functional_derivative(f(a)^2+a,f,a)
+            2*f(a)
+
+        Contrast this to a similar implementation using SR.var(),
+        which gives a wrong result in our example::
+
+            sage: def functional_derivative(expr, f, x):
+            ....:     a = SR.var('a')
+            ....:     return expr.subs({f(x):a}).diff(a).subs({a:f(x)})
+            sage: f = function('f')
+            sage: a = var('a')
+            sage: functional_derivative(f(a)^2+a,f,a)
+            2*f(a) + 1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: x = SR.temp_var()
+            sage: y = SR.temp_var()
+            sage: bool(x == x)
+            True
+            sage: bool(x == y)
+            False
+            sage: bool(x.parent()(x._maxima_()) == x)
+            True
+        """
+        if n is None:
+            return self.symbol(None, domain=domain)
+        return TemporaryVariables([self.temp_var(domain=domain)
+                                   for i in range(n)])
+
+    def cleanup_var(self, symbol):
+        """
+        Cleans up a variable, removing assumptions about the
+        variable and allowing for it to be garbage collected
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- a variable or a list of variables
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.assumptions import assumptions
+            sage: symbols_copy = SR.symbols.copy()
+            sage: assumptions_copy = assumptions().copy()
+            sage: x = SR.temp_var(domain='real')
+            sage: SR.cleanup_var(x)
+            sage: symbols_copy == SR.symbols
+            True
+            sage: assumptions_copy == assumptions()
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.assumptions import assumptions
+        if isinstance(symbol, (list, tuple)):
+            for s in symbol:
+                self.cleanup_var(s)
+        else:
+            try:
+                name = self._repr_element_(symbol)
+                del self.symbols[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            for asm in assumptions():
+                if asm.has(symbol):
+                    asm.forget()
+
+    def var(self, name, latex_name=None, n=None, domain=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a symbolic variable as an element of the symbolic ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string or list of strings with the name(s) of the symbolic variable(s)
+
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (optional) string used when printing in latex mode, if not specified use ``'name'``
+
+        - ``n`` -- (optional) positive integer; number of symbolic variables, indexed from `0` to `n-1`
+
+        - ``domain`` -- (optional) specify the domain of the variable(s); it is None
+          by default, and possible options are (non-exhaustive list, see note below):
+          ``'real'``, ``'complex'``, ``'positive'``, ``'integer'`` and ``'noninteger'``
+
+        OUTPUT: symbolic expression or tuple of symbolic expressions
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            This function does not inject the variable(s) into the global namespace.
+            For that purpose see :meth:`var()<sage.calculus.var.var>`.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            For a comprehensive list of acceptable features type ``'maxima('features')'``,
+            and see also the documentation of :ref:`sage.symbolic.assumptions`.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Create a variable `zz`::
+
+            sage: zz = SR.var('zz'); zz
+            zz
+
+        The return type is a symbolic expression::
+
+            sage: type(zz)
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+        We can specify the domain as well::
+
+            sage: zz = SR.var('zz', domain='real')
+            sage: zz.is_real()
+            True
+
+        The real domain is also set with the integer domain::
+
+            sage: SR.var('x', domain='integer').is_real()
+            True
+
+        The ``name`` argument does not have to match the left-hand side variable::
+
+            sage: t = SR.var('theta2'); t
+            theta2
+
+        Automatic indexing is available as well::
+
+            sage: x = SR.var('x', 4)
+            sage: x[0], x[3]
+            (x0, x3)
+            sage: sum(x)
+            x0 + x1 + x2 + x3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: var(' x y  z    ')
+            (x, y, z)
+            sage: var(' x  ,  y ,  z    ')
+            (x, y, z)
+            sage: var(' ')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: You need to specify the name of the new variable.
+
+            var(['x', 'y ', ' z '])
+            (x, y, z)
+            var(['x,y'])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: The name "x,y" is not a valid Python identifier.
+
+        Check that :issue:`17206` is fixed::
+
+            sage: var1 = var('var1', latex_name=r'\sigma^2_1'); latex(var1)
+            {\sigma^2_1}
+
+        The number of variables should be an integer greater or equal than 1::
+
+            sage: SR.var('K', -273)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the number of variables should be a positive integer
+
+        The argument ``n`` can only handle a single variable::
+
+            sage: SR.var('x y', 4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: cannot specify n for multiple symbol names
+
+        Check that :issue:`28353` is fixed: Constructions that suggest multiple
+        variables but actually only give one variable name return a 1-tuple::
+
+            sage: SR.var(['x'])
+            (x,)
+            sage: SR.var('x,')
+            (x,)
+            sage: SR.var(['x'], n=4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: cannot specify n for multiple symbol names
+        """
+        if isinstance(name, Expression):
+            return name
+        if not isinstance(name, (str, list, tuple)):
+            name = repr(name)
+
+        is_multiple = False
+
+        if isinstance(name, (list, tuple)):
+            names_list = [s.strip() for s in name]
+            is_multiple = True
+        else:
+            name = name.strip()
+            if ',' in name:
+                names_list = [s.strip() for s in name.split(',') if s.strip()]
+                is_multiple = True
+            elif ' ' in name:
+                names_list = [s.strip() for s in name.split()]
+                is_multiple = True
+            else:
+                names_list = [name] if name else []
+
+        for s in names_list:
+            if not isidentifier(s):
+                raise ValueError(f'The name "{s}" is not a valid Python identifier.')
+            # warn on bad symbol names, but only once
+            # symbol... names are temporary variables created with
+            #   SR.temp_var
+            # _symbol... names are used in the conversion of
+            #   derivatives of symbolic functions to maxima and other
+            #   external libraries
+            if self.symbols.get(s) is None and ((s.startswith('symbol') and s[6:].isdigit()) or (s.startswith('_symbol') and s[7:].isdigit())):
+                import warnings
+                warnings.warn(f'The name "{name}" may clash with names used internally in sagemath. It is recommended to choose a different name for your variable.')
+
+        formatted_latex_name = None
+        if latex_name is not None and n is None:
+            try:
+                n = operator.index(latex_name)
+                latex_name = None
+            except TypeError:
+                formatted_latex_name = '{{{0}}}'.format(latex_name)
+
+        if not names_list:
+            raise ValueError('You need to specify the name of the new variable.')
+
+        if is_multiple:
+            if latex_name is not None:
+                raise ValueError("cannot specify latex_name for multiple symbol names")
+            if n is not None:
+                raise ValueError("cannot specify n for multiple symbol names")
+            return tuple([self.symbol(s, domain=domain) for s in names_list])
+        else:
+            if n is not None:
+                if n > 0:
+                    name = [name + str(i) for i in range(n)]
+                    if latex_name is None:
+                        return tuple([self.symbol(name[i], domain=domain) for i in range(n)])
+                    else:
+                        formatted_latex_name = ['{{{}}}_{{{}}}'.format(latex_name, str(i)) for i in range(n)]
+                        return tuple([self.symbol(name[i], latex_name=formatted_latex_name[i], domain=domain) for i in range(n)])
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("the number of variables should be a positive integer")
+            else:
+                return self.symbol(name, latex_name=formatted_latex_name, domain=domain)
+
+    def _repr_element_(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of the expression ``x``.
+
+        This is used so that subclasses of :class:`SymbolicRing` (such as a
+        :class:`~sage.symbolic.callable.CallableSymbolicExpressionRing`)
+        can provide their own implementations of how to print expressions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: SR._repr_element_(x+2)
+            'x + 2'
+        """
+        return _repr_Expression(x)
+
+    def _latex_element_(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Return the standard LaTeX version of the expression ``x``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: latex(sin(x+2))
+            \sin\left(x + 2\right)
+            sage: latex(var('theta') + 2)
+            \theta + 2
+        """
+        return _latex_Expression(x)
+
+    def _call_element_(self, _the_element, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: x, y = var('x,y')
+            sage: f = x+y
+            sage: f.variables()
+            (x, y)
+            sage: f()
+            x + y
+            sage: f(3)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+            sage: f(x=3)
+            y + 3
+            sage: f(3, 4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+            sage: f(x=3, y=4)
+            7
+            sage: f(2, 3, 4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+            sage: f(x=2, y=3, z=4)
+            5
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: f({x: 3})
+            y + 3
+            sage: f({x: 3, y: 4})
+            7
+            sage: f(x=3)
+            y + 3
+            sage: f(x=3, y=4)
+            7
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: a = (2^(8/9))
+            sage: a(4)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+
+        Note that the application of arguments to a function defined using `function`
+        creates an ordinary expression, not a callable symbolic expression.  Hence,
+        calling this expression using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+        leads to an error::
+
+            sage: f = function('Gamma')(var('z'), var('w')); f
+            Gamma(z, w)
+            sage: f(2)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+            sage: f(2,5)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Substitution using function-call syntax and unnamed arguments
+            has been removed. You can use named arguments instead, like EXPR(x=..., y=...)
+
+        Thus, it is better to be explicit::
+
+            sage: f(z=2)
+            Gamma(2, w)
+        """
+        if not args:
+            d = None
+        elif len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], dict):
+            d = args[0]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Substitution using function-call syntax "
+                            "and unnamed arguments has been removed. You "
+                            "can use named arguments instead, like "
+                            "EXPR(x=..., y=...)")
+        return _the_element.subs(d, **kwds)
+
+    def subring(self, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Create a subring of this symbolic ring.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        Choose one of the following keywords to create a subring.
+
+        - ``accepting_variables`` -- (default: ``None``) a tuple or other
+          iterable of variables. If specified, then a symbolic subring of
+          expressions in only these variables is created.
+
+        - ``rejecting_variables`` -- (default: ``None``) a tuple or other
+          iterable of variables. If specified, then a symbolic subring of
+          expressions in variables distinct to these variables is
+          created.
+
+        - ``no_variables`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if set,
+          then a symbolic subring of constant expressions (i.e.,
+          expressions without a variable) is created.
+
+        OUTPUT: a ring
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Let us create a couple of symbolic variables first::
+
+            sage: V = var('a, b, r, s, x, y')
+
+        Now we create a symbolic subring only accepting expressions in
+        the variables `a` and `b`::
+
+            sage: A = SR.subring(accepting_variables=(a, b)); A
+            Symbolic Subring accepting the variables a, b
+
+        An element is
+        ::
+
+            sage: A.an_element()
+            a
+
+        From our variables in `V` the following are valid in `A`::
+
+            sage: tuple(v for v in V if v in A)
+            (a, b)
+
+        Next, we create a symbolic subring rejecting expressions with
+        given variables::
+
+            sage: R = SR.subring(rejecting_variables=(r, s)); R
+            Symbolic Subring rejecting the variables r, s
+
+        An element is
+        ::
+
+            sage: R.an_element()
+            some_variable
+
+        From our variables in `V` the following are valid in `R`::
+
+            sage: tuple(v for v in V if v in R)
+            (a, b, x, y)
+
+        We have a third kind of subring, namely the subring of
+        symbolic constants::
+
+            sage: C = SR.subring(no_variables=True); C
+            Symbolic Constants Subring
+
+        Note that this subring can be considered as a special accepting
+        subring; one without any variables.
+
+        An element is
+        ::
+
+            sage: C.an_element()
+            I*pi*e
+
+        None of our variables in `V` is valid in `C`::
+
+            sage: tuple(v for v in V if v in C)
+            ()
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :doc:`subring`
+        """
+        if self is not SR:
+            raise NotImplementedError('cannot create subring of %s' % (self,))
+        from sage.symbolic.subring import SymbolicSubring
+        return SymbolicSubring(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def _fricas_init_(self):
+        """
+        Return a FriCAS representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: fricas(SR)          # indirect doctest, optional - fricas
+            Expression(Integer)
+        """
+        return 'Expression Integer'
+
+
+SR = SymbolicRing()
+
+
+cdef class NumpyToSRMorphism(Morphism):
+    r"""
+    A morphism from numpy types to the symbolic ring.
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    We check that :issue:`8949` and :issue:`9769` are fixed (see also :issue:`18076`)::
+
+        sage: # needs numpy
+        sage: import numpy
+        sage: if int(numpy.version.short_version[0]) > 1:
+        ....:     _ = numpy.set_printoptions(legacy="1.25")
+        sage: f(x) = x^2
+        sage: f(numpy.int8('2'))
+        4
+        sage: f(numpy.int32('3'))
+        9
+
+    Note that the answer is a Sage integer and not a numpy type::
+
+        sage: a = f(numpy.int8('2')).pyobject()                                         # needs numpy
+        sage: type(a)                                                                   # needs numpy
+        <class 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+
+    This behavior also applies to standard functions::
+
+        sage: cos(int('2'))
+        cos(2)
+        sage: numpy.cos(int('2'))                                                       # needs numpy
+        -0.4161468365471424
+    """
+    cdef _intermediate_ring
+
+    def __init__(self, numpy_type):
+        """
+        A Morphism which constructs Expressions from NumPy floats and
+        complexes by converting them to elements of either RDF or CDF.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``numpy_type`` -- a numpy number type
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs numpy
+            sage: import numpy
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.ring import NumpyToSRMorphism
+            sage: f = NumpyToSRMorphism(numpy.float64)
+            sage: f(numpy.float64('2.0'))
+            2.0
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+
+            sage: NumpyToSRMorphism(str)                                                # needs numpy
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: <... 'str'> is not a numpy number type
+        """
+        Morphism.__init__(self, numpy_type, SR)
+
+        import numpy
+        if issubclass(numpy_type, numpy.integer):
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            self._intermediate_ring = ZZ
+        elif issubclass(numpy_type, numpy.floating):
+            from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+            self._intermediate_ring = RDF
+        elif issubclass(numpy_type, numpy.complexfloating):
+            from sage.rings.complex_double import CDF
+            self._intermediate_ring = CDF
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a numpy number type".format(numpy_type))
+
+    cpdef Element _call_(self, a):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        This should be called when coercing or converting a NumPy
+        float or complex to the Symbolic Ring::
+
+            sage: # needs numpy
+            sage: import numpy
+            sage: SR(numpy.int32('1')).pyobject().parent()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: SR(numpy.int64('-2')).pyobject().parent()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: SR(numpy.float16('1')).pyobject().parent()
+            Real Double Field
+            sage: SR(numpy.float64('2.0')).pyobject().parent()
+            Real Double Field
+            sage: SR(numpy.complex64(1jr)).pyobject().parent()
+            Complex Double Field
+        """
+        return new_Expression_from_pyobject(self.codomain(), self._intermediate_ring(a), True)
+
+
+cdef class UnderscoreSageMorphism(Morphism):
+    def __init__(self, t, R):
+        """
+        A Morphism which constructs Expressions from an arbitrary Python
+        object by calling the :meth:`_sage_` method on the object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sympy
+            sage: import sympy
+            sage: from sage.symbolic.ring import UnderscoreSageMorphism
+            sage: b = sympy.var('b')
+            sage: f = UnderscoreSageMorphism(type(b), SR)
+            sage: f(b)
+            b
+            sage: _.parent()
+            Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        import sage.categories.homset
+        from sage.sets.pythonclass import Set_PythonType
+        Morphism.__init__(self, sage.categories.homset.Hom(Set_PythonType(t), R))
+        from sage.interfaces.sympy import sympy_init
+        sympy_init()
+
+    cpdef Element _call_(self, a):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        This should be called when coercing or converting a SymPy
+        object to the Symbolic Ring::
+
+            sage: import sympy                                                          # needs sympy
+            sage: b = sympy.var('b')                                                    # needs sympy
+            sage: bool(SR(b) == SR(b._sage_()))                                         # needs sympy
+            True
+        """
+        return self.codomain()(a._sage_())
+
+
+def the_SymbolicRing():
+    """
+    Return the unique symbolic ring object.
+
+    (This is mainly used for unpickling.)
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: sage.symbolic.ring.the_SymbolicRing()
+        Symbolic Ring
+        sage: sage.symbolic.ring.the_SymbolicRing() is sage.symbolic.ring.the_SymbolicRing()
+        True
+        sage: sage.symbolic.ring.the_SymbolicRing() is SR
+        True
+    """
+    return SR
+
+
+def var(name, **kwds):
+    """
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.symbolic.ring import var
+        sage: var("x y z")
+        (x, y, z)
+        sage: var("x,y,z")
+        (x, y, z)
+        sage: var("x , y , z")
+        (x, y, z)
+        sage: var("z")
+        z
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    These examples test that variables can only be made from valid
+    identifiers.  See :issue:`7496` (and :issue:`9724`) for details::
+
+        sage: var(' ')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: You need to specify the name of the new variable.
+        sage: var('3')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: The name "3" is not a valid Python identifier.
+    """
+    return SR.var(name, **kwds)
+
+
+def isidentifier(x):
+    """
+    Return whether ``x`` is a valid identifier.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``x`` -- string
+
+    OUTPUT: boolean; whether the string ``x`` can be used as a variable name
+
+    This function should return ``False`` for keywords, so we can not
+    just use the ``isidentifier`` method of strings,
+    because, for example, it returns ``True`` for "def" and for "None".
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.symbolic.ring import isidentifier
+        sage: isidentifier('x')
+        True
+        sage: isidentifier(' x')   # can't start with space
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('ceci_n_est_pas_une_pipe')
+        True
+        sage: isidentifier('1 + x')
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('2good')
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('good2')
+        True
+        sage: isidentifier('lambda s:s+1')
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('None')
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('lambda')
+        False
+        sage: isidentifier('def')
+        False
+    """
+    if x in KEYWORDS:
+        return False
+    return x.isidentifier()
+
+
+class TemporaryVariables(tuple):
+    """
+    Instances of this class can be used with Python `with` to
+    automatically clean up after themselves.
+    """
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: symbols_copy = SR.symbols.copy()
+            sage: with SR.temp_var(n=2) as temp_vars: pass
+            sage: symbols_copy == SR.symbols
+            True
+        """
+        SR.cleanup_var(self)
+        return False