passagemath-symbolics 10.8.1a1__cp314-cp314t-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl

sage/manifolds/continuous_map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2183 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Continuous Maps Between Topological Manifolds
+
+:class:`ContinuousMap` implements continuous maps from a topological
+manifold `M` to some topological manifold `N` over the same topological
+field `K` as `M`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- Chap. 1 of [KN1963]_
+- [Lee2011]_
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2019 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#       Copyright (C) 2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#       Copyright (C) 2018 Florentin Jaffredo <florentin.jaffredo@polytechnique.edu>
+#       Copyright (C) 2020 Michael Jung <micjung@uni-potsdam.de>
+#       Copyright (C) 2021 Matthias Koeppe <mkoeppe@math.ucdavis.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.homset import Hom
+from sage.categories.morphism import Morphism
+
+
+class ContinuousMap(Morphism):
+    r"""
+    Continuous map between two topological manifolds.
+
+    This class implements continuous maps of the type
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \Phi: M \longrightarrow N,
+
+    where `M` and `N` are topological manifolds over the same
+    topological field `K`.
+
+    Continuous maps are the morphisms of the category of topological
+    manifolds. The set of all continuous maps from `M` to `N` is
+    therefore the homset between `M` and `N`, which is denoted
+    by `\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)`.
+
+    The class :class:`ContinuousMap` is a Sage *element* class,
+    whose *parent* class is
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold_homset.TopologicalManifoldHomset`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- homset `\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)` to which the continuous
+      map belongs
+    - ``coord_functions`` -- dictionary of the coordinate expressions
+      (as lists or tuples of the coordinates of the image expressed in
+      terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the pairs
+      of charts ``(chart1, chart2)`` as keys (``chart1`` being a chart
+      on `M` and ``chart2`` a chart on `N`)
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to ``self``
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+      continuous map; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to
+      ``name``
+    - ``is_isomorphism`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+      constructed object is a isomorphism (i.e. a homeomorphism). If set to
+      ``True``, then the manifolds `M` and `N` must have the same dimension.
+    - ``is_identity`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+      constructed object is the identity map. If set to ``True``,
+      then `N` must be `M` and the entry ``coord_functions`` is not used.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If the information passed by means of the argument
+        ``coord_functions`` is not sufficient to fully specify the
+        continuous map, further coordinate expressions, in other charts,
+        can be subsequently added by means of the method :meth:`add_expr`.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The standard embedding of the sphere `S^2` into `\RR^3`::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:                                intersection_name='W',
+        ....:                                restrictions1=x^2+y^2!=0,
+        ....:                                restrictions2=u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: N = Manifold(3, 'R^3', latex_name=r'\RR^3', structure='topological')  # R^3
+        sage: c_cart.<X,Y,Z> = N.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates on R^3
+        sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N,
+        ....:   {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:    (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2), 2*v/(1+u^2+v^2), (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)]},
+        ....:   name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+        sage: Phi
+        Continuous map Phi from the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
+         to the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
+         to 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
+         in Category of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(M, N)
+        True
+        sage: type(Phi)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.manifold_homset.TopologicalManifoldHomset_with_category.element_class'>
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+    It is possible to create the map using
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold.continuous_map`
+    with only in a single pair of charts. The argument ``coord_functions``
+    is then a mere list of coordinate expressions (and not a dictionary)
+    and the arguments ``chart1`` and ``chart2`` have to be provided if
+    the charts differ from the default ones on the domain and/or codomain::
+
+        sage: Phi1 = M.continuous_map(N, [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:                         chart1=c_xy, chart2=c_cart,
+        ....:                         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+
+    Since ``c_xy`` and ``c_cart`` are the default charts on respectively
+    ``M`` and ``N``, they can be omitted, so that the above declaration
+    is equivalent to::
+
+        sage: Phi1 = M.continuous_map(N, [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:                         name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+
+    With such a declaration, the continuous map ``Phi1`` is only partially
+    defined on the manifold `S^2` as it is known in only one chart::
+
+        sage: Phi1.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    The definition can be completed by using :meth:`add_expr`::
+
+        sage: Phi1.add_expr(c_uv, c_cart, [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2), 2*v/(1+u^2+v^2), (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)])
+        sage: Phi1.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+    At this stage, ``Phi1`` and ``Phi`` are fully equivalent::
+
+        sage: Phi1 == Phi
+        True
+
+    The map acts on points::
+
+        sage: np = M.point((0,0), chart=c_uv)  # the North pole
+        sage: Phi(np)
+        Point on the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
+        sage: Phi(np).coord()  # Cartesian coordinates
+        (0, 0, 1)
+        sage: sp = M.point((0,0), chart=c_xy)  # the South pole
+        sage: Phi(sp).coord()  # Cartesian coordinates
+        (0, 0, -1)
+
+    The test suite is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(Phi).run()
+        sage: TestSuite(Phi1).run()
+
+    Continuous maps can be composed by means of the operator ``*``.
+    Let us introduce the map `\RR^3 \to \RR^2` corresponding to
+    the projection from the point `(X, Y, Z) = (0, 0, 1)` onto the
+    equatorial plane `Z = 0`::
+
+        sage: P = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological') # R^2 (equatorial plane)
+        sage: cP.<xP, yP> = P.chart()
+        sage: Psi = N.continuous_map(P, (X/(1-Z), Y/(1-Z)), name='Psi',
+        ....:                      latex_name=r'\Psi')
+        sage: Psi
+        Continuous map Psi from the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
+         to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: Psi.display()
+        Psi: R^3 → R^2
+           (X, Y, Z) ↦ (xP, yP) = (-X/(Z - 1), -Y/(Z - 1))
+
+    Then we compose ``Psi`` with ``Phi``, thereby getting a map
+    `S^2 \to \RR^2`::
+
+        sage: ster = Psi * Phi ; ster
+        Continuous map from the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
+         to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+
+    Let us test on the South pole (``sp``) that ``ster`` is indeed the
+    composite of ``Psi`` and ``Phi``::
+
+        sage: ster(sp) == Psi(Phi(sp))
+        True
+
+    Actually ``ster`` is the stereographic projection from the North pole,
+    as its coordinate expression reveals::
+
+        sage: ster.display()
+        S^2 → R^2
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (xP, yP) = (x, y)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (xP, yP) = (u/(u^2 + v^2), v/(u^2 + v^2))
+
+    If the codomain of a continuous map is 1-dimensional, the map can
+    be defined by a single symbolic expression for each pair of charts
+    and not by a list/tuple with a single element::
+
+        sage: N = Manifold(1, 'N', structure='topological')
+        sage: c_N = N.chart('X')
+        sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N, {(c_xy, c_N): x^2+y^2,
+        ....:                            (c_uv, c_N): 1/(u^2+v^2)})
+
+        sage: Psi = M.continuous_map(N, {(c_xy, c_N): [x^2+y^2],
+        ....:                            (c_uv, c_N): [1/(u^2+v^2)]})
+        sage: Phi == Psi
+        True
+
+    Next we construct an example of continuous map `\RR \to \RR^2`::
+
+        sage: R = Manifold(1, 'R', structure='topological')  # field R
+        sage: T.<t> = R.chart()  # canonical chart on R
+        sage: R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')  # R^2
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = R2.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+        sage: Phi = R.continuous_map(R2, [cos(t), sin(t)], name='Phi'); Phi
+        Continuous map Phi from the 1-dimensional topological manifold R
+         to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from 1-dimensional topological manifold R
+         to 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+         in Category of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(R, R2)
+        True
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: R → R^2
+           t ↦ (x, y) = (cos(t), sin(t))
+
+    An example of homeomorphism between the unit open disk and the
+    Euclidean plane `\RR^2`::
+
+        sage: D = R2.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_xy: x^2+y^2<1}) # the open unit disk
+        sage: Phi = D.homeomorphism(R2, [x/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2), y/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2)],
+        ....:                       name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+        sage: Phi
+        Homeomorphism Phi from the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional
+         topological manifold R^2 to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological
+         manifold R^2 to 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2 in Category of
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(D, R2)
+        True
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: D → R^2
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1))
+
+    The image of a point::
+
+        sage: p = D.point((1/2,0))
+        sage: q = Phi(p) ; q
+        Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: q.coord()
+        (1/3*sqrt(3), 0)
+
+    The inverse homeomorphism is computed by :meth:`inverse`::
+
+        sage: Phi.inverse()
+        Homeomorphism Phi^(-1) from the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+         to the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.inverse().display()
+        Phi^(-1): R^2 → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    Equivalently, one may use the notations ``^(-1)`` or ``~`` to
+    get the inverse::
+
+        sage: Phi^(-1) is Phi.inverse()
+        True
+        sage: ~Phi is Phi.inverse()
+        True
+
+    Check that ``~Phi`` is indeed the inverse of ``Phi``::
+
+        sage: (~Phi)(q) == p
+        True
+        sage: Phi * ~Phi == R2.identity_map()
+        True
+        sage: ~Phi * Phi == D.identity_map()
+        True
+
+    The coordinate expression of the inverse homeomorphism::
+
+        sage: (~Phi).display()
+        Phi^(-1): R^2 → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    A special case of homeomorphism: the identity map of the open unit disk::
+
+        sage: id = D.identity_map() ; id
+        Identity map Id_D of the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological
+         manifold R^2
+        sage: latex(id)
+        \mathrm{Id}_{D}
+        sage: id.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological
+         manifold R^2 to Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological
+         manifold R^2 in Join of Category of subobjects of sets and Category of
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: id.parent() is Hom(D, D)
+        True
+        sage: id is Hom(D,D).one()  # the identity element of the monoid Hom(D,D)
+        True
+
+    The identity map acting on a point::
+
+        sage: id(p)
+        Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+        sage: id(p) == p
+        True
+        sage: id(p) is p
+        True
+
+    The coordinate expression of the identity map::
+
+        sage: id.display()
+        Id_D: D → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+
+    The identity map is its own inverse::
+
+        sage: id^(-1) is id
+        True
+        sage: ~id is id
+        True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent,
+        coord_functions=None,
+        name=None,
+        latex_name=None,
+        is_isomorphism=False,
+        is_identity=False,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y, x*y, x-y)}, name='f') ; f
+            Continuous map f from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 3-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (x + y, x*y, x - y)
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+
+        The identity map::
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({}, is_identity=True) ; f
+            Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f.display()
+            Id_M: M → M
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        Morphism.__init__(self, parent)
+        domain = parent.domain()
+        codomain = parent.codomain()
+        self._domain = domain
+        self._codomain = codomain
+        # dict. of coordinate expressions of the
+        # map:
+        # - key: pair of charts
+        # - value: instance of MultiCoordFunction
+        self._coord_expression = {}
+        self._is_isomorphism = False  # default value; may be redefined below
+        self._is_identity = False  # default value; may be redefined below
+        if is_identity:
+            # Construction of the identity map
+            self._is_identity = True
+            self._is_isomorphism = True
+            if domain != codomain:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "the domain and codomain must coincide for the identity map"
+                )
+            if name is None:
+                name = 'Id_' + domain._name
+            if latex_name is None:
+                latex_name = r'\mathrm{Id}_{' + domain._latex_name + r'}'
+            self._name = name
+            self._latex_name = latex_name
+            for chart in domain.atlas():
+                coord_funct = chart[:]
+                self._coord_expression[(chart, chart)] = chart.multifunction(
+                    *coord_funct
+                )
+        else:
+            # Construction of a generic continuous map
+            if is_isomorphism:
+                self._is_isomorphism = True
+                if domain.dim() != codomain.dim():
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "for an isomorphism, the source"
+                        " manifold and target manifold must"
+                        " have the same dimension"
+                    )
+            if coord_functions is not None:
+                n2 = self._codomain.dim()
+                for chart_pair, expression in coord_functions.items():
+                    if chart_pair[0] not in self._domain.atlas():
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "{} is not a chart ".format(chart_pair[0])
+                            + "defined on the {}".format(self._domain)
+                        )
+                    if chart_pair[1] not in self._codomain.atlas():
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "{} is not a chart ".format(chart_pair[1])
+                            + "defined on the {}".format(self._codomain)
+                        )
+                    if n2 == 1:
+                        # a single expression entry is allowed
+                        if not isinstance(expression, (tuple, list)):
+                            expression = (expression,)
+                    if len(expression) != n2:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "{} coordinate ".format(n2) + "functions must be provided"
+                        )
+                    self._coord_expression[chart_pair] = chart_pair[0].multifunction(
+                        *expression
+                    )
+            self._name = name
+            if latex_name is None:
+                self._latex_name = self._name
+            else:
+                self._latex_name = latex_name
+        self._init_derived()  # initialization of derived quantities
+
+    #
+    # SageObject methods
+    #
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x*y)})
+            sage: f
+            Continuous map from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x*y)}, name='f')
+            sage: f
+            Continuous map f from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x-y)}, name='f', is_isomorphism=True)
+            sage: f
+            Homeomorphism f from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({(X,X): (x+y,x-y)}, name='f', is_isomorphism=True)
+            sage: f
+            Homeomorphism f of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({}, name='f', is_identity=True)
+            sage: f
+            Identity map f of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return "Identity map {} of the {}".format(self._name, self._domain)
+        if self._is_isomorphism:
+            description = "Homeomorphism"
+        else:
+            description = "Continuous map"
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += " " + self._name
+        if self._domain == self._codomain:
+            if self._is_isomorphism:
+                description += " of the {}".format(self._domain)
+            else:
+                description += " from the {} to itself".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += " from the {} to the {}".format(self._domain, self._codomain)
+        return description
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({(X,X): (x+y,x*y)}, name='f')
+            sage: latex(f)
+            f
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({(X,X): (x+y,x*y)}, name='f', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: latex(f)
+            \Phi
+        """
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            return r'\text{' + str(self) + r'}'
+        else:
+            return self._latex_name
+
+    #
+    # Hash and equality
+    #
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Hash function.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): (x+y,x*y)})
+            sage: hash(f) == f.__hash__()
+            True
+
+        Let us check that ``f`` can be used as a dictionary key::
+
+            sage: {f: 1}[f]
+            1
+        """
+        return hash((self._domain, self._codomain))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Comparison (equality) operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a :class:`ContinuousMap`
+
+        OUTPUT: ``True`` if ``self`` is equal to ``other`` and ``False`` otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 2*x*y*z]}, name='f')
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 2*x*y*z]}, name='g')
+            sage: f == g
+            True
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 1]}, name='g')
+            sage: f == g
+            False
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            return False
+        if self.parent() != other.parent():
+            return False
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return other.is_identity()
+        if other._is_identity:
+            return self.is_identity()
+        for charts, coord_functions in self._coord_expression.items():
+            try:
+                if coord_functions.expr() != other.expr(*charts):
+                    return False
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Inequality operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a :class:`ContinuousMap`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - ``True`` if ``self`` is different from ``other`` and
+          ``False`` otherwise
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 2*x*y*z]}, name='f')
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 2*x*y*z]}, name='g')
+            sage: f != g
+            False
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): [x+y+z, 1]}, name='g')
+            sage: f != g
+            True
+        """
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    #
+    # Map methods
+    #
+
+    def _call_(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Compute the image of a point by ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.TopologicalManifoldPoint`;
+          point in the domain of ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT: image of the point by ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Planar rotation acting on a point::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological') # Euclidean plane
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates
+
+        A pi/3 rotation around the origin defined in Cartesian coordinates::
+
+            sage: rot = M.continuous_map(M, ((x - sqrt(3)*y)/2, (sqrt(3)*x + y)/2),
+            ....:                        name='R')
+            sage: p = M.point((1,2), name='p')
+            sage: q = rot(p) ; q
+            Point R(p) on the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: q.coord()
+            (-sqrt(3) + 1/2, 1/2*sqrt(3) + 1)
+
+        Image computed after some change of coordinates::
+
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = M.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') # spherical coord. on the plane
+            sage: ch = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart, [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)])
+            sage: p1 = M.point((sqrt(5), arctan(2)), chart=c_spher) # p1 is defined only in terms of c_spher
+            sage: q1 = rot(p1) # but the computation of the action of rot is still possible
+            sage: q1 == q
+            True
+
+        Image computed by means of spherical coordinates::
+
+            sage: rot.add_expr(c_spher, c_spher, (r, ph+pi/3)) # now rot is known in terms of c_spher
+            sage: p2 = M.point((sqrt(5), arctan(2)), chart=c_spher)
+            sage: q2 = rot(p2) # computation on c_spher
+            sage: q2 == q
+            True
+        """
+        # NB: checking that ``point`` belongs to the map's domain has been
+        # already performed by Map.__call__(); this check is therefore not
+        # repeated here.
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return point
+        chart1, chart2 = None, None
+        for chart in point._coordinates:
+            for chart_pair in self._coord_expression:
+                if chart_pair[0] is chart:
+                    chart1 = chart
+                    chart2 = chart_pair[1]
+                    break
+            if chart1 is not None:
+                break
+        else:
+            # attempt to perform a change of coordinate on the point
+            for chart_pair in self._coord_expression:
+                try:
+                    point.coord(chart_pair[0])
+                    chart1, chart2 = chart_pair
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+                if chart1 is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "no pair of charts has been found to "
+                    + "compute the action of the {} on the {}".format(self, point)
+                )
+        coord_map = self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+        y = coord_map(*(point._coordinates[chart1]))
+        if point._name is None or self._name is None:
+            res_name = None
+        else:
+            res_name = self._name + '(' + point._name + ')'
+        if point._latex_name is None or self._latex_name is None:
+            res_latex_name = None
+        else:
+            res_latex_name = (
+                self._latex_name + r'\left(' + point._latex_name + r'\right)'
+            )
+        # The image point is created as an element of the domain of chart2:
+        dom2 = chart2.domain()
+        return dom2.element_class(
+            dom2,
+            coords=y,
+            chart=chart2,
+            name=res_name,
+            latex_name=res_latex_name,
+            check_coords=False,
+        )
+
+    #
+    # Morphism methods
+    #
+
+    def is_identity(self):
+        r"""
+        Check whether ``self`` is an identity map.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Tests on continuous maps of a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: M.identity_map().is_identity()  # obviously...
+            True
+            sage: Hom(M, M).one().is_identity()  # a variant of the obvious
+            True
+            sage: a = M.continuous_map(M, coord_functions={(X,X): (x, y)})
+            sage: a.is_identity()
+            True
+            sage: a = M.continuous_map(M, coord_functions={(X,X): (x, y+1)})
+            sage: a.is_identity()
+            False
+
+        Of course, if the codomain of the map does not coincide with its
+        domain, the outcome is ``False``::
+
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: a = M.continuous_map(N, {(X,Y): (x, y)})
+            sage: a.display()
+            M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v) = (x, y)
+            sage: a.is_identity()
+            False
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return True
+        if self._codomain != self._domain:
+            return False
+        for chart in self._domain._top_charts:
+            try:
+                if chart[:] != self.expr(chart, chart):
+                    return False
+            except ValueError:
+                return False
+        # If this point is reached, ``self`` must be the identity:
+        self._is_identity = True
+        return True
+
+    def _composition_(self, other, homset):
+        r"""
+        Composition of ``self`` with another morphism.
+
+        The composition is performed on the right, i.e. the returned
+        morphism is ``self * other``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a continuous map whose codomain is the domain
+          of ``self``
+        - ``homset`` -- the homset of the continuous map ``self*other``;
+          this argument is required to follow the prototype of
+          :meth:`~sage.categories.map.Map._composition_` and is determined by
+          :meth:`~sage.categories.map.Map._composition` (single underscore),
+          that is supposed to call the current method
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap` that is
+          the composite map ``self * other``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: Q = Manifold(4, 'Q', structure='topological')
+            sage: Z.<a,b,c,d> = Q.chart()
+            sage: f = N.continuous_map(Q, [u+v, u*v, 1+u, 2-v])
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(N, [x+y+z, x*y*z])
+            sage: s = f._composition_(g, Hom(M,Q)); s
+            Continuous map from the 3-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 4-dimensional topological manifold Q
+            sage: s.display()
+            M → Q
+               (x, y, z) ↦ (a, b, c, d) = ((x*y + 1)*z + x + y, x*y*z^2 + (x^2*y + x*y^2)*z, x + y + z + 1, -x*y*z + 2)
+            sage: s == f*g
+            True
+        """
+        # This method is invoked by Map._composition (single underscore),
+        # which is itself invoked by Map.__mul__ . The latter performs the
+        # check other._codomain == self._domain. There is therefore no need
+        # to perform it here.
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return other
+        if other._is_identity:
+            return self
+        resu_funct = {}
+        for chart1 in other._domain._top_charts:
+            for chart2 in self._domain._top_charts:
+                for chart3 in self._codomain._top_charts:
+                    try:
+                        self23 = self.coord_functions(chart2, chart3)
+                        resu_funct[(chart1, chart3)] = self23(
+                            *other.expr(chart1, chart2), simplify=True
+                        )
+                    except ValueError:
+                        pass
+        return homset(resu_funct)
+
+    def image(self, subset=None, inverse=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the image of ``self`` or the image of ``subset`` under ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``inverse`` -- (default: ``None``) continuous map from
+          ``map.codomain()`` to ``map.domain()``, which once restricted to the image
+          of `\Phi` is the inverse of `\Phi` onto its image if the latter
+          exists (NB: no check of this is performed)
+        - ``subset`` -- (default: the domain of ``map``) a subset of the domain of
+          ``self``
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: N = Manifold(1, 'N', ambient=M, structure='topological')
+            sage: CM.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: CN.<u> = N.chart(coord_restrictions=lambda u: [u > -1, u < 1])
+            sage: Phi = N.continuous_map(M, {(CN,CM): [u, u^2]}, name='Phi')
+            sage: Phi.image()
+            Image of the Continuous map Phi
+              from the 1-dimensional topological submanifold N
+                immersed in the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+              to the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+
+            sage: S = N.subset('S')
+            sage: Phi_S = Phi.image(S); Phi_S
+            Image of the Subset S of the
+             1-dimensional topological submanifold N
+              immersed in the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             under the Continuous map Phi
+              from the 1-dimensional topological submanifold N
+               immersed in the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: Phi_S.is_subset(M)
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.continuous_map_image import ImageManifoldSubset
+
+        if self._is_identity:
+            if subset is None:
+                return self.domain()
+            else:
+                return subset
+        return ImageManifoldSubset(self, inverse=inverse, domain_subset=subset)
+
+    def preimage(self, codomain_subset, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the preimage of ``codomain_subset`` under ``self``.
+
+        An alias is :meth:`pullback`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``codomain_subset`` -- an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset`
+        - ``name`` -- string; name (symbol) given to the subset
+        - ``latex_name`` -- string (default: ``None``); LaTeX symbol to
+          denote the subset; if none are provided, it is set to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - either a :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold` or
+          a :class:`~sage.manifolds.subsets.pullback.ManifoldSubsetPullback`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = Manifold(1, 'R', structure='topological')  # field R
+            sage: T.<t> = R.chart()  # canonical chart on R
+            sage: R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')  # R^2
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = R2.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: Phi = R.continuous_map(R2, [cos(t), sin(t)], name='Phi'); Phi
+            Continuous map Phi
+             from the 1-dimensional topological manifold R
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Q1 = R2.open_subset('Q1', coord_def={c_xy: [x>0, y>0]}); Q1
+            Open subset Q1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Phi_inv_Q1 = Phi.preimage(Q1); Phi_inv_Q1
+            Subset Phi_inv_Q1 of the 1-dimensional topological manifold R
+            sage: R.point([pi/4]) in Phi_inv_Q1
+            True
+            sage: R.point([0]) in Phi_inv_Q1
+            False
+            sage: R.point([3*pi/4]) in Phi_inv_Q1
+            False
+
+        The identity map is handled specially::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: M.identity_map().preimage(M)
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: M.identity_map().preimage(M) is M
+            True
+
+        Another trivial case::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: D1 = M.open_subset('D1', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<1}) # the open unit disk
+            sage: D2 = M.open_subset('D2', coord_def={X: x^2+y^2<4})
+            sage: f = Hom(D1,D2)({(X.restrict(D1), X.restrict(D2)): (2*x, 2*y)}, name='f')
+            sage: f.preimage(D2)
+            Open subset D1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f.preimage(M)
+            Open subset D1 of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return codomain_subset
+        if self._codomain.is_subset(codomain_subset):
+            return self._domain
+        from sage.manifolds.subsets.pullback import ManifoldSubsetPullback
+
+        return ManifoldSubsetPullback(
+            self, codomain_subset, name=name, latex_name=latex_name
+        )
+
+    pullback = preimage
+
+    #
+    # Monoid methods
+    #
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Composition of ``self`` with another morphism (endomorphism case).
+
+        This applies only when the parent of ``self`` is a monoid, i.e. when
+        ``self`` is an endomorphism of the category of topological manifolds,
+        i.e. a continuous map `M \to M`, where `M` is a topological manifold.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a continuous map whose codomain is the domain
+          of ``self``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap` that
+          is the composite map ``self * other``
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = M.continuous_map(M, [x+y, x*y], name='f')
+            sage: g = M.continuous_map(M, [1-y, 2+x], name='g')
+            sage: s = f._mul_(g); s
+            Continuous map from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to itself
+            sage: s.display()
+            M → M
+               (x, y) ↦ (x - y + 3, -(x + 2)*y + x + 2)
+            sage: s == f*g
+            True
+            sage: f._mul_(M.identity_map()) == f
+            True
+            sage: M.identity_map()._mul_(f) == f
+            True
+        """
+        dom = self._domain
+        return self._composition_(other, Hom(dom, dom))
+
+    #
+    # Other methods
+    #
+
+    def _init_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the derived quantities of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = M.homeomorphism(M, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: f._init_derived()
+            sage: f._restrictions
+            {}
+            sage: f._inverse
+
+        ``_extensions_graph`` and ``_restrictions_graph`` were not originally
+        derived quantities, but this induced a bug when dealing with other
+        derived quantities (see :issue:`26012`)::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: C.<x, y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={C:x>0})
+            sage: g = M.metric('g')
+            sage: g[:] = [[1, 0], [0, 1]]
+            sage: gU = g.restrict(U)
+            sage: g[:] = [[1, 0], [0, 2]]
+            sage: g.inverse()[:]
+            [  1   0]
+            [  0 1/2]
+            sage: g.inverse().restrict(U)[:] # used to be wrong
+            [  1   0]
+            [  0 1/2]
+        """
+        # dict. of restrictions to subdomains of self._domain
+        self._restrictions = {}
+        self._restrictions_graph = {(self._domain, self._codomain): self}
+        # dict. of known extensions of self on bigger domains,
+        # including self, with pairs of domain codomain as keys.
+        # Its elements can be seen as incoming edges on a graph.
+        self._extensions_graph = {(self._domain, self._codomain): self}
+        # dict. of known restrictions of self on smaller domains,
+        # including self, with pairs of domain codomain as keys.
+        # Its elements can be seen as outgoing edges on a graph.
+
+        if self._is_identity:
+            self._inverse = self
+        else:
+            self._inverse = None
+
+    def _del_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Delete the derived quantities of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = M.homeomorphism(M, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: f^(-1)
+            Homeomorphism of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f._inverse  # was set by f^(-1)
+            Homeomorphism of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f._del_derived()
+            sage: f._inverse  # has been set to None by _del_derived()
+        """
+        self._restrictions.clear()
+        self._restrictions_graph = {(self._domain, self._codomain): self}
+        self._extensions_graph = {(self._domain, self._codomain): self}
+        if not self._is_identity:
+            self._inverse = None
+
+    def display(self, chart1=None, chart2=None):
+        r"""
+        Display the expression of ``self`` in one or more pair of charts.
+
+        If the expression is not known already, it is computed from some
+        expression in other charts by means of change-of-coordinate formulas.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the domain of ``self``;
+          if ``None``, the display is performed on all the charts on the
+          domain in which the map is known or computable via some change
+          of coordinates
+        - ``chart2`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the codomain of ``self``;
+          if ``None``, the display is performed on all the charts on the
+          codomain in which the map is known or computable via some change
+          of coordinates
+
+        The output is either text-formatted (console mode) or LaTeX-formatted
+        (notebook mode).
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A simple reparametrization::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = manifolds.RealLine()
+            sage: I = R.open_interval(0, 2*pi)
+            sage: J = R.open_interval(2*pi, 6*pi)
+            sage: h = J.continuous_map(I, ((t-2*pi)/2,), name='h')
+            sage: h.display()
+            h: (2*pi, 6*pi) → (0, 2*pi)
+               t ↦ t = -pi + 1/2*t
+            sage: latex(h.display())
+            \begin{array}{llcl} h:& \left(2 \, \pi, 6 \, \pi\right) &
+             \longrightarrow & \left(0, 2 \, \pi\right) \\ & t & \longmapsto &
+             t = -\pi + \frac{1}{2} \, t \end{array}
+
+        Standard embedding of the sphere `S^2` in `\RR^3`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'R^3', latex_name=r'\RR^3', structure='topological')  # R^3
+            sage: c_cart.<X,Y,Z> = N.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates on R^3
+            sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N,
+            ....:   {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+            ....:    (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2), 2*v/(1+u^2+v^2), (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)]},
+            ....:   name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.display(c_xy, c_cart)
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+            sage: Phi.display(c_uv, c_cart)
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+        The LaTeX output of that embedding is::
+
+            sage: latex(Phi.display(c_xy, c_cart))
+            \begin{array}{llcl} \Phi:& S^2 & \longrightarrow & \RR^3
+             \\ \text{on}\ U : & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto
+             & \left(X, Y, Z\right) = \left(\frac{2 \, x}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1},
+               \frac{2 \, y}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1},
+               \frac{x^{2} + y^{2} - 1}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1}\right)
+             \end{array}
+
+        If the argument ``chart2`` is not specified, the display is performed
+        on all the charts on the codomain in which the map is known
+        or computable via some change of coordinates (here only one chart:
+        ``c_cart``)::
+
+            sage: Phi.display(c_xy)
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+        Similarly, if the argument ``chart1`` is omitted, the display is
+        performed on all the charts on the domain of ``Phi`` in which the
+        map is known or computable via some change of coordinates::
+
+            sage: Phi.display(chart2=c_cart)
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+        If neither ``chart1`` nor ``chart2`` is specified, the display is
+        performed on all the pair of charts in which ``Phi`` is known or
+        computable via some change of coordinates::
+
+            sage: Phi.display()
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+        If a chart covers entirely the map's domain, the mention "on ..."
+        is omitted::
+
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U).display()
+            Phi: U → R^3
+               (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+        A shortcut of ``display()`` is ``disp()``::
+
+            sage: Phi.disp()
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+        Display when SymPy is the symbolic engine::
+
+            sage: M.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+            sage: N.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+            sage: Phi.display(c_xy, c_cart)
+            Phi: S^2 → R^3
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x**2 + y**2 + 1),
+             2*y/(x**2 + y**2 + 1), (x**2 + y**2 - 1)/(x**2 + y**2 + 1))
+            sage: latex(Phi.display(c_xy, c_cart))
+            \begin{array}{llcl} \Phi:& S^2 & \longrightarrow & \RR^3
+             \\ \text{on}\ U : & \left(x, y\right) & \longmapsto
+             & \left(X, Y, Z\right) = \left(\frac{2 x}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1},
+               \frac{2 y}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1},
+               \frac{x^{2} + y^{2} - 1}{x^{2} + y^{2} + 1}\right)
+             \end{array}
+        """
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        from sage.tensor.modules.format_utilities import FormattedExpansion
+        from sage.typeset.unicode_characters import unicode_mapsto, unicode_to
+
+        def _display_expression(self, chart1, chart2, result):
+            r"""
+            Helper function for :meth:`display`.
+            """
+            try:
+                # get coordinate expression
+                coord_func = self.coord_functions(chart1, chart2)
+                expression = coord_func.expr()
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                return
+            # if that succeeds, proceed:
+            coords1 = chart1[:]
+            if len(coords1) == 1:
+                coords1 = coords1[0]
+            coords2 = chart2[:]
+            if len(coords2) == 1:
+                coords2 = coords2[0]
+            if len(expression) == 1:
+                expression = expression[0]
+                coord_func = coord_func[0]
+            if chart1._domain == self._domain:
+                result._txt += '   '
+                result._latex += ' & '
+            else:
+                result._txt += 'on ' + chart1._domain._name + ': '
+                result._latex += r'\text{on}\ ' + latex(chart1._domain) + r': & '
+            result._txt += repr(coords1) + ' ' + unicode_mapsto + ' '
+            result._latex += latex(coords1) + r'& \longmapsto & '
+            if chart2 == chart1:
+                result._txt += repr(expression) + '\n'
+                result._latex += latex(coord_func) + r'\\'
+            else:
+                result._txt += repr(coords2) + ' = ' + repr(expression) + '\n'
+                result._latex += latex(coords2) + ' = ' + latex(coord_func) + r'\\'
+
+        result = FormattedExpansion()
+        if self._name is None:
+            symbol = ''
+        else:
+            symbol = self._name + ': '
+        result._txt = (
+            symbol
+            + self._domain._name
+            + ' '
+            + unicode_to
+            + ' '
+            + self._codomain._name
+            + '\n'
+        )
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            symbol = ''
+        else:
+            symbol = self._latex_name + ':'
+        result._latex = (
+            r'\begin{array}{llcl} '
+            + symbol
+            + r'&'
+            + latex(self._domain)
+            + r'& \longrightarrow & '
+            + latex(self._codomain)
+            + r'\\'
+        )
+        if chart1 is None:
+            if chart2 is None:
+                for ch1 in self._domain._top_charts:
+                    for ch2 in self._codomain.atlas():
+                        _display_expression(self, ch1, ch2, result)
+            else:
+                for ch1 in self._domain._top_charts:
+                    _display_expression(self, ch1, chart2, result)
+        else:
+            if chart2 is None:
+                for ch2 in self._codomain.atlas():
+                    _display_expression(self, chart1, ch2, result)
+            else:
+                _display_expression(self, chart1, chart2, result)
+        result._txt = result._txt[:-1]
+        result._latex = result._latex[:-2] + r'\end{array}'
+        return result
+
+    disp = display
+
+    def coord_functions(self, chart1=None, chart2=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the functions of the coordinates representing ``self``
+        in a given pair of charts.
+
+        If these functions are not already known, they are computed from
+        known ones by means of change-of-chart formulas.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the domain of ``self``;
+          if ``None``, the domain's default chart is assumed
+        - ``chart2`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the codomain of ``self``;
+          if ``None``,  the codomain's default chart is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.MultiCoordFunction`
+          representing the continuous map in the above two charts
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Continuous map from a 2-dimensional manifold to a 3-dimensional
+        one::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = N.chart()
+            sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N, (u*v, u/v, u+v), name='Phi',
+            ....:                        latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.display()
+            Phi: M → N
+               (u, v) ↦ (x, y, z) = (u*v, u/v, u + v)
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_uv, c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions() # equivalent to above since 'uv' and 'xyz' are default charts
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: type(Phi.coord_functions())
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.MultiCoordFunction'>
+
+        Coordinate representation in other charts::
+
+            sage: c_UV.<U,V> = M.chart()  # new chart on M
+            sage: ch_uv_UV = c_uv.transition_map(c_UV, [u-v, u+v])
+            sage: ch_uv_UV.inverse()(U,V)
+            (1/2*U + 1/2*V, -1/2*U + 1/2*V)
+            sage: c_XYZ.<X,Y,Z> = N.chart() # new chart on N
+            sage: ch_xyz_XYZ = c_xyz.transition_map(c_XYZ,
+            ....:                                   [2*x-3*y+z, y+z-x, -x+2*y-z])
+            sage: ch_xyz_XYZ.inverse()(X,Y,Z)
+            (3*X + Y + 4*Z, 2*X + Y + 3*Z, X + Y + Z)
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_UV, c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (-1/4*U^2 + 1/4*V^2, -(U + V)/(U - V), V) on
+             the Chart (M, (U, V))
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_uv, c_XYZ)
+            Coordinate functions (((2*u + 1)*v^2 + u*v - 3*u)/v,
+             -((u - 1)*v^2 - u*v - u)/v, -((u + 1)*v^2 + u*v - 2*u)/v) on the
+             Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_UV, c_XYZ)
+            Coordinate functions
+             (-1/2*(U^3 - (U - 2)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 + 2*U + 6)*V - 6*U)/(U - V),
+              1/4*(U^3 - (U + 4)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 - 4*U + 4)*V - 4*U)/(U - V),
+              1/4*(U^3 - (U - 4)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 + 4*U + 8)*V - 8*U)/(U - V))
+             on the Chart (M, (U, V))
+
+        Coordinate representation with respect to a subchart in the domain::
+
+            sage: A = M.open_subset('A', coord_def={c_uv: u>0})
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_uv.restrict(A), c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (A, (u, v))
+
+        Coordinate representation with respect to a superchart
+        in the codomain::
+
+            sage: B = N.open_subset('B', coord_def={c_xyz: x<0})
+            sage: c_xyz_B = c_xyz.restrict(B)
+            sage: Phi1 = M.continuous_map(B, {(c_uv, c_xyz_B): (u*v, u/v, u+v)})
+            sage: Phi1.coord_functions(c_uv, c_xyz_B) # definition charts
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: Phi1.coord_functions(c_uv, c_xyz) # c_xyz = superchart of c_xyz_B
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+
+        Coordinate representation with respect to a pair
+        ``(subchart, superchart)``::
+
+            sage: Phi1.coord_functions(c_uv.restrict(A), c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (A, (u, v))
+
+        Same example with SymPy as the symbolic calculus engine::
+
+            sage: M.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+            sage: N.set_calculus_method('sympy')
+            sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N, (u*v, u/v, u+v), name='Phi',
+            ....:                        latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_uv, c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (u*v, u/v, u + v) on the Chart (M, (u, v))
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_UV, c_xyz)
+            Coordinate functions (-U**2/4 + V**2/4, (-U - V)/(U - V), V) on the Chart (M, (U, V))
+            sage: Phi.coord_functions(c_UV, c_XYZ)
+            Coordinate functions ((-U**3 + U**2*V + U*V**2 + 2*U*V + 6*U - V**3
+             - 2*V**2 + 6*V)/(2*(U - V)), (U**3/4 - U**2*V/4 - U*V**2/4 + U*V
+             - U + V**3/4 - V**2 - V)/(U - V), (U**3 - U**2*V - U*V**2 - 4*U*V
+             - 8*U + V**3 + 4*V**2 - 8*V)/(4*(U - V))) on the Chart (M, (U, V))
+        """
+        dom1 = self._domain
+        dom2 = self._codomain
+        def_chart1 = dom1._def_chart
+        def_chart2 = dom2._def_chart
+        if chart1 is None:
+            chart1 = def_chart1
+        if chart2 is None:
+            chart2 = def_chart2
+        if (chart1, chart2) not in self._coord_expression:
+            # Check whether (chart1, chart2) are (subchart, superchart) of
+            # a pair of charts where the expression of self is known:
+            for ochart1, ochart2 in self._coord_expression:
+                if chart1 in ochart1._subcharts and ochart2 in chart2._subcharts:
+                    coord_functions = self._coord_expression[(ochart1, ochart2)].expr()
+                    self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                        *coord_functions
+                    )
+                    return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+            # Special case of the identity in a single chart:
+            if self._is_identity and chart1 == chart2:
+                coord_functions = chart1[:]
+                self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart1)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                    *coord_functions
+                )
+                return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+            # Some change of coordinates must be performed
+            change_start = []
+            change_arrival = []
+            for ochart1, ochart2 in self._coord_expression:
+                if chart1 == ochart1:
+                    change_arrival.append(ochart2)
+                if chart2 == ochart2:
+                    change_start.append(ochart1)
+            # 1/ Trying to make a change of chart only on the codomain:
+            # the codomain's default chart is privileged:
+            sel_chart2 = None  # selected chart2
+            if (
+                def_chart2 in change_arrival
+                and (def_chart2, chart2) in dom2._coord_changes
+            ):
+                sel_chart2 = def_chart2
+            else:
+                for ochart2 in change_arrival:
+                    if (ochart2, chart2) in dom2._coord_changes:
+                        sel_chart2 = ochart2
+                        break
+            if sel_chart2 is not None:
+                oexpr = self._coord_expression[(chart1, sel_chart2)]
+                chg2 = dom2._coord_changes[(sel_chart2, chart2)]
+                self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                    *chg2(*oexpr.expr())
+                )
+                return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+
+            # 2/ Trying to make a change of chart only on the start domain:
+            # the domain's default chart is privileged:
+            sel_chart1 = None  # selected chart1
+            if (
+                def_chart1 in change_start
+                and (chart1, def_chart1) in dom1._coord_changes
+            ):
+                sel_chart1 = def_chart1
+            else:
+                for ochart1 in change_start:
+                    if (chart1, ochart1) in dom1._coord_changes:
+                        sel_chart1 = ochart1
+                        break
+            if sel_chart1 is not None:
+                oexpr = self._coord_expression[(sel_chart1, chart2)]
+                chg1 = dom1._coord_changes[(chart1, sel_chart1)]
+                self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                    *oexpr(*chg1._transf.expr())
+                )
+                return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+
+            # 3/ If this point is reached, it is necessary to perform some
+            # coordinate change both on the start domain and the arrival one
+            # the default charts are privileged:
+            if (
+                (def_chart1, def_chart2) in self._coord_expression
+                and (chart1, def_chart1) in dom1._coord_changes
+                and (def_chart2, chart2) in dom2._coord_changes
+            ):
+                sel_chart1 = def_chart1
+                sel_chart2 = def_chart2
+            else:
+                for ochart1, ochart2 in self._coord_expression:
+                    if (chart1, ochart1) in dom1._coord_changes and (
+                        ochart2,
+                        chart2,
+                    ) in dom2._coord_changes:
+                        sel_chart1 = ochart1
+                        sel_chart2 = ochart2
+                        break
+            if sel_chart1 is not None and sel_chart2 is not None:
+                oexpr = self._coord_expression[(sel_chart1, sel_chart2)]
+                chg1 = dom1._coord_changes[(chart1, sel_chart1)]
+                chg2 = dom2._coord_changes[(sel_chart2, chart2)]
+                self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                    *chg2(*oexpr(*chg1._transf.expr()))
+                )
+                return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+
+            # 4/ If this point is reached, the demanded value cannot be
+            # computed
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the expression of the map in the pair "
+                + "({}, {})".format(chart1, chart2)
+                + " cannot "
+                + "be computed by means of known changes of charts"
+            )
+
+        return self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+
+    def expr(self, chart1=None, chart2=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the expression of ``self`` in terms of
+        specified coordinates.
+
+        If the expression is not already known, it is computed from some
+        known expression by means of change-of-chart formulas.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the map's domain;
+          if ``None``, the domain's default chart is assumed
+        - ``chart2`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the map's codomain;
+          if ``None``, the codomain's default chart is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - symbolic expression representing the continuous map in the
+          above two charts
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Continuous map from a 2-dimensional manifold to a
+        3-dimensional one::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart()
+            sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = N.chart()
+            sage: Phi = M.continuous_map(N, (u*v, u/v, u+v), name='Phi',
+            ....:                        latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.display()
+            Phi: M → N
+               (u, v) ↦ (x, y, z) = (u*v, u/v, u + v)
+            sage: Phi.expr(c_uv, c_xyz)
+            (u*v, u/v, u + v)
+            sage: Phi.expr()  # equivalent to above since 'uv' and 'xyz' are default charts
+            (u*v, u/v, u + v)
+            sage: type(Phi.expr()[0])
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+        Expressions in other charts::
+
+            sage: c_UV.<U,V> = M.chart()  # new chart on M
+            sage: ch_uv_UV = c_uv.transition_map(c_UV, [u-v, u+v])
+            sage: ch_uv_UV.inverse()(U,V)
+            (1/2*U + 1/2*V, -1/2*U + 1/2*V)
+            sage: c_XYZ.<X,Y,Z> = N.chart() # new chart on N
+            sage: ch_xyz_XYZ = c_xyz.transition_map(c_XYZ,
+            ....:                                   [2*x-3*y+z, y+z-x, -x+2*y-z])
+            sage: ch_xyz_XYZ.inverse()(X,Y,Z)
+            (3*X + Y + 4*Z, 2*X + Y + 3*Z, X + Y + Z)
+            sage: Phi.expr(c_UV, c_xyz)
+            (-1/4*U^2 + 1/4*V^2, -(U + V)/(U - V), V)
+            sage: Phi.expr(c_uv, c_XYZ)
+            (((2*u + 1)*v^2 + u*v - 3*u)/v,
+             -((u - 1)*v^2 - u*v - u)/v,
+             -((u + 1)*v^2 + u*v - 2*u)/v)
+            sage: Phi.expr(c_UV, c_XYZ)
+             (-1/2*(U^3 - (U - 2)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 + 2*U + 6)*V - 6*U)/(U - V),
+              1/4*(U^3 - (U + 4)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 - 4*U + 4)*V - 4*U)/(U - V),
+              1/4*(U^3 - (U - 4)*V^2 + V^3 - (U^2 + 4*U + 8)*V - 8*U)/(U - V))
+
+        A rotation in some Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the plane (minus a segment to have global regular spherical coordinates)
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = M.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') # spherical coordinates on the plane
+            sage: rot = M.continuous_map(M, (r, ph+pi/3), name='R') # pi/3 rotation around r=0
+            sage: rot.expr()
+            (r, 1/3*pi + ph)
+
+        Expression of the rotation in terms of Cartesian coordinates::
+
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Declaration of Cartesian coordinates
+            sage: ch_spher_cart = c_spher.transition_map(c_cart,
+            ....:                 [r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph)]) # relation to spherical coordinates
+            sage: ch_spher_cart.set_inverse(sqrt(x^2+y^2), atan2(y,x))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              r == r  *passed*
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+            sage: rot.expr(c_cart, c_cart)
+            (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+        """
+        return self.coord_functions(chart1, chart2).expr()
+
+    expression = expr
+
+    def set_expr(self, chart1, chart2, coord_functions):
+        r"""
+        Set a new coordinate representation of ``self``.
+
+        The expressions with respect to other charts are deleted, in order to
+        avoid any inconsistency. To keep them, use :meth:`add_expr` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- chart for the coordinates on the domain of ``self``
+        - ``chart2`` -- chart for the coordinates on the codomain of ``self``
+        - ``coord_functions`` -- the coordinate symbolic expression of the
+          map in the above charts: list (or tuple) of the coordinates of
+          the image expressed in terms of the coordinates of the considered
+          point; if the dimension of the arrival manifold is 1, a single
+          coordinate expression can be passed instead of a tuple with a
+          single element
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Polar representation of a planar rotation initially defined in
+        Cartesian coordinates::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological')  # the Euclidean plane R^2
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinate on R^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: (y!=0, x<0)}) # the complement of the segment y=0 and x>0
+            sage: c_cart = c_xy.restrict(U) # Cartesian coordinates on U
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') # spherical coordinates on U
+
+        Links between spherical coordinates and Cartesian ones::
+
+            sage: ch_cart_spher = c_cart.transition_map(c_spher,
+            ....:                                       [sqrt(x*x+y*y), atan2(y,x)])
+            sage: ch_cart_spher.set_inverse(r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+              r == r  *passed*
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+            sage: rot = U.continuous_map(U, ((x - sqrt(3)*y)/2, (sqrt(3)*x + y)/2),
+            ....:                        name='R')
+            sage: rot.display(c_cart, c_cart)
+            R: U → U
+               (x, y) ↦ (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+
+        Let us use the method :meth:`set_expr` to set the
+        spherical-coordinate expression by hand::
+
+            sage: rot.set_expr(c_spher, c_spher, (r, ph+pi/3))
+            sage: rot.display(c_spher, c_spher)
+            R: U → U
+               (r, ph) ↦ (r, 1/3*pi + ph)
+
+        The expression in Cartesian coordinates has been erased::
+
+            sage: rot._coord_expression
+            {(Chart (U, (r, ph)),
+              Chart (U, (r, ph))): Coordinate functions (r, 1/3*pi + ph)
+              on the Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        It is recovered (thanks to the known change of coordinates) by a call
+        to :meth:`display`::
+
+            sage: rot.display(c_cart, c_cart)
+            R: U → U
+               (x, y) ↦ (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+
+            sage: rot._coord_expression  # random (dictionary output)
+            {(Chart (U, (x, y)),
+              Chart (U, (x, y))): Coordinate functions (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x,
+              1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y) on the Chart (U, (x, y)),
+             (Chart (U, (r, ph)),
+              Chart (U, (r, ph))): Coordinate functions (r, 1/3*pi + ph)
+              on the Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We check that this does not change the equality nor the hash value::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: (y!=0, x<0)})
+            sage: c_cart = c_xy.restrict(U)
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: ch_cart_spher = c_cart.transition_map(c_spher,
+            ....:                                       [sqrt(x*x+y*y), atan2(y,x)])
+            sage: ch_cart_spher.set_inverse(r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+              r == r  *passed*
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+            sage: rot = U.continuous_map(U, ((x - sqrt(3)*y)/2, (sqrt(3)*x + y)/2),
+            ....:                        name='R')
+            sage: rot2 = copy(rot)
+            sage: rot == rot2 and hash(rot) == hash(rot2)
+            True
+            sage: rot.set_expr(c_spher, c_spher, (r, ph+pi/3))
+            sage: rot == rot2 and hash(rot) == hash(rot2)
+            True
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "set_expr() must not be used for the identity map"
+            )
+        if chart1 not in self._domain.atlas():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the {}".format(chart1)
+                + " has not been defined on the {}".format(self._domain)
+            )
+        if chart2 not in self._codomain.atlas():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the {}".format(chart2)
+                + " has not been defined on the {}".format(self._codomain)
+            )
+        self._coord_expression.clear()
+        self._del_derived()
+        n2 = self._codomain.dim()
+        if n2 > 1:
+            if len(coord_functions) != n2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "{} coordinate functions must ".format(n2) + "be provided."
+                )
+            self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                *coord_functions
+            )
+        else:
+            if isinstance(coord_functions, (list, tuple)):
+                coord_functions = coord_functions[0]
+            self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                coord_functions
+            )
+
+    set_expression = set_expr
+
+    def add_expr(self, chart1, chart2, coord_functions):
+        r"""
+        Set a new coordinate representation of ``self``.
+
+        The previous expressions with respect to other charts are kept. To
+        clear them, use :meth:`set_expr` instead.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- chart for the coordinates on the map's domain
+        - ``chart2`` -- chart for the coordinates on the map's codomain
+        - ``coord_functions`` -- the coordinate symbolic expression of the
+          map in the above charts: list (or tuple) of the coordinates of
+          the image expressed in terms of the coordinates of the considered
+          point; if the dimension of the arrival manifold is 1, a single
+          coordinate expression can be passed instead of a tuple with a
+          single element
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            If the map has already expressions in other charts, it
+            is the user's responsibility to make sure that the expression
+            to be added is consistent with them.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Polar representation of a planar rotation initially defined in
+        Cartesian coordinates::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological')  # the Euclidean plane R^2
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinate on R^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy: (y!=0, x<0)}) # the complement of the segment y=0 and x>0
+            sage: c_cart = c_xy.restrict(U) # Cartesian coordinates on U
+            sage: c_spher.<r,ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') # spherical coordinates on U
+
+        We construct the links between spherical coordinates and
+        Cartesian ones::
+
+            sage: ch_cart_spher = c_cart.transition_map(c_spher, [sqrt(x*x+y*y), atan2(y,x)])
+            sage: ch_cart_spher.set_inverse(r*cos(ph), r*sin(ph))
+            Check of the inverse coordinate transformation:
+              x == x  *passed*
+              y == y  *passed*
+              r == r  *passed*
+              ph == arctan2(r*sin(ph), r*cos(ph))  **failed**
+            NB: a failed report can reflect a mere lack of simplification.
+            sage: rot = U.continuous_map(U, ((x - sqrt(3)*y)/2, (sqrt(3)*x + y)/2),
+            ....:                        name='R')
+            sage: rot.display(c_cart, c_cart)
+            R: U → U
+               (x, y) ↦ (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+
+        If we calculate the expression in terms of spherical coordinates,
+        via the method :meth:`display`, we notice some difficulties
+        in ``arctan2`` simplifications::
+
+            sage: rot.display(c_spher, c_spher)
+            R: U → U
+               (r, ph) ↦ (r, arctan2(1/2*(sqrt(3)*cos(ph) + sin(ph))*r, -1/2*(sqrt(3)*sin(ph) - cos(ph))*r))
+
+        Therefore, we use the method :meth:`add_expr` to set the
+        spherical-coordinate expression by hand::
+
+            sage: rot.add_expr(c_spher, c_spher, (r, ph+pi/3))
+            sage: rot.display(c_spher, c_spher)
+            R: U → U
+               (r, ph) ↦ (r, 1/3*pi + ph)
+
+        The call to :meth:`add_expr` has not deleted the expression in
+        terms of Cartesian coordinates, as we can check by printing the
+        internal dictionary ``_coord_expression``, which stores the
+        various internal representations of the continuous map::
+
+            sage: rot._coord_expression # random (dictionary output)
+            {(Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y))):
+             Coordinate functions (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+              on the Chart (U, (x, y)),
+             (Chart (U, (r, ph)), Chart (U, (r, ph))):
+              Coordinate functions (r, 1/3*pi + ph) on the Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        If, on the contrary, we use :meth:`set_expr`, the expression in
+        Cartesian coordinates is lost::
+
+            sage: rot.set_expr(c_spher, c_spher, (r, ph+pi/3))
+            sage: rot._coord_expression
+            {(Chart (U, (r, ph)), Chart (U, (r, ph))):
+             Coordinate functions (r, 1/3*pi + ph) on the Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        It is recovered (thanks to the known change of coordinates) by
+        a call to :meth:`display`::
+
+            sage: rot.display(c_cart, c_cart)
+            R: U → U
+               (x, y) ↦ (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+
+            sage: rot._coord_expression # random (dictionary output)
+            {(Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y))):
+             Coordinate functions (-1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, 1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+              on the Chart (U, (x, y)),
+             (Chart (U, (r, ph)), Chart (U, (r, ph))):
+             Coordinate functions (r, 1/3*pi + ph) on the Chart (U, (r, ph))}
+
+        The rotation can be applied to a point by means of either
+        coordinate system::
+
+            sage: p = M.point((1,2))  #  p defined by its Cartesian coord.
+            sage: q = rot(p)  # q is computed by means of Cartesian coord.
+            sage: p1 = M.point((sqrt(5), arctan(2)), chart=c_spher) # p1 is defined only in terms of c_spher
+            sage: q1 = rot(p1) # computation by means of spherical coordinates
+            sage: q1 == q
+            True
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "add_expr() must not be used for the identity map"
+            )
+        if chart1 not in self._domain.atlas():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the {}".format(chart1)
+                + " has not been defined on the {}".format(self._domain)
+            )
+        if chart2 not in self._codomain.atlas():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "the {}".format(chart2)
+                + " has not been defined on the {}".format(self._codomain)
+            )
+        self._del_derived()
+        n2 = self._codomain.dim()
+        if n2 > 1:
+            if len(coord_functions) != n2:
+                raise ValueError("{} coordinate functions must be provided".format(n2))
+            self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                *coord_functions
+            )
+        else:
+            if isinstance(coord_functions, (list, tuple)):
+                coord_functions = coord_functions[0]
+            self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)] = chart1.multifunction(
+                coord_functions
+            )
+
+    add_expression = add_expr
+
+    def restrict(self, subdomain, subcodomain=None):
+        r"""
+        Restriction of ``self`` to some open subset of its
+        domain of definition.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdomain`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`;
+          an open subset of the domain of ``self``
+        - ``subcodomain`` -- (default: ``None``) an open subset of the codomain
+          of ``self``; if ``None``, the codomain of ``self`` is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`ContinuousMap` that is the restriction
+          of ``self`` to ``subdomain``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Restriction to an annulus of a homeomorphism between the open unit
+        disk and `\RR^2`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')  # R^2
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart()  # Cartesian coord. on R^2
+            sage: D = M.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_xy: x^2+y^2<1}) # the open unit disk
+            sage: Phi = D.continuous_map(M, [x/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2), y/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2)],
+            ....:                        name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.display()
+            Phi: D → R^2
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1))
+            sage: c_xy_D = c_xy.restrict(D)
+            sage: U = D.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_xy_D: x^2+y^2>1/2}) # the annulus 1/2 < r < 1
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U)
+            Continuous map Phi
+             from the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U).parent()
+            Set of Morphisms from Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological
+             manifold R^2 to 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2 in Category
+             of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: Phi.domain()
+            Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U).domain()
+            Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U).display()
+            Phi: U → R^2
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1))
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: Phi.restrict(U) is Phi.restrict(U)
+            True
+
+        The restriction of the identity map::
+
+            sage: id = D.identity_map() ; id
+            Identity map Id_D of the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold R^2
+            sage: id.restrict(U)
+            Identity map Id_U of the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold R^2
+            sage: id.restrict(U) is U.identity_map()
+            True
+
+        The codomain can be restricted (i.e. made tighter)::
+
+            sage: Phi = D.continuous_map(M, [x/sqrt(1+x^2+y^2), y/sqrt(1+x^2+y^2)])
+            sage: Phi
+            Continuous map from
+             the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+             to the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: Phi.restrict(D, subcodomain=D)
+            Continuous map from the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold R^2 to itself
+        """
+        if subcodomain is None:
+            if self._is_identity:
+                subcodomain = subdomain
+            else:
+                subcodomain = self._codomain
+        if subdomain == self._domain and subcodomain == self._codomain:
+            return self
+        if (subdomain, subcodomain) not in self._restrictions:
+            if not subdomain.is_subset(self._domain):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "the specified domain is not a subset"
+                    " of the domain of definition of the"
+                    " continuous map"
+                )
+            if not subcodomain.is_subset(self._codomain):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "the specified codomain is not a subset"
+                    " of the codomain of the continuous map"
+                )
+            # Special case of the identity map:
+            if self._is_identity:
+                self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = subdomain.identity_map()
+                return self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+
+            # First one tries to get the restriction from a tighter domain:
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if (
+                    subdomain.is_subset(dom[0])
+                    and (subdomain, subcodomain) in rst._restrictions
+                ):
+                    res = rst._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+                    self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = res
+                    self._restrictions.update(res._restrictions)
+                    self._restrictions_graph.update(res._restrictions_graph)
+                    res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+                    for ext in self._extensions_graph.values():
+                        ext._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                        ext._restrictions.update(res._restrictions)
+                        ext._restrictions_graph.update(res._restrictions_graph)
+                    return self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+
+            # Maybe it didn't exist but could have:
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if subdomain.is_subset(dom[0]) and subcodomain.is_subset(dom[1]):
+                    res = rst.restrict(subdomain, subcodomain)  # all propagation
+                    # is done here
+                    # should be useless:
+                    self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = res
+                    self._restrictions_graph[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = res
+                    return self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+
+            # Secondly one tries to get the restriction from one previously
+            # defined on a larger domain:
+            for dom, ext in self._extensions_graph.items():
+                if (subdomain, subcodomain) in ext._restrictions:
+                    res = ext._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+                    self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = res
+                    self._restrictions.update(res._restrictions)
+                    self._restrictions_graph.update(res._restrictions_graph)
+                    res._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+                    for ext in self._extensions_graph.values():
+                        ext._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                        ext._restrictions.update(res._restrictions)
+                        ext._restrictions_graph.update(res._restrictions_graph)
+                    return self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+
+            # Generic case:
+            homset = Hom(subdomain, subcodomain)
+            resu = type(self)(homset, name=self._name, latex_name=self._latex_name)
+            for charts in self._coord_expression:
+                for ch1 in charts[0]._subcharts:
+                    if ch1._domain.is_subset(subdomain):
+                        for ch2 in charts[1]._subcharts:
+                            if ch2._domain.is_subset(subcodomain):
+                                for sch2 in ch2._supercharts:
+                                    if (ch1, sch2) in resu._coord_expression:
+                                        break
+                                else:
+                                    for sch2 in ch2._subcharts:
+                                        if (ch1, sch2) in resu._coord_expression:
+                                            del resu._coord_expression[(ch1, sch2)]
+                                    coord_functions = self._coord_expression[
+                                        charts
+                                    ].expr()
+                                    resu._coord_expression[(ch1, ch2)] = (
+                                        ch1.multifunction(*coord_functions)
+                                    )
+
+            # propagate extensions
+            for dom, ext in self._extensions_graph.items():  # includes self
+                ext._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = resu
+                ext._restrictions_graph[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = resu
+
+            # propagate restrictions
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if dom[0].is_subset(subdomain) and dom[1].is_subset(subcodomain):
+                    if rst is not resu:
+                        resu._restrictions.update(rst._restrictions_graph)
+                        resu._restrictions_graph.update(rst._restrictions_graph)
+                        rst._extensions_graph.update(resu._extensions_graph)
+
+            self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = resu
+            self._restrictions_graph[(subdomain, subcodomain)] = resu
+            resu._extensions_graph.update(self._extensions_graph)
+
+        return self._restrictions[(subdomain, subcodomain)]
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the inverse of ``self`` if it is an isomorphism.
+
+        OUTPUT: the inverse isomorphism
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The inverse of a rotation in the Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', latex_name=r'\RR^2', structure='topological')
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart()
+
+        A pi/3 rotation around the origin::
+
+            sage: rot = M.homeomorphism(M, ((x - sqrt(3)*y)/2, (sqrt(3)*x + y)/2),
+            ....:                       name='R')
+            sage: rot.inverse()
+            Homeomorphism R^(-1) of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
+            sage: rot.inverse().display()
+            R^(-1): R^2 → R^2
+               (x, y) ↦ (1/2*sqrt(3)*y + 1/2*x, -1/2*sqrt(3)*x + 1/2*y)
+
+        Checking that applying successively the homeomorphism and its
+        inverse results in the identity::
+
+            sage: a, b = var('a b')
+            sage: p = M.point((a,b)) # a generic point on M
+            sage: q = rot(p)
+            sage: p1 = rot.inverse()(q)
+            sage: p1 == p
+            True
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: rot.inverse() is rot.inverse()
+            True
+
+        The notations ``^(-1)`` or ``~`` can also be used for the inverse::
+
+            sage: rot^(-1) is rot.inverse()
+            True
+            sage: ~rot is rot.inverse()
+            True
+
+        An example with multiple charts: the equatorial symmetry on the
+        2-sphere::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+            sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+            sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+            sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+            sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+            sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+            ....:                                intersection_name='W',
+            ....:                                restrictions1=x^2+y^2!=0,
+            ....:                                restrictions2=u^2+v^2!=0)
+            sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+            sage: s = M.homeomorphism(M, {(c_xy, c_uv): [x, y], (c_uv, c_xy): [u, v]},
+            ....:                     name='s')
+            sage: s.display()
+            s: M → M
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (u, v) = (x, y)
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (x, y) = (u, v)
+            sage: si = s.inverse(); si
+            Homeomorphism s^(-1) of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: si.display()
+            s^(-1): M → M
+            on U: (x, y) ↦ (u, v) = (x, y)
+            on V: (u, v) ↦ (x, y) = (u, v)
+
+        The equatorial symmetry is of course an involution::
+
+            sage: si == s
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.symbolic.relation import solve
+        from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+
+        if self._inverse is not None:
+            return self._inverse
+        if not self._is_isomorphism:
+            raise ValueError("the {} is not an isomorphism".format(self))
+        coord_functions = {}  # coordinate expressions of the result
+        for chart1, chart2 in self._coord_expression:
+            coord_map = self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+            n1 = len(chart1._xx)
+            n2 = len(chart2._xx)
+            # New symbolic variables (different from chart2._xx to allow for a
+            #  correct solution even when chart2 = chart1):
+            x2 = SR.temp_var(n=n2)
+            equations = [x2[i] == coord_map._functions[i].expr() for i in range(n2)]
+            solutions = solve(equations, chart1._xx, solution_dict=True)
+            if not solutions:
+                raise ValueError("no solution found")
+            if len(solutions) > 1:
+                raise ValueError("non-unique solution found")
+            substitutions = dict(zip(x2, chart2._xx))
+            sol = solutions[0]
+            inv_functions = [sol[chart1._xx[i]].subs(substitutions) for i in range(n1)]
+            for i in range(n1):
+                x = inv_functions[i]
+                try:
+                    # simplify derived from calculus_method
+                    inv_functions[i] = chart2.simplify(x)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+            coord_functions[(chart2, chart1)] = inv_functions
+            SR.cleanup_var(x2)
+        if self._name is None:
+            name = None
+        else:
+            name = self._name + '^(-1)'
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            latex_name = None
+        else:
+            latex_name = self._latex_name + r'^{-1}'
+        homset = Hom(self._codomain, self._domain)
+        self._inverse = type(self)(
+            homset,
+            coord_functions=coord_functions,
+            name=name,
+            latex_name=latex_name,
+            is_isomorphism=True,
+        )
+        return self._inverse
+
+    inverse = __invert__