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package/.claude/skills/general-it-engineering/resources/business-continuity.md

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+# Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery
+
+BCP/DR planning, RTO/RPO targets, disaster recovery testing, backup strategies, and failover procedures for ensuring business resilience.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Business Continuity Overview](#business-continuity-overview)
+- [RTO and RPO](#rto-and-rpo)
+- [Backup Strategies](#backup-strategies)
+- [Disaster Recovery Planning](#disaster-recovery-planning)
+- [DR Testing](#dr-testing)
+- [Failover Procedures](#failover-procedures)
+- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
+
+## Business Continuity Overview
+
+### Purpose
+
+Business Continuity Planning (BCP) ensures:
+- Critical business functions continue during disasters
+- Rapid recovery from disruptions
+- Minimized financial impact
+- Protection of reputation
+- Regulatory compliance
+
+### BCP vs DR
+
+```yaml
+Business Continuity Planning (BCP):
+  Scope: Entire business operations
+  Focus: Keeping business running
+  Includes: People, processes, facilities, IT, communications
+  Timeline: Before, during, and after incident
+
+Disaster Recovery (DR):
+  Scope: IT systems and data
+  Focus: Restoring IT services
+  Includes: Infrastructure, applications, data
+  Timeline: After incident occurs
+```
+
+### Business Impact Analysis (BIA)
+
+```yaml
+BIA Process:
+
+1. Identify Critical Business Processes:
+   - Order processing
+   - Payment processing
+   - Customer support
+   - Manufacturing
+   - Supply chain
+
+2. Assess Impact of Disruption:
+   Financial:
+     - Revenue loss per hour
+     - Penalty costs
+     - Recovery costs
+
+   Operational:
+     - Productivity loss
+     - Customer service impact
+     - Supply chain disruption
+
+   Reputational:
+     - Customer satisfaction
+     - Brand damage
+     - Market share loss
+
+   Regulatory:
+     - Compliance violations
+     - Legal penalties
+     - Audit findings
+
+3. Determine Recovery Requirements:
+   - Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD)
+   - Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
+   - Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
+   - Minimum service level
+
+Example BIA Results:
+
+Service: E-commerce Website
+  Revenue: $50,000/hour
+  MTD: 4 hours
+  RTO: 1 hour
+  RPO: 15 minutes
+  Priority: Critical (Tier 1)
+
+Service: Internal Wiki
+  Revenue Impact: Minimal
+  MTD: 5 days
+  RTO: 24 hours
+  RPO: 24 hours
+  Priority: Low (Tier 3)
+```
+
+## RTO and RPO
+
+### Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
+
+```yaml
+RTO: Maximum acceptable time to restore service after disruption
+
+Examples:
+
+Critical Services (Tier 1):
+  E-commerce platform: RTO 1 hour
+  Payment processing: RTO 30 minutes
+  Customer database: RTO 1 hour
+
+Important Services (Tier 2):
+  Email system: RTO 4 hours
+  Internal applications: RTO 8 hours
+  File shares: RTO 4 hours
+
+Standard Services (Tier 3):
+  Development environments: RTO 24 hours
+  Archive systems: RTO 48 hours
+  Test environments: RTO 3 days
+```
+
+### Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
+
+```yaml
+RPO: Maximum acceptable data loss measured in time
+
+Examples:
+
+Critical Data (Tier 1):
+  Financial transactions: RPO 0 (zero data loss)
+  Customer orders: RPO 5 minutes
+  Inventory data: RPO 15 minutes
+
+Important Data (Tier 2):
+  CRM data: RPO 1 hour
+  Email: RPO 4 hours
+  Documents: RPO 8 hours
+
+Standard Data (Tier 3):
+  Development code: RPO 24 hours (daily backup)
+  Logs: RPO 24 hours
+  Archives: RPO 7 days
+```
+
+### RTO/RPO Impact on Solutions
+
+```
+┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  RTO/RPO Requirements → Infrastructure Solutions  │
+├───────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                                                    │
+│  RTO: Minutes, RPO: 0                             │
+│  → Active-Active Multi-Region                     │
+│  → Synchronous replication                        │
+│  → Automatic failover                             │
+│  Cost: $$$$$                                      │
+│                                                    │
+│  RTO: 1-4 hours, RPO: Minutes                     │
+│  → Active-Passive with Hot Standby                │
+│  → Asynchronous replication                       │
+│  → Manual failover                                │
+│  Cost: $$$$                                       │
+│                                                    │
+│  RTO: 8-24 hours, RPO: Hours                      │
+│  → Warm Standby                                   │
+│  → Periodic snapshots                             │
+│  → Restore from backup                            │
+│  Cost: $$$                                        │
+│                                                    │
+│  RTO: Days, RPO: 24 hours                         │
+│  → Cold Standby                                   │
+│  → Daily backups                                  │
+│  → Manual rebuild                                 │
+│  Cost: $$                                         │
+│                                                    │
+└───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+## Backup Strategies
+
+### 3-2-1 Backup Rule
+
+```
+3 - Keep three copies of data
+2 - Store on two different media types
+1 - Keep one copy offsite
+
+Example:
+  1. Production data (primary)
+  2. Daily backup to NAS (secondary, different media)
+  3. Weekly backup to cloud (tertiary, offsite)
+```
+
+### Backup Types
+
+**Full Backup:**
+```yaml
+Description: Complete copy of all data
+Frequency: Weekly
+Pros:
+  - Complete restore from single backup
+  - Fastest restore time
+Cons:
+  - Longest backup time
+  - Most storage space
+  - Network intensive
+
+Example Schedule:
+  Sunday 2am: Full backup
+```
+
+**Incremental Backup:**
+```yaml
+Description: Only changes since last backup (any type)
+Frequency: Daily
+Pros:
+  - Fast backup
+  - Minimal storage
+  - Efficient
+Cons:
+  - Slower restore (need full + all incrementals)
+  - More complex
+
+Example Schedule:
+  Sunday 2am: Full
+  Mon-Sat 2am: Incremental
+```
+
+**Differential Backup:**
+```yaml
+Description: Changes since last full backup
+Frequency: Daily
+Pros:
+  - Faster restore than incremental (full + last differential)
+  - Moderate backup time
+Cons:
+  - More storage than incremental
+  - Backup size grows through week
+
+Example Schedule:
+  Sunday 2am: Full
+  Mon-Sat 2am: Differential
+```
+
+### Backup Strategy Example
+
+```yaml
+Production Database Backups:
+
+Full Backup:
+  Schedule: Sunday 2am
+  Retention: 4 weeks
+  Storage: AWS S3 Standard
+  Encryption: AES-256
+  Duration: 3 hours
+  Size: 500GB
+
+Differential Backup:
+  Schedule: Daily 2am (Mon-Sat)
+  Retention: 7 days
+  Storage: AWS S3 Standard
+  Duration: 45 minutes
+  Size: 50-150GB (cumulative)
+
+Transaction Log Backup:
+  Schedule: Every 15 minutes
+  Retention: 7 days
+  Storage: AWS S3 Standard
+  Duration: <1 minute
+  Size: 5-10GB per day
+
+RPO Achievement:
+  - Transaction logs every 15 min → RPO 15 minutes ✅
+
+Restore Scenarios:
+  1. Restore to current:
+     - Latest full (Sunday)
+     - Latest differential (yesterday)
+     - All transaction logs since differential
+     Time: ~1 hour
+
+  2. Point-in-time restore (Tuesday 3pm):
+     - Latest full (Sunday)
+     - Differential up to Tuesday
+     - Transaction logs up to 3pm Tuesday
+     Time: ~1 hour
+
+Backup Testing:
+  - Automated restore test: Weekly
+  - Full DR drill: Quarterly
+  - Verification: Every backup
+```
+
+### Backup Retention
+
+```yaml
+Retention Policy:
+
+Daily Backups:
+  Retention: 7 days
+  Purpose: Operational recovery
+
+Weekly Backups:
+  Retention: 4 weeks
+  Purpose: Month-end recovery
+
+Monthly Backups:
+  Retention: 12 months
+  Purpose: Regulatory compliance, year-end
+
+Yearly Backups:
+  Retention: 7 years
+  Purpose: Legal/audit requirements
+
+Example:
+  Jan 1 - Jan 7: Daily backups (7)
+  Jan 8: Delete Jan 1 daily, keep Jan 7 weekly
+  Feb 1: Keep Jan 31 as monthly backup
+  Mar 1: Delete Jan weekly backups except Jan 31 (monthly)
+  Jan 2025: Keep Dec 31 2024 as yearly backup
+  Jan 2032: Delete Dec 31 2024 yearly (7 years old)
+```
+
+## Disaster Recovery Planning
+
+### DR Tiers
+
+```yaml
+Tier 0 - No DR:
+  RTO: Undefined
+  RPO: Undefined
+  Solution: No backup, rebuild from scratch
+  Cost: $
+  Risk: Complete data loss
+
+Tier 1 - Data Backup:
+  RTO: Days to weeks
+  RPO: 24 hours
+  Solution: Daily backups, manual restore
+  Cost: $$
+  Risk: Extended downtime
+
+Tier 2 - Warm Standby:
+  RTO: 8-24 hours
+  RPO: 1-4 hours
+  Solution: Regular backups, recovery site ready
+  Cost: $$$
+  Risk: Moderate downtime
+
+Tier 3 - Hot Standby:
+  RTO: 1-4 hours
+  RPO: 5-60 minutes
+  Solution: Replicated data, standby systems
+  Cost: $$$$
+  Risk: Brief downtime
+
+Tier 4 - Active-Active:
+  RTO: Minutes
+  RPO: Zero to minutes
+  Solution: Multi-region active, auto-failover
+  Cost: $$$$$
+  Risk: Minimal downtime
+```
+
+### DR Site Types
+
+**Cold Site:**
+```yaml
+Description: Empty data center with power/cooling
+
+Characteristics:
+  - No equipment pre-installed
+  - Basic infrastructure only
+  - Equipment shipped during disaster
+
+Recovery Time: 1-4 weeks
+Cost: Low
+Best For: Non-critical systems, budget constraints
+```
+
+**Warm Site:**
+```yaml
+Description: Partially equipped data center
+
+Characteristics:
+  - Equipment installed
+  - Data synchronized periodically
+  - Requires configuration to activate
+
+Recovery Time: 12 hours - 3 days
+Cost: Medium
+Best For: Important but not critical systems
+```
+
+**Hot Site:**
+```yaml
+Description: Fully operational replica site
+
+Characteristics:
+  - Equipment installed and running
+  - Data replicated in near real-time
+  - Ready to take over immediately
+
+Recovery Time: Minutes to hours
+Cost: High
+Best For: Critical systems, zero tolerance for downtime
+```
+
+**Active-Active (Multi-Site):**
+```yaml
+Description: Multiple sites serving traffic simultaneously
+
+Characteristics:
+  - All sites processing requests
+  - Real-time data synchronization
+  - Automatic failover
+  - Load balancing across sites
+
+Recovery Time: Seconds to minutes (automatic)
+Cost: Very High
+Best For: Mission-critical systems, global services
+```
+
+### DR Runbooks
+
+```yaml
+DR Runbook: Production Database Failover
+
+Trigger Conditions:
+  - Primary database unresponsive >5 minutes
+  - Data center outage declared
+  - Planned maintenance requiring failover
+
+Prerequisites:
+  - DR database in sync (replication lag <5 min)
+  - DR infrastructure validated (last test <30 days)
+  - Key personnel available
+
+Failover Steps:
+
+1. Assess Situation (5 min)
+   [x] Verify primary database down
+   [x] Check replication status
+   [x] Estimate recovery time
+   [x] Decide: Failover or Wait
+
+2. Declare Disaster (2 min)
+   [x] Notify incident manager
+   [x] Activate war room
+   [x] Update status page
+   [x] Notify stakeholders
+
+3. Prepare DR Site (10 min)
+   [x] Verify DR database healthy
+   [x] Check replication lag
+   [x] Review last backup
+   [x] Prepare application configs
+
+4. Execute Failover (15 min)
+   [x] Stop replication from primary
+   [x] Promote DR database to primary
+   [x] Update DNS records (TTL 60 sec)
+   [x] Update load balancer (point to DR)
+   [x] Update application configs
+   [x] Restart application servers
+
+5. Verify Service (10 min)
+   [x] Test database connectivity
+   [x] Run smoke tests
+   [x] Verify application functionality
+   [x] Check monitoring dashboards
+   [x] Validate with sample transactions
+
+6. Monitor (30 min)
+   [x] Watch error rates
+   [x] Monitor performance
+   [x] Check user reports
+   [x] Verify backups running
+
+7. Communicate (Ongoing)
+   [x] Update status page (service restored)
+   [x] Notify stakeholders
+   [x] Document timeline
+   [x] Schedule post-mortem
+
+Total RTO: 60-75 minutes
+
+Rollback Procedure:
+  If DR site fails:
+    1. Attempt to restore primary
+    2. If primary unrecoverable, rebuild from backup
+    3. Estimated time: 4 hours
+
+Post-Failover:
+  - Continue operations on DR site
+  - Plan primary site rebuild
+  - Schedule failback when primary ready
+```
+
+## DR Testing
+
+### Testing Frequency
+
+```yaml
+Test Schedule:
+
+Component Tests (Monthly):
+  - Backup restore verification
+  - Replication health checks
+  - Failover script validation
+  - Monitoring alert tests
+
+Tabletop Exercises (Quarterly):
+  - Walk through DR scenarios
+  - Review runbooks
+  - Identify gaps
+  - No actual systems affected
+
+Partial DR Tests (Semi-Annually):
+  - Test non-production systems
+  - Verify specific components
+  - Limited scope
+  - Minimal business impact
+
+Full DR Tests (Annually):
+  - Complete failover of production systems
+  - All teams participate
+  - Measure actual RTO/RPO
+  - Scheduled maintenance window
+```
+
+### DR Test Plan
+
+```yaml
+Annual DR Test Plan
+
+Objective: Validate ability to recover critical systems within RTO/RPO
+
+Scope:
+  In Scope:
+    - Production database
+    - E-commerce application
+    - Payment processing
+    - Customer portal
+
+  Out of Scope:
+    - Development environments
+    - Internal tools
+    - Reporting systems
+
+Schedule:
+  Date: 2024-12-15
+  Start: 6:00 AM
+  End: 12:00 PM (target)
+  Window: 6 hours
+
+Participants:
+  - DR Coordinator (lead)
+  - Database team (2 engineers)
+  - Application team (3 engineers)
+  - Infrastructure team (2 engineers)
+  - Network team (1 engineer)
+  - Management (observers)
+
+Test Scenarios:
+
+Scenario 1: Database Failover
+  Trigger: Simulate primary database failure
+  Expected RTO: 1 hour
+  Expected RPO: 15 minutes
+  Success Criteria:
+    - DR database promoted
+    - Applications connected
+    - Data loss <15 minutes
+    - All smoke tests pass
+
+Scenario 2: Application Failover
+  Trigger: Primary region unavailable
+  Expected RTO: 30 minutes
+  Expected RPO: 5 minutes
+  Success Criteria:
+    - Traffic routed to DR region
+    - All services operational
+    - User sessions preserved
+    - Performance within SLA
+
+Communication Plan:
+  - T-14 days: Announce test to stakeholders
+  - T-7 days: Reminder notification
+  - T-1 day: Final confirmation
+  - T-0: Status page update
+  - During test: Hourly updates
+  - T+completion: Results summary
+
+Success Metrics:
+  - RTO achieved: Yes/No
+  - RPO achieved: Yes/No
+  - No data loss: Yes/No
+  - All systems functional: Yes/No
+  - Runbooks accurate: Yes/No
+
+Post-Test Activities:
+  - Lessons learned document
+  - Runbook updates
+  - Gap remediation
+  - Executive summary
+```
+
+## Failover Procedures
+
+### Automatic Failover
+
+```yaml
+Automatic Failover Architecture:
+
+Components:
+  - Health checks (every 30 seconds)
+  - Monitoring (detect failures)
+  - Orchestration (execute failover)
+  - DNS/Load balancer (route traffic)
+
+Example: AWS Multi-AZ RDS
+
+Primary DB (us-east-1a):
+  - Actively serving requests
+  - Synchronous replication to standby
+
+Standby DB (us-east-1b):
+  - Receives replicated data
+  - Ready to take over
+
+Failure Detection:
+  - RDS monitors primary health
+  - Detects failure (30-60 seconds)
+
+Automatic Failover:
+  1. Promote standby to primary (60-120 seconds)
+  2. Update DNS to point to new primary (TTL 60s)
+  3. Applications reconnect automatically
+  4. Total downtime: 2-4 minutes
+
+No Manual Intervention Required ✅
+```
+
+### Manual Failover
+
+```yaml
+Manual Failover Process:
+
+When to Use:
+  - Planned maintenance
+  - Testing
+  - Automatic failover failed
+  - Requires human judgment
+
+Decision Authority:
+  - Operations Manager
+  - Database Administrator
+  - Incident Manager
+
+Checklist:
+
+Pre-Failover:
+  [ ] Verify DR site ready
+  [ ] Check replication lag
+  [ ] Notify stakeholders
+  [ ] Prepare rollback plan
+  [ ] Schedule maintenance window
+
+Execute Failover:
+  [ ] Stop writes to primary
+  [ ] Verify replication caught up
+  [ ] Promote DR to primary
+  [ ] Update DNS/LB
+  [ ] Redirect traffic
+  [ ] Verify functionality
+
+Post-Failover:
+  [ ] Monitor for issues
+  [ ] Verify data consistency
+  [ ] Update documentation
+  [ ] Communicate completion
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Regular Testing
+
+Test DR plans regularly - untested plans don't work.
+
+### 2. Document Everything
+
+```yaml
+Essential Documentation:
+  - DR runbooks (step-by-step procedures)
+  - Network diagrams (primary and DR)
+  - Contact lists (with alternates)
+  - Vendor contacts (support numbers)
+  - Access credentials (secured)
+  - Recovery procedures (detailed)
+  - Test results (lessons learned)
+```
+
+### 3. Automate Where Possible
+
+```
+Automate:
+  - Failover detection
+  - Backup verification
+  - Health checks
+  - Alert notifications
+  - Status updates
+```
+
+### 4. Geographic Distribution
+
+```yaml
+Best Practice: Multi-Region Deployment
+
+Disaster Scenarios Protected:
+  - Data center fire
+  - Natural disaster
+  - Regional power outage
+  - Network partition
+  - Provider outage
+
+Example:
+  Primary: US East (Virginia)
+  DR: US West (Oregon)
+  Distance: 2,500 miles
+  Separate: Power grids, networks, facilities
+```
+
+### 5. Backup Verification
+
+```bash
+# Automated backup verification
+
+#!/bin/bash
+# verify-backup.sh
+
+BACKUP_FILE="prod-db-2024-11-01.sql.gz"
+
+# 1. Verify file exists and is not empty
+if [ ! -s "$BACKUP_FILE" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Backup file missing or empty"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# 2. Verify file integrity (checksum)
+EXPECTED_MD5="abc123..."
+ACTUAL_MD5=$(md5sum "$BACKUP_FILE" | awk '{print $1}')
+if [ "$EXPECTED_MD5" != "$ACTUAL_MD5" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Backup file corrupted"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# 3. Test restore to staging
+gunzip -c "$BACKUP_FILE" | mysql staging_db
+
+# 4. Verify data
+ROW_COUNT=$(mysql staging_db -e "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers" -sN)
+if [ "$ROW_COUNT" -lt 1000 ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Restored data incomplete"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "SUCCESS: Backup verified"
+exit 0
+```
+
+### 6. Communication Plan
+
+Ensure stakeholders know what's happening during disasters.
+
+### 7. Continuous Improvement
+
+Update plans based on tests, incidents, and changes.
+
+---
+
+**Related Resources:**
+- [itil-framework.md](itil-framework.md) - Service continuity management
+- [incident-service-management.md](incident-service-management.md) - Major incident management
+- [enterprise-monitoring.md](enterprise-monitoring.md) - Monitoring and alerting