imhcode 1.0.0

package/skills/django-security/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: django-security
+description: Django security best practices, authentication, authorization, CSRF protection, SQL injection prevention, XSS prevention, and secure deployment configurations.
+origin: ECC
+---
+
+# Django Security Best Practices
+
+Comprehensive security guidelines for Django applications to protect against common vulnerabilities.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Setting up Django authentication and authorization
+- Implementing user permissions and roles
+- Configuring production security settings
+- Reviewing Django application for security issues
+- Deploying Django applications to production
+
+## Core Security Settings
+
+### Production Settings Configuration
+
+```python
+# settings/production.py
+import os
+
+DEBUG = False  # CRITICAL: Never use True in production
+
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = os.environ.get('ALLOWED_HOSTS', '').split(',')
+
+# Security headers
+SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
+SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
+CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
+SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000  # 1 year
+SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
+SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
+SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
+SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True
+X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'
+
+# HTTPS and Cookies
+SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
+CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
+SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
+CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
+
+# Secret key (must be set via environment variable)
+SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
+if not SECRET_KEY:
+    raise ImproperlyConfigured('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY environment variable is required')
+
+# Password validation
+AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
+        'OPTIONS': {
+            'min_length': 12,
+        }
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
+    },
+    {
+        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
+    },
+]
+```
+
+## Authentication
+
+### Custom User Model
+
+```python
+# apps/users/models.py
+from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
+from django.db import models
+
+class User(AbstractUser):
+    """Custom user model for better security."""
+
+    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
+    phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
+
+    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'  # Use email as username
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']
+
+    class Meta:
+        db_table = 'users'
+        verbose_name = 'User'
+        verbose_name_plural = 'Users'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.email
+
+# settings/base.py
+AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.User'
+```
+
+### Password Hashing
+
+```python
+# Django uses PBKDF2 by default. For stronger security:
+PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
+    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.Argon2PasswordHasher',
+    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
+    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
+    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher',
+]
+```
+
+### Session Management
+
+```python
+# Session configuration
+SESSION_ENGINE = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache'  # Or 'db'
+SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = 'default'
+SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 3600 * 24 * 7  # 1 week
+SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False
+SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False  # Better UX, but less secure
+```
+
+## Authorization
+
+### Permissions
+
+```python
+# models.py
+from django.db import models
+from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission
+
+class Post(models.Model):
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    content = models.TextField()
+    author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+
+    class Meta:
+        permissions = [
+            ('can_publish', 'Can publish posts'),
+            ('can_edit_others', 'Can edit posts of others'),
+        ]
+
+    def user_can_edit(self, user):
+        """Check if user can edit this post."""
+        return self.author == user or user.has_perm('app.can_edit_others')
+
+# views.py
+from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin
+from django.views.generic import UpdateView
+
+class PostUpdateView(LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, UpdateView):
+    model = Post
+    permission_required = 'app.can_edit_others'
+    raise_exception = True  # Return 403 instead of redirect
+
+    def get_queryset(self):
+        """Only allow users to edit their own posts."""
+        return Post.objects.filter(author=self.request.user)
+```
+
+### Custom Permissions
+
+```python
+# permissions.py
+from rest_framework import permissions
+
+class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
+    """Allow only owners to edit objects."""
+
+    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
+        # Read permissions allowed for any request
+        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
+            return True
+
+        # Write permissions only for owner
+        return obj.author == request.user
+
+class IsAdminOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
+    """Allow admins to do anything, others read-only."""
+
+    def has_permission(self, request, view):
+        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
+            return True
+        return request.user and request.user.is_staff
+
+class IsVerifiedUser(permissions.BasePermission):
+    """Allow only verified users."""
+
+    def has_permission(self, request, view):
+        return request.user and request.user.is_authenticated and request.user.is_verified
+```
+
+### Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
+
+```python
+# models.py
+from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser, Group
+
+class User(AbstractUser):
+    ROLE_CHOICES = [
+        ('admin', 'Administrator'),
+        ('moderator', 'Moderator'),
+        ('user', 'Regular User'),
+    ]
+    role = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ROLE_CHOICES, default='user')
+
+    def is_admin(self):
+        return self.role == 'admin' or self.is_superuser
+
+    def is_moderator(self):
+        return self.role in ['admin', 'moderator']
+
+# Mixins
+class AdminRequiredMixin:
+    """Mixin to require admin role."""
+
+    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not request.user.is_authenticated or not request.user.is_admin():
+            from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
+            raise PermissionDenied
+        return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
+```
+
+## SQL Injection Prevention
+
+### Django ORM Protection
+
+```python
+# GOOD: Django ORM automatically escapes parameters
+def get_user(username):
+    return User.objects.get(username=username)  # Safe
+
+# GOOD: Using parameters with raw()
+def search_users(query):
+    return User.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = %s', [query])
+
+# BAD: Never directly interpolate user input
+def get_user_bad(username):
+    return User.objects.raw(f'SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = {username}')  # VULNERABLE!
+
+# GOOD: Using filter with proper escaping
+def get_users_by_email(email):
+    return User.objects.filter(email__iexact=email)  # Safe
+
+# GOOD: Using Q objects for complex queries
+from django.db.models import Q
+def search_users_complex(query):
+    return User.objects.filter(
+        Q(username__icontains=query) |
+        Q(email__icontains=query)
+    )  # Safe
+```
+
+### Extra Security with raw()
+
+```python
+# If you must use raw SQL, always use parameters
+User.objects.raw(
+    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = %s AND status = %s',
+    [user_input_email, status]
+)
+```
+
+## XSS Prevention
+
+### Template Escaping
+
+```django
+{# Django auto-escapes variables by default - SAFE #}
+{{ user_input }}  {# Escaped HTML #}
+
+{# Explicitly mark safe only for trusted content #}
+{{ trusted_html|safe }}  {# Not escaped #}
+
+{# Use template filters for safe HTML #}
+{{ user_input|escape }}  {# Same as default #}
+{{ user_input|striptags }}  {# Remove all HTML tags #}
+
+{# JavaScript escaping #}
+<script>
+    var username = {{ username|escapejs }};
+</script>
+```
+
+### Safe String Handling
+
+```python
+from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
+from django.utils.html import escape
+
+# BAD: Never mark user input as safe without escaping
+def render_bad(user_input):
+    return mark_safe(user_input)  # VULNERABLE!
+
+# GOOD: Escape first, then mark safe
+def render_good(user_input):
+    return mark_safe(escape(user_input))
+
+# GOOD: Use format_html for HTML with variables
+from django.utils.html import format_html
+
+def greet_user(username):
+    return format_html('<span class="user">{}</span>', escape(username))
+```
+
+### HTTP Headers
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True  # Prevent MIME sniffing
+SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True  # Enable XSS filter
+X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'  # Prevent clickjacking
+
+# Custom middleware
+from django.conf import settings
+
+class SecurityHeaderMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response['X-Content-Type-Options'] = 'nosniff'
+        response['X-Frame-Options'] = 'DENY'
+        response['X-XSS-Protection'] = '1; mode=block'
+        response['Content-Security-Policy'] = "default-src 'self'"
+        return response
+```
+
+## CSRF Protection
+
+### Default CSRF Protection
+
+```python
+# settings.py - CSRF is enabled by default
+CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True  # Only send over HTTPS
+CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True  # Prevent JavaScript access
+CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'  # Prevent CSRF in some cases
+CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://example.com']  # Trusted domains
+
+# Template usage
+<form method="post">
+    {% csrf_token %}
+    {{ form.as_p }}
+    <button type="submit">Submit</button>
+</form>
+
+# AJAX requests
+function getCookie(name) {
+    let cookieValue = null;
+    if (document.cookie && document.cookie !== '') {
+        const cookies = document.cookie.split(';');
+        for (let i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
+            const cookie = cookies[i].trim();
+            if (cookie.substring(0, name.length + 1) === (name + '=')) {
+                cookieValue = decodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(name.length + 1));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return cookieValue;
+}
+
+fetch('/api/endpoint/', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: {
+        'X-CSRFToken': getCookie('csrftoken'),
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify(data)
+});
+```
+
+### Exempting Views (Use Carefully)
+
+```python
+from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
+
+@csrf_exempt  # Only use when absolutely necessary!
+def webhook_view(request):
+    # Webhook from external service
+    pass
+```
+
+## File Upload Security
+
+### File Validation
+
+```python
+import os
+from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
+
+def validate_file_extension(value):
+    """Validate file extension."""
+    ext = os.path.splitext(value.name)[1]
+    valid_extensions = ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.gif', '.pdf']
+    if not ext.lower() in valid_extensions:
+        raise ValidationError('Unsupported file extension.')
+
+def validate_file_size(value):
+    """Validate file size (max 5MB)."""
+    filesize = value.size
+    if filesize > 5 * 1024 * 1024:
+        raise ValidationError('File too large. Max size is 5MB.')
+
+# models.py
+class Document(models.Model):
+    file = models.FileField(
+        upload_to='documents/',
+        validators=[validate_file_extension, validate_file_size]
+    )
+```
+
+### Secure File Storage
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+MEDIA_ROOT = '/var/www/media/'
+MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
+
+# Use a separate domain for media in production
+MEDIA_DOMAIN = 'https://media.example.com'
+
+# Don't serve user uploads directly
+# Use whitenoise or a CDN for static files
+# Use a separate server or S3 for media files
+```
+
+## API Security
+
+### Rate Limiting
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+REST_FRAMEWORK = {
+    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
+        'rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle',
+        'rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle'
+    ],
+    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
+        'anon': '100/day',
+        'user': '1000/day',
+        'upload': '10/hour',
+    }
+}
+
+# Custom throttle
+from rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottle
+
+class BurstRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):
+    scope = 'burst'
+    rate = '60/min'
+
+class SustainedRateThrottle(UserRateThrottle):
+    scope = 'sustained'
+    rate = '1000/day'
+```
+
+### Authentication for APIs
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+REST_FRAMEWORK = {
+    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
+        'rest_framework.authentication.TokenAuthentication',
+        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
+        'rest_framework_simplejwt.authentication.JWTAuthentication',
+    ],
+    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
+        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',
+    ],
+}
+
+# views.py
+from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
+from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
+
+@api_view(['GET', 'POST'])
+@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
+def protected_view(request):
+    return Response({'message': 'You are authenticated'})
+```
+
+## Security Headers
+
+### Content Security Policy
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+CSP_DEFAULT_SRC = "'self'"
+CSP_SCRIPT_SRC = "'self' https://cdn.example.com"
+CSP_STYLE_SRC = "'self' 'unsafe-inline'"
+CSP_IMG_SRC = "'self' data: https:"
+CSP_CONNECT_SRC = "'self' https://api.example.com"
+
+# Middleware
+class CSPMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response['Content-Security-Policy'] = (
+            f"default-src {CSP_DEFAULT_SRC}; "
+            f"script-src {CSP_SCRIPT_SRC}; "
+            f"style-src {CSP_STYLE_SRC}; "
+            f"img-src {CSP_IMG_SRC}; "
+            f"connect-src {CSP_CONNECT_SRC}"
+        )
+        return response
+```
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+### Managing Secrets
+
+```python
+# Use python-decouple or django-environ
+import environ
+
+env = environ.Env(
+    # set casting, default value
+    DEBUG=(bool, False)
+)
+
+# reading .env file
+environ.Env.read_env()
+
+SECRET_KEY = env('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
+DATABASE_URL = env('DATABASE_URL')
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = env.list('ALLOWED_HOSTS')
+
+# .env file (never commit this)
+DEBUG=False
+SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key-here
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/dbname
+ALLOWED_HOSTS=example.com,www.example.com
+```
+
+## Logging Security Events
+
+```python
+# settings.py
+LOGGING = {
+    'version': 1,
+    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
+    'handlers': {
+        'file': {
+            'level': 'WARNING',
+            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
+            'filename': '/var/log/django/security.log',
+        },
+        'console': {
+            'level': 'INFO',
+            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+        },
+    },
+    'loggers': {
+        'django.security': {
+            'handlers': ['file', 'console'],
+            'level': 'WARNING',
+            'propagate': True,
+        },
+        'django.request': {
+            'handlers': ['file'],
+            'level': 'ERROR',
+            'propagate': False,
+        },
+    },
+}
+```
+
+## Quick Security Checklist
+
+| Check | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `DEBUG = False` | Never run with DEBUG in production |
+| HTTPS only | Force SSL, secure cookies |
+| Strong secrets | Use environment variables for SECRET_KEY |
+| Password validation | Enable all password validators |
+| CSRF protection | Enabled by default, don't disable |
+| XSS prevention | Django auto-escapes, don't use `&#124;safe` with user input |
+| SQL injection | Use ORM, never concatenate strings in queries |
+| File uploads | Validate file type and size |
+| Rate limiting | Throttle API endpoints |
+| Security headers | CSP, X-Frame-Options, HSTS |
+| Logging | Log security events |
+| Updates | Keep Django and dependencies updated |
+
+Remember: Security is a process, not a product. Regularly review and update your security practices.