code-abyss 1.6.16 → 1.7.0

package/skills/domains/ai/model-evaluation.md

@@ -1,790 +0,0 @@
----
-name: model-evaluation
-description: AI 模型评估技术。RAGAS、LLM-as-Judge、评估指标、基准测试、A/B 测试。当用户提到模型评估、RAGAS、LLM-as-Judge、基准测试、评估指标、模型对比时使用。
----
-
-# 📊 天机秘典 · 模型评估 (Model Evaluation)
-
-## 评估体系
-
-```
-离线评估 → 在线评估 → 持续监控
-    │          │           │
-    ├─ 基准测试  ├─ A/B 测试  ├─ 指标追踪
-    ├─ 人工评估  ├─ 用户反馈  ├─ 异常检测
-    └─ 自动评估  └─ 实时分析  └─ 质量报告
-```
-
-### 评估维度
-| 维度 | 指标 | 适用场景 |
-|------|------|----------|
-| 准确性 | Accuracy, F1, Precision, Recall | 分类、NER |
-| 相关性 | Relevance, Context Precision | RAG、检索 |
-| 忠实性 | Faithfulness, Hallucination Rate | 生成任务 |
-| 连贯性 | Coherence, Fluency | 文本生成 |
-| 效率 | Latency, Throughput, Cost | 生产部署 |
-
-## RAGAS 框架
-
-### 核心指标
-```python
-from ragas import evaluate
-from ragas.metrics import (
-    faithfulness,
-    answer_relevancy,
-    context_precision,
-    context_recall,
-)
-from datasets import Dataset
-
-# 准备评估数据
-data = {
-    "question": ["什么是 RAG？", "如何优化检索？"],
-    "answer": ["RAG 是检索增强生成...", "可以使用混合检索..."],
-    "contexts": [
-        ["RAG 结合了检索和生成...", "向量数据库用于存储..."],
-        ["混合检索结合向量和关键词...", "重排可以提升相关性..."]
-    ],
-    "ground_truth": ["RAG 是一种结合检索和生成的技术", "使用混合检索和重排"]
-}
-
-dataset = Dataset.from_dict(data)
-
-# 评估
-result = evaluate(
-    dataset,
-    metrics=[
-        faithfulness,
-        answer_relevancy,
-        context_precision,
-        context_recall,
-    ],
-)
-
-print(result)
-```
-
-### Faithfulness（忠实性）
-```python
-from ragas.metrics import faithfulness
-
-# 衡量答案是否基于提供的上下文
-# 分数 0-1，越高越好
-
-# 示例
-question = "Python 的创始人是谁？"
-context = ["Python 由 Guido van Rossum 在 1991 年创建"]
-answer = "Python 由 Guido van Rossum 创建"  # 高忠实性
-
-# 低忠实性示例
-bad_answer = "Python 由 James Gosling 创建"  # 编造信息
-
-score = faithfulness.score(
-    question=question,
-    answer=answer,
-    contexts=context
-)
-```
-
-### Answer Relevancy（答案相关性）
-```python
-from ragas.metrics import answer_relevancy
-
-# 衡量答案与问题的相关程度
-# 分数 0-1，越高越好
-
-question = "如何防御 SQL 注入？"
-answer = "使用参数化查询和 ORM 框架可以有效防御 SQL 注入"  # 高相关性
-bad_answer = "SQL 是一种数据库查询语言"  # 低相关性
-
-score = answer_relevancy.score(
-    question=question,
-    answer=answer
-)
-```
-
-### Context Precision（上下文精确度）
-```python
-from ragas.metrics import context_precision
-
-# 衡量检索到的上下文中相关信息的比例
-# 分数 0-1，越高越好（相关文档排在前面）
-
-question = "什么是向量数据库？"
-contexts = [
-    "向量数据库用于存储和检索高维向量",  # 相关
-    "Pinecone 是一个向量数据库",  # 相关
-    "Python 是一种编程语言",  # 不相关
-]
-ground_truth = "向量数据库是专门用于存储和检索向量的数据库"
-
-score = context_precision.score(
-    question=question,
-    contexts=contexts,
-    ground_truth=ground_truth
-)
-```
-
-### Context Recall（上下文召回率）
-```python
-from ragas.metrics import context_recall
-
-# 衡量检索到的上下文是否包含回答问题所需的所有信息
-# 分数 0-1，越高越好
-
-question = "RAG 的优势是什么？"
-contexts = [
-    "RAG 可以减少幻觉",
-    "RAG 可以使用最新信息"
-]
-ground_truth = "RAG 的优势包括减少幻觉、使用最新信息、可解释性强"
-
-# 召回率 = 2/3 = 0.67（缺少"可解释性强"）
-```
-
-### 完整 RAG 评估流程
-```python
-from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA
-from ragas import evaluate
-from ragas.metrics import faithfulness, answer_relevancy
-
-class RAGEvaluator:
-    def __init__(self, qa_chain, test_dataset):
-        self.qa_chain = qa_chain
-        self.test_dataset = test_dataset
-
-    def run_evaluation(self):
-        results = []
-
-        for item in self.test_dataset:
-            # 执行 RAG
-            response = self.qa_chain({
-                "query": item["question"]
-            })
-
-            results.append({
-                "question": item["question"],
-                "answer": response["result"],
-                "contexts": [doc.page_content for doc in response["source_documents"]],
-                "ground_truth": item["ground_truth"]
-            })
-
-        # RAGAS 评估
-        dataset = Dataset.from_dict({
-            "question": [r["question"] for r in results],
-            "answer": [r["answer"] for r in results],
-            "contexts": [r["contexts"] for r in results],
-            "ground_truth": [r["ground_truth"] for r in results]
-        })
-
-        scores = evaluate(
-            dataset,
-            metrics=[faithfulness, answer_relevancy]
-        )
-
-        return scores
-
-# 使用
-evaluator = RAGEvaluator(qa_chain, test_data)
-scores = evaluator.run_evaluation()
-print(f"Faithfulness: {scores['faithfulness']:.3f}")
-print(f"Answer Relevancy: {scores['answer_relevancy']:.3f}")
-```
-
-## LLM-as-Judge
-
-### 基础评估器
-```python
-from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
-from langchain.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
-
-class LLMJudge:
-    def __init__(self, model="gpt-4"):
-        self.llm = ChatOpenAI(model=model, temperature=0)
-
-    def evaluate_answer(self, question: str, answer: str, criteria: str):
-        prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template("""
-你是一位专业的评估专家。请评估以下答案的质量。
-
-问题: {question}
-
-答案: {answer}
-
-评估标准: {criteria}
-
-请从以下维度评分（1-5 分）:
-1. 准确性: 信息是否正确
-2. 完整性: 是否充分回答问题
-3. 清晰度: 表达是否清晰易懂
-4. 相关性: 是否切题
-
-输出格式:
-{{
-  "accuracy": <分数>,
-  "completeness": <分数>,
-  "clarity": <分数>,
-  "relevance": <分数>,
-  "overall": <总分>,
-  "feedback": "<详细反馈>"
-}}
-""")
-
-        chain = prompt | self.llm
-        result = chain.invoke({
-            "question": question,
-            "answer": answer,
-            "criteria": criteria
-        })
-
-        return json.loads(result.content)
-
-# 使用
-judge = LLMJudge()
-score = judge.evaluate_answer(
-    question="什么是 RAG？",
-    answer="RAG 是检索增强生成技术...",
-    criteria="技术准确性和清晰度"
-)
-```
-
-### 成对比较
-```python
-def pairwise_comparison(question: str, answer_a: str, answer_b: str):
-    prompt = f"""
-问题: {question}
-
-答案 A: {answer_a}
-
-答案 B: {answer_b}
-
-请比较两个答案的质量，从以下维度评估:
-1. 准确性
-2. 完整性
-3. 清晰度
-
-选择更好的答案（A 或 B），并说明理由。
-
-输出格式:
-{{
-  "winner": "A" or "B",
-  "reason": "<理由>",
-  "confidence": <0-1>
-}}
-"""
-
-    result = llm.predict(prompt)
-    return json.loads(result)
-
-# ELO 排名系统
-class ELORanking:
-    def __init__(self, k=32):
-        self.k = k
-        self.ratings = {}
-
-    def update_ratings(self, model_a: str, model_b: str, winner: str):
-        ra = self.ratings.get(model_a, 1500)
-        rb = self.ratings.get(model_b, 1500)
-
-        ea = 1 / (1 + 10 ** ((rb - ra) / 400))
-        eb = 1 / (1 + 10 ** ((ra - rb) / 400))
-
-        if winner == model_a:
-            sa, sb = 1, 0
-        elif winner == model_b:
-            sa, sb = 0, 1
-        else:
-            sa, sb = 0.5, 0.5
-
-        self.ratings[model_a] = ra + self.k * (sa - ea)
-        self.ratings[model_b] = rb + self.k * (sb - eb)
-
-    def get_leaderboard(self):
-        return sorted(self.ratings.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
-```
-
-### 多维度评估
-```python
-EVALUATION_DIMENSIONS = {
-    "correctness": "答案是否准确无误",
-    "completeness": "是否完整回答了问题",
-    "conciseness": "表达是否简洁",
-    "relevance": "是否切题",
-    "helpfulness": "对用户是否有帮助",
-    "safety": "是否安全无害",
-}
-
-def multi_dimensional_eval(question: str, answer: str):
-    results = {}
-
-    for dimension, description in EVALUATION_DIMENSIONS.items():
-        prompt = f"""
-评估维度: {dimension} - {description}
-
-问题: {question}
-答案: {answer}
-
-请对该维度评分（1-5 分）并说明理由。
-
-输出格式:
-{{
-  "score": <分数>,
-  "reason": "<理由>"
-}}
-"""
-        result = llm.predict(prompt)
-        results[dimension] = json.loads(result)
-
-    # 计算加权总分
-    weights = {
-        "correctness": 0.3,
-        "completeness": 0.2,
-        "conciseness": 0.1,
-        "relevance": 0.2,
-        "helpfulness": 0.15,
-        "safety": 0.05,
-    }
-
-    total_score = sum(
-        results[dim]["score"] * weights[dim]
-        for dim in EVALUATION_DIMENSIONS
-    )
-
-    results["total_score"] = total_score
-    return results
-```
-
-## 基准测试
-
-### MMLU（大规模多任务语言理解）
-```python
-from datasets import load_dataset
-
-# 加载 MMLU 数据集
-dataset = load_dataset("cais/mmlu", "all")
-
-def evaluate_mmlu(model, subject="all", num_samples=100):
-    correct = 0
-    total = 0
-
-    for item in dataset["test"].select(range(num_samples)):
-        question = item["question"]
-        choices = item["choices"]
-        correct_answer = item["answer"]
-
-        # 构建 Prompt
-        prompt = f"""
-问题: {question}
-
-选项:
-A. {choices[0]}
-B. {choices[1]}
-C. {choices[2]}
-D. {choices[3]}
-
-请选择正确答案（仅输出 A/B/C/D）:
-"""
-
-        response = model.predict(prompt).strip()
-
-        if response == ["A", "B", "C", "D"][correct_answer]:
-            correct += 1
-        total += 1
-
-    accuracy = correct / total
-    return accuracy
-
-# 使用
-accuracy = evaluate_mmlu(llm, num_samples=100)
-print(f"MMLU Accuracy: {accuracy:.2%}")
-```
-
-### HumanEval（代码生成）
-```python
-from human_eval.data import read_problems
-from human_eval.evaluation import evaluate_functional_correctness
-
-def evaluate_code_generation(model):
-    problems = read_problems()
-
-    samples = []
-    for task_id, problem in problems.items():
-        prompt = problem["prompt"]
-
-        # 生成代码
-        code = model.predict(f"完成以下 Python 函数:\n\n{prompt}")
-
-        samples.append({
-            "task_id": task_id,
-            "completion": code
-        })
-
-    # 保存结果
-    with open("samples.jsonl", "w") as f:
-        for sample in samples:
-            f.write(json.dumps(sample) + "\n")
-
-    # 评估
-    results = evaluate_functional_correctness("samples.jsonl")
-    return results
-
-# Pass@k 指标
-# Pass@1: 生成 1 次代码的通过率
-# Pass@10: 生成 10 次代码中至少 1 次通过的概率
-```
-
-### GSM8K（数学推理）
-```python
-from datasets import load_dataset
-
-dataset = load_dataset("gsm8k", "main")
-
-def evaluate_gsm8k(model, num_samples=100):
-    correct = 0
-
-    for item in dataset["test"].select(range(num_samples)):
-        question = item["question"]
-        answer = item["answer"]
-
-        # 提取正确答案
-        correct_answer = int(answer.split("####")[1].strip())
-
-        # 使用 CoT
-        prompt = f"""
-问题: {question}
-
-让我们一步步思考:
-"""
-
-        response = model.predict(prompt)
-
-        # 提取模型答案
-        try:
-            model_answer = extract_number(response)
-            if model_answer == correct_answer:
-                correct += 1
-        except:
-            pass
-
-    accuracy = correct / num_samples
-    return accuracy
-```
-
-### 自定义基准测试
-```python
-class CustomBenchmark:
-    def __init__(self, test_cases: list):
-        self.test_cases = test_cases
-
-    def run(self, model):
-        results = []
-
-        for case in self.test_cases:
-            start_time = time.time()
-
-            response = model.predict(case["input"])
-
-            latency = time.time() - start_time
-
-            # 评估
-            score = self._evaluate(
-                response,
-                case["expected_output"],
-                case["criteria"]
-            )
-
-            results.append({
-                "input": case["input"],
-                "output": response,
-                "expected": case["expected_output"],
-                "score": score,
-                "latency": latency
-            })
-
-        return self._aggregate_results(results)
-
-    def _evaluate(self, output, expected, criteria):
-        # 使用 LLM-as-Judge
-        judge = LLMJudge()
-        return judge.evaluate(output, expected, criteria)
-
-    def _aggregate_results(self, results):
-        return {
-            "avg_score": np.mean([r["score"] for r in results]),
-            "avg_latency": np.mean([r["latency"] for r in results]),
-            "pass_rate": sum(r["score"] >= 0.8 for r in results) / len(results),
-            "details": results
-        }
-```
-
-## 评估指标
-
-### 分类指标
-```python
-from sklearn.metrics import (
-    accuracy_score,
-    precision_recall_fscore_support,
-    confusion_matrix,
-    classification_report
-)
-
-def evaluate_classification(y_true, y_pred):
-    accuracy = accuracy_score(y_true, y_pred)
-    precision, recall, f1, _ = precision_recall_fscore_support(
-        y_true, y_pred, average='weighted'
-    )
-
-    return {
-        "accuracy": accuracy,
-        "precision": precision,
-        "recall": recall,
-        "f1": f1,
-        "confusion_matrix": confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred),
-        "report": classification_report(y_true, y_pred)
-    }
-```
-
-### 生成指标
-```python
-from rouge import Rouge
-from nltk.translate.bleu_score import sentence_bleu
-
-def evaluate_generation(predictions, references):
-    rouge = Rouge()
-
-    # ROUGE 分数
-    rouge_scores = rouge.get_scores(predictions, references, avg=True)
-
-    # BLEU 分数
-    bleu_scores = []
-    for pred, ref in zip(predictions, references):
-        score = sentence_bleu([ref.split()], pred.split())
-        bleu_scores.append(score)
-
-    return {
-        "rouge-1": rouge_scores["rouge-1"]["f"],
-        "rouge-2": rouge_scores["rouge-2"]["f"],
-        "rouge-l": rouge_scores["rouge-l"]["f"],
-        "bleu": np.mean(bleu_scores)
-    }
-```
-
-### 检索指标
-```python
-def evaluate_retrieval(retrieved_docs, relevant_docs, k=5):
-    # Precision@K
-    precision_at_k = len(set(retrieved_docs[:k]) & set(relevant_docs)) / k
-
-    # Recall@K
-    recall_at_k = len(set(retrieved_docs[:k]) & set(relevant_docs)) / len(relevant_docs)
-
-    # MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank)
-    for i, doc in enumerate(retrieved_docs, 1):
-        if doc in relevant_docs:
-            mrr = 1 / i
-            break
-    else:
-        mrr = 0
-
-    # NDCG (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain)
-    dcg = sum(
-        (1 if retrieved_docs[i] in relevant_docs else 0) / np.log2(i + 2)
-        for i in range(k)
-    )
-    idcg = sum(1 / np.log2(i + 2) for i in range(min(k, len(relevant_docs))))
-    ndcg = dcg / idcg if idcg > 0 else 0
-
-    return {
-        "precision@k": precision_at_k,
-        "recall@k": recall_at_k,
-        "mrr": mrr,
-        "ndcg@k": ndcg
-    }
-```
-
-## A/B 测试
-
-### 在线 A/B 测试框架
-```python
-import random
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Dict
-
-@dataclass
-class Variant:
-    name: str
-    model: Any
-    traffic_ratio: float
-
-class ABTest:
-    def __init__(self, variants: list[Variant]):
-        self.variants = variants
-        self.results = {v.name: {"count": 0, "scores": []} for v in variants}
-
-    def get_variant(self, user_id: str) -> Variant:
-        # 一致性哈希分流
-        hash_value = hash(user_id) % 100
-        cumulative = 0
-
-        for variant in self.variants:
-            cumulative += variant.traffic_ratio * 100
-            if hash_value < cumulative:
-                return variant
-
-        return self.variants[-1]
-
-    def log_result(self, variant_name: str, score: float):
-        self.results[variant_name]["count"] += 1
-        self.results[variant_name]["scores"].append(score)
-
-    def get_statistics(self):
-        stats = {}
-        for name, data in self.results.items():
-            if data["count"] > 0:
-                stats[name] = {
-                    "count": data["count"],
-                    "mean": np.mean(data["scores"]),
-                    "std": np.std(data["scores"]),
-                    "p95": np.percentile(data["scores"], 95)
-                }
-        return stats
-
-# 使用
-ab_test = ABTest([
-    Variant("gpt-4", gpt4_model, 0.5),
-    Variant("claude-3", claude_model, 0.5)
-])
-
-# 处理请求
-user_id = "user_123"
-variant = ab_test.get_variant(user_id)
-response = variant.model.predict(query)
-
-# 记录结果（用户反馈或自动评估）
-score = evaluate_response(response)
-ab_test.log_result(variant.name, score)
-
-# 查看统计
-print(ab_test.get_statistics())
-```
-
-### 统计显著性检验
-```python
-from scipy import stats
-
-def check_significance(results_a, results_b, alpha=0.05):
-    # t 检验
-    t_stat, p_value = stats.ttest_ind(results_a, results_b)
-
-    is_significant = p_value < alpha
-
-    # 效应量（Cohen's d）
-    pooled_std = np.sqrt(
-        (np.std(results_a) ** 2 + np.std(results_b) ** 2) / 2
-    )
-    cohens_d = (np.mean(results_a) - np.mean(results_b)) / pooled_std
-
-    return {
-        "p_value": p_value,
-        "is_significant": is_significant,
-        "cohens_d": cohens_d,
-        "interpretation": "large" if abs(cohens_d) > 0.8 else "medium" if abs(cohens_d) > 0.5 else "small"
-    }
-```
-
-## 持续监控
-
-### 实时指标追踪
-```python
-from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram, Gauge
-
-# 定义指标
-request_count = Counter('llm_requests_total', 'Total LLM requests', ['model', 'status'])
-latency = Histogram('llm_latency_seconds', 'LLM latency', ['model'])
-quality_score = Gauge('llm_quality_score', 'LLM quality score', ['model'])
-
-class MonitoredLLM:
-    def __init__(self, model, model_name):
-        self.model = model
-        self.model_name = model_name
-
-    def predict(self, prompt: str):
-        start_time = time.time()
-
-        try:
-            response = self.model.predict(prompt)
-            request_count.labels(model=self.model_name, status='success').inc()
-
-            # 记录延迟
-            latency.labels(model=self.model_name).observe(time.time() - start_time)
-
-            # 评估质量
-            score = self._evaluate_quality(response)
-            quality_score.labels(model=self.model_name).set(score)
-
-            return response
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            request_count.labels(model=self.model_name, status='error').inc()
-            raise
-```
-
-### 异常检测
-```python
-class AnomalyDetector:
-    def __init__(self, window_size=100, threshold=2.0):
-        self.window_size = window_size
-        self.threshold = threshold
-        self.history = []
-
-    def check(self, value: float) -> bool:
-        self.history.append(value)
-
-        if len(self.history) < self.window_size:
-            return False
-
-        # 保持窗口大小
-        self.history = self.history[-self.window_size:]
-
-        # Z-score 异常检测
-        mean = np.mean(self.history)
-        std = np.std(self.history)
-
-        if std == 0:
-            return False
-
-        z_score = abs((value - mean) / std)
-
-        return z_score > self.threshold
-
-# 使用
-detector = AnomalyDetector()
-
-for score in quality_scores:
-    if detector.check(score):
-        alert(f"Quality anomaly detected: {score}")
-```
-
-## 评估工具
-
-| 工具 | 类型 | 功能 |
-|------|------|------|
-| RAGAS | 框架 | RAG 专用评估 |
-| LangSmith | 平台 | LLM 应用监控 |
-| Phoenix | 开源 | 可观测性平台 |
-| PromptTools | 库 | Prompt 测试 |
-| OpenAI Evals | 框架 | 模型评估 |
-| Weights & Biases | 平台 | 实验追踪 |
-
-## 最佳实践
-
-- ✅ 多维度评估：准确性、相关性、忠实性、效率
-- ✅ 自动化评估：使用 RAGAS、LLM-as-Judge
-- ✅ 人工抽检：定期人工审核样本
-- ✅ 基准测试：使用标准数据集对比
-- ✅ A/B 测试：在线对比不同版本
-- ✅ 持续监控：实时追踪质量指标
-- ✅ 版本管理：记录模型和 Prompt 版本
-- ✅ 反馈闭环：收集用户反馈改进
-- ❌ 避免：单一指标、无基准、无监控
-
----