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package/skills/python-patterns/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: python-patterns
+description: Pythonic idioms, PEP 8 standards, type hints, and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Python applications.
+origin: ECC
+---
+
+# Python Development Patterns
+
+Idiomatic Python patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable applications.
+
+## When to Activate
+
+- Writing new Python code
+- Reviewing Python code
+- Refactoring existing Python code
+- Designing Python packages/modules
+
+## Core Principles
+
+### 1. Readability Counts
+
+Python prioritizes readability. Code should be obvious and easy to understand.
+
+```python
+# Good: Clear and readable
+def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
+    """Return only active users from the provided list."""
+    return [user for user in users if user.is_active]
+
+
+# Bad: Clever but confusing
+def get_active_users(u):
+    return [x for x in u if x.a]
+```
+
+### 2. Explicit is Better Than Implicit
+
+Avoid magic; be clear about what your code does.
+
+```python
+# Good: Explicit configuration
+import logging
+
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+)
+
+# Bad: Hidden side effects
+import some_module
+some_module.setup()  # What does this do?
+```
+
+### 3. EAFP - Easier to Ask Forgiveness Than Permission
+
+Python prefers exception handling over checking conditions.
+
+```python
+# Good: EAFP style
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
+    try:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    except KeyError:
+        return default_value
+
+# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
+    if key in dictionary:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    else:
+        return default_value
+```
+
+## Type Hints
+
+### Basic Type Annotations
+
+```python
+from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any
+
+def process_user(
+    user_id: str,
+    data: Dict[str, Any],
+    active: bool = True
+) -> Optional[User]:
+    """Process a user and return the updated User or None."""
+    if not active:
+        return None
+    return User(user_id, data)
+```
+
+### Modern Type Hints (Python 3.9+)
+
+```python
+# Python 3.9+ - Use built-in types
+def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
+    return {item: len(item) for item in items}
+
+# Python 3.8 and earlier - Use typing module
+from typing import List, Dict
+
+def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
+    return {item: len(item) for item in items}
+```
+
+### Type Aliases and TypeVar
+
+```python
+from typing import TypeVar, Union
+
+# Type alias for complex types
+JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]
+
+def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
+    return json.loads(data)
+
+# Generic types
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
+    """Return the first item or None if list is empty."""
+    return items[0] if items else None
+```
+
+### Protocol-Based Duck Typing
+
+```python
+from typing import Protocol
+
+class Renderable(Protocol):
+    def render(self) -> str:
+        """Render the object to a string."""
+
+def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
+    """Render all items that implement the Renderable protocol."""
+    return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)
+```
+
+## Error Handling Patterns
+
+### Specific Exception Handling
+
+```python
+# Good: Catch specific exceptions
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e
+
+# Bad: Bare except
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except:
+        return None  # Silent failure!
+```
+
+### Exception Chaining
+
+```python
+def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
+    try:
+        parsed = json.loads(data)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        # Chain exceptions to preserve the traceback
+        raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse data: {data}") from e
+```
+
+### Custom Exception Hierarchy
+
+```python
+class AppError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for all application errors."""
+    pass
+
+class ValidationError(AppError):
+    """Raised when input validation fails."""
+    pass
+
+class NotFoundError(AppError):
+    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
+    pass
+
+# Usage
+def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
+    user = db.find_user(user_id)
+    if not user:
+        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
+    return user
+```
+
+## Context Managers
+
+### Resource Management
+
+```python
+# Good: Using context managers
+def process_file(path: str) -> str:
+    with open(path, 'r') as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+# Bad: Manual resource management
+def process_file(path: str) -> str:
+    f = open(path, 'r')
+    try:
+        return f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+```
+
+### Custom Context Managers
+
+```python
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+@contextmanager
+def timer(name: str):
+    """Context manager to time a block of code."""
+    start = time.perf_counter()
+    yield
+    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")
+
+# Usage
+with timer("data processing"):
+    process_large_dataset()
+```
+
+### Context Manager Classes
+
+```python
+class DatabaseTransaction:
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.connection.begin_transaction()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if exc_type is None:
+            self.connection.commit()
+        else:
+            self.connection.rollback()
+        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions
+
+# Usage
+with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
+    user = conn.create_user(user_data)
+    conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)
+```
+
+## Comprehensions and Generators
+
+### List Comprehensions
+
+```python
+# Good: List comprehension for simple transformations
+names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]
+
+# Bad: Manual loop
+names = []
+for user in users:
+    if user.is_active:
+        names.append(user.name)
+
+# Complex comprehensions should be expanded
+# Bad: Too complex
+result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0 if x % 2 == 0]
+
+# Good: Use a generator function
+def filter_and_transform(items: Iterable[int]) -> list[int]:
+    result = []
+    for x in items:
+        if x > 0 and x % 2 == 0:
+            result.append(x * 2)
+    return result
+```
+
+### Generator Expressions
+
+```python
+# Good: Generator for lazy evaluation
+total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))
+
+# Bad: Creates large intermediate list
+total = sum([x * x for x in range(1_000_000)])
+```
+
+### Generator Functions
+
+```python
+def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Read a large file line by line."""
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
+
+# Usage
+for line in read_large_file("huge.txt"):
+    process(line)
+```
+
+## Data Classes and Named Tuples
+
+### Data Classes
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
+
+@dataclass
+class User:
+    """User entity with automatic __init__, __repr__, and __eq__."""
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    email: str
+    created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
+    is_active: bool = True
+
+# Usage
+user = User(
+    id="123",
+    name="Alice",
+    email="alice@example.com"
+)
+```
+
+### Data Classes with Validation
+
+```python
+@dataclass
+class User:
+    email: str
+    age: int
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        # Validate email format
+        if "@" not in self.email:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid email: {self.email}")
+        # Validate age range
+        if self.age < 0 or self.age > 150:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid age: {self.age}")
+```
+
+### Named Tuples
+
+```python
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+class Point(NamedTuple):
+    """Immutable 2D point."""
+    x: float
+    y: float
+
+    def distance(self, other: 'Point') -> float:
+        return ((self.x - other.x) ** 2 + (self.y - other.y) ** 2) ** 0.5
+
+# Usage
+p1 = Point(0, 0)
+p2 = Point(3, 4)
+print(p1.distance(p2))  # 5.0
+```
+
+## Decorators
+
+### Function Decorators
+
+```python
+import functools
+import time
+
+def timer(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    """Decorator to time function execution."""
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+        print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
+        return result
+    return wrapper
+
+@timer
+def slow_function():
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+# slow_function() prints: slow_function took 1.0012s
+```
+
+### Parameterized Decorators
+
+```python
+def repeat(times: int):
+    """Decorator to repeat a function multiple times."""
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            results = []
+            for _ in range(times):
+                results.append(func(*args, **kwargs))
+            return results
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+@repeat(times=3)
+def greet(name: str) -> str:
+    return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+# greet("Alice") returns ["Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!"]
+```
+
+### Class-Based Decorators
+
+```python
+class CountCalls:
+    """Decorator that counts how many times a function is called."""
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable):
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
+        self.func = func
+        self.count = 0
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.count += 1
+        print(f"{self.func.__name__} has been called {self.count} times")
+        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+@CountCalls
+def process():
+    pass
+
+# Each call to process() prints the call count
+```
+
+## Concurrency Patterns
+
+### Threading for I/O-Bound Tasks
+
+```python
+import concurrent.futures
+import threading
+
+def fetch_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """Fetch a URL (I/O-bound operation)."""
+    import urllib.request
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
+        return response.read().decode()
+
+def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently using threads."""
+    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
+        future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
+        results = {}
+        for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
+            url = future_to_url[future]
+            try:
+                results[url] = future.result()
+            except Exception as e:
+                results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
+    return results
+```
+
+### Multiprocessing for CPU-Bound Tasks
+
+```python
+def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:
+    """CPU-intensive computation."""
+    return sum(x ** 2 for x in data)
+
+def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[int]:
+    """Process multiple datasets using multiple processes."""
+    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
+        results = list(executor.map(process_data, datasets))
+    return results
+```
+
+### Async/Await for Concurrent I/O
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+
+async def fetch_async(url: str) -> str:
+    """Fetch a URL asynchronously."""
+    import aiohttp
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
+        async with session.get(url) as response:
+            return await response.text()
+
+async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently."""
+    tasks = [fetch_async(url) for url in urls]
+    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+    return dict(zip(urls, results))
+```
+
+## Package Organization
+
+### Standard Project Layout
+
+```
+myproject/
+├── src/
+│   └── mypackage/
+│       ├── __init__.py
+│       ├── main.py
+│       ├── api/
+│       │   ├── __init__.py
+│       │   └── routes.py
+│       ├── models/
+│       │   ├── __init__.py
+│       │   └── user.py
+│       └── utils/
+│           ├── __init__.py
+│           └── helpers.py
+├── tests/
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── conftest.py
+│   ├── test_api.py
+│   └── test_models.py
+├── pyproject.toml
+├── README.md
+└── .gitignore
+```
+
+### Import Conventions
+
+```python
+# Good: Import order - stdlib, third-party, local
+import os
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import requests
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+from mypackage.models import User
+from mypackage.utils import format_name
+
+# Good: Use isort for automatic import sorting
+# pip install isort
+```
+
+### __init__.py for Package Exports
+
+```python
+# mypackage/__init__.py
+"""mypackage - A sample Python package."""
+
+__version__ = "1.0.0"
+
+# Export main classes/functions at package level
+from mypackage.models import User, Post
+from mypackage.utils import format_name
+
+__all__ = ["User", "Post", "format_name"]
+```
+
+## Memory and Performance
+
+### Using __slots__ for Memory Efficiency
+
+```python
+# Bad: Regular class uses __dict__ (more memory)
+class Point:
+    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+# Good: __slots__ reduces memory usage
+class Point:
+    __slots__ = ['x', 'y']
+
+    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+```
+
+### Generator for Large Data
+
+```python
+# Bad: Returns full list in memory
+def read_lines(path: str) -> list[str]:
+    with open(path) as f:
+        return [line.strip() for line in f]
+
+# Good: Yields lines one at a time
+def read_lines(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
+```
+
+### Avoid String Concatenation in Loops
+
+```python
+# Bad: O(n²) due to string immutability
+result = ""
+for item in items:
+    result += str(item)
+
+# Good: O(n) using join
+result = "".join(str(item) for item in items)
+
+# Good: Using StringIO for building
+from io import StringIO
+
+buffer = StringIO()
+for item in items:
+    buffer.write(str(item))
+result = buffer.getvalue()
+```
+
+## Python Tooling Integration
+
+### Essential Commands
+
+```bash
+# Code formatting
+black .
+isort .
+
+# Linting
+ruff check .
+pylint mypackage/
+
+# Type checking
+mypy .
+
+# Testing
+pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html
+
+# Security scanning
+bandit -r .
+
+# Dependency management
+pip-audit
+safety check
+```
+
+### pyproject.toml Configuration
+
+```toml
+[project]
+name = "mypackage"
+version = "1.0.0"
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+dependencies = [
+    "requests>=2.31.0",
+    "pydantic>=2.0.0",
+]
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+dev = [
+    "pytest>=7.4.0",
+    "pytest-cov>=4.1.0",
+    "black>=23.0.0",
+    "ruff>=0.1.0",
+    "mypy>=1.5.0",
+]
+
+[tool.black]
+line-length = 88
+target-version = ['py39']
+
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 88
+select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W"]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+python_version = "3.9"
+warn_return_any = true
+warn_unused_configs = true
+disallow_untyped_defs = true
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+testpaths = ["tests"]
+addopts = "--cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing"
+```
+
+## Quick Reference: Python Idioms
+
+| Idiom | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| EAFP | Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission |
+| Context managers | Use `with` for resource management |
+| List comprehensions | For simple transformations |
+| Generators | For lazy evaluation and large datasets |
+| Type hints | Annotate function signatures |
+| Dataclasses | For data containers with auto-generated methods |
+| `__slots__` | For memory optimization |
+| f-strings | For string formatting (Python 3.6+) |
+| `pathlib.Path` | For path operations (Python 3.4+) |
+| `enumerate` | For index-element pairs in loops |
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+```python
+# Bad: Mutable default arguments
+def append_to(item, items=[]):
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+
+# Good: Use None and create new list
+def append_to(item, items=None):
+    if items is None:
+        items = []
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+
+# Bad: Checking type with type()
+if type(obj) == list:
+    process(obj)
+
+# Good: Use isinstance
+if isinstance(obj, list):
+    process(obj)
+
+# Bad: Comparing to None with ==
+if value == None:
+    process()
+
+# Good: Use is
+if value is None:
+    process()
+
+# Bad: from module import *
+from os.path import *
+
+# Good: Explicit imports
+from os.path import join, exists
+
+# Bad: Bare except
+try:
+    risky_operation()
+except:
+    pass
+
+# Good: Specific exception
+try:
+    risky_operation()
+except SpecificError as e:
+    logger.error(f"Operation failed: {e}")
+```
+
+__Remember__: Python code should be readable, explicit, and follow the principle of least surprise. When in doubt, prioritize clarity over cleverness.