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+description: Systems engineering and administration covering Linux and Windows administration, networking fundamentals, performance tuning, configuration management (Ansible/Chef/Puppet), system monitoring, shell scripting (bash/PowerShell), and troubleshooting. Use when managing Linux or Windows systems, optimizing performance, automating operations, or debugging system issues. (project)
+---
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+🎯 SKILL ACTIVATED: systems-engineering
+━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
+
+
+# Systems Engineering & Administration
+
+Comprehensive guide for Linux and Windows system administration, networking, performance optimization, configuration management, and operational automation. This skill provides production-tested patterns for managing infrastructure at scale across both platforms.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+Automatically activates when working on:
+- Linux or Windows Server administration and configuration
+- System performance tuning and optimization
+- Configuration management (Ansible, Chef, Puppet, DSC)
+- Shell scripting automation (bash, PowerShell)
+- System monitoring and observability setup
+- Security hardening and compliance
+- Storage management and backup strategies
+- Active Directory and Group Policy (Windows)
+- System troubleshooting and debugging
+
+## Overview
+
+**Purpose:** Enable teams to build, configure, and maintain robust infrastructure with automation, monitoring, and performance optimization on both Linux and Windows platforms.
+
+**Scope:**
+- Linux and Windows Server administration
+- Networking fundamentals (TCP/IP, DNS, load balancing, firewalls)
+- Performance tuning and optimization (both platforms)
+- Configuration management (Ansible, Chef, Puppet, DSC)
+- System monitoring and observability
+- Shell scripting and automation (bash, PowerShell)
+- Troubleshooting and debugging
+- Security hardening (Linux and Windows)
+- Storage management (LVM, Windows Storage Spaces)
+- Operational excellence
+
+**This skill is for:**
+- Systems engineers managing Linux and Windows infrastructure
+- DevOps engineers automating operations across platforms
+- SREs optimizing system performance
+- IT administrators maintaining servers (Linux/Windows)
+- Platform engineers building foundational services
+
+## Quick Start Checklist
+
+When starting a systems engineering task:
+
+- [ ] Identify system requirements (OS, resources, networking)
+- [ ] Plan infrastructure topology and dependencies
+- [ ] Implement configuration management for reproducibility
+- [ ] Set up monitoring and alerting
+- [ ] Configure logging and log aggregation
+- [ ] Implement security hardening (firewall, SELinux, patches)
+- [ ] Document runbooks and procedures
+- [ ] Test disaster recovery procedures
+- [ ] Implement backup strategy
+- [ ] Plan capacity and performance optimization
+
+## Core Concepts
+
+### 1. Linux System Architecture
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                   User Space                                 │
+│  ┌────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┐ │
+│  │ Applications│ Libraries   │ System Utils │ Shells       │ │
+│  └────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┘ │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                   Kernel Space                               │
+│  ┌────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┐ │
+│  │ Process    │ Memory      │ File System  │ Network      │ │
+│  │ Management │ Management  │ Management   │ Stack        │ │
+│  └────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┘ │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                   Hardware Layer                             │
+│  ┌────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┐ │
+│  │ CPU        │ RAM         │ Storage      │ Network      │ │
+│  │            │             │              │ Interfaces   │ │
+│  └────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┘ │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+### 2. systemd Service Management
+
+**Service Lifecycle:**
+```
+┌──────────┐    systemctl start    ┌──────────┐
+│          │ ──────────────────→   │          │
+│ Inactive │                       │  Active  │
+│          │ ←──────────────────   │          │
+└──────────┘    systemctl stop     └──────────┘
+     ↓                                  ↓
+     └─────→ systemctl enable ──────→  (starts on boot)
+```
+
+**Key Commands:**
+```bash
+# Service management
+systemctl start nginx
+systemctl stop nginx
+systemctl restart nginx
+systemctl reload nginx
+systemctl status nginx
+
+# Enable/disable at boot
+systemctl enable nginx
+systemctl disable nginx
+
+# View logs
+journalctl -u nginx
+journalctl -u nginx -f  # Follow
+journalctl -u nginx --since "1 hour ago"
+
+# List all services
+systemctl list-units --type=service
+systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
+```
+
+### 3. Networking Stack
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│ Layer 7: Application (HTTP, DNS, SSH, FTP)                  │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Layer 4: Transport (TCP, UDP)                               │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Layer 3: Network (IP, ICMP, Routing)                        │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Layer 2: Data Link (Ethernet, MAC addresses)               │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Layer 1: Physical (Cables, NICs)                            │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Common Network Operations:**
+```bash
+# Interface management
+ip addr show
+ip link show
+ip route show
+
+# Network connectivity
+ping -c 4 google.com
+traceroute google.com
+mtr google.com  # Continuous traceroute
+
+# DNS lookup
+dig example.com
+nslookup example.com
+host example.com
+
+# Port scanning
+nmap -sT localhost
+ss -tuln  # Show listening ports
+netstat -tuln  # Legacy alternative
+
+# Network statistics
+ss -s
+netstat -i
+iftop  # Real-time bandwidth
+```
+
+### 4. Performance Monitoring
+
+**System Resource Overview:**
+```bash
+# CPU
+top
+htop
+mpstat 1  # CPU stats per second
+pidstat 1  # Per-process CPU
+
+# Memory
+free -h
+vmstat 1
+cat /proc/meminfo
+
+# Disk I/O
+iostat -x 1
+iotop
+df -h  # Disk usage
+du -sh /var/*  # Directory sizes
+
+# Network
+iftop
+nethogs
+sar -n DEV 1  # Network stats
+```
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Pattern 1: Ansible Automation
+
+**Directory Structure:**
+```
+ansible/
+├── ansible.cfg
+├── inventory/
+│   ├── production/
+│   │   ├── hosts
+│   │   └── group_vars/
+│   │       ├── all.yml
+│   │       ├── webservers.yml
+│   │       └── databases.yml
+│   └── staging/
+│       └── hosts
+├── roles/
+│   ├── common/
+│   │   ├── tasks/
+│   │   │   └── main.yml
+│   │   ├── handlers/
+│   │   │   └── main.yml
+│   │   ├── templates/
+│   │   ├── files/
+│   │   └── vars/
+│   │       └── main.yml
+│   ├── nginx/
+│   └── postgres/
+├── playbooks/
+│   ├── site.yml
+│   ├── webservers.yml
+│   └── database.yml
+└── group_vars/
+    └── all.yml
+```
+
+**Example Playbook:**
+```yaml
+# playbooks/webservers.yml
+---
+- name: Configure web servers
+  hosts: webservers
+  become: yes
+  vars:
+    nginx_port: 80
+    app_user: webapp
+
+  tasks:
+    - name: Update apt cache
+      apt:
+        update_cache: yes
+        cache_valid_time: 3600
+
+    - name: Install nginx
+      apt:
+        name: nginx
+        state: present
+
+    - name: Configure nginx
+      template:
+        src: nginx.conf.j2
+        dest: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
+        owner: root
+        group: root
+        mode: '0644'
+      notify: Reload nginx
+
+    - name: Ensure nginx is running
+      systemd:
+        name: nginx
+        state: started
+        enabled: yes
+
+    - name: Configure firewall
+      ufw:
+        rule: allow
+        port: '{{ nginx_port }}'
+        proto: tcp
+
+  handlers:
+    - name: Reload nginx
+      systemd:
+        name: nginx
+        state: reloaded
+```
+
+### Pattern 2: System Hardening
+
+**Security Baseline Script:**
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# system-hardening.sh
+# Implements CIS benchmark controls
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+echo "=== System Hardening Script ==="
+
+# 1. Update system
+echo "[1/10] Updating system packages..."
+apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y
+
+# 2. Configure firewall
+echo "[2/10] Configuring firewall..."
+ufw default deny incoming
+ufw default allow outgoing
+ufw allow 22/tcp  # SSH
+ufw allow 80/tcp  # HTTP
+ufw allow 443/tcp # HTTPS
+ufw --force enable
+
+# 3. Disable unnecessary services
+echo "[3/10] Disabling unnecessary services..."
+systemctl disable avahi-daemon 2>/dev/null || true
+systemctl disable cups 2>/dev/null || true
+systemctl stop avahi-daemon 2>/dev/null || true
+systemctl stop cups 2>/dev/null || true
+
+# 4. Configure SSH hardening
+echo "[4/10] Hardening SSH configuration..."
+cat > /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/99-hardening.conf <<EOF
+PermitRootLogin no
+PasswordAuthentication no
+PubkeyAuthentication yes
+X11Forwarding no
+MaxAuthTries 3
+MaxSessions 2
+ClientAliveInterval 300
+ClientAliveCountMax 2
+Protocol 2
+EOF
+systemctl restart sshd
+
+# 5. Set password policy
+echo "[5/10] Configuring password policy..."
+cat > /etc/security/pwquality.conf <<EOF
+minlen = 14
+dcredit = -1
+ucredit = -1
+ocredit = -1
+lcredit = -1
+EOF
+
+# 6. Configure auditd
+echo "[6/10] Setting up audit logging..."
+apt-get install -y auditd audispd-plugins
+systemctl enable auditd
+systemctl start auditd
+
+# 7. Kernel hardening
+echo "[7/10] Applying kernel hardening..."
+cat > /etc/sysctl.d/99-hardening.conf <<EOF
+# IP forwarding
+net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
+
+# SYN flood protection
+net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
+
+# ICMP redirects
+net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
+net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
+
+# Source routing
+net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
+net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
+
+# Log martians
+net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
+
+# Ignore ICMP ping
+net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 0
+
+# IPv6
+net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
+net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
+EOF
+sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-hardening.conf
+
+# 8. File permissions
+echo "[8/10] Setting secure file permissions..."
+chmod 600 /etc/ssh/sshd_config
+chmod 644 /etc/passwd
+chmod 640 /etc/shadow
+chmod 640 /etc/gshadow
+
+# 9. Install security tools
+echo "[9/10] Installing security tools..."
+apt-get install -y \
+    fail2ban \
+    rkhunter \
+    aide
+
+# Configure fail2ban
+systemctl enable fail2ban
+systemctl start fail2ban
+
+# 10. Set up automatic updates
+echo "[10/10] Configuring automatic security updates..."
+apt-get install -y unattended-upgrades
+dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades
+
+echo "=== System Hardening Complete ==="
+echo "Please review /var/log/system-hardening.log for details"
+```
+
+### Pattern 3: Performance Tuning
+
+**Performance Analysis Script:**
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# performance-check.sh
+# Analyzes system performance and provides recommendations
+
+echo "=== System Performance Analysis ==="
+echo ""
+
+# CPU Analysis
+echo "--- CPU Information ---"
+echo "CPU Model: $(grep 'model name' /proc/cpuinfo | head -1 | cut -d: -f2 | xargs)"
+echo "CPU Cores: $(nproc)"
+echo "Load Average (1m, 5m, 15m): $(uptime | awk -F'load average:' '{print $2}')"
+
+CPU_USAGE=$(top -bn1 | grep "Cpu(s)" | sed "s/.*, *\([0-9.]*\)%* id.*/\1/" | awk '{print 100 - $1}')
+echo "CPU Usage: ${CPU_USAGE}%"
+
+if (( $(echo "$CPU_USAGE > 80" | bc -l) )); then
+    echo "⚠ WARNING: High CPU usage detected"
+    echo "Top CPU consumers:"
+    ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -6
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# Memory Analysis
+echo "--- Memory Information ---"
+free -h
+MEMORY_USAGE=$(free | grep Mem | awk '{print ($3/$2) * 100.0}')
+echo "Memory Usage: ${MEMORY_USAGE}%"
+
+if (( $(echo "$MEMORY_USAGE > 90" | bc -l) )); then
+    echo "⚠ WARNING: High memory usage detected"
+    echo "Top memory consumers:"
+    ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -6
+fi
+
+echo ""
+
+# Disk I/O Analysis
+echo "--- Disk I/O Information ---"
+iostat -x 1 2 | tail -n +4
+
+echo ""
+
+# Network Analysis
+echo "--- Network Information ---"
+echo "Network Interfaces:"
+ip -brief addr show
+
+echo ""
+echo "Network Connections:"
+ss -s
+
+echo ""
+echo "Top Bandwidth Consumers:"
+netstat -tunap 2>/dev/null | grep ESTABLISHED | awk '{print $5}' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -5
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Performance Analysis Complete ==="
+```
+
+## Resource Files
+
+For detailed guidance on specific topics, see:
+
+### Linux Administration
+- **[linux-administration.md](resources/linux-administration.md)** - systemd, user management, package managers, LVM, file systems, boot process
+- **[storage-management.md](resources/storage-management.md)** - LVM operations, RAID, file systems, backups, snapshots, capacity planning
+- **[shell-scripting.md](resources/shell-scripting.md)** - Bash scripting patterns, error handling, testing, best practices
+
+### Windows Administration
+- **[windows-administration.md](resources/windows-administration.md)** - Windows Server, Active Directory, GPO, IIS, services, registry, security hardening
+- **[powershell-scripting.md](resources/powershell-scripting.md)** - PowerShell fundamentals, scripting, DSC, remote management, best practices
+
+### Networking
+- **[networking-fundamentals.md](resources/networking-fundamentals.md)** - TCP/IP, DNS, load balancers, firewalls, routing, network debugging
+- **[security-hardening.md](resources/security-hardening.md)** - OS hardening, CIS benchmarks, firewall, SELinux/AppArmor, SSH, audit logging
+
+### Performance & Troubleshooting
+- **[performance-tuning.md](resources/performance-tuning.md)** - CPU optimization, memory tuning, disk I/O, network performance, profiling tools
+- **[troubleshooting-guide.md](resources/troubleshooting-guide.md)** - Debugging methodology, diagnostic tools, common issues, log analysis
+
+### Automation & Configuration
+- **[configuration-management.md](resources/configuration-management.md)** - Ansible playbooks, Chef cookbooks, Puppet manifests, DSC, best practices
+- **[automation-patterns.md](resources/automation-patterns.md)** - Cron jobs, systemd timers, Task Scheduler, idempotency, error handling
+
+### Monitoring
+- **[system-monitoring.md](resources/system-monitoring.md)** - Log aggregation, metrics collection, dashboards, alerting, monitoring best practices
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### System Administration
+
+1. **Automation First:**
+   - Use configuration management tools
+   - Version control all configurations
+   - Implement Infrastructure as Code
+   - Automate repetitive tasks
+   - Document automation procedures
+
+2. **Security:**
+   - Principle of least privilege
+   - Regular security updates
+   - Implement firewall rules
+   - Enable audit logging
+   - Use SSH keys, disable password auth
+
+3. **Monitoring:**
+   - Comprehensive system monitoring
+   - Centralized logging
+   - Proactive alerting
+   - Regular performance reviews
+   - Capacity planning
+
+### Configuration Management
+
+1. **Idempotency:**
+   - Ensure scripts can run multiple times safely
+   - Check state before making changes
+   - Use declarative configurations
+   - Test thoroughly before production
+
+2. **Version Control:**
+   - Store all configs in Git
+   - Use branches for testing
+   - Tag releases
+   - Document changes in commit messages
+
+3. **Testing:**
+   - Test in staging environment
+   - Use linters (ansible-lint, shellcheck)
+   - Implement smoke tests
+   - Rollback procedures ready
+
+### Performance Optimization
+
+1. **Measure First:**
+   - Baseline performance metrics
+   - Identify bottlenecks before optimizing
+   - Use profiling tools
+   - Monitor after changes
+
+2. **Incremental Changes:**
+   - One change at a time
+   - Measure impact
+   - Document tuning parameters
+   - Rollback if degraded
+
+3. **Right-Sizing:**
+   - Match resources to workload
+   - Monitor utilization
+   - Scale when needed
+   - Avoid over-provisioning
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+
+❌ **Manual configuration** - Not repeatable, error-prone
+❌ **Root login enabled** - Security vulnerability
+❌ **No monitoring** - Can't detect issues
+❌ **No backups** - Risk of data loss
+❌ **Outdated packages** - Security vulnerabilities
+❌ **Single point of failure** - No redundancy
+❌ **No documentation** - Knowledge silos
+❌ **Direct production changes** - Should use config management
+❌ **Ignoring logs** - Miss critical information
+❌ **No testing** - Changes break production
+
+## Common Tasks
+
+### Task: Configure New Linux Server
+
+1. Initial setup and security hardening
+2. Configure firewall rules
+3. Set up SSH key authentication
+4. Install and configure monitoring agent
+5. Configure log forwarding
+6. Apply configuration management
+7. Install required packages
+8. Configure backups
+9. Document server in inventory
+10. Test and validate
+
+### Task: Troubleshoot Performance Issue
+
+1. Identify symptoms (slow response, high CPU)
+2. Check system metrics (CPU, memory, disk, network)
+3. Review logs for errors
+4. Identify resource bottleneck
+5. Analyze top processes
+6. Check for configuration issues
+7. Implement fix or optimization
+8. Monitor after changes
+9. Document root cause and solution
+
+### Task: Automate with Ansible
+
+1. Design automation workflow
+2. Create inventory file
+3. Write playbook and roles
+4. Test in development environment
+5. Use ansible-lint for validation
+6. Test in staging environment
+7. Document playbook purpose and variables
+8. Deploy to production
+9. Monitor execution
+10. Update runbooks
+
+## Integration Points
+
+This skill integrates with:
+- **platform-engineering**: Container hosts, Kubernetes nodes, infrastructure automation
+- **devsecops**: Security scanning, hardening, compliance checks
+- **sre**: System reliability, performance optimization, incident response
+- **cloud-engineering**: Cloud VM management, networking, hybrid cloud
+- **release-engineering**: Deployment automation, server provisioning
+
+## Triggers and Activation
+
+This skill activates when you:
+- Work with Linux systems or servers
+- Configure networking or firewalls
+- Write shell scripts or automation
+- Troubleshoot system issues
+- Tune performance or optimize resources
+- Implement configuration management (Ansible, Chef, Puppet)
+- Set up monitoring or logging
+- Manage storage or file systems
+
+## Next Steps
+
+For your specific task:
+1. Identify the systems engineering requirements
+2. Review relevant patterns and best practices
+3. Choose appropriate tools and automation approach
+4. Implement with configuration management
+5. Test thoroughly in non-production
+6. Monitor and iterate based on feedback
+
+---
+
+**Total Resources:** 10 detailed guides covering all aspects of systems engineering
+**Pattern Library:** 100+ production-tested patterns for Linux administration and automation
+**Maintained by:** Systems Engineering team based on real-world production experience