code-abyss 1.6.16 → 1.7.0

package/skills/domains/development/dart.md

@@ -1,963 +0,0 @@
----
-name: dart
-description: Dart 开发技术。Flutter、Widget 树、异步编程、Future、Stream、跨平台开发。当用户提到 Dart、Flutter、Widget、跨平台、移动开发时使用。
----
-
-# 🎯 Dart 开发 · Dart Development
-
-## 生态架构
-
-```
-           Flutter Framework
-                  │
-        ┌─────────┼─────────┐
-        │         │         │
-    Widgets   Material  Cupertino
-        │         │         │
-        └─────────┼─────────┘
-                  │
-            Dart Runtime
-                  │
-        ┌─────────┼─────────┐
-    Future    Stream    Isolate
-```
-
-## Dart 语言基础
-
-### 变量与类型
-```dart
-// 类型推断
-var name = 'John';
-var age = 30;
-
-// 显式类型
-String email = 'john@example.com';
-int count = 0;
-double price = 99.99;
-bool isActive = true;
-
-// 可空类型
-String? nullableName;
-int? nullableAge;
-
-// late 延迟初始化
-late String description;
-
-// final 与 const
-final currentTime = DateTime.now();  // 运行时常量
-const pi = 3.14159;                  // 编译时常量
-
-// 集合
-List<String> names = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'];
-Set<int> uniqueNumbers = {1, 2, 3};
-Map<String, int> scores = {'Alice': 95, 'Bob': 87};
-```
-
-### 函数与闭包
-```dart
-// 基础函数
-int add(int a, int b) {
-  return a + b;
-}
-
-// 箭头函数
-int multiply(int a, int b) => a * b;
-
-// 可选参数
-String greet(String name, [String? title]) {
-  return title != null ? '$title $name' : name;
-}
-
-// 命名参数
-void printUser({required String name, int age = 0}) {
-  print('$name is $age years old');
-}
-
-// 高阶函数
-List<T> transform<T>(List<T> items, T Function(T) transformer) {
-  return items.map(transformer).toList();
-}
-
-// 闭包
-Function makeAdder(int addBy) {
-  return (int i) => i + addBy;
-}
-
-var add2 = makeAdder(2);
-print(add2(3));  // 5
-```
-
-### 类与继承
-```dart
-// 基础类
-class Person {
-  String name;
-  int age;
-
-  // 构造函数
-  Person(this.name, this.age);
-
-  // 命名构造函数
-  Person.guest() : name = 'Guest', age = 0;
-
-  // 方法
-  void introduce() {
-    print('I am $name, $age years old');
-  }
-}
-
-// 继承
-class Student extends Person {
-  String school;
-
-  Student(String name, int age, this.school) : super(name, age);
-
-  @override
-  void introduce() {
-    super.introduce();
-    print('I study at $school');
-  }
-}
-
-// 抽象类
-abstract class Animal {
-  String name;
-  Animal(this.name);
-
-  void makeSound();  // 抽象方法
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal {
-  Dog(String name) : super(name);
-
-  @override
-  void makeSound() {
-    print('$name says: Woof!');
-  }
-}
-
-// Mixin
-mixin Flyable {
-  void fly() {
-    print('Flying...');
-  }
-}
-
-class Bird extends Animal with Flyable {
-  Bird(String name) : super(name);
-
-  @override
-  void makeSound() {
-    print('$name says: Chirp!');
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## Flutter Widget 基础
-
-### StatelessWidget
-```dart
-import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
-
-class UserCard extends StatelessWidget {
-  final String name;
-  final String email;
-  final String? avatarUrl;
-
-  const UserCard({
-    Key? key,
-    required this.name,
-    required this.email,
-    this.avatarUrl,
-  }) : super(key: key);
-
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return Card(
-      margin: EdgeInsets.all(16),
-      child: Padding(
-        padding: EdgeInsets.all(16),
-        child: Row(
-          children: [
-            CircleAvatar(
-              radius: 30,
-              backgroundImage: avatarUrl != null
-                  ? NetworkImage(avatarUrl!)
-                  : null,
-              child: avatarUrl == null ? Icon(Icons.person) : null,
-            ),
-            SizedBox(width: 16),
-            Expanded(
-              child: Column(
-                crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
-                children: [
-                  Text(
-                    name,
-                    style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.titleLarge,
-                  ),
-                  SizedBox(height: 4),
-                  Text(
-                    email,
-                    style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
-                  ),
-                ],
-              ),
-            ),
-          ],
-        ),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### StatefulWidget
-```dart
-class Counter extends StatefulWidget {
-  const Counter({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
-
-  @override
-  State<Counter> createState() => _CounterState();
-}
-
-class _CounterState extends State<Counter> {
-  int _count = 0;
-
-  void _increment() {
-    setState(() {
-      _count++;
-    });
-  }
-
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return Column(
-      mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
-      children: [
-        Text(
-          'Count: $_count',
-          style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
-        ),
-        SizedBox(height: 16),
-        ElevatedButton(
-          onPressed: _increment,
-          child: Text('Increment'),
-        ),
-      ],
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 布局 Widget
-```dart
-class LayoutExample extends StatelessWidget {
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return Scaffold(
-      appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Layout Example')),
-      body: Column(
-        children: [
-          // Row 水平布局
-          Row(
-            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
-            children: [
-              Icon(Icons.star),
-              Icon(Icons.favorite),
-              Icon(Icons.thumb_up),
-            ],
-          ),
-
-          // Stack 层叠布局
-          Stack(
-            children: [
-              Container(
-                width: 200,
-                height: 200,
-                color: Colors.blue,
-              ),
-              Positioned(
-                top: 20,
-                left: 20,
-                child: Text('Overlay Text'),
-              ),
-            ],
-          ),
-
-          // Expanded 填充剩余空间
-          Expanded(
-            child: Container(
-              color: Colors.grey[200],
-              child: Center(child: Text('Expanded Area')),
-            ),
-          ),
-
-          // ListView
-          Expanded(
-            child: ListView.builder(
-              itemCount: 20,
-              itemBuilder: (context, index) {
-                return ListTile(
-                  leading: Icon(Icons.person),
-                  title: Text('Item $index'),
-                  subtitle: Text('Description'),
-                  trailing: Icon(Icons.chevron_right),
-                );
-              },
-            ),
-          ),
-        ],
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 导航与路由
-```dart
-// 基础导航
-Navigator.push(
-  context,
-  MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => DetailScreen()),
-);
-
-Navigator.pop(context);
-
-// 命名路由
-MaterialApp(
-  initialRoute: '/',
-  routes: {
-    '/': (context) => HomeScreen(),
-    '/detail': (context) => DetailScreen(),
-    '/settings': (context) => SettingsScreen(),
-  },
-);
-
-Navigator.pushNamed(context, '/detail');
-
-// 传递参数
-Navigator.pushNamed(
-  context,
-  '/detail',
-  arguments: {'id': '123', 'name': 'Item'},
-);
-
-// 接收参数
-class DetailScreen extends StatelessWidget {
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    final args = ModalRoute.of(context)!.settings.arguments as Map;
-    return Scaffold(
-      appBar: AppBar(title: Text(args['name'])),
-      body: Center(child: Text('ID: ${args['id']}')),
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## 状态管理
-
-### Provider
-```dart
-import 'package:provider/provider.dart';
-
-// Model
-class Counter with ChangeNotifier {
-  int _count = 0;
-
-  int get count => _count;
-
-  void increment() {
-    _count++;
-    notifyListeners();
-  }
-
-  void reset() {
-    _count = 0;
-    notifyListeners();
-  }
-}
-
-// 提供者
-void main() {
-  runApp(
-    ChangeNotifierProvider(
-      create: (context) => Counter(),
-      child: MyApp(),
-    ),
-  );
-}
-
-// 消费者
-class CounterScreen extends StatelessWidget {
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return Scaffold(
-      appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Counter')),
-      body: Center(
-        child: Column(
-          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
-          children: [
-            Consumer<Counter>(
-              builder: (context, counter, child) {
-                return Text(
-                  'Count: ${counter.count}',
-                  style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
-                );
-              },
-            ),
-            SizedBox(height: 16),
-            ElevatedButton(
-              onPressed: () {
-                context.read<Counter>().increment();
-              },
-              child: Text('Increment'),
-            ),
-          ],
-        ),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Riverpod
-```dart
-import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';
-
-// Provider 定义
-final counterProvider = StateNotifierProvider<CounterNotifier, int>((ref) {
-  return CounterNotifier();
-});
-
-class CounterNotifier extends StateNotifier<int> {
-  CounterNotifier() : super(0);
-
-  void increment() => state++;
-  void decrement() => state--;
-}
-
-// 使用
-class CounterScreen extends ConsumerWidget {
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context, WidgetRef ref) {
-    final count = ref.watch(counterProvider);
-
-    return Scaffold(
-      body: Center(
-        child: Column(
-          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
-          children: [
-            Text('Count: $count'),
-            ElevatedButton(
-              onPressed: () => ref.read(counterProvider.notifier).increment(),
-              child: Text('Increment'),
-            ),
-          ],
-        ),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## 异步编程
-
-### Future
-```dart
-// 基础 Future
-Future<String> fetchUserName() async {
-  await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
-  return 'John Doe';
-}
-
-// 使用 async/await
-void loadUser() async {
-  try {
-    final name = await fetchUserName();
-    print('User: $name');
-  } catch (e) {
-    print('Error: $e');
-  }
-}
-
-// Future.then
-fetchUserName().then((name) {
-  print('User: $name');
-}).catchError((error) {
-  print('Error: $error');
-});
-
-// 并发执行
-Future<void> loadMultipleData() async {
-  final results = await Future.wait([
-    fetchUserName(),
-    fetchUserEmail(),
-    fetchUserAge(),
-  ]);
-
-  print('Name: ${results[0]}');
-  print('Email: ${results[1]}');
-  print('Age: ${results[2]}');
-}
-
-// FutureBuilder Widget
-class UserProfile extends StatelessWidget {
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return FutureBuilder<User>(
-      future: fetchUser(),
-      builder: (context, snapshot) {
-        if (snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.waiting) {
-          return CircularProgressIndicator();
-        }
-
-        if (snapshot.hasError) {
-          return Text('Error: ${snapshot.error}');
-        }
-
-        if (!snapshot.hasData) {
-          return Text('No data');
-        }
-
-        final user = snapshot.data!;
-        return Text('User: ${user.name}');
-      },
-    );
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Stream
-```dart
-// 创建 Stream
-Stream<int> countStream() async* {
-  for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
-    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 1));
-    yield i;
-  }
-}
-
-// 监听 Stream
-void listenToStream() {
-  countStream().listen(
-    (value) {
-      print('Value: $value');
-    },
-    onError: (error) {
-      print('Error: $error');
-    },
-    onDone: () {
-      print('Stream completed');
-    },
-  );
-}
-
-// StreamController
-class ChatService {
-  final _messageController = StreamController<String>.broadcast();
-
-  Stream<String> get messages => _messageController.stream;
-
-  void sendMessage(String message) {
-    _messageController.add(message);
-  }
-
-  void dispose() {
-    _messageController.close();
-  }
-}
-
-// StreamBuilder Widget
-class MessageList extends StatelessWidget {
-  final ChatService chatService;
-
-  const MessageList({required this.chatService});
-
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return StreamBuilder<String>(
-      stream: chatService.messages,
-      builder: (context, snapshot) {
-        if (snapshot.hasError) {
-          return Text('Error: ${snapshot.error}');
-        }
-
-        if (!snapshot.hasData) {
-          return Text('No messages');
-        }
-
-        return Text('Latest: ${snapshot.data}');
-      },
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-// Stream 操作符
-Stream<int> transformedStream() {
-  return countStream()
-      .where((value) => value % 2 == 0)
-      .map((value) => value * 2)
-      .take(3);
-}
-```
-
-## 网络请求
-
-### HTTP 包
-```dart
-import 'package:http/http.dart' as http;
-import 'dart:convert';
-
-class ApiClient {
-  static const baseUrl = 'https://api.example.com';
-
-  Future<List<User>> fetchUsers() async {
-    final response = await http.get(Uri.parse('$baseUrl/users'));
-
-    if (response.statusCode == 200) {
-      final List<dynamic> data = json.decode(response.body);
-      return data.map((json) => User.fromJson(json)).toList();
-    } else {
-      throw Exception('Failed to load users');
-    }
-  }
-
-  Future<User> createUser(User user) async {
-    final response = await http.post(
-      Uri.parse('$baseUrl/users'),
-      headers: {'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-      body: json.encode(user.toJson()),
-    );
-
-    if (response.statusCode == 201) {
-      return User.fromJson(json.decode(response.body));
-    } else {
-      throw Exception('Failed to create user');
-    }
-  }
-
-  Future<void> deleteUser(String id) async {
-    final response = await http.delete(
-      Uri.parse('$baseUrl/users/$id'),
-    );
-
-    if (response.statusCode != 204) {
-      throw Exception('Failed to delete user');
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// 数据模型
-class User {
-  final String id;
-  final String name;
-  final String email;
-
-  User({required this.id, required this.name, required this.email});
-
-  factory User.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {
-    return User(
-      id: json['id'],
-      name: json['name'],
-      email: json['email'],
-    );
-  }
-
-  Map<String, dynamic> toJson() {
-    return {
-      'id': id,
-      'name': name,
-      'email': email,
-    };
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Dio 包
-```dart
-import 'package:dio/dio.dart';
-
-class DioClient {
-  final Dio _dio = Dio(
-    BaseOptions(
-      baseUrl: 'https://api.example.com',
-      connectTimeout: Duration(seconds: 5),
-      receiveTimeout: Duration(seconds: 3),
-    ),
-  );
-
-  DioClient() {
-    _dio.interceptors.add(
-      InterceptorsWrapper(
-        onRequest: (options, handler) {
-          options.headers['Authorization'] = 'Bearer $token';
-          return handler.next(options);
-        },
-        onError: (error, handler) {
-          print('Error: ${error.message}');
-          return handler.next(error);
-        },
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-
-  Future<List<User>> getUsers() async {
-    try {
-      final response = await _dio.get('/users');
-      return (response.data as List)
-          .map((json) => User.fromJson(json))
-          .toList();
-    } on DioException catch (e) {
-      throw _handleError(e);
-    }
-  }
-
-  Exception _handleError(DioException error) {
-    switch (error.type) {
-      case DioExceptionType.connectionTimeout:
-        return Exception('Connection timeout');
-      case DioExceptionType.receiveTimeout:
-        return Exception('Receive timeout');
-      case DioExceptionType.badResponse:
-        return Exception('Server error: ${error.response?.statusCode}');
-      default:
-        return Exception('Network error');
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## 本地存储
-
-### SharedPreferences
-```dart
-import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
-
-class PreferencesService {
-  Future<void> saveString(String key, String value) async {
-    final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
-    await prefs.setString(key, value);
-  }
-
-  Future<String?> getString(String key) async {
-    final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
-    return prefs.getString(key);
-  }
-
-  Future<void> saveInt(String key, int value) async {
-    final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
-    await prefs.setInt(key, value);
-  }
-
-  Future<void> saveBool(String key, bool value) async {
-    final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
-    await prefs.setBool(key, value);
-  }
-
-  Future<void> remove(String key) async {
-    final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
-    await prefs.remove(key);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### SQLite (sqflite)
-```dart
-import 'package:sqflite/sqflite.dart';
-import 'package:path/path.dart';
-
-class DatabaseHelper {
-  static final DatabaseHelper instance = DatabaseHelper._init();
-  static Database? _database;
-
-  DatabaseHelper._init();
-
-  Future<Database> get database async {
-    if (_database != null) return _database!;
-    _database = await _initDB('app.db');
-    return _database!;
-  }
-
-  Future<Database> _initDB(String filePath) async {
-    final dbPath = await getDatabasesPath();
-    final path = join(dbPath, filePath);
-
-    return await openDatabase(
-      path,
-      version: 1,
-      onCreate: _createDB,
-    );
-  }
-
-  Future _createDB(Database db, int version) async {
-    await db.execute('''
-      CREATE TABLE users (
-        id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-        name TEXT NOT NULL,
-        email TEXT NOT NULL,
-        created_at INTEGER NOT NULL
-      )
-    ''');
-  }
-
-  Future<void> insertUser(User user) async {
-    final db = await database;
-    await db.insert('users', user.toMap());
-  }
-
-  Future<List<User>> getUsers() async {
-    final db = await database;
-    final result = await db.query('users');
-    return result.map((json) => User.fromMap(json)).toList();
-  }
-
-  Future<void> deleteUser(String id) async {
-    final db = await database;
-    await db.delete('users', where: 'id = ?', whereArgs: [id]);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## 测试
-
-### 单元测试
-```dart
-import 'package:test/test.dart';
-
-void main() {
-  group('Calculator', () {
-    late Calculator calculator;
-
-    setUp(() {
-      calculator = Calculator();
-    });
-
-    test('addition should return correct result', () {
-      expect(calculator.add(2, 3), equals(5));
-    });
-
-    test('division by zero should throw exception', () {
-      expect(() => calculator.divide(10, 0), throwsException);
-    });
-  });
-
-  group('User', () {
-    test('fromJson should create valid user', () {
-      final json = {'id': '1', 'name': 'John', 'email': 'john@example.com'};
-      final user = User.fromJson(json);
-
-      expect(user.id, equals('1'));
-      expect(user.name, equals('John'));
-      expect(user.email, equals('john@example.com'));
-    });
-  });
-}
-```
-
-### Widget 测试
-```dart
-import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
-
-void main() {
-  testWidgets('Counter increments', (WidgetTester tester) async {
-    await tester.pumpWidget(MaterialApp(home: Counter()));
-
-    expect(find.text('Count: 0'), findsOneWidget);
-    expect(find.text('Count: 1'), findsNothing);
-
-    await tester.tap(find.byType(ElevatedButton));
-    await tester.pump();
-
-    expect(find.text('Count: 0'), findsNothing);
-    expect(find.text('Count: 1'), findsOneWidget);
-  });
-
-  testWidgets('UserCard displays user info', (WidgetTester tester) async {
-    await tester.pumpWidget(
-      MaterialApp(
-        home: Scaffold(
-          body: UserCard(
-            name: 'John Doe',
-            email: 'john@example.com',
-          ),
-        ),
-      ),
-    );
-
-    expect(find.text('John Doe'), findsOneWidget);
-    expect(find.text('john@example.com'), findsOneWidget);
-  });
-}
-```
-
-## 性能优化
-
-### 列表优化
-```dart
-// ✅ 使用 ListView.builder
-ListView.builder(
-  itemCount: items.length,
-  itemBuilder: (context, index) {
-    return ItemWidget(items[index]);
-  },
-);
-
-// ❌ 避免直接使用 ListView
-ListView(
-  children: items.map((item) => ItemWidget(item)).toList(),
-);
-
-// const 构造函数
-class MyWidget extends StatelessWidget {
-  const MyWidget({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
-
-  @override
-  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
-    return const Text('Static text');
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 图片优化
-```dart
-// 缓存网络图片
-CachedNetworkImage(
-  imageUrl: 'https://example.com/image.jpg',
-  placeholder: (context, url) => CircularProgressIndicator(),
-  errorWidget: (context, url, error) => Icon(Icons.error),
-);
-
-// 图片压缩
-Image.network(
-  'https://example.com/image.jpg',
-  cacheWidth: 300,
-  cacheHeight: 300,
-);
-```
-
-## 平台对比
-
-| 特性 | Flutter | React Native |
-|------|---------|--------------|
-| 语言 | Dart | JavaScript |
-| 性能 | 接近原生 | 较好 |
-| UI 渲染 | Skia 引擎 | 原生组件 |
-| 热重载 | ✅ | ✅ |
-| 学习曲线 | 中等 | 平缓 |
-| 生态 | 快速增长 | 成熟 |
-
-## 工具清单
-
-| 工具 | 用途 |
-|------|------|
-| Flutter SDK | 开发框架 |
-| Dart DevTools | 调试工具 |
-| Provider | 状态管理 |
-| Riverpod | 状态管理 |
-| Dio | 网络请求 |
-| sqflite | SQLite 数据库 |
-| shared_preferences | 键值存储 |
-| flutter_test | 测试框架 |
-
----