passagemath-plot 10.6.31rc3__cp314-cp314-manylinux_2_27_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

sage/plot/misc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-plot
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.symbolic
+"""
+Plotting utilities
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.ext.fast_callable import FastCallableFloatWrapper
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+
+def setup_for_eval_on_grid(funcs,
+                           ranges,
+                           plot_points=None,
+                           return_vars=False,
+                           imaginary_tolerance=1e-8):
+    r"""
+    Calculate the necessary parameters to construct a list of points,
+    and make the functions fast_callable.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``funcs`` -- a function, or a list, tuple, or vector of functions
+
+    - ``ranges`` -- list of ranges.  A range can be a 2-tuple of
+      numbers specifying the minimum and maximum, or a 3-tuple giving
+      the variable explicitly.
+
+    - ``plot_points`` -- tuple of integers specifying the number of
+      plot points for each range.  If a single number is specified, it
+      will be the value for all ranges.  This defaults to 2.
+
+    - ``return_vars`` -- (default: ``False``) if ``True``, return the variables,
+      in order
+
+    - ``imaginary_tolerance`` -- (default: ``1e-8``) if an imaginary
+      number arises (due, for example, to numerical issues), this
+      tolerance specifies how large it has to be in magnitude before
+      we raise an error. In other words, imaginary parts smaller than
+      this are ignored in your plot points.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    - ``fast_funcs`` -- if only one function passed, then a fast
+      callable function.  If funcs is a list or tuple, then a tuple
+      of fast callable functions is returned.
+
+    - ``range_specs`` -- list of range_specs: for each range, a
+      tuple is returned of the form (range_min, range_max,
+      range_step) such that ``srange(range_min, range_max,
+      range_step, include_endpoint=True)`` gives the correct points
+      for evaluation.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+        sage: f(x,y) = x+y-z
+        sage: g(x,y) = x+y
+        sage: h(y) = -y
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(f, [(0, 2),(1,3),(-4,1)], plot_points=5)
+        (<sage...>, [(0.0, 2.0, 0.5), (1.0, 3.0, 0.5), (-4.0, 1.0, 1.25)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid([g,h], [(0, 2),(-1,1)], plot_points=5)
+        ((<sage...>, <sage...>), [(0.0, 2.0, 0.5), (-1.0, 1.0, 0.5)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid([sin,cos], [(-1,1)], plot_points=9)
+        ((<sage...>, <sage...>), [(-1.0, 1.0, 0.25)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid([lambda x: x^2,cos], [(-1,1)], plot_points=9)
+        ((<function <lambda> ...>, <sage...>), [(-1.0, 1.0, 0.25)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid([x+y], [(x,-1,1),(y,-2,2)])
+        ((<sage...>,), [(-1.0, 1.0, 2.0), (-2.0, 2.0, 4.0)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x,-1,1),(y,-1,1)], plot_points=[4,9])
+        (<sage...>, [(-1.0, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666), (-1.0, 1.0, 0.25)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x,-1,1),(y,-1,1)], plot_points=[4,9,10])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: plot_points must be either an integer or a list of integers, one for each range
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(1,-1),(y,-1,1)], plot_points=[4,9,10])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Some variable ranges specify variables while others do not
+
+    Beware typos: a comma which should be a period, for instance::
+
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x, 1, 2), (y, 0,1, 0.2)], plot_points=[4,9,10])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: At least one variable range has more than 3 entries: each should either have 2 or 3 entries, with one of the forms (xmin, xmax) or (x, xmin, xmax)
+
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(y,1,-1),(x,-1,1)], plot_points=5)
+        (<sage...>, [(-1.0, 1.0, 0.5), (-1.0, 1.0, 0.5)])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x,1,-1),(x,-1,1)], plot_points=5)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: range variables should be distinct, but there are duplicates
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x,1,1),(y,-1,1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: plot start point and end point must be different
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(x,1,-1),(y,-1,1)], return_vars=True)
+        (<sage...>, [(-1.0, 1.0, 2.0), (-1.0, 1.0, 2.0)], [x, y])
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.setup_for_eval_on_grid(x+y, [(y,1,-1),(x,-1,1)], return_vars=True)
+        (<sage...>, [(-1.0, 1.0, 2.0), (-1.0, 1.0, 2.0)], [y, x])
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Ensure that we can plot expressions with intermediate complex
+    terms as in :issue:`8450`::
+
+        sage: x, y = SR.var('x y')
+        sage: contour_plot(abs(x+i*y), (x,-1,1), (y,-1,1))
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+        sage: density_plot(abs(x+i*y), (x,-1,1), (y,-1,1))
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+        sage: plot3d(abs(x+i*y), (x,-1,1),(y,-1,1))
+        Graphics3d Object
+        sage: streamline_plot(abs(x+i*y), (x,-1,1),(y,-1,1))
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+    """
+    if max(map(len, ranges)) > 3:
+        raise ValueError("At least one variable range has more than 3 entries: each should either have 2 or 3 entries, with one of the forms (xmin, xmax) or (x, xmin, xmax)")
+    if max(map(len, ranges)) != min(map(len, ranges)):
+        raise ValueError("Some variable ranges specify variables while others do not")
+
+    if len(ranges[0]) == 3:
+        vars = [r[0] for r in ranges]
+        ranges = [r[1:] for r in ranges]
+        if len(set(vars)) < len(vars):
+            raise ValueError("range variables should be distinct, but there are duplicates")
+    else:
+        vars, free_vars = unify_arguments(funcs)
+
+    # check for invalid range (xmin > xmax or ymin > ymax) and swap
+    if len(ranges) > 1:
+        for i in range(len(ranges)):
+            if ranges[i][-2] > ranges[i][-1]:
+                ranges[i] = list(ranges[i])
+                ranges[i][-1], ranges[i][-2] = ranges[i][-2], ranges[i][-1]
+                ranges[i] = tuple(ranges[i])
+
+    # pad the variables if we don't have enough
+    nargs = len(ranges)
+    if len(vars) < nargs:
+        vars += ('_',) * (nargs - len(vars))
+
+    ranges = [[float(z) for z in r] for r in ranges]
+
+    if plot_points is None:
+        plot_points = 2
+
+    if not isinstance(plot_points, (list, tuple)):
+        plot_points = [plot_points] * len(ranges)
+    elif len(plot_points) != nargs:
+        raise ValueError("plot_points must be either an integer or a list of integers, one for each range")
+
+    plot_points = [int(p) if p >= 2 else 2 for p in plot_points]
+    range_steps = [abs(range[1] - range[0]) / (p - 1)
+                   for range, p in zip(ranges, plot_points)]
+    if min(range_steps) == float(0):
+        raise ValueError("plot start point and end point must be different")
+
+    eov = False  # eov = "expect one value"
+    if nargs == 1:
+        eov = True
+
+    from sage.ext.fast_callable import fast_callable
+
+    def try_make_fast(f):
+        # If "f" supports fast_callable(), use it. We can't guarantee
+        # that our arguments will actually support fast_callable()
+        # because, for example, the user may already have done it
+        # himself, and the result of fast_callable() can't be
+        # fast-callabled again.
+        from sage.rings.complex_double import CDF
+        from sage.ext.interpreters.wrapper_cdf import Wrapper_cdf
+
+        if hasattr(f, '_fast_callable_'):
+            ff = fast_callable(f, vars=vars, expect_one_var=eov, domain=CDF)
+            return FastCallablePlotWrapper(ff, imag_tol=imaginary_tolerance)
+        elif isinstance(f, Wrapper_cdf):
+            # Already a fast-callable, just wrap it. This can happen
+            # if, for example, a symbolic expression is passed to a
+            # higher-level plot() function that converts it to a
+            # fast-callable with expr._plot_fast_callable() before
+            # we ever see it.
+            return FastCallablePlotWrapper(f, imag_tol=imaginary_tolerance)
+        elif callable(f):
+            # This will catch python functions, among other things. We don't
+            # wrap these yet because we don't know what type they'll return.
+            return f
+        else:
+            # Convert things like ZZ(0) into constant functions.
+            from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+            ff = fast_callable(SR(f),
+                               vars=vars,
+                               expect_one_var=eov,
+                               domain=CDF)
+            return FastCallablePlotWrapper(ff, imag_tol=imaginary_tolerance)
+
+    # Handle vectors, lists, tuples, etc.
+    if isinstance(funcs, Iterable):
+        funcs = tuple(try_make_fast(f) for f in funcs)
+    else:
+        funcs = try_make_fast(funcs)
+
+    # TODO: raise an error if there is a function/method in funcs that
+    # takes more values than we have ranges
+
+    if return_vars:
+        return (funcs,
+                [tuple(_range + [range_step])
+                 for _range, range_step in zip(ranges, range_steps)],
+                vars)
+    else:
+        return (funcs,
+                [tuple(_range + [range_step])
+                 for _range, range_step in zip(ranges, range_steps)])
+
+
+def unify_arguments(funcs):
+    """
+    Return a tuple of variables of the functions, as well as the
+    number of "free" variables (i.e., variables that defined in a
+    callable function).
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``funcs`` -- list of functions; these can be symbolic
+      expressions, polynomials, etc.
+
+    OUTPUT: functions, expected arguments
+
+    - A tuple of variables in the functions
+
+    - A tuple of variables that were "free" in the functions
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: x,y,z = var('x,y,z')
+        sage: f(x,y) = x+y-z
+        sage: g(x,y) = x+y
+        sage: h(y) = -y
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments((f,g,h))
+        ((x, y, z), (z,))
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments((g,h))
+        ((x, y), ())
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments((f,z))
+        ((x, y, z), (z,))
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments((h,z))
+        ((y, z), (z,))
+        sage: sage.plot.misc.unify_arguments((x+y,x-y))
+        ((x, y), (x, y))
+    """
+    vars = set()
+    free_variables = set()
+    if not isinstance(funcs, (list, tuple)):
+        funcs = [funcs]
+
+    from sage.structure.element import Expression
+    for f in funcs:
+        if isinstance(f, Expression) and f.is_callable():
+            f_args = set(f.arguments())
+            vars.update(f_args)
+        else:
+            f_args = set()
+
+        try:
+            free_vars = set(f.variables()).difference(f_args)
+            vars.update(free_vars)
+            free_variables.update(free_vars)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # we probably have a constant
+            pass
+    return tuple(sorted(vars, key=str)), tuple(sorted(free_variables, key=str))
+
+
+def _multiple_of_constant(n, pos, const):
+    r"""
+    Function for internal use in formatting ticks on axes with
+    nice-looking multiples of various symbolic constants, such
+    as `\pi` or `e`.
+
+    This should only be used via keyword argument
+    ``tick_formatter`` in :meth:`plot.show`.  See documentation
+    for the matplotlib.ticker module for more details.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Here is the intended use::
+
+        sage: plot(sin(x), (x,0,2*pi), ticks=pi/3, tick_formatter=pi)
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+    Here is an unintended use, which yields unexpected (and probably
+    undesired) results::
+
+        sage: plot(x^2, (x, -2, 2), tick_formatter=pi)
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+
+    We can also use more unusual constant choices::
+
+        sage: plot(ln(x), (x,0,10), ticks=e, tick_formatter=e)
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+        sage: plot(x^2, (x,0,10), ticks=[sqrt(2),8], tick_formatter=sqrt(2))
+        Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
+    """
+    from sage.misc.latex import latex
+    from sage.rings.continued_fraction import continued_fraction
+    from sage.rings.infinity import Infinity
+    cf = continued_fraction(n / const)
+    k = 1
+    while cf.quotient(k) != Infinity and cf.denominator(k) < 12:
+        k += 1
+    return '$%s$' % latex(cf.convergent(k - 1) * const)
+
+
+def get_matplotlib_linestyle(linestyle, return_type):
+    """
+    Function which translates between matplotlib linestyle in short notation
+    (i.e. '-', '--', ':', '-.') and long notation (i.e. 'solid', 'dashed',
+    'dotted', 'dashdot' ).
+
+    If linestyle is none of these allowed options, the function raises
+    a :exc:`ValueError`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``linestyle`` -- the style of the line, which is one of
+       - ``'-'`` or ``'solid'``
+       - ``'--'`` or ``'dashed'``
+       - ``'-.'`` or ``'dash dot'``
+       - ``':'`` or ``'dotted'``
+       - ``"None"`` or ``" "`` or ``""`` (nothing)
+
+       The linestyle can also be prefixed with a drawing style (e.g., ``'steps--'``)
+
+       - ``'default'`` (connect the points with straight lines)
+       - ``'steps'`` or ``'steps-pre'`` (step function; horizontal
+         line is to the left of point)
+       - ``'steps-mid'`` (step function; points are in the middle of
+         horizontal lines)
+       - ``'steps-post'`` (step function; horizontal line is to the
+         right of point)
+
+       If ``linestyle`` is ``None`` (of type NoneType), then we return it
+       back unmodified.
+
+    - ``return_type`` -- the type of linestyle that should be output. This
+      argument takes only two values - ``'long'`` or ``'short'``
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Here is an example how to call this function::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.misc import get_matplotlib_linestyle
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle(':', return_type='short')
+        ':'
+
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle(':', return_type='long')
+        'dotted'
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Make sure that if the input is already in the desired format, then it
+    is unchanged::
+
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle(':', 'short')
+        ':'
+
+    Empty linestyles should be handled properly::
+
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("", 'short')
+        ''
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("", 'long')
+        'None'
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle(None, 'short') is None
+        True
+
+    Linestyles with ``'default'`` or ``'steps'`` in them should also be
+    properly handled.  For instance, matplotlib understands only the short
+    version when ``'steps'`` is used::
+
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("default", "short")
+        ''
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("steps--", "short")
+        'steps--'
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("steps-predashed", "long")
+        'steps-pre--'
+
+    Finally, raise error on invalid linestyles::
+
+        sage: get_matplotlib_linestyle("isthissage", "long")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: WARNING: Unrecognized linestyle 'isthissage'. Possible
+        linestyle options are:
+        {'solid', 'dashed', 'dotted', dashdot', 'None'}, respectively {'-',
+        '--', ':', '-.', ''}
+    """
+    long_to_short_dict = {'solid': '-',
+                          'dashed': '--',
+                          'dotted': ':',
+                          'dashdot': '-.'}
+    short_to_long_dict = {'-': 'solid',
+                          '--': 'dashed',
+                          ':': 'dotted',
+                          '-.': 'dashdot'}
+
+    # We need this to take care of region plot. Essentially, if None is
+    # passed, then we just return back the same thing.
+    if linestyle is None:
+        return None
+
+    if linestyle.startswith("default"):
+        return get_matplotlib_linestyle(linestyle.strip("default"), "short")
+    elif linestyle.startswith("steps"):
+        if linestyle.startswith("steps-mid"):
+            return "steps-mid" + get_matplotlib_linestyle(
+                linestyle.strip("steps-mid"), "short")
+        elif linestyle.startswith("steps-post"):
+            return "steps-post" + get_matplotlib_linestyle(
+                linestyle.strip("steps-post"), "short")
+        elif linestyle.startswith("steps-pre"):
+            return "steps-pre" + get_matplotlib_linestyle(
+                linestyle.strip("steps-pre"), "short")
+        else:
+            return "steps" + get_matplotlib_linestyle(
+                linestyle.strip("steps"), "short")
+
+    if return_type == 'short':
+        if linestyle in short_to_long_dict.keys():
+            return linestyle
+        elif linestyle == "" or linestyle == " " or linestyle == "None":
+            return ''
+        elif linestyle in long_to_short_dict.keys():
+            return long_to_short_dict[linestyle]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("WARNING: Unrecognized linestyle '%s'. "
+                             "Possible linestyle options are:\n{'solid', "
+                             "'dashed', 'dotted', dashdot', 'None'}, "
+                             "respectively {'-', '--', ':', '-.', ''}" %
+                             (linestyle))
+
+    elif return_type == 'long':
+        if linestyle in long_to_short_dict.keys():
+            return linestyle
+        elif linestyle == "" or linestyle == " " or linestyle == "None":
+            return "None"
+        elif linestyle in short_to_long_dict.keys():
+            return short_to_long_dict[linestyle]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("WARNING: Unrecognized linestyle '%s'. "
+                             "Possible linestyle options are:\n{'solid', "
+                             "'dashed', 'dotted', dashdot', 'None'}, "
+                             "respectively {'-', '--', ':', '-.', ''}" %
+                             (linestyle))
+
+
+class FastCallablePlotWrapper(FastCallableFloatWrapper):
+    r"""
+    A fast-callable wrapper for plotting that returns ``nan`` instead
+    of raising an error whenever the imaginary tolerance is exceeded.
+
+    A detailed rationale for this can be found in the superclass
+    documentation.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The ``float`` incarnation of "not a number" is returned instead
+    of an error being thrown if the answer is complex::
+
+        sage: from sage.plot.misc import FastCallablePlotWrapper
+        sage: f = sqrt(x)
+        sage: ff = fast_callable(f, vars=[x], domain=CDF)
+        sage: fff = FastCallablePlotWrapper(ff, imag_tol=1e-8)
+        sage: fff(1)
+        1.0
+        sage: fff(-1)
+        nan
+    """
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate the underlying fast-callable and convert the result to
+        ``float``.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Evaluation never fails and always returns a ``float``::
+
+            sage: from sage.plot.misc import FastCallablePlotWrapper
+            sage: f = x
+            sage: ff = fast_callable(f, vars=[x], domain=CDF)
+            sage: fff = FastCallablePlotWrapper(ff, imag_tol=0.1)
+            sage: type(fff(CDF.random_element())) is float
+            True
+        """
+        try:
+            return super().__call__(*args)
+        except ValueError:
+            return float("nan")