passagemath-plot 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/plot/plot3d/base.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,3378 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-plot
+r"""
+Base classes for 3D graphics objects and plotting
+
+The most important facts about these classes are
+that you can simply add graphics objects
+together (``G1+G2``, see :meth:`Graphics3d.__add__`),
+and the :meth:`Graphics3d.show` method with its options for
+choosing a viewer and setting
+various parameters for displaying the graphics.
+
+Most of the other methods of these classes are technical and
+for special usage.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Robert Bradshaw (2007-02): initial version
+
+- Robert Bradshaw (2007-08): Cythonization, much optimization
+
+- William Stein (2008)
+
+- Paul Masson (2016): Three.js support
+
+- Joshua Campbell (2020): Three.js animation support
+
+- Günter Rote (2021): camera and light parameters for tachyon
+
+.. TODO::
+
+    finish integrating tachyon -- good default lights
+
+    full documentation of three.js viewer parameters
+
+    zoom by changing camera parameters instead of scaling objects
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#      Copyright (C) 2007 Robert Bradshaw <robertwb@math.washington.edu>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from cpython.list cimport *
+
+import os
+import sys
+import zipfile
+
+from functools import reduce
+from io import StringIO
+from random import randint
+
+from sage.misc.temporary_file import tmp_filename
+from sage.misc.fast_methods cimport hash_by_id
+from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+from sage.plot.plot3d.texture import Texture
+from sage.plot.plot3d.transform cimport Transformation, point_c, face_c
+include "point_c.pxi"
+
+from libc.math cimport INFINITY
+
+
+default_texture = Texture()
+pi = RDF.pi()
+
+
+cdef class Graphics3d(SageObject):
+    """
+    This is the baseclass for all 3d graphics objects.
+
+    .. automethod:: __add__
+    .. automethod:: _rich_repr_
+    """
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        """
+        The Cython constructor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: gfx = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: gfx._extra_kwds
+            {}
+        """
+        self._extra_kwds = dict()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import Graphics3d
+            sage: hash(Graphics3d()) # random
+            140658972348064
+        """
+        return hash_by_id(<void *> self)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation.
+
+        OUTPUT: string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1)
+            sage: print(S)
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        return str(self)
+
+    def _rich_repr_(self, display_manager, **kwds):
+        """
+        Rich Output Magic Method.
+
+        See :mod:`sage.repl.rich_output` for details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.repl.rich_output import get_display_manager
+            sage: dm = get_display_manager()
+            sage: g = sphere()
+            sage: g._rich_repr_(dm)  # OutputSceneThreejs container outside doctest mode
+            OutputSceneJmol container
+        """
+        ### First, figure out the best graphics format
+        types = display_manager.types
+        can_view_jmol = (types.OutputSceneJmol in display_manager.supported_output())
+        can_view_canvas3d  = (types.OutputSceneCanvas3d in display_manager.supported_output())
+        can_view_wavefront = (types.OutputSceneWavefront in display_manager.supported_output())
+        can_view_threejs = (types.OutputSceneThreejs in display_manager.supported_output())
+        opts = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        viewer = opts.get('viewer', None)
+        # make sure viewer is one of the supported options
+        if viewer not in [None, 'jmol', 'tachyon', 'canvas3d', 'wavefront', 'threejs']:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('viewer={} is not supported'.format(viewer))
+            viewer = None
+        # select suitable default
+        if viewer is None:
+            viewer = SHOW_DEFAULTS['viewer']
+        # fall back to 2d image if necessary
+        if viewer == 'canvas3d' and not can_view_canvas3d:
+            viewer = 'jmol'
+        if viewer == 'wavefront' and not can_view_wavefront:
+            viewer = 'jmol'
+        if viewer == 'threejs' and not can_view_threejs:
+            viewer = 'jmol'
+        if viewer == 'jmol' and not can_view_jmol:
+            viewer = 'tachyon'
+        # Second, return the corresponding graphics file
+        if viewer == 'threejs':
+            return self._rich_repr_threejs(**opts)
+        elif viewer == 'jmol':
+            return self._rich_repr_jmol(**opts)
+        elif viewer == 'tachyon':
+            preferred = (
+                types.OutputImagePng,
+                types.OutputImageJpg,
+                types.OutputImageGif,
+            )
+            for output_container in preferred:
+                if output_container in display_manager.supported_output():
+                    return self._rich_repr_tachyon(output_container, **opts)
+        elif viewer == 'canvas3d':
+            return self._rich_repr_canvas3d(**opts)
+        elif viewer == 'wavefront':
+            return self._rich_repr_wavefront(**opts)
+        else:
+            assert False   # unreachable
+
+    def _rich_repr_tachyon(self, output_container, **kwds):
+        """
+        Rich Representation using Tachyon.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``output_container`` -- the rich output container to contain
+          the rendered image (can be png, gif, or jpg). Determines the
+          type of the output.
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- optional keyword arguments are passed to the
+          Tachyon raytracer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Instance of
+        :class:`~sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics.OutputImagePng`,
+        :class:`~sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics.OutputImageGif`, or
+        :class:`~sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics.OutputImageJpg`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: import sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog as catalog
+            sage: sphere()._rich_repr_tachyon(catalog.OutputImagePng)
+            OutputImagePng container
+            sage: import sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog as catalog
+            sage: sphere()._rich_repr_tachyon(catalog.OutputImageJpg)  # optional -- libjpeg
+            OutputImageJpg container
+        """
+        filename = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
+        opts = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        T = self._prepare_for_tachyon(
+            opts['frame'], opts['axes'], opts['frame_aspect_ratio'],
+            opts['aspect_ratio'],
+            1 # opts['zoom']. Let zoom be handled by tachyon.
+            # We don't want the perspective to change by zooming
+        )
+
+        tachyon_args = dict((key,val) for key,val in opts.items() if key in Graphics3d.tachyon_keywords)
+        extra_opts = opts.get("extra_opts", "")
+        if "shade" in opts:
+            if opts["shade"] not in ["full", "medium", "low", "lowest"]:
+                raise ValueError("shade must be set to 'full', 'medium', 'low' or 'lowest'")
+            extra_opts += " -" + opts["shade"] + "shade"
+
+        from sage.interfaces.tachyon import tachyon_rt
+
+        tachyon_rt(T.tachyon(**tachyon_args), filename, opts['verbosity'], extra_opts)
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.buffer import OutputBuffer
+        import sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog as catalog
+        import PIL.Image as Image
+        if output_container is catalog.OutputImagePng:
+            buf = OutputBuffer.from_file(filename)
+        elif output_container is catalog.OutputImageGif:
+            gif = tmp_filename(ext='.gif')
+            Image.open(filename).save(gif)
+            buf = OutputBuffer.from_file(gif)
+        elif output_container is catalog.OutputImageJpg:
+            jpg = tmp_filename(ext='.jpg')
+            Image.open(filename).save(jpg)
+            buf = OutputBuffer.from_file(jpg)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('output_container not supported')
+        return output_container(buf)
+
+    def _rich_repr_jmol(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        Rich Representation as JMol scene.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- optional keyword arguments are passed to JMol
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Instance of
+        :class:`sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d.OutputSceneJmol`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere()._rich_repr_jmol()
+            OutputSceneJmol container
+        """
+        from sage.misc.temporary_file import tmp_dir
+        root_dir = os.path.abspath(tmp_dir())
+        scene_zip     = os.path.join(root_dir, 'scene.spt.zip')
+        preview_png   = os.path.join(root_dir, 'preview.png')
+        opts = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        zoom = opts['zoom']
+        T = self._prepare_for_jmol(
+            opts['frame'],
+            opts['axes'],
+            opts['frame_aspect_ratio'],
+            opts['aspect_ratio'],
+            zoom,
+        )
+        T.export_jmol(scene_zip, **opts)
+        from sage.interfaces.jmoldata import JmolData
+        jdata = JmolData()
+        if not jdata.is_jmol_available():
+            # We can only use JMol to generate preview if a jvm is installed
+            from sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics import OutputImagePng
+            tachyon = self._rich_repr_tachyon(OutputImagePng, **opts)
+            tachyon.png.save_as(preview_png)
+        else:
+            # Java needs absolute paths
+            scene_native = scene_zip
+
+            script = '''set defaultdirectory "{0}"\nscript SCRIPT\n'''.format(scene_native)
+            jdata.export_image(targetfile=preview_png, datafile=script,
+                               image_type='PNG',
+                               figsize=opts['figsize'][0])
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d import OutputSceneJmol
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.buffer import OutputBuffer
+        scene_zip     = OutputBuffer.from_file(scene_zip)
+        preview_png   = OutputBuffer.from_file(preview_png)
+        return OutputSceneJmol(scene_zip, preview_png)
+
+    def _rich_repr_wavefront(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Rich Representation as Wavefront (obj + mtl) Scene.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- optional keyword arguments are ignored
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Instance of
+        :class:`sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d.OutputSceneWavefront`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: line = line3d([(0,0,0), (1,1,1)])
+            sage: out = line._rich_repr_wavefront()
+            sage: out
+            OutputSceneWavefront container
+            sage: out.obj.get_str()
+            'mtllib ... 6 3 8 11\nf 8 7 12\nf 7 9 12\nf 9 10 12\nf 10 11 12\nf 11 8 12\n'
+            sage: out.mtl.get_str()
+            'newmtl texture...\nKd 0.4 0.4 1.0\nKs 0.0 0.0 0.0\nillum 1\nNs 1.0\nd 1.0\n'
+        """
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d import OutputSceneWavefront
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.buffer import OutputBuffer
+        obj = OutputBuffer('mtllib scene.mtl\n' + self.obj())
+        return OutputSceneWavefront(obj, self.mtl_str())
+
+    def _rich_repr_canvas3d(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Rich Representation as Canvas3D Scene.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- optional keyword arguments
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Instance of
+        :class:`sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d.OutputSceneCanvas3d`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: out = sphere()._rich_repr_canvas3d()
+            sage: out
+            OutputSceneCanvas3d container
+            sage: out.canvas3d.get_str()
+            '[{"vertices":[{"x":0,"y":0,"z":-1},..., "color":"#6666ff", "opacity":1.0}]'
+        """
+        opts = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        aspect_ratio = opts['aspect_ratio'] # this necessarily has a value now
+        frame_aspect_ratio = opts['frame_aspect_ratio']
+        zoom = opts['zoom']
+        frame = opts['frame']
+        axes = opts['axes']
+        T = self._prepare_for_tachyon(frame, axes, frame_aspect_ratio, aspect_ratio, zoom)
+        data = flatten_list(T.json_repr(T.default_render_params()))
+        canvas3d = '[' + ','.join(data) + ']'
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog import OutputSceneCanvas3d
+        return OutputSceneCanvas3d(canvas3d)
+
+    def _rich_repr_threejs(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Rich Representation as Three.js Scene.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- optional keyword arguments
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        Instance of
+        :class:`sage.repl.rich_output.output_graphics3d.OutputSceneThreejs`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere(online=True)._rich_repr_threejs()
+            OutputSceneThreejs container
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: js = '// animation.js'
+            sage: css = '/* animation.css */'
+            sage: html = '<!-- animation.html -->'
+            sage: d = dodecahedron()
+            sage: i = icosahedron()
+            sage: g1 = animate([d]).interactive()
+            sage: g2 = animate([d, i]).interactive()
+
+        Animation files are only included when at least 2 frames are present::
+
+            sage: str = g1._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: (js in str) or (css in str) or (html in str)
+            False
+            sage: str = g2._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: (js in str) and (css in str) and (html in str)
+            True
+
+        Animation can be explicitly disabled by setting animate=False::
+
+            sage: str = g2._rich_repr_threejs(online=True, animate=False).html.get_str()
+            sage: (js in str) or (css in str) or (html in str)
+            False
+
+        Animation CSS and HTML are not included when animation_controls=False::
+
+            sage: str = g2._rich_repr_threejs(online=True, animation_controls=False).html.get_str()
+            sage: js in str
+            True
+            sage: (css in str) or (html in str)
+            False
+
+        "Fat" line scripts are only included when at least one line
+        (or one surface with ``mesh=True``) exists with ``thickness > 1``::
+
+            sage: fat = '// fat_lines.js'
+            sage: L = line3d([(0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)], thickness=1)
+            sage: str = L._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: fat in str
+            False
+            sage: L = line3d([(0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1)], thickness=10)
+            sage: str = L._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: fat in str
+            True
+            sage: d = dodecahedron(mesh=False, thickness=10)
+            sage: str = d._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: fat in str
+            False
+            sage: d = dodecahedron(mesh=True, thickness=1)
+            sage: str = d._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: fat in str
+            False
+            sage: d = dodecahedron(mesh=True, thickness=10)
+            sage: str = d._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: fat in str
+            True
+
+        If a page title is provided, it is stripped and HTML-escaped::
+
+            sage: d = dodecahedron(page_title='\t"Page" & <Title>\n')
+            sage: str = d._rich_repr_threejs(online=True).html.get_str()
+            sage: '<title>&quot;Page&quot; &amp; &lt;Title&gt;</title>' in str
+            True
+        """
+        options = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        options.setdefault('online', False)
+
+        js_options = {} # options passed to Three.js template
+
+        js_options['animate'] = options.get('animate', True)
+        js_options['animationControls'] = options.get('animation_controls', True)
+        js_options['aspectRatio'] = options.get('aspect_ratio', [1,1,1])
+        js_options['autoScaling'] = options.get('auto_scaling', [False, False, False])
+        js_options['autoPlay'] = options.get('auto_play', True)
+        js_options['axes'] = options.get('axes', False)
+        js_options['axesLabels'] = options.get('axes_labels', ['x','y','z'])
+        js_options['axesLabelsStyle'] = options.get('axes_labels_style')
+        js_options['decimals'] = options.get('decimals', 2)
+        js_options['delay'] = options.get('delay', 20)
+        js_options['frame'] = options.get('frame', True)
+        js_options['loop'] = options.get('loop', True)
+        js_options['projection'] = options.get('projection', 'perspective')
+        js_options['theme'] = options.get('theme', 'light')
+        js_options['viewpoint'] = options.get('viewpoint', False)
+
+        if js_options['projection'] not in ['perspective', 'orthographic']:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('projection={} is not supported; using perspective'.format(js_options['projection']))
+            js_options['projection'] = 'perspective'
+
+        if js_options['theme'] not in ['light', 'dark']:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('theme={} is not supported; using light theme'.format(js_options['theme']))
+            js_options['theme'] = 'light'
+
+        # Normalization of options values for proper JSONing
+        js_options['aspectRatio'] = [float(i) for i in js_options['aspectRatio']]
+        js_options['decimals'] = int(js_options['decimals'])
+        js_options['delay'] = int(js_options['delay'])
+
+        if js_options['viewpoint']:
+            if len(js_options['viewpoint']) != 2 or len(js_options['viewpoint'][0]) != 3:
+                import warnings
+                warnings.warn('viewpoint must be of the form [[x,y,z],angle]')
+                js_options['viewpoint'] = False
+            else:
+                if type(js_options['viewpoint']) is tuple:
+                    js_options['viewpoint'] = list(js_options['viewpoint'])
+                if type(js_options['viewpoint'][0]) is tuple:
+                    js_options['viewpoint'][0] = list(js_options['viewpoint'][0])
+                js_options['viewpoint'][0] = [float(i) for i in js_options['viewpoint'][0]]
+                js_options['viewpoint'][1] = float(js_options['viewpoint'][1])
+
+        if not js_options['frame']:
+            js_options['axesLabels'] = False
+            js_options['axesLabelsStyle'] = None
+
+        if js_options['axesLabelsStyle'] is not None:
+            from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import _validate_threejs_text_style
+            style = js_options['axesLabelsStyle']
+            if isinstance(style, dict):
+                style = _validate_threejs_text_style(style)
+                style = [style, style, style]
+            elif isinstance(style, list) and len(style) == 3 and all([isinstance(s, dict) for s in style]):
+                style = [_validate_threejs_text_style(s) for s in style]
+            else:
+                import warnings
+                warnings.warn("axes_labels_style must be a dict or a list of 3 dicts")
+                style = [dict(), dict(), dict()]
+            js_options['axesLabelsStyle'] = style
+
+        from sage.repl.rich_output import get_display_manager
+        scripts = get_display_manager().threejs_scripts(options['online'])
+        styles = ''
+        extra_html = ''
+
+        b = self.bounding_box()
+        bounds = '[{{"x":{}, "y":{}, "z":{}}}, {{"x":{}, "y":{}, "z":{}}}]'.format(
+                 b[0][0], b[0][1], b[0][2], b[1][0], b[1][1], b[1][2])
+
+        from sage.plot.colors import Color
+        lights = '[{{"x":-5, "y":3, "z":0, "color":"{}", "parent":"camera"}}]'.format(
+                 Color(.5,.5,.5).html_color())
+        ambient = '{{"color":"{}"}}'.format(Color(.5,.5,.5).html_color())
+
+        import json
+
+        reprs = {'point': [], 'line': [], 'text': [], 'surface': []}
+        frame_count = 0
+        fat_lines = False
+        for kind, desc in self.threejs_repr(self.default_render_params()):
+            reprs[kind].append(desc)
+            keyframe = int(desc.get('keyframe', -1))
+            frame_count = max(frame_count, keyframe + 1)
+            if kind == 'line' or (kind == 'surface' and desc.get('showMeshGrid')):
+                linewidth = float(desc.get('linewidth', 1))
+                if linewidth > 1:
+                    fat_lines = True
+        reprs = {kind: json.dumps(descs) for kind, descs in reprs.items()}
+
+        from sage.env import SAGE_EXTCODE
+        with open(os.path.join(
+                SAGE_EXTCODE, 'threejs', 'threejs_template.html')) as f:
+            html = f.read()
+
+        if fat_lines:
+            with open(os.path.join(SAGE_EXTCODE, 'threejs', 'fat_lines.js')) as f:
+                scripts += '<script>' + f.read() + '</script>'
+
+        js_options['animate'] = js_options['animate'] and frame_count > 1
+        if js_options['animate']:
+            if js_options['animationControls']:
+                with open(os.path.join(SAGE_EXTCODE, 'threejs', 'animation.css')) as f:
+                    css = f.read()
+                    css = css.replace('SAGE_FRAME_COUNT', str(frame_count))
+                    styles += '<style>' + css + '</style>'
+                with open(os.path.join(SAGE_EXTCODE, 'threejs', 'animation.html')) as f:
+                    extra_html += f.read()
+            with open(os.path.join(SAGE_EXTCODE, 'threejs', 'animation.js')) as f:
+                extra_html += '<script>' + f.read() + '</script>'
+
+        page_title = options.get('page_title')
+        if page_title is None:
+            page_title = ""
+        else:
+            from html import escape as html_escape
+            page_title = html_escape(str(page_title).strip())
+
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_TITLE', page_title)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_SCRIPTS', scripts)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_STYLES', styles)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_EXTRA_HTML', extra_html)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_OPTIONS', json.dumps(js_options))
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_BOUNDS', bounds)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_LIGHTS', lights)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_AMBIENT', ambient)
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_TEXTS', str(reprs['text']))
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_POINTS', str(reprs['point']))
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_LINES', str(reprs['line']))
+        html = html.replace('SAGE_SURFACES', str(reprs['surface']))
+
+        from sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog import OutputSceneThreejs
+        return OutputSceneThreejs(html)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1)
+            sage: str(S)
+            'Graphics3d Object'
+        """
+        return "Graphics3d Object"
+
+    def __add__(left, right):
+        """
+        Addition of objects adds them to the same scene.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = sphere((0,0,0), 1, color='red')
+            sage: B = dodecahedron((2, 0, 0), color='yellow')
+            sage: A+B
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        For convenience, we take 0 and ``None`` to be the additive identity::
+
+            sage: A + 0 is A
+            True
+            sage: A + None is A, 0 + A is A, None + A is A
+            (True, True, True)
+
+        In particular, this allows us to use the sum() function without
+        having to provide an empty starting object::
+
+            sage: sum(point3d((cos(n), sin(n), n)) for n in [0..10, step=.1])
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        A Graphics 3d object and a 2d object can also be added::
+
+            sage: A = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1) + circle((0, 0), 1.5)
+            sage: A.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+        """
+        if right == 0 or right is None:
+            return left
+        elif left == 0 or left is None:
+            return right
+        elif not isinstance(left, Graphics3d):
+            left = left.plot3d()
+        elif not isinstance(right, Graphics3d):
+            right = right.plot3d()
+        return Graphics3dGroup([left, right])
+
+    def _set_extra_kwds(self, kwds):
+        """
+        Allow one to pass rendering arguments on as if they were set
+        in the constructor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1)
+            sage: S._set_extra_kwds({'aspect_ratio': [1, 2, 2]})
+            sage: S
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        self._extra_kwds = kwds
+
+    def aspect_ratio(self, v=None):
+        """
+        Set or get the preferred aspect ratio.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- (default: ``None``) must be a list or tuple of length three,
+          or the integer ``1``. If no arguments are provided then the
+          default aspect ratio is returned.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: D = dodecahedron()
+            sage: D.aspect_ratio()
+            [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+            sage: D.aspect_ratio([1,2,3])
+            sage: D.aspect_ratio()
+            [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
+            sage: D.aspect_ratio(1)
+            sage: D.aspect_ratio()
+            [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+        """
+        if v is not None:
+            if v == 1:
+                v = (1, 1, 1)
+            if not isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                raise TypeError("aspect_ratio must be a list or tuple of "
+                                "length 3 or the integer 1")
+            self._aspect_ratio = [float(z) for z in v]
+        else:
+            if self._aspect_ratio is None:
+                self._aspect_ratio = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+            return self._aspect_ratio
+
+    def frame_aspect_ratio(self, v=None):
+        """
+        Set or get the preferred frame aspect ratio.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``v`` -- (default: ``None``) must be a list or tuple of
+          length three, or the integer ``1``. If no arguments are
+          provided then the default frame aspect ratio is returned.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: D = dodecahedron()
+            sage: D.frame_aspect_ratio()
+            [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+            sage: D.frame_aspect_ratio([2,2,1])
+            sage: D.frame_aspect_ratio()
+            [2.0, 2.0, 1.0]
+            sage: D.frame_aspect_ratio(1)
+            sage: D.frame_aspect_ratio()
+            [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+        """
+        if v is not None:
+            if v == 1:
+                v = (1, 1, 1)
+            if not isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                raise TypeError("frame_aspect_ratio must be a list or tuple of "
+                                "length 3 or the integer 1")
+            self._frame_aspect_ratio = [float(z) for z in v]
+        else:
+            if self._frame_aspect_ratio is None:
+                self._frame_aspect_ratio = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+            return self._frame_aspect_ratio
+
+    def _determine_frame_aspect_ratio(self, aspect_ratio):
+        a_min, a_max = self._safe_bounding_box()
+        return [(a_max[i] - a_min[i])*aspect_ratio[i] for i in range(3)]
+
+    def _safe_bounding_box(self):
+        """
+        Return a bounding box but where no side length is 0.
+
+        This is used to avoid zero-division errors for pathological
+        plots.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = line3d([(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)])
+            sage: G.bounding_box()
+            ((0.0, 0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+            sage: G._safe_bounding_box()
+            ([-1.0, -1.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        """
+        a_min, a_max = self.bounding_box()
+        a_min = list(a_min)
+        a_max = list(a_max)
+        for i in range(3):
+            if a_min[i] == a_max[i]:
+                a_min[i] = a_min[i] - 1
+                a_max[i] = a_max[i] + 1
+        return a_min, a_max
+
+    def bounding_box(self):
+        """
+        Return the lower and upper corners of a 3d bounding box.
+
+        This is used for rendering, and the scene should fit entirely
+        within this box.
+
+        Specifically, the first point returned has x, y, and z
+        coordinates that are the respective minimum over all points
+        in the graphics, and the second point is the maximum.
+
+        The default return value is simply the box containing the origin.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere((1,1,1), 2).bounding_box()
+            ((-1.0, -1.0, -1.0), (3.0, 3.0, 3.0))
+            sage: G = line3d([(1, 2, 3), (-1,-2,-3)])
+            sage: G.bounding_box()
+            ((-1.0, -2.0, -3.0), (1.0, 2.0, 3.0))
+        """
+        return ((0.0, 0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
+
+    def transform(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        Apply a transformation, where the inputs are
+        passed onto a TransformGroup object.
+
+        Mostly for internal use; see the translate, scale, and rotate
+        methods for more details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere((0,0,0), 1).transform(trans=(1, 0, 0), scale=(2,3,4)).bounding_box()
+            ((-1.0, -3.0, -4.0), (3.0, 3.0, 4.0))
+        """
+        return TransformGroup([self], **kwds)
+
+    def translate(self, *x):
+        """
+        Return the object translated by the given vector (which can be
+        given either as a 3-iterable or via positional arguments).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: icosahedron() + sum(icosahedron(opacity=0.25).translate(2*n, 0, 0) for n in [1..4])
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: icosahedron() + sum(icosahedron(opacity=0.25).translate([-2*n, n, n^2]) for n in [1..4])
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: G = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1)
+            sage: G.bounding_box()
+            ((-1.0, -1.0, -1.0), (1.0, 1.0, 1.0))
+            sage: G.translate(0, 0, 1).bounding_box()
+            ((-1.0, -1.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0, 2.0))
+            sage: G.translate(-1, 5, 0).bounding_box()
+            ((-2.0, 4.0, -1.0), (0.0, 6.0, 1.0))
+        """
+        if len(x) == 1:
+            x = x[0]
+        return self.transform(trans=x)
+
+    def scale(self, *x):
+        """
+        Return the object scaled in the x, y, and z directions.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron() + dodecahedron(opacity=.5).scale(2)
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+            sage: G = icosahedron() + icosahedron(opacity=.5).scale([1, 1/2, 2])
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: G = sphere((0, 0, 0), 1)
+            sage: G.scale(2)
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.scale(1, 2, 1/2).show(aspect_ratio=1)
+            sage: G.scale(2).bounding_box()
+            ((-2.0, -2.0, -2.0), (2.0, 2.0, 2.0))
+        """
+        if isinstance(x[0], (tuple, list)):
+            x = x[0]
+        return self.transform(scale=x)
+
+    def rotate(self, v, theta):
+        r"""
+        Return the object rotated about the vector `v` by `\theta` radians.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from math import pi
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Cone
+            sage: v = (1,2,3)
+            sage: G = arrow3d((0, 0, 0), v)
+            sage: G += Cone(1/5, 1).translate((0, 0, 2))
+            sage: C = Cone(1/5, 1, opacity=.25).translate((0, 0, 2))
+            sage: G += sum(C.rotate(v, pi*t/4) for t in [1..7])
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Box
+            sage: Box(1/3, 1/5, 1/7).rotate((1, 1, 1), pi/3).show(aspect_ratio=1)
+        """
+        vx, vy, vz = v
+        return self.transform(rot=[vx, vy, vz, theta])
+
+    def rotateX(self, theta):
+        """
+        Return the object rotated about the `x`-axis by the given angle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from math import pi
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Cone
+            sage: G = Cone(1/5, 1) + Cone(1/5, 1, opacity=.25).rotateX(pi/2)
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+        """
+        return self.rotate((1, 0, 0), theta)
+
+    def rotateY(self, theta):
+        """
+        Return the object rotated about the `y`-axis by the given angle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from math import pi
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Cone
+            sage: G = Cone(1/5, 1) + Cone(1/5, 1, opacity=.25).rotateY(pi/3)
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+        """
+        return self.rotate((0, 1, 0), theta)
+
+    def rotateZ(self, theta):
+        """
+        Return the object rotated about the `z`-axis by the given angle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from math import pi
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Box
+            sage: G = Box(1/2, 1/3, 1/5) + Box(1/2, 1/3, 1/5, opacity=.25).rotateZ(pi/5)
+            sage: G.show(aspect_ratio=1)
+        """
+        return self.rotate((0, 0, 1), theta)
+
+    def viewpoint(self):
+        """
+        Return the viewpoint of this plot.
+
+        Currently only a stub for x3d.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: type(dodecahedron().viewpoint())
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.Viewpoint'>
+        """
+        # This should probably be reworked somehow.
+        return Viewpoint(0,0,6)
+
+    def default_render_params(self):
+        """
+        Return an instance of RenderParams suitable for plotting this object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: type(dodecahedron().default_render_params())
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams'>
+        """
+        return RenderParams(ds=.075)
+
+    def testing_render_params(self):
+        """
+        Return an instance of RenderParams suitable for testing this object.
+
+        In particular, it opens up a temporary file as an auxiliary zip
+        file for jmol.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: type(dodecahedron().testing_render_params())
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams'>
+        """
+        params = RenderParams(ds=.075)
+        fn = tmp_filename(ext='.zip')
+        params.output_archive = zipfile.ZipFile(fn, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_STORED, True)
+        return params
+
+    def x3d(self):
+        """
+        An x3d scene file (as a string) containing the this object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(sphere((1, 2, 3), 5).x3d())
+            <X3D version='3.0' profile='Immersive' xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xsd:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=' http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.xsd '>
+            <head>
+            <meta name='title' content='sage3d'/>
+            </head>
+            <Scene>
+            <Viewpoint position='0 0 6'/>
+            <Transform translation='1 2 3'>
+            <Shape><Sphere radius='5.0'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>
+            </Transform>
+            </Scene>
+            </X3D>
+
+            sage: G = icosahedron() + sphere((0,0,0), 0.5, color='red')
+            sage: print(G.x3d())
+            <X3D version='3.0' profile='Immersive' xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xsd:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=' http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.xsd '>
+            <head>
+            <meta name='title' content='sage3d'/>
+            </head>
+            <Scene>
+            <Viewpoint position='0 0 6'/>
+            <Shape>
+            <IndexedFaceSet coordIndex='...'>
+              <Coordinate point='...'/>
+            </IndexedFaceSet>
+            <Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>
+            <Transform translation='0 0 0'>
+            <Shape><Sphere radius='0.5'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='1.0 0.0 0.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>
+            </Transform>
+            </Scene>
+            </X3D>
+        """
+        return """
+<X3D version='3.0' profile='Immersive' xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xsd:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=' http://www.web3d.org/specifications/x3d-3.0.xsd '>
+<head>
+<meta name='title' content='sage3d'/>
+</head>
+<Scene>
+%s
+%s
+</Scene>
+</X3D>
+""" % (self.viewpoint().x3d_str(), self.x3d_str())
+
+    ################ TACHYON ################
+
+    ####### insertion of camera parameters
+
+    tachyon_keywords = (
+      "antialiasing",
+      # "aspectratio",
+      "zoom",  # zoom was previously handled directly by scaling the scene.
+               # This has now been disabled, and zoom is handled by tachyon.
+      "raydepth", "figsize", "light_position",
+      "camera_position","updir",
+      # "look_at", # omit look_at. viewdir is sufficient for most purposes
+      "viewdir")
+
+    # The tachyon "aspectratio" parameter is outdated for normal users:
+    # From the tachyon documentation:
+    # "By using the aspect ratio parameter, one can produce images which look
+    # correct on any screen.  Aspect ratio alters the relative width of the image,
+    # while keeping plane the height of the image plane constant.  In general,
+    # most workstation displays have an aspect ratio of 1.0."
+
+    # Instead, the tachyon aspectratio is set to match nonsquare
+    # drawing area in "figsize".
+
+    # Parameters are mostly taken from tachyon.py,
+    # but camera_center is renamed camera_position.
+    # Apparently reST strips () from default parameters in the automatic documentation.
+    # Thus, I replaced () by [] as default values.
+
+    def tachyon(self,
+        zoom=1.0,
+        antialiasing=False,
+        figsize=[5,5], # resolution = 100*figsize
+        raydepth=8,
+        camera_position=[2.3, 2.4, 2.0], # old default values
+        updir=[0, 0, 1],
+        # look_at=(0, 0, 0), # could be nice to have, but viewdir is good enough
+        light_position=[4.0, 3.0, 2.0],
+        viewdir=None,
+        # projection='PERSPECTIVE', # future extension, allow different projection types
+    ):
+        """
+        A tachyon input file (as a string) containing the this object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(sphere((1, 2, 3), 5, color='yellow').tachyon())
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            begin_scene
+            resolution 500 500
+            <BLANKLINE>
+                     camera
+                    ...
+                  plane
+                    center -592.870151560437 618.647114671761 -515.539262226467
+                    normal -2.3 2.4 -2.0
+                    TEXTURE
+                        AMBIENT 1.0 DIFFUSE 0.0 SPECULAR 0.0 OPACITY 1.0
+                        COLOR 1.0 1.0 1.0
+                        TEXFUNC 0
+            <BLANKLINE>
+                Texdef texture...
+              Ambient 0.3333333333333333 Diffuse 0.6666666666666666 Specular 0.0 Opacity 1.0
+              Color 1.0 1.0 0.0
+              TexFunc 0
+            <BLANKLINE>
+                Sphere center 1.0 -2.0 3.0 Rad 5.0 texture...
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            end_scene
+
+            sage: G = icosahedron(color='red') + sphere((1,2,3), 0.5, color='yellow')
+            sage: G.show(viewer='tachyon', frame=false)
+            sage: print(G.tachyon())
+            begin_scene
+            ...
+            Texdef texture...
+              Ambient 0.3333333333333333 Diffuse 0.6666666666666666 Specular 0.0 Opacity 1.0
+               Color 1.0 1.0 0.0
+               TexFunc 0
+            TRI V0 ...
+            Sphere center 1.0 -2.0 3.0 Rad 0.5 texture...
+            end_scene
+        """
+        render_params = self.default_render_params()
+        # switch from LH to RH coords to be consistent with java rendition
+        render_params.push_transform(Transformation(scale=[1,-1,1]))
+
+        if len(camera_position)!=3:
+            raise ValueError('Camera center must consist of three numbers')
+
+        if viewdir is None:
+            viewdir = [float(- camera_position[i]) for i in range(3)]
+            if viewdir == [0.0,0.0,0.0]:
+                viewdir = (1,0,0) # issue a Warning? "camera_position at origin"
+        # switch from LH to RH coords to be consistent with java rendition
+        viewdir = _flip_orientation(viewdir)
+        updir = _flip_orientation(updir)
+        camera_position = _flip_orientation(camera_position)
+        light_position = _flip_orientation(light_position)
+
+        return """
+begin_scene
+resolution {resolution_x:d} {resolution_y:d}
+
+         camera
+            zoom {zoom:f}
+            aspectratio {aspectratio:f}
+            antialiasing {antialiasing:d}
+            raydepth {raydepth:d}
+            center {camera_position}
+            viewdir {viewdir}
+            updir {updir}
+         end_camera
+
+      light center {light_position}
+            rad 0.2
+            color  1.0 1.0 1.0
+
+      plane
+        center {viewdir1000}
+        normal {viewdir}
+        TEXTURE
+            AMBIENT 1.0 DIFFUSE 0.0 SPECULAR 0.0 OPACITY 1.0
+            COLOR 1.0 1.0 1.0
+            TEXFUNC 0
+
+    {scene}
+
+    {render_parameters}
+
+end_scene""".format(
+    # render_params.antialiasing, this only provided the default value of 8
+    scene = "\n".join(sorted([t.tachyon_str() for t in self.texture_set()])),
+    render_parameters =
+             "\n".join(flatten_list(self.tachyon_repr(render_params))),
+    viewdir1000=self._tostring(1000*vector(viewdir).normalized().n()),
+    viewdir=self._tostring(viewdir),
+    camera_position=self._tostring(camera_position),
+    updir=self._tostring(updir),
+    light_position=self._tostring(light_position),
+    zoom=zoom,
+    antialiasing=antialiasing,
+    resolution_x=figsize[0]*100,
+    resolution_y=figsize[1]*100,
+    aspectratio=float(figsize[1])/float(figsize[0]),
+    raydepth=raydepth,
+                   )
+
+    def obj(self):
+        """
+        An .obj scene file (as a string) containing the this object.
+
+        A .mtl file of the same name must also be produced for
+        coloring.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import ColorCube
+            sage: print(ColorCube(1, ['red', 'yellow', 'blue']).obj())
+            g obj_1
+            usemtl ...
+            v 1 1 1
+            v -1 1 1
+            v -1 -1 1
+            v 1 -1 1
+            f 1 2 3 4
+            ...
+            g obj_6
+            usemtl ...
+            v -1 -1 1
+            v -1 1 1
+            v -1 1 -1
+            v -1 -1 -1
+            f 21 22 23 24
+        """
+        return "\n".join(flatten_list([self.obj_repr(self.default_render_params()), ""]))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _tostring(s):
+        r"""
+        Convert vector information to a space-separated string.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d._tostring((1.0,1.2,-1.3))
+            '1.00000000000000 1.20000000000000 -1.30000000000000'
+        """
+        return ' '.join(map(str,s))
+
+    def export_jmol(self, filename='jmol_shape.jmol', force_reload=False,
+                    zoom=1, spin=False, background=(1,1,1), stereo=False,
+                    mesh=False, dots=False,
+                    perspective_depth = True,
+                    orientation = (-764,-346,-545,76.39), **ignored_kwds):
+                    # orientation chosen to look same as tachyon
+        """
+        A jmol scene consists of a script which refers to external files.
+        Fortunately, we are able to put all of them in a single zip archive,
+        which is the output of this call.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: out_file = tmp_filename(ext='.jmol')
+            sage: G = sphere((1, 2, 3), 5) + cube() + sage.plot.plot3d.shapes.Text("hi")
+            sage: G.export_jmol(out_file)
+            sage: import zipfile
+            sage: z = zipfile.ZipFile(out_file)
+            sage: z.namelist()
+            ['obj_...pmesh', 'SCRIPT']
+
+            sage: print(z.read('SCRIPT').decode('ascii'))
+            data "model list"
+            2
+            empty
+            Xx 0 0 0
+            Xx 5.5 5.5 5.5
+            end "model list"; show data
+            select *
+            wireframe off; spacefill off
+            set labelOffset 0 0
+            background [255,255,255]
+            spin OFF
+            moveto 0 -764 -346 -545 76.39
+            centerAt absolute {0 0 0}
+            zoom 100
+            frank OFF
+            set perspectivedepth ON
+            isosurface sphere_1  center {1.0 2.0 3.0} sphere 5.0
+            color isosurface  [102,102,255]
+            pmesh obj_... "obj_...pmesh"
+            color pmesh  [102,102,255]
+            select atomno = 1
+            color atom  [102,102,255]
+            label "hi"
+            isosurface fullylit; pmesh o* fullylit; set antialiasdisplay on;
+
+            sage: print(z.read(z.namelist()[0]).decode('ascii'))
+            24
+            0.5 0.5 0.5
+            -0.5 0.5 0.5
+            ...
+            -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
+            6
+            5
+            0
+            1
+            ...
+        """
+        render_params = self.default_render_params()
+        render_params.mesh = mesh
+        render_params.dots = dots
+        render_params.output_file = filename
+        render_params.force_reload = render_params.randomize_counter = force_reload
+        render_params.output_archive = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, True)
+        # Render the data
+        all = flatten_list([self.jmol_repr(render_params), ""])
+
+        f = StringIO()
+
+        if render_params.atom_list:
+            # Load the atom model
+            f.write('data "model list"\n')
+            f.write('%s\nempty\n' % (len(render_params.atom_list) + 1))
+            for atom in render_params.atom_list:
+                f.write('Xx %s %s %s\n' % atom)
+            f.write('Xx 5.5 5.5 5.5\n') # so the zoom fits the box
+            f.write('end "model list"; show data\n')
+            f.write('select *\n')
+            f.write('wireframe off; spacefill off\n')
+            f.write('set labelOffset 0 0\n')
+
+        # Set the scene background color
+        f.write('background [%s,%s,%s]\n' % tuple(int(a*255) for a in background))
+        if spin:
+            f.write('spin ON\n')
+        else:
+            f.write('spin OFF\n')
+        if stereo:
+            if stereo is True:
+                stereo = "redblue"
+            f.write('stereo %s\n' % stereo)
+        if orientation:
+            f.write('moveto 0 %s %s %s %s\n' % tuple(orientation))
+
+        f.write('centerAt absolute {0 0 0}\n')
+        f.write('zoom {0}\n'.format(zoom * 100))
+        f.write('frank OFF\n')  # jmol logo
+
+        if perspective_depth:
+            f.write('set perspectivedepth ON\n')
+        else:
+            f.write('set perspectivedepth OFF\n')
+
+        # Put the rest of the object in
+        f.write("\n".join(all))
+        # Make sure the lighting is correct
+        f.write("isosurface fullylit; pmesh o* fullylit; set antialiasdisplay on;\n")
+
+        render_params.output_archive.writestr('SCRIPT', f.getvalue())
+        render_params.output_archive.close()
+
+    def json_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        A (possibly nested) list of strings. Each entry is formatted
+        as JSON, so that a JavaScript client could eval it and get an
+        object. Each object has fields to encapsulate the faces and
+        vertices of the object. This representation is intended to be
+        consumed by the canvas3d viewer backend.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.json_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            []
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def jmol_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        A (possibly nested) list of strings which will be concatenated and
+        used by jmol to render the object.
+
+        (Nested lists of strings are used because otherwise all the
+        intermediate concatenations can kill performance). This may
+        refer to several remove files, which are stored in
+        render_parames.output_archive.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.jmol_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            []
+            sage: G = sphere((1, 2, 3))
+            sage: G.jmol_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [['isosurface sphere_1  center {1.0 2.0 3.0} sphere 1.0\ncolor isosurface  [102,102,255]']]
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def tachyon_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        A (possibly nested) list of strings which will be concatenated and
+        used by tachyon to render the object.
+
+        (Nested lists of strings are used because otherwise all the
+        intermediate concatenations can kill performance). This may
+        include a reference to color information which is stored
+        elsewhere.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.tachyon_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            []
+            sage: G = sphere((1, 2, 3))
+            sage: G.tachyon_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            ['Sphere center 1.0 2.0 3.0 Rad 1.0 texture...']
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def obj_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        A (possibly nested) list of strings which will be concatenated and
+        used to construct an .obj file of the object.
+
+        (Nested lists of strings are used because otherwise all the
+        intermediate concatenations can kill performance). This may
+        include a reference to color information which is stored
+        elsewhere.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.obj_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            []
+            sage: G = cube()
+            sage: G.obj_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            ['g obj_1',
+             'usemtl ...',
+             ['v 0.5 0.5 0.5',
+              'v -0.5 0.5 0.5',
+              'v -0.5 -0.5 0.5',
+              'v 0.5 -0.5 0.5',
+              'v 0.5 0.5 -0.5',
+              'v -0.5 0.5 -0.5',
+              'v 0.5 -0.5 -0.5',
+              'v -0.5 -0.5 -0.5'],
+             ['f 1 2 3 4',
+              'f 1 5 6 2',
+              'f 1 4 7 5',
+              'f 6 5 7 8',
+              'f 7 4 3 8',
+              'f 3 2 6 8'],
+             []]
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def threejs_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        A flat list of ``(kind, desc)`` tuples where ``kind`` is one of:
+        'point', 'line', 'text', or 'surface'; and where ``desc`` is a dictionary
+        describing a point, line, text, or surface.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.threejs_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            []
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def texture_set(self):
+        """
+        Often the textures of a 3d file format are kept separate from the
+        objects themselves. This function returns the set of textures used,
+        so they can be defined in a preamble or separate file.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d().texture_set()
+            set()
+
+            sage: G = tetrahedron(color='red') + tetrahedron(color='yellow') + tetrahedron(color='red', opacity=0.5)
+            sage: [t for t in G.texture_set() if t.color == colors.red] # we should have two red textures
+            [Texture(texture..., red, ff0000), Texture(texture..., red, ff0000)]
+            sage: [t for t in G.texture_set() if t.color == colors.yellow] # ...and one yellow
+            [Texture(texture..., yellow, ffff00)]
+        """
+        return set()
+
+    def mtl_str(self):
+        """
+        Return the contents of a .mtl file, to be used to provide coloring
+        information for an .obj file.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = tetrahedron(color='red') + tetrahedron(color='yellow', opacity=0.5)
+            sage: print(G.mtl_str())
+            newmtl ...
+            Ka 0.5 5e-06 5e-06
+            Kd 1.0 1e-05 1e-05
+            Ks 0.0 0.0 0.0
+            illum 1
+            Ns 1.0
+            d 1.0
+            newmtl ...
+            Ka 0.5 0.5 5e-06
+            Kd 1.0 1.0 1e-05
+            Ks 0.0 0.0 0.0
+            illum 1
+            Ns 1.0
+            d 0.5
+        """
+        return "\n\n".join(sorted([t.mtl_str() for t in self.texture_set()])) + "\n"
+
+    def flatten(self):
+        """
+        Try to reduce the depth of the scene tree by consolidating groups
+        and transformations.
+
+        The generic Graphics3d object cannot be made flatter.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3d()
+            sage: G.flatten() is G
+            True
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _rescale_for_frame_aspect_ratio_and_zoom(self, b, frame_aspect_ratio, zoom):
+        if frame_aspect_ratio is None:
+            return (b*zoom,b*zoom,b*zoom), (-b*zoom,-b*zoom,-b*zoom)
+        box = [b*w for w in frame_aspect_ratio]
+        # Now take the maximum length in box and rescale to b.
+        s = b / max(box)
+        box_max = tuple([s*w*zoom for w in box])
+        box_min = tuple([-w*zoom for w in box_max])
+        return box_min, box_max
+
+    def _prepare_for_jmol(self, frame, axes, frame_aspect_ratio, aspect_ratio, zoom):
+        s = 3
+        box_min, box_max = self._rescale_for_frame_aspect_ratio_and_zoom(s, frame_aspect_ratio, zoom)
+        a_min, a_max = self._box_for_aspect_ratio(aspect_ratio, box_min, box_max)
+        return self._transform_to_bounding_box(box_min, box_max, a_min, a_max, frame=frame,
+                                               axes=axes, thickness=1,
+                                               labels = True)   # jmol labels are implemented
+
+    def _prepare_for_tachyon(self, frame, axes, frame_aspect_ratio, aspect_ratio, zoom):
+        box_min, box_max = self._rescale_for_frame_aspect_ratio_and_zoom(1.0, frame_aspect_ratio, zoom)
+        a_min, a_max = self._box_for_aspect_ratio(aspect_ratio, box_min, box_max)
+        return self._transform_to_bounding_box(box_min, box_max, a_min, a_max,
+                                               frame=frame, axes=axes, thickness=.75,
+                                               labels = False)  # no tachyon text implemented yet
+
+    def _box_for_aspect_ratio(self, aspect_ratio, box_min, box_max):
+        # 1. Find a box around self so that when self gets rescaled into the
+        # box defined by box_min, box_max, it has the right aspect ratio
+        a_min, a_max = self._safe_bounding_box()
+
+        if aspect_ratio == "automatic" or aspect_ratio == [1.0]*3:
+            return a_min, a_max
+
+        longest_side = 0
+        longest_length = a_max[0] - a_min[0]
+        shortest_side = 0
+        shortest_length = a_max[0] - a_min[0]
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            s = a_max[i] - a_min[i]
+            if s > longest_length:
+                longest_length = s
+                longest_side = i
+            if s < shortest_length:
+                shortest_length = s
+                shortest_side = i
+
+        # 2. Rescale aspect_ratio so the shortest side is 1.
+        r = float(aspect_ratio[shortest_side])
+        aspect_ratio = [a/r for a in aspect_ratio]
+
+        # 3. Extend the bounding box of self by rescaling so the sides
+        # have the same ratio as aspect_ratio, and without changing
+        # the longest side.
+        long_box_side = box_max[longest_side] - box_min[longest_side]
+        sc = [1.0,1.0,1.0]
+        for i in range(3):
+            # compute the length we want:
+            new_length = longest_length / aspect_ratio[i]
+            # change the side length by a_min and a_max so
+            # that a_max[i] - a_min[i] = new_length
+
+            # We have to take into account the ratio of the
+            # sides after transforming to the bounding box.
+            z = long_box_side / (box_max[i] - box_min[i])
+            w = new_length / ((a_max[i] - a_min[i]) * z)
+            sc[i] = w
+
+        w = min(sc)
+        sc = [z/w for z in sc]
+        for i in range(3):
+            a_min[i] *= sc[i]
+            a_max[i] *= sc[i]
+
+        return a_min, a_max
+
+    def _transform_to_bounding_box(self, xyz_min, xyz_max, a_min, a_max, frame, axes, thickness, labels):
+
+        a_min_orig = a_min
+        a_max_orig = a_max
+
+        # Rescale in each direction
+        scale = [float(xyz_max[i] - xyz_min[i]) / (a_max[i] - a_min[i]) for i in range(3)]
+        X = self.scale(scale)
+        a_min = [scale[i]*a_min[i] for i in range(3)]
+        a_max = [scale[i]*a_max[i] for i in range(3)]
+
+        # Translate so lower left corner of original bounding box
+        # is in the right spot
+        T = [xyz_min[i] - a_min[i] for i in range(3)]
+        X = X.translate(T)
+        if frame:
+            from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes2 import frame3d, frame_labels
+            F = frame3d(xyz_min, xyz_max, opacity=0.5, color=(0,0,0), thickness=thickness)
+            if labels:
+                F += frame_labels(xyz_min, xyz_max, a_min_orig, a_max_orig)
+
+            X += F
+
+        if axes:
+            # draw axes
+            from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import arrow3d
+            A = (arrow3d((min(0,a_min[0]),0, 0), (max(0,a_max[0]), 0,0),
+                             thickness, color='blue'),
+                 arrow3d((0,min(0,a_min[1]), 0), (0, max(0,a_max[1]), 0),
+                             thickness, color='blue'),
+                 arrow3d((0, 0, min(0,a_min[2])), (0, 0, max(0,a_max[2])),
+                             thickness, color='blue'))
+            X += sum(A).translate([-z for z in T])
+
+        return X
+
+    def _process_viewing_options(self, kwds):
+        """
+        Process viewing options (the keywords passed to show()) and return a new
+        dictionary. Defaults will be filled in for missing options and taken from
+        self._extra_kwds as well. Options that have the value "automatic" will be
+        automatically determined. Finally, the provided dictionary is modified
+        to remove all of the keys that were used -- so that the unused keywords
+        can be used elsewhere.
+        """
+        opts = {}
+        opts.update(SHOW_DEFAULTS)
+        opts.update(self._extra_kwds)
+        opts.update(kwds)
+
+        # Remove all of the keys that are viewing options, since the remaining
+        # kwds might be passed on.
+        for key_to_remove in SHOW_DEFAULTS:
+            kwds.pop(key_to_remove, None)
+
+        # deal with any aspect_ratio instances passed from the default options to plot
+        if opts['aspect_ratio'] == 'auto':
+            opts['aspect_ratio'] = 'automatic'
+        if opts['aspect_ratio'] != 'automatic':
+            # We need this round about way to make sure that we do not
+            # store the aspect ratio that was passed on to show() by the
+            # user. We let the .aspect_ratio() method take care of the
+            # validity of the arguments that was passed on to show()
+            original_aspect_ratio = self.aspect_ratio()
+            self.aspect_ratio(opts['aspect_ratio'])
+            opts['aspect_ratio'] = self.aspect_ratio()
+            self.aspect_ratio(original_aspect_ratio)
+
+        if opts['frame_aspect_ratio'] == 'automatic':
+            if opts['aspect_ratio'] != 'automatic':
+                # Set the aspect_ratio of the frame to be the same as that
+                # of the object we are rendering given the aspect_ratio
+                # we'll use for it.
+                opts['frame_aspect_ratio'] = \
+                    self._determine_frame_aspect_ratio(opts['aspect_ratio'])
+            else:
+                opts['frame_aspect_ratio'] = self.frame_aspect_ratio()
+        else:
+            # We need this round about way to make sure that we do not
+            # store the frame aspect ratio that was passed on to show() by
+            # the user. We let the .frame_aspect_ratio() method take care
+            # of the validity of the arguments that was passed on to show()
+            original_aspect_ratio = self.frame_aspect_ratio()
+            self.frame_aspect_ratio(opts['frame_aspect_ratio'])
+            opts['frame_aspect_ratio'] = self.frame_aspect_ratio()
+            self.frame_aspect_ratio(original_aspect_ratio)
+
+        if opts['aspect_ratio'] == 'automatic':
+            opts['aspect_ratio'] = self.aspect_ratio()
+
+        if not isinstance(opts['figsize'], (list,tuple)):
+            opts['figsize'] = [opts['figsize'], opts['figsize']]
+
+        return opts
+
+    def show(self, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Display graphics immediately.
+
+        This method attempts to display the graphics immediately,
+        without waiting for the currently running code (if any) to
+        return to the command line. Be careful, calling it from within
+        a loop will potentially launch a large number of external
+        viewer programs.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``viewer`` -- string (default: ``'threejs'``); how to view the plot.
+          Admissible values are
+
+           * ``'threejs'``: interactive web-based 3D viewer using JavaScript
+             and a WebGL renderer
+
+           * ``'jmol'``: interactive 3D viewer using Java
+
+           * ``'tachyon'``: ray tracer generating a static PNG image;
+             can produce high-resolution graphics, but does
+             not show any text labels
+
+           * ``'canvas3d'``: web-based 3D viewer using JavaScript
+             and a canvas renderer (Sage notebook only)
+
+        - ``verbosity`` -- display information about rendering
+          the figure
+
+        - ``figsize`` -- (default: 5) x or pair [x,y] for
+          numbers, e.g., [5,5]; controls the size of the output figure.
+          With 'tachyon', the resolution (in number of pixels) is 100 times
+          ``figsize``. This is ignored for the jmol embedded renderer.
+
+        - ``aspect_ratio`` -- (default: ``'automatic'``) aspect
+          ratio of the coordinate system itself; give [1,1,1] or 1 to make
+          spheres look round
+
+        - ``frame_aspect_ratio`` -- (default: ``'automatic'``)
+          aspect ratio of frame that contains the 3d scene
+
+        - ``zoom`` -- (default: 1) how zoomed in
+
+        - ``frame`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True``, draw a
+          bounding frame with labels
+
+        - ``axes`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, draw coordinate
+          axes
+
+        - ``camera_position`` -- (for tachyon) (default: (2.3, 2.4, 2.0))
+          the viewpoint, with respect to the cube
+          $[-1,1]\\times[-1,1]\\times[-1,1]$,
+          into which the bounding box of the scene
+          is scaled and centered.
+          The default viewing direction is towards the origin.
+
+        - ``viewdir`` -- (for tachyon) (default: ``None``) three coordinates
+          specifying the viewing direction
+
+        - ``updir`` -- (for tachyon) (default: (0,0,1)) the "upward"
+          direction of the camera
+
+        - ``light_position`` -- (for tachyon) (default: (4,3,2)) the position
+          of the single light source in the scene (in addition to ambient light)
+
+        - ``antialiasing`` -- (for tachyon) (default: ``False``)
+
+        - ``raydepth`` -- (for tachyon) (default: 8)
+          see the :class:`sage.plot.plot3d.tachyon.Tachyon` class
+
+        - ``shade`` -- (for tachyon) string (default: ``'full'``);
+          shading options. Admissible values are
+
+           * ``'full'``: best quality rendering (and slowest).
+             Sets tachyon command line flag ``-fullshade``.
+
+           * ``'medium``: good quality rendering, but no shadows.
+             Sets tachyon command line flag ``-mediumshade``.
+
+           * ``'low'``: low quality rendering, preview (and fast).
+             Sets tachyon command line flag ``-lowshade``.
+
+           * ``'lowest'``: worst quality rendering, preview (and fastest).
+             Sets tachyon command line flag ``-lowestshade``.
+
+        - ``extra_opts`` -- (for tachyon) string (default: empty string);
+          extra options that will be appended to the tachyon command line
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- other options, which make sense for particular
+          rendering engines
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        This method does not return anything. Use :meth:`save` if you
+        want to save the figure as an image file.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            By default, the jmol and tachyon viewers perform
+            some non-uniform scaling of the axes.
+
+        If this is not desired, one can set ``aspect_ratio=1``::
+
+            sage: p = plot3d(lambda u,v:(cos(u)-cos(v)), (-0.2,0.2),(-0.2,0.2))
+            sage: p.show(viewer='threejs')
+            sage: p.show(viewer='jmol')
+            sage: p.show(viewer='jmol',aspect_ratio=1)
+            sage: p.show(viewer='tachyon',camera_position=(4,0,0))
+            sage: p.show(viewer='tachyon',camera_position=(2,2,0.3),aspect_ratio=1)
+
+        CHANGING DEFAULTS: Defaults can be uniformly changed by importing a
+        dictionary and changing it. For example, here we change the default
+        so images display without a frame instead of with one::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import SHOW_DEFAULTS
+            sage: SHOW_DEFAULTS['frame'] = False
+
+        This sphere will not have a frame around it::
+
+            sage: sphere((0,0,0))
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        We change the default back::
+
+            sage: SHOW_DEFAULTS['frame'] = True
+
+        Now this sphere is enclosed in a frame::
+
+            sage: sphere((0,0,0))
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        EXAMPLES: We illustrate use of the ``aspect_ratio`` option::
+
+            sage: x, y = var('x,y')                                                     # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: p = plot3d(2*sin(x*y), (x, -pi, pi), (y, -pi, pi))                    # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: p.show(aspect_ratio=[1,1,1])                                          # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        This looks flattened, but filled with the plot::
+
+            sage: p.show(frame_aspect_ratio=[1,1,1/16])                                 # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        This looks flattened, but the plot is square and smaller::
+
+            sage: p.show(aspect_ratio=[1,1,1], frame_aspect_ratio=[1,1,1/8])            # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        This example shows indirectly that the defaults
+        from :func:`~sage.plot.plot.plot` are dealt with properly::
+
+            sage: plot(vector([1,2,3]))
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        We use the 'canvas3d' backend from inside the notebook to get a view of
+        the plot rendered inline using HTML canvas::
+
+            sage: p.show(viewer='canvas3d')                                             # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        Sometimes shadows in Tachyon-produced images can lead to confusing
+        plots. To remove them::
+
+            sage: p.show(viewer='tachyon', shade='medium')                              # needs sage.symbolic
+
+        One can also pass Tachyon command line flags directly. For example,
+        the following line produces the same result as the previous one::
+
+            sage: p.show(viewer='tachyon', extra_opts='-mediumshade')                   # needs sage.symbolic
+        """
+        from sage.repl.rich_output import get_display_manager
+        dm = get_display_manager()
+        dm.display_immediately(self, **kwds)
+
+    def _save_image_png(self, filename, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Save a PNG rendering.
+
+        This private method is only for use by :meth:`save_image`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s = sphere()
+            sage: png = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
+            sage: s._save_image_png(png)
+            sage: with open(png, 'rb') as fobj:
+            ....:     fobj.read().startswith(b'\x89PNG')
+            True
+
+            sage: s._save_image_png('/path/to/foo.bar')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            AssertionError
+        """
+        assert filename.endswith('.png')
+        opts = self._process_viewing_options(kwds)
+        viewer = opts['viewer']
+        if viewer == 'threejs':
+            try:
+                scene = self._rich_repr_threejs(**opts)
+                from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
+                import subprocess
+                # From https://github.com/jupyter/nbconvert/blob/55ff3e9ac1d892165bfb4352379672019b66ddff/nbconvert/exporters/webpdf.py#L87
+                cmd = [sys.executable, "-m", "playwright", "install", "chromium"]
+                subprocess.check_call(cmd)
+                with sync_playwright() as p:
+                    browser_type = getattr(p, kwds.pop('browser_type', 'chromium'))
+                    browser = browser_type.launch()
+                    page = browser.new_page()
+                    page.goto('file://' + scene.html.filename('html'))
+                    page.screenshot(path=filename)
+                    browser.close()
+                return
+            except Exception:
+                viewer = 'jmol'
+        if viewer == 'tachyon':
+            from sage.repl.rich_output.output_catalog import OutputImagePng
+            render = self._rich_repr_tachyon(OutputImagePng, **opts)
+            render.png.save_as(filename)
+        elif viewer == 'jmol':
+            scene = self._rich_repr_jmol(**opts)
+            scene.preview_png.save_as(filename)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('cannot use viewer={0} to render image'.format(viewer))
+
+    def save_image(self, filename, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Save a 2-D image rendering.
+
+        The image type is determined by the extension of the filename.
+        For example, this could be ``.png``, ``.jpg``, ``.gif``,
+        ``.pdf``, ``.svg``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``filename`` -- string; the file name under which to save
+          the image
+
+        Any further keyword arguments are passed to the renderer.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere()
+            sage: png = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
+            sage: G.save_image(png)
+            sage: with open(png, 'rb') as fobj:
+            ....:     assert fobj.read().startswith(b'\x89PNG')
+
+            sage: gif = tmp_filename(ext='.gif')
+            sage: G.save_image(gif)
+            sage: with open(gif, 'rb') as fobj:
+            ....:     assert fobj.read().startswith(b'GIF')
+        """
+        ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
+        if ext not in ['.bmp', '.png', '.gif', '.ppm', '.tiff', '.tif',
+                       '.jpg', '.jpeg']:
+            raise ValueError('unknown image file type: {0}'.format(ext))
+        if ext == '.png':
+            self._save_image_png(filename, **kwds)
+        else:
+            png = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
+            self._save_image_png(png, **kwds)
+            import PIL.Image as Image
+            Image.open(png).save(filename)
+
+    def save(self, filename, **kwds):
+        """
+        Save the graphic in a file.
+
+        The file type depends on the file extension you give in the
+        filename. This can be either:
+
+        - an image file (of type: PNG, BMP, GIF, PPM, or TIFF) rendered
+          using Jmol (default) or Tachyon,
+
+        - a Sage object file (of type ``.sobj``) that you can load back later
+          (a pickle),
+
+        - an HTML file depicting the graphic using the Three.js viewer,
+
+        - a data file (of type: X3D, STL, AMF, PLY) for export and use in
+          other software.
+
+        For data files, the support is only partial. For instance STL and
+        AMF only works for triangulated surfaces. The prefered format is X3D.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``filename`` -- string; where to save the image or object
+
+        - ``**kwds`` -- when specifying an image file to be rendered by Tachyon
+          or Jmol, any of the viewing options accepted by :meth:`show` are valid as
+          keyword arguments to this function and they will behave in the same
+          way. Accepted keywords include: ``viewer``, ``verbosity``,
+          ``figsize``, ``aspect_ratio``, ``frame_aspect_ratio``, ``zoom``,
+          ``frame``, and ``axes``. Default values are provided.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: f = tmp_filename(ext='.png')
+            sage: G = sphere()
+            sage: G.save(f)
+
+        We demonstrate using keyword arguments to control the appearance of the
+        output image::
+
+            sage: G.save(f, zoom=2, figsize=[5, 10])
+
+        Using Tachyon instead of the default viewer (Jmol) to create the
+        image::
+
+            sage: G.save(f, viewer='tachyon')
+
+        Since Tachyon only outputs PNG images, PIL will be used to convert to
+        alternate formats::
+
+            sage: cube().save(tmp_filename(ext='.gif'), viewer='tachyon')
+
+        Here is how to save in one of the data formats::
+
+            sage: f = tmp_filename(ext='.x3d')
+            sage: cube().save(f)
+
+            sage: open(f).read().splitlines()[7]
+            "<Shape><Box size='0.5 0.5 0.5'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>"
+
+        Producing a Three.js-based HTML file::
+
+            sage: f = tmp_filename(ext='.html')
+            sage: G.save(f, frame=False, online=True)
+        """
+        ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
+        if ext == '' or ext == '.sobj':
+            SageObject.save(self, filename)
+        elif ext in ['.bmp', '.png', '.gif', '.ppm', '.tiff', '.tif',
+                     '.jpg', '.jpeg']:
+            self.save_image(filename, **kwds)
+        elif filename.endswith('.spt.zip'):
+            scene = self._rich_repr_jmol(**kwds)
+            scene.jmol.save(filename)
+        elif ext == '.x3d':
+            with open(filename, 'w') as outfile:
+                outfile.write(self.x3d())
+        elif ext == '.stl':
+            with open(filename, 'wb') as outfile:
+                outfile.write(self.stl_binary())
+        elif ext == '.amf':
+            # todo : zip the output file ?
+            with open(filename, 'w') as outfile:
+                outfile.write(self.amf_ascii_string())
+        elif ext == '.ply':
+            with open(filename, 'w') as outfile:
+                outfile.write(self.ply_ascii_string())
+        elif ext == '.html':
+            self._rich_repr_threejs(**kwds).html.save_as(filename)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('filetype {} not supported by save()'.format(ext))
+
+    def stl_binary(self):
+        """
+        Return an STL (STereoLithography) binary representation of the surface.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This only works for surfaces, transforms and unions of surfaces,
+            but not for general plot objects!
+
+        OUTPUT: a binary string that represents the surface in the binary STL format
+
+        See :wikipedia:`STL_(file_format)`
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`stl_ascii_string`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+            sage: a = implicit_plot3d(x^2+y^2+z^2-9,[x,-5,5],[y,-5,5],[z,-5,5])
+            sage: astl = a.stl_binary()
+            sage: print(astl[:40].decode('ascii'))
+            STL binary file / made by SageMath / ###
+
+            sage: p = polygon3d([[0,0,0], [1,2,3], [3,0,0]])
+            sage: print(p.stl_binary()[:40].decode('ascii'))
+            STL binary file / made by SageMath / ###
+
+        This works when faces have more then 3 sides::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.groups
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron()
+            sage: Q = P.plot().all[-1]
+            sage: print(Q.stl_binary()[:40].decode('ascii'))
+            STL binary file / made by SageMath / ###
+        """
+        import struct
+        header = b'STL binary file / made by SageMath / '
+        header += b'#' * (80 - len(header))
+        # header = 80 bytes, arbitrary ascii characters
+        data = self.stl_binary_repr(self.default_render_params())
+        N_triangles = len(data)
+        return b''.join([header, struct.pack('I', N_triangles)] + data)
+
+    def stl_ascii_string(self, name='surface'):
+        """
+        Return an STL (STereoLithography) representation of the surface.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This only works for surfaces, not for general plot objects!
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``'surface'``); name of the surface
+
+        OUTPUT: string that represents the surface in the STL format
+
+        See :wikipedia:`STL_(file_format)`
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`stl_binary`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+            sage: a = implicit_plot3d(x^2+y^2+z^2-9,[x,-5,5],[y,-5,5],[z,-5,5])
+            sage: astl = a.stl_ascii_string()
+            sage: astl.splitlines()[:7]  # abs tol 1e-10
+            ['solid surface',
+            'facet normal 0.9733285267845754 -0.16222142113076257 -0.16222142113076257',
+            '    outer loop',
+            '        vertex 2.94871794872 -0.384615384615 -0.39358974359',
+            '        vertex 2.95021367521 -0.384615384615 -0.384615384615',
+            '        vertex 2.94871794872 -0.39358974359 -0.384615384615',
+            '    endloop']
+
+            sage: p = polygon3d([[0,0,0], [1,2,3], [3,0,0]])
+            sage: print(p.stl_ascii_string(name='triangle'))
+            solid triangle
+            facet normal 0.0 0.8320502943378436 -0.5547001962252291
+                outer loop
+                    vertex 0.0 0.0 0.0
+                    vertex 1.0 2.0 3.0
+                    vertex 3.0 0.0 0.0
+                endloop
+            endfacet
+            endsolid triangle
+
+        Now works when faces have more then 3 sides::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.geometry.polyhedron sage.groups
+            sage: P = polytopes.dodecahedron()
+            sage: Q = P.plot().all[-1]
+            sage: print(Q.stl_ascii_string().splitlines()[:7])
+            ['solid surface',
+             'facet normal 0.0 0.5257311121191338 0.8506508083520399',
+             '    outer loop',
+             '        vertex -0.7639320225002102 0.7639320225002102 0.7639320225002102',
+             '        vertex -0.4721359549995796 0.0 1.2360679774997898',
+             '        vertex 0.4721359549995796 0.0 1.2360679774997898',
+             '    endloop']
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module import FreeModule
+        RR3 = FreeModule(RDF, 3)
+
+        faces = self.face_list()
+        if not faces:
+            self.triangulate()
+            faces = self.face_list()
+
+        code = ("facet normal {!r} {!r} {!r}\n"
+                "    outer loop\n"
+                "        vertex {!r} {!r} {!r}\n"
+                "        vertex {!r} {!r} {!r}\n"
+                "        vertex {!r} {!r} {!r}\n"
+                "    endloop\n"
+                "endfacet\n")
+
+        faces_iter = faces.__iter__()
+
+        def chopped_faces_iter():
+            for face in faces_iter:
+                n = len(face)
+                if n == 3:
+                    yield face
+                else:
+                    # naive cut into triangles
+                    v = face[-1]
+                    for i in range(n - 2):
+                        yield [v, face[i], face[i + 1]]
+
+        string_list = ["solid {}\n".format(name)]
+        for i, j, k in chopped_faces_iter():
+            ij = RR3(j) - RR3(i)
+            ik = RR3(k) - RR3(i)
+            n = ij.cross_product(ik)
+            n = n / n.norm()
+            string_list += [code.format(n[0], n[1], n[2],
+                                        i[0], i[1], i[2],
+                                        j[0], j[1], j[2],
+                                        k[0], k[1], k[2])]
+        string_list += ["endsolid {}".format(name)]
+        return "".join(string_list)
+
+    def ply_ascii_string(self, name='surface'):
+        """
+        Return a PLY (Polygon File Format) representation of the surface.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``'surface'``); name of the surface
+
+        OUTPUT: string that represents the surface in the PLY format
+
+        See :wikipedia:`PLY_(file_format)`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+            sage: a = implicit_plot3d(x^2+y^2+z^2-9,[x,-5,5],[y,-5,5],[z,-5,5])
+            sage: astl = a.ply_ascii_string()
+            sage: astl.splitlines()[:10]
+            ['ply',
+            'format ascii 1.0',
+            'comment surface',
+            'element vertex 15540',
+            'property float x',
+            'property float y',
+            'property float z',
+            'element face 5180',
+            'property list uchar int vertex_indices',
+            'end_header']
+
+            sage: p = polygon3d([[0,0,0], [1,2,3], [3,0,0]])
+            sage: print(p.ply_ascii_string(name='triangle'))
+            ply
+            format ascii 1.0
+            comment triangle
+            element vertex 3
+            property float x
+            property float y
+            property float z
+            element face 1
+            property list uchar int vertex_indices
+            end_header
+            0.0 0.0 0.0
+            1.0 2.0 3.0
+            3.0 0.0 0.0
+            3 0 1 2
+        """
+        faces = self.index_faces()
+        if not faces:
+            self.triangulate()
+            faces = self.index_faces()
+
+        string_list = ["ply\nformat ascii 1.0\ncomment {}\nelement vertex {}\nproperty float x\nproperty float y\nproperty float z\nelement face {}\nproperty list uchar int vertex_indices\nend_header\n".format(name, len(self.vertex_list()), len(faces))]
+
+        vertex_template = '{} {} {}\n'
+        for v in self.vertices():
+            string_list += [vertex_template.format(*v)]
+
+        for f in faces:
+            string_list += [str(len(f))
+                            + ''.join(' {}'.format(k) for k in f) + '\n']
+
+        return "".join(string_list)
+
+    def amf_ascii_string(self, name='surface'):
+        """
+        Return an AMF (Additive Manufacturing File Format) representation of
+        the surface.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This only works for triangulated surfaces!
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` -- string (default: ``'surface'``); name of the surface
+
+        OUTPUT: string that represents the surface in the AMF format
+
+        See :wikipedia:`Additive_Manufacturing_File_Format`.
+
+        .. TODO::
+
+            This should rather be saved as a ZIP archive to save space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+            sage: a = implicit_plot3d(x^2+y^2+z^2-9,[x,-5,5],[y,-5,5],[z,-5,5])
+            sage: a_amf = a.amf_ascii_string()
+            sage: a_amf[:160]
+            '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><amf><object id="surface"><mesh><vertices><vertex><coordinates><x>2.948717948717948</x><y>-0.384615384615385</y><z>-0.3935'
+
+            sage: p = polygon3d([[0,0,0], [1,2,3], [3,0,0]])
+            sage: print(p.amf_ascii_string(name='triangle'))
+            <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><amf><object id="triangle"><mesh><vertices><vertex><coordinates><x>0.0</x><y>0.0</y><z>0.0</z></coordinates></vertex><vertex><coordinates><x>1.0</x><y>2.0</y><z>3.0</z></coordinates></vertex><vertex><coordinates><x>3.0</x><y>0.0</y><z>0.0</z></coordinates></vertex></vertices><volume><triangle><v1>0</v1><v2>1</v2><v3>2</v3></triangle></volume></mesh></object></amf>
+        """
+        faces = self.index_faces()
+        if not faces:
+            self.triangulate()
+            faces = self.index_faces()
+
+        if len(faces[0]) > 3:
+            raise ValueError('not made of triangles')
+
+        string_list = ['<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><amf><object id="{}"><mesh>'.format(name)]
+
+        string_list += ['<vertices>']
+        vertex_template = '<vertex><coordinates><x>{!r}</x><y>{!r}</y><z>{!r}</z></coordinates></vertex>'
+        for v in self.vertices():
+            string_list += [vertex_template.format(*v)]
+        string_list += ['</vertices><volume>']
+
+        face_template = '<triangle><v1>{}</v1><v2>{}</v2><v3>{}</v3></triangle>'
+        for i, j, k in faces:
+            string_list += face_template.format(i, j, k)
+
+        string_list += ['</volume></mesh></object></amf>']
+        return "".join(string_list)
+
+    def plot(self):
+        """
+        Draw a 3D plot of this graphics object, which just returns this
+        object since this is already a 3D graphics object.
+        Needed to support PLOT in docstrings, see :issue:`17498`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: S = sphere((0,0,0), 2)
+            sage: S.plot() is S
+            True
+        """
+        return self
+
+# if you add any default parameters you must update some code below
+SHOW_DEFAULTS = {'viewer': 'threejs',
+                 'verbosity': 0,
+                 'figsize': 5,
+                 'aspect_ratio': "automatic",
+                 'frame_aspect_ratio': "automatic",
+                 'zoom': 1,
+                 'frame': True,
+                 'axes': False}
+
+
+class Graphics3dGroup(Graphics3d):
+    """
+    This class represents a collection of 3d objects. Usually they are formed
+    implicitly by summing.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, all=(), rot=None, trans=None, scale=None, T=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3dGroup([icosahedron(), dodecahedron(opacity=.5)])
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: type(icosahedron() + dodecahedron(opacity=.5))
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3dGroup'>
+        """
+        self.all = list(all)
+        self.frame_aspect_ratio(optimal_aspect_ratios([a.frame_aspect_ratio() for a in all]))
+        self.aspect_ratio(optimal_aspect_ratios([a.aspect_ratio() for a in all]))
+        self._set_extra_kwds(optimal_extra_kwds([a._extra_kwds for a in all]))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """
+        We override this here to make large sums more efficient.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sum(tetrahedron(opacity=1-t/11).translate(t, 0, 0) for t in range(10))
+            sage: G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: len(G.all)
+            10
+
+        We check that :issue:`17258` is solved::
+
+            sage: g = point3d([0,-2,-2]); g += point3d([2,-2,-2])
+            sage: len(g.all)
+            2
+            sage: h = g + arrow([0,-2,-2], [2,-2,-2])
+            sage: len(g.all)
+            2
+            sage: g == h
+            False
+        """
+        if type(self) is Graphics3dGroup and isinstance(other, Graphics3d):
+            s_all = list(self.all)
+            s_all.append(other)
+            return Graphics3dGroup(s_all)
+        else:
+            return Graphics3d.__add__(self, other)
+
+    def bounding_box(self):
+        """
+        Box that contains the bounding boxes of
+        the objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: A = sphere((0,0,0), 5)
+            sage: B = sphere((1, 5, 10), 1)
+            sage: A.bounding_box()
+            ((-5.0, -5.0, -5.0), (5.0, 5.0, 5.0))
+            sage: B.bounding_box()
+            ((0.0, 4.0, 9.0), (2.0, 6.0, 11.0))
+            sage: (A+B).bounding_box()
+            ((-5.0, -5.0, -5.0), (5.0, 6.0, 11.0))
+            sage: (A+B).show(aspect_ratio=1, frame=True)
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3dGroup([]).bounding_box()
+            ((0.0, 0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0, 0.0))
+        """
+        if len(self.all) == 0:
+            return Graphics3d.bounding_box(self)
+        v = [obj.bounding_box() for obj in self.all]
+        return min3([a[0] for a in v]), max3([a[1] for a in v])
+
+    def transform(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        Transforming this entire group simply makes a transform group with
+        the same contents.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red', opacity=.5) + icosahedron(color='blue')
+            sage: G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.transform(scale=(2,1/2,1))
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.transform(trans=(1,1,3))
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        T = TransformGroup(self.all, **kwds)
+        T._set_extra_kwds(self._extra_kwds)
+        return T
+
+    def set_texture(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red', opacity=.5) + icosahedron((3, 0, 0), color='blue')
+            sage: G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.set_texture(color='yellow')
+            sage: G
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        for g in self.all:
+            g.set_texture(**kwds)
+
+    def json_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        The JSON representation of a group is simply the concatenation of the
+        representations of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere() + sphere((1, 2, 3))
+            sage: G.json_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [[['{"vertices":...']], [['{"vertices":...']]]
+        """
+        return [g.json_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+
+    def tachyon_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        The tachyon representation of a group is simply the concatenation of
+        the representations of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere() + sphere((1,2,3))
+            sage: G.tachyon_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [['Sphere center 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rad 1.0 texture...'],
+             ['Sphere center 1.0 2.0 3.0 Rad 1.0 texture...']]
+        """
+        return [g.tachyon_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+
+    def x3d_str(self):
+        """
+        The x3d representation of a group is simply the concatenation of
+        the representation of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere() + sphere((1,2,3))
+            sage: print(G.x3d_str())
+            <Transform translation='0 0 0'>
+            <Shape><Sphere radius='1.0'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>
+            </Transform>
+            <Transform translation='1 2 3'>
+            <Shape><Sphere radius='1.0'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>
+            </Transform>
+        """
+        return "\n".join(g.x3d_str() for g in self.all)
+
+    def obj_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        The obj representation of a group is simply the concatenation of
+        the representation of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = tetrahedron() + tetrahedron().translate(10, 10, 10)
+            sage: G.obj_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [['g obj_1',
+              'usemtl ...',
+              ['v 0 0 1',
+               'v 0.942809 0 -0.333333',
+               'v -0.471405 0.816497 -0.333333',
+               'v -0.471405 -0.816497 -0.333333'],
+              ['f 1 2 3', 'f 2 4 3', 'f 1 3 4', 'f 1 4 2'],
+              []],
+             [['g obj_2',
+               'usemtl ...',
+               ['v 10 10 11',
+                'v 10.9428 10 9.66667',
+                'v 9.5286 10.8165 9.66667',
+                'v 9.5286 9.1835 9.66667'],
+               ['f 5 6 7', 'f 6 8 7', 'f 5 7 8', 'f 5 8 6'],
+               []]]]
+        """
+        return [g.obj_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+
+    def jmol_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        The jmol representation of a group is simply the concatenation of
+        the representation of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere() + sphere((1,2,3))
+            sage: G.jmol_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [[['isosurface sphere_1  center {0.0 0.0 0.0} sphere 1.0\ncolor isosurface  [102,102,255]']],
+             [['isosurface sphere_2  center {1.0 2.0 3.0} sphere 1.0\ncolor isosurface  [102,102,255]']]]
+        """
+        return [g.jmol_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+
+    def threejs_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        The three.js representation of a group is the concatenation of the
+        representations of its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = point3d((1,2,3)) + point3d((4,5,6)) + line3d([(1,2,3), (4,5,6)])
+            sage: G.threejs_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [('point',
+              {'color': '#6666ff', 'opacity': 1.0, 'point': (1.0, 2.0, 3.0), 'size': 5.0}),
+             ('point',
+              {'color': '#6666ff', 'opacity': 1.0, 'point': (4.0, 5.0, 6.0), 'size': 5.0}),
+             ('line',
+              {'color': '#6666ff',
+               'linewidth': 1.0,
+               'opacity': 1.0,
+               'points': [(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), (4.0, 5.0, 6.0)]})]
+        """
+        reprs = []
+        for g in self.all:
+            reprs += g.threejs_repr(render_params)
+        return reprs
+
+    def stl_binary_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        The stl binary representation of a group is simply the
+        concatenation of the representation of its objects.
+
+        The STL binary representation is a list of binary strings,
+        one for each triangle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere() + sphere((1,2,3))
+            sage: len(G.stl_binary_repr(G.default_render_params()))
+            2736
+        """
+        data = []
+        for sub in self.all:
+            data.extend(sub.stl_binary_repr(render_params))
+        return data
+
+    def texture_set(self):
+        """
+        The texture set of a group is simply the union of the textures of
+        all its objects.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere(color='red') + sphere(color='yellow')
+            sage: [t for t in G.texture_set() if t.color == colors.red] # one red texture
+            [Texture(texture..., red, ff0000)]
+            sage: [t for t in G.texture_set() if t.color == colors.yellow] # one yellow texture
+            [Texture(texture..., yellow, ffff00)]
+
+            sage: T = sage.plot.plot3d.texture.Texture('blue'); T
+            Texture(texture..., blue, 0000ff)
+            sage: G = sphere(texture=T) + sphere((1, 1, 1), texture=T)
+            sage: len(G.texture_set())
+            1
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`23200` is fixed::
+
+            sage: G = sage.plot.plot3d.base.Graphics3dGroup()
+            sage: G.texture_set()
+            set()
+        """
+        if not self.all:
+            return set()
+        return reduce(set.union, [g.texture_set() for g in self.all])
+
+    def flatten(self):
+        """
+        Try to reduce the depth of the scene tree by consolidating groups
+        and transformations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sum([circle((0, 0), t) for t in [1..10]], sphere()); G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.flatten()
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: len(G.all)
+            2
+            sage: len(G.flatten().all)
+            11
+        """
+        if len(self.all) == 1:
+            return self.all[0].flatten()
+        all = []
+        for g in self.all:
+            g = g.flatten()
+            if type(g) is Graphics3dGroup:
+                all += g.all
+            else:
+                all.append(g)
+        return Graphics3dGroup(all)
+
+    def plot(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class TransformGroup(Graphics3dGroup):
+    """
+    This class is a container for a group of objects with a common
+    transformation.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, all=[], rot=None, trans=None, scale=None, T=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.TransformGroup([sphere()], trans=(1,2,3)) + point3d((0,0,0))
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        The are usually constructed implicitly::
+
+            sage: type(sphere((1,2,3)))
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.TransformGroup'>
+            sage: type(dodecahedron().scale(2))
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.TransformGroup'>
+        """
+        Graphics3dGroup.__init__(self, all)
+        self._rot = rot
+        self._trans = trans
+        if scale is not None and len(scale) == 1:
+            if isinstance(scale, (tuple, list)):
+                scale = scale[0]
+            scale = (scale, scale, scale)
+        self._scale = scale
+        if T is not None:
+            self.T = T
+        self.frame_aspect_ratio(optimal_aspect_ratios([a.frame_aspect_ratio() for a in all]))
+        self.aspect_ratio(optimal_aspect_ratios([a.aspect_ratio() for a in all]))
+        self._set_extra_kwds(optimal_extra_kwds([a._extra_kwds for a in all if a._extra_kwds is not None]))
+
+    def bounding_box(self):
+        """
+        Return the bounding box, i.e., the box containing the
+        contents of the object after applying the transformation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from math import pi
+            sage: G = cube()
+            sage: G.bounding_box()
+            ((-0.5, -0.5, -0.5), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
+            sage: G.scale(4).bounding_box()
+            ((-2.0, -2.0, -2.0), (2.0, 2.0, 2.0))
+            sage: G.rotateZ(pi/4).bounding_box()
+            ((-0.7071067811865475, -0.7071067811865475, -0.5),
+             (0.7071067811865475, 0.7071067811865475, 0.5))
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._bounding_box
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        cdef Transformation T = self.get_transformation()
+        w = sum([T.transform_bounding_box(obj.bounding_box()) for obj in self.all], ())
+        self._bounding_box = point_list_bounding_box(w)
+        return self._bounding_box
+
+    def x3d_str(self):
+        r"""
+        To apply a transformation to a set of objects in x3d, simply make them
+        all children of an x3d Transform node.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere((1,2,3)).x3d_str()
+            "<Transform translation='1 2 3'>\n<Shape><Sphere radius='1.0'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>\n\n</Transform>"
+        """
+        s = "<Transform"
+        if self._rot is not None:
+            s += " rotation='%s %s %s %s'" % tuple(self._rot)
+        if self._trans is not None:
+            s += " translation='%s %s %s'" % tuple(self._trans)
+        if self._scale is not None:
+            s += " scale='%s %s %s'" % tuple(self._scale)
+        s += ">\n"
+        s += Graphics3dGroup.x3d_str(self)
+        s += "\n</Transform>"
+        return s
+
+    def json_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Transformations are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = cube().rotateX(0.2)
+            sage: G.json_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [['{"vertices":[{"x":0.5,"y":0.589368,"z":0.390699},...']]
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = [g.json_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def stl_binary_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Transformations are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        The STL binary representation is a list of binary strings,
+        one for each triangle.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere().translate((1,2,0))
+            sage: len(G.stl_binary_repr(G.default_render_params()))
+            1368
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = sum([g.stl_binary_repr(render_params) for g in self.all], [])
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def tachyon_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Transformations for Tachyon are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere((1,2,3)).scale(2)
+            sage: G.tachyon_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [['Sphere center 2.0 4.0 6.0 Rad 2.0 texture...']]
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = [g.tachyon_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def obj_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Transformations for .obj files are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = cube().scale(4).translate(1, 2, 3)
+            sage: G.obj_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [[['g obj_1',
+               'usemtl ...',
+               ['v 3 4 5',
+                'v -1 4 5',
+                'v -1 0 5',
+                'v 3 0 5',
+                'v 3 4 1',
+                'v -1 4 1',
+                'v 3 0 1',
+                'v -1 0 1'],
+               ['f 1 2 3 4',
+                'f 1 5 6 2',
+                'f 1 4 7 5',
+                'f 6 5 7 8',
+                'f 7 4 3 8',
+                'f 3 2 6 8'],
+               []]]]
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = [g.obj_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def jmol_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        Transformations for jmol are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere((1,2,3)).scale(2)
+            sage: G.jmol_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [[['isosurface sphere_1  center {2.0 4.0 6.0} sphere 2.0\ncolor isosurface  [102,102,255]']]]
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = [g.jmol_repr(render_params) for g in self.all]
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def threejs_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        Transformations for three.js are applied at the leaf nodes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = point3d((1,2,3)) + point3d((4,5,6))
+            sage: G = G.translate(-1, -2, -3).scale(10)
+            sage: G.threejs_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [('point',
+              {'color': '#6666ff', 'opacity': 1.0, 'point': (0.0, 0.0, 0.0), 'size': 5.0}),
+             ('point',
+              {'color': '#6666ff',
+               'opacity': 1.0,
+               'point': (30.0, 30.0, 30.0),
+               'size': 5.0})]
+        """
+        render_params.push_transform(self.get_transformation())
+        rep = Graphics3dGroup.threejs_repr(self, render_params)
+        render_params.pop_transform()
+        return rep
+
+    def get_transformation(self):
+        """
+        Return the current transformation object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere().scale(100)
+            sage: T = G.get_transformation()
+            sage: T.get_matrix()
+            [100.0   0.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0 100.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0 100.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.T
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.T = Transformation(self._scale, self._rot, self._trans)
+            return self.T
+
+    def flatten(self):
+        """
+        Try to reduce the depth of the scene tree by consolidating groups
+        and transformations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = sphere((1,2,3)).scale(100)
+            sage: T = G.get_transformation()
+            sage: T.get_matrix()
+            [100.0   0.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0 100.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0 100.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+
+            sage: G.flatten().get_transformation().get_matrix()
+            [100.0   0.0   0.0 100.0]
+            [  0.0 100.0   0.0 200.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0 100.0 300.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+        """
+        G = Graphics3dGroup.flatten(self)
+        if isinstance(G, TransformGroup):
+            return TransformGroup(G.all, T=self.get_transformation() * G.get_transformation())
+        elif isinstance(G, Graphics3dGroup):
+            return TransformGroup(G.all, T=self.get_transformation())
+        else:
+            return TransformGroup([G], T=self.get_transformation())
+
+    def transform(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        Transforming this entire group can be done by composing transformations.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red', opacity=.5) + icosahedron(color='blue')
+            sage: G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.transform(scale=(2,1/2,1))
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.transform(trans=(1,1,3))
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        return Graphics3d.transform(self, **kwds)
+
+
+class KeyframeAnimationGroup(Graphics3dGroup):
+    """A group of objects, each depicting a single frame of animation"""
+    def __init__(self, all=(), **kwds):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: frames = [dodecahedron(), icosahedron(), tetrahedron()]
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.KeyframeAnimationGroup(frames)
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        They are usually constructed from an class:`~sage.plot.animate.Animation`::
+
+            sage: type(animate(frames).interactive())
+            <class 'sage.plot.plot3d.base.KeyframeAnimationGroup'>
+        """
+        Graphics3dGroup.__init__(self, all)
+        self._extra_kwds.update(kwds)
+
+    def threejs_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        Add keyframe information to the representations of the group's contents.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = point3d((0, 0, 1))
+            sage: b = point3d((0, 1, 0))
+            sage: c = point3d((1, 0, 0))
+            sage: g = sage.plot.plot3d.base.KeyframeAnimationGroup([a, b, c])
+            sage: g.threejs_repr(g.default_render_params())
+            [('point', {..., 'keyframe': 0, ..., 'point': (0.0, 0.0, 1.0), ...}),
+             ('point', {..., 'keyframe': 1, ..., 'point': (0.0, 1.0, 0.0), ...}),
+             ('point', {..., 'keyframe': 2, ..., 'point': (1.0, 0.0, 0.0), ...})]
+
+        Only top-level objects get a unique keyframe. Nested objects share the
+        same keyframe::
+
+            sage: g = sage.plot.plot3d.base.KeyframeAnimationGroup([a + b, c])
+            sage: g.threejs_repr(g.default_render_params())
+            [('point', {..., 'keyframe': 0, ..., 'point': (0.0, 0.0, 1.0), ...}),
+             ('point', {..., 'keyframe': 0, ..., 'point': (0.0, 1.0, 0.0), ...}),
+             ('point', {..., 'keyframe': 1, ..., 'point': (1.0, 0.0, 0.0), ...})]
+        """
+        reprs = []
+        for i, g in enumerate(self.all):
+            for (kind, desc) in g.threejs_repr(render_params):
+                desc['keyframe'] = i
+                reprs.append((kind, desc))
+        return reprs
+
+
+class Viewpoint(Graphics3d):
+    """
+    This class represents a viewpoint, necessary for x3d.
+
+    In the future, there could be multiple viewpoints, and they could have
+    more properties. (Currently they only hold a position).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *x):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sage.plot.plot3d.base.Viewpoint(1, 2, 4).x3d_str()
+            "<Viewpoint position='1 2 4'/>"
+        """
+        if isinstance(x[0], (tuple, list)):
+            x = tuple(x[0])
+        self.pos = x
+
+    def x3d_str(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere((0,0,0), 100).viewpoint().x3d_str()
+            "<Viewpoint position='0 0 6'/>"
+        """
+        return "<Viewpoint position='%s %s %s'/>" % self.pos
+
+
+cdef class PrimitiveObject(Graphics3d):
+    """
+    This is the base class for the non-container 3d objects.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, **kwds):
+        if 'texture' in kwds:
+            self.texture = kwds['texture']
+            if not isinstance(self.texture, Texture):
+                self.texture = Texture(self.texture)
+        else:
+            self.texture = Texture(kwds)
+
+    def set_texture(self, texture=None, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red'); G
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: G.set_texture(color='yellow'); G
+            Graphics3d Object
+        """
+        if not isinstance(texture, Texture):
+            texture = Texture(texture, **kwds)
+        self.texture = texture
+
+    def get_texture(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red')
+            sage: G.get_texture()
+            Texture(texture..., red, ff0000)
+        """
+        return self.texture
+
+    def texture_set(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: G = dodecahedron(color='red')
+            sage: G.texture_set()
+            {Texture(texture..., red, ff0000)}
+        """
+        return set([self.texture])
+
+    def x3d_str(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sphere().flatten().x3d_str()
+            "<Transform>\n<Shape><Sphere radius='1.0'/><Appearance><Material diffuseColor='0.4 0.4 1.0' shininess='1.0' specularColor='0.0 0.0 0.0'/></Appearance></Shape>\n\n</Transform>"
+        """
+        return "<Shape>" + self.x3d_geometry() + self.texture.x3d_str() + "</Shape>\n"
+
+    def tachyon_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Default behavior is to render the triangulation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Torus
+            sage: G = Torus(1, .5)
+            sage: G.tachyon_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            ['TRI V0 0 1 0.5
+            ...
+            'texture...']
+        """
+        return self.triangulation().tachyon_repr(render_params)
+
+    def obj_repr(self, render_params):
+        """
+        Default behavior is to render the triangulation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Torus
+            sage: G = Torus(1, .5)
+            sage: G.obj_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            ['g obj_1',
+             'usemtl ...',
+             ['v 0 1 0.5',
+             ...
+              'f ...'],
+             []]
+        """
+        return self.triangulation().obj_repr(render_params)
+
+    def jmol_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        Default behavior is to render the triangulation. The actual polygon
+        data is stored in a separate file.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.shapes import Torus
+            sage: G = Torus(1, .5)
+            sage: G.jmol_repr(G.testing_render_params())
+            ['pmesh obj_1 "obj_1.pmesh"\ncolor pmesh  [102,102,255]']
+        """
+        return self.triangulation().jmol_repr(render_params)
+
+    def threejs_repr(self, render_params):
+        r"""
+        Default behavior is to render the triangulation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import PrimitiveObject
+            sage: class SimpleTriangle(PrimitiveObject):
+            ....:     def triangulation(self):
+            ....:         return polygon3d([(0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0)])
+            sage: G = SimpleTriangle()
+            sage: G.threejs_repr(G.default_render_params())
+            [('surface',
+              {'color': '#0000ff',
+               'faces': [[0, 1, 2]],
+               'opacity': 1.0,
+               'vertices': [{'x': 0.0, 'y': 0.0, 'z': 0.0},
+                {'x': 1.0, 'y': 0.0, 'z': 0.0},
+                {'x': 0.0, 'y': 1.0, 'z': 0.0}]})]
+        """
+        return self.triangulation().threejs_repr(render_params)
+
+
+class BoundingSphere(SageObject):
+    """
+    A bounding sphere is like a bounding box, but is simpler to deal with and
+    behaves better under rotations.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, cen, r):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import BoundingSphere
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 1)
+            Center (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) radius 1
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,-1,5), 2)
+            Center (0.0, -1.0, 5.0) radius 2
+            """
+        self.cen = vector(RDF, cen)
+        self.r = r
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import BoundingSphere
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,-1,10), 2)
+            Center (0.0, -1.0, 10.0) radius 2
+        """
+        return "Center %s radius %s" % (self.cen, self.r)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """
+        Return the bounding sphere containing both terms.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import BoundingSphere
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 1) + BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 2)
+            Center (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) radius 2
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 1) + BoundingSphere((0,0,100), 1)
+            Center (0.0, 0.0, 50.0) radius 51.0
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 1) + BoundingSphere((1,1,1), 2)
+            Center (0.7886751345948128, 0.7886751345948128, 0.7886751345948128) radius 2.3660254037844384
+
+        Treat None and 0 as the identity::
+
+            sage: BoundingSphere((1,2,3), 10) + None + 0
+            Center (1.0, 2.0, 3.0) radius 10
+        """
+        if other == 0 or other is None:
+            return self
+        elif self == 0 or self is None:
+            return other
+        if self.cen == other.cen:
+            return self if self.r > other.r else other
+        diff = other.cen - self.cen
+        dist = (diff[0]*diff[0] + diff[1]*diff[1] + diff[2]*diff[2]).sqrt()
+        diam = dist + self.r + other.r
+        off  = diam/2 - self.r
+        return BoundingSphere(self.cen + (off/dist)*diff, diam/2)
+
+    def transform(self, T):
+        """
+        Return the bounding sphere of this sphere acted on by T. This always
+        returns a new sphere, even if the resulting object is an ellipsoid.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.transform import Transformation
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import BoundingSphere
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 10).transform(Transformation(trans=(1,2,3)))
+            Center (1.0, 2.0, 3.0) radius 10.0
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,0), 10).transform(Transformation(scale=(1/2, 1, 2)))
+            Center (0.0, 0.0, 0.0) radius 20.0
+            sage: BoundingSphere((0,0,3), 10).transform(Transformation(scale=(2, 2, 2)))
+            Center (0.0, 0.0, 6.0) radius 20.0
+        """
+        return BoundingSphere(T.transform_point(self.cen), self.r * T.max_scale())
+
+
+class RenderParams(SageObject):
+    """
+    This class is a container for all parameters that may be needed to
+    render triangulate/render an object to a certain format. It can
+    contain both cumulative and global parameters.
+
+    Of particular note is the transformation object, which holds the
+    cumulative transformation from the root of the scene graph to this
+    node in the tree.
+    """
+
+    _uniq_counter = 0
+    randomize_counter = 0
+    force_reload = False
+    mesh = False
+    dots = False
+    antialiasing = 8
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: params = sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams(foo='x')
+            sage: params.transform_list
+            []
+            sage: params.foo
+            'x'
+        """
+        self.output_file = tmp_filename()
+        self.obj_vertex_offset = 1
+        self.transform_list = []
+        self.transform = None
+        self.ds = 1
+        self.crease_threshold = .8
+        self.__dict__.update(kwds)
+        # for jmol, some things (such as labels) must be attached to atoms
+        self.atom_list = []
+
+    def push_transform(self, T):
+        """
+        Push a transformation onto the stack, updating self.transform.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.transform import Transformation
+            sage: params = sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams()
+            sage: params.transform is None
+            True
+            sage: T = Transformation(scale=(10,20,30))
+            sage: params.push_transform(T)
+            sage: params.transform.get_matrix()
+            [10.0  0.0  0.0  0.0]
+            [ 0.0 20.0  0.0  0.0]
+            [ 0.0  0.0 30.0  0.0]
+            [ 0.0  0.0  0.0  1.0]
+            sage: params.push_transform(T)  # scale again
+            sage: params.transform.get_matrix()
+            [100.0   0.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0 400.0   0.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0 900.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+        """
+        self.transform_list.append(self.transform)
+        if self.transform is None:
+            self.transform = T
+        else:
+            self.transform = self.transform * T
+
+    def pop_transform(self):
+        """
+        Remove the last transformation off the stack, resetting self.transform
+        to the previous value.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.transform import Transformation
+            sage: params = sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams()
+            sage: T = Transformation(trans=(100, 500, 0))
+            sage: params.push_transform(T)
+            sage: params.transform.get_matrix()
+            [  1.0   0.0   0.0 100.0]
+            [  0.0   1.0   0.0 500.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   1.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+            sage: params.push_transform(Transformation(trans=(-100, 500, 200)))
+            sage: params.transform.get_matrix()
+            [   1.0    0.0    0.0    0.0]
+            [   0.0    1.0    0.0 1000.0]
+            [   0.0    0.0    1.0  200.0]
+            [   0.0    0.0    0.0    1.0]
+            sage: params.pop_transform()
+            sage: params.transform.get_matrix()
+            [  1.0   0.0   0.0 100.0]
+            [  0.0   1.0   0.0 500.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   1.0   0.0]
+            [  0.0   0.0   0.0   1.0]
+        """
+        self.transform = self.transform_list.pop()
+
+    def unique_name(self, desc='name'):
+        """
+        Return a unique identifier starting with ``desc``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``desc`` -- string (default: ``'name'``); the prefix of the names
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: params = sage.plot.plot3d.base.RenderParams()
+            sage: params.unique_name()
+            'name_1'
+            sage: params.unique_name()
+            'name_2'
+            sage: params.unique_name('texture')
+            'texture_3'
+        """
+        if self.randomize_counter:
+            self._uniq_counter = randint(1,1000000)
+        else:
+            self._uniq_counter += 1
+        return "%s_%s" % (desc, self._uniq_counter)
+
+
+def flatten_list(L):
+    """
+    This is an optimized routine to turn a list of lists (of lists ...)
+    into a single list. We generate data in a non-flat format to avoid
+    multiple data copying, and then concatenate it all at the end.
+
+    This is NOT recursive, otherwise there would be a lot of redundant
+    copying (which we are trying to avoid in the first place, though at
+    least it would be just the pointers).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import flatten_list
+        sage: flatten_list([])
+        []
+        sage: flatten_list([[[[]]]])
+        []
+        sage: flatten_list([['a', 'b'], 'c'])
+        ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        sage: flatten_list([['a'], [[['b'], 'c'], ['d'], [[['e', 'f', 'g']]]]])
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
+    """
+    if type(L) is not list:
+        return [L]
+    flat = []
+    L_stack = []
+    L_pop = L_stack.pop
+    i_stack = []
+    i_pop = i_stack.pop
+    cdef Py_ssize_t i = 0
+    while i < PyList_GET_SIZE(L) or PyList_GET_SIZE(L_stack) > 0:
+        while i < PyList_GET_SIZE(L):
+            tmp = <object>PyList_GET_ITEM(L, i)
+            if type(tmp) is list:
+                PyList_Append(L_stack, L)
+                L = tmp
+                PyList_Append(i_stack, i)
+                i = 0
+            else:
+                PyList_Append(flat, tmp)
+                i += 1
+        if PyList_GET_SIZE(L_stack) > 0:
+            L = L_pop()
+            i = i_pop()
+            i += 1
+    return flat
+
+
+def min3(v):
+    """
+    Return the componentwise minimum of a list of 3-tuples.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import min3, max3
+        sage: min3([(-1,2,5), (-3, 4, 2)])
+        (-3, 2, 2)
+    """
+    return tuple([min([a[i] for a in v]) for i in range(3)])
+
+
+def max3(v):
+    """
+    Return the componentwise maximum of a list of 3-tuples.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import min3, max3
+        sage: max3([(-1,2,5), (-3, 4, 2)])
+        (-1, 4, 5)
+    """
+    return tuple([max([a[i] for a in v]) for i in range(3)])
+
+
+def point_list_bounding_box(v):
+    """
+    Return the bounding box of a list of points.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import point_list_bounding_box
+        sage: point_list_bounding_box([(1,2,3),(4,5,6),(-10,0,10)])
+        ((-10.0, 0.0, 3.0), (4.0, 5.0, 10.0))
+        sage: point_list_bounding_box([(float('nan'), float('inf'), float('-inf')), (10,0,10)])
+        ((10.0, 0.0, 10.0), (10.0, 0.0, 10.0))
+    """
+    cdef point_c low, high, cur
+    low.x, low.y, low.z = INFINITY, INFINITY, INFINITY
+    high.x, high.y, high.z = -INFINITY, -INFINITY, -INFINITY
+
+    for P in v:
+        cur.x, cur.y, cur.z = P
+        point_c_update_finite_lower_bound(&low, cur)
+        point_c_update_finite_upper_bound(&high, cur)
+    return ((low.x, low.y, low.z), (high.x, high.y, high.z))
+
+
+def optimal_aspect_ratios(ratios):
+    """
+    Average the aspect ratios.
+    compute the elementwise maximum of triples.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import optimal_aspect_ratios
+        sage: optimal_aspect_ratios([(2,4,6), (5,4,4), (1,2,7)])
+        [5, 4, 7]
+    """
+    n = len(ratios)
+    if n > 0:
+        return [max([z[i] for z in ratios]) for i in range(3)]
+    return [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+
+
+def optimal_extra_kwds(v):
+    """
+    Merge a list v of dictionaries such that later
+    dictionaries have precedence.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import optimal_extra_kwds
+        sage: optimal_extra_kwds([{1:2, 2:3}, {2:4, 3:5}])
+        {1: 2, 2: 4, 3: 5}
+    """
+    a = {}
+    for b in v:
+        a.update(b)
+    return a
+
+
+def _flip_orientation(v):
+    """
+    Switch from LH to RH coords to be consistent with Java rendition.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.plot3d.base import _flip_orientation
+        sage: _flip_orientation((1, 2, 3))
+        (1, -2, 3)
+    """
+    return (v[0], -v[1], v[2])