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package/.claude/skills/cloud-engineering/resources/multi-cloud-strategies.md

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+# Multi-Cloud Strategies
+
+Guide to designing and implementing multi-cloud architectures, including service abstraction, workload distribution, vendor lock-in mitigation, and operational strategies across AWS, Azure, and GCP.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Multi-Cloud vs Single Cloud](#multi-cloud-vs-single-cloud)
+- [Multi-Cloud Patterns](#multi-cloud-patterns)
+- [Abstraction Layers](#abstraction-layers)
+- [Service Selection](#service-selection)
+- [Networking and Connectivity](#networking-and-connectivity)
+- [Data Management](#data-management)
+- [Security and Compliance](#security-and-compliance)
+- [Operational Considerations](#operational-considerations)
+- [Trade-Offs](#trade-offs)
+- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
+
+## Multi-Cloud vs Single Cloud
+
+### When to Choose Multi-Cloud
+
+**Valid Reasons:**
+```
+✅ Regulatory requirements (data residency)
+✅ Avoid vendor lock-in for critical workloads
+✅ Leverage best-of-breed services
+✅ Geographic distribution requirements
+✅ Merger/acquisition integration
+✅ Disaster recovery across cloud providers
+✅ Specific cloud expertise in different teams
+```
+
+**Invalid Reasons:**
+```
+❌ "Just in case" without clear business need
+❌ Complexity for complexity's sake
+❌ Attempting to be "cloud-agnostic" everywhere
+❌ Negotiation leverage alone
+❌ Developer preference without business case
+```
+
+### Cost-Benefit Analysis
+
+**Multi-Cloud Benefits:**
+- Risk mitigation (provider outages)
+- Negotiation leverage
+- Best-of-breed services
+- Innovation access
+- Geographic reach
+
+**Multi-Cloud Costs:**
+- Operational complexity (2-3x increase)
+- Training and expertise required
+- Tooling and process duplication
+- Network egress costs
+- Reduced economies of scale
+
+## Multi-Cloud Patterns
+
+### Pattern 1: Cloud-Agnostic Application Layer
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│       Application Code (Cloud-Agnostic)     │
+│         (Containers, Kubernetes)            │
+└─────────────────┬───────────────────────────┘
+                  │
+┌─────────────────▼───────────────────────────┐
+│         Abstraction Layer                   │
+│  (Terraform, Pulumi, Crossplane)           │
+└─────────────────┬───────────────────────────┘
+                  │
+      ┌───────────┼───────────┐
+      │           │           │
+┌─────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐
+│   AWS    │ │  Azure  │ │   GCP   │
+└──────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
+```
+
+**Implementation:**
+```yaml
+# Kubernetes deployment - runs anywhere
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: api-service
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: api
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: api
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: api
+        image: registry.example.com/api:v1.0.0
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 8080
+        env:
+        - name: DATABASE_URL
+          valueFrom:
+            secretKeyRef:
+              name: db-credentials
+              key: url
+        resources:
+          requests:
+            memory: "256Mi"
+            cpu: "250m"
+          limits:
+            memory: "512Mi"
+            cpu: "500m"
+```
+
+### Pattern 2: Workload Distribution by Cloud Strength
+
+```
+┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│              Global Load Balancer            │
+│         (Cloudflare, F5, NS1)               │
+└────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────────┘
+         │                     │
+         │                     │
+    ┌────▼────┐           ┌────▼────┐
+    │   AWS   │           │   GCP   │
+    │         │           │         │
+    │  API &  │           │  Data   │
+    │ Compute │           │ & ML    │
+    └─────────┘           └─────────┘
+```
+
+**Example Distribution:**
+- AWS: General compute, mature services, breadth
+- GCP: Data analytics, ML/AI, BigQuery
+- Azure: Microsoft ecosystem, AD integration
+
+### Pattern 3: Primary + Disaster Recovery
+
+```
+┌────────────────┐           ┌────────────────┐
+│   AWS (Primary)│           │ Azure (DR)     │
+│                │           │                │
+│  Active-Active │◄─────────►│  Standby       │
+│  Replication   │           │  Ready         │
+└────────────────┘           └────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Pattern 4: Hybrid Multi-Cloud
+
+```
+┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│         On-Premises Data Center        │
+│      (Legacy Systems, Core Data)       │
+└────────────┬───────────────────────────┘
+             │
+    ┌────────┼────────┐
+    │        │        │
+┌───▼───┐ ┌──▼──┐ ┌──▼──┐
+│  AWS  │ │Azure│ │ GCP │
+│Compute│ │ AD  │ │ ML  │
+└───────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘
+```
+
+## Abstraction Layers
+
+### Infrastructure as Code - Terraform
+
+**Multi-Cloud Terraform Pattern:**
+```hcl
+# Multi-provider configuration
+terraform {
+  required_providers {
+    aws = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
+      version = "~> 5.0"
+    }
+    azurerm = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/azurerm"
+      version = "~> 3.0"
+    }
+    google = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/google"
+      version = "~> 5.0"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+# Provider configurations
+provider "aws" {
+  region = var.aws_region
+}
+
+provider "azurerm" {
+  features {}
+}
+
+provider "google" {
+  project = var.gcp_project
+  region  = var.gcp_region
+}
+
+# Abstracted module for VM creation
+module "compute_aws" {
+  source = "./modules/compute"
+
+  provider_type   = "aws"
+  instance_type   = "t3.medium"
+  instance_count  = 3
+  vpc_id          = module.network_aws.vpc_id
+  subnet_ids      = module.network_aws.private_subnet_ids
+}
+
+module "compute_gcp" {
+  source = "./modules/compute"
+
+  provider_type   = "gcp"
+  instance_type   = "e2-medium"
+  instance_count  = 3
+  network_id      = module.network_gcp.network_id
+  subnet_ids      = module.network_gcp.subnet_ids
+}
+```
+
+### Kubernetes - Cloud-Agnostic Orchestration
+
+**Example: Multi-Cluster Service Mesh:**
+```yaml
+# Istio multi-cluster configuration
+apiVersion: install.istio.io/v1alpha1
+kind: IstioOperator
+metadata:
+  name: istio-multi-cloud
+spec:
+  profile: default
+  meshConfig:
+    # Enable multi-cluster
+    serviceSettings:
+      - settings:
+          clusterLocal: false
+        hosts:
+          - "*.global"
+
+  values:
+    global:
+      meshID: multi-cloud-mesh
+      multiCluster:
+        clusterName: aws-cluster
+      network: aws-network
+
+      # Trust domain for cross-cloud
+      trustDomain: multi-cloud.example.com
+
+---
+# Service entry for GCP cluster
+apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
+kind: ServiceEntry
+metadata:
+  name: api-gcp
+spec:
+  hosts:
+  - api.gcp.global
+  location: MESH_INTERNAL
+  ports:
+  - number: 8080
+    name: http
+    protocol: HTTP
+  resolution: DNS
+  endpoints:
+  - address: api.gcp-cluster.svc.cluster.local
+```
+
+### Application Layer Abstraction
+
+**Database Abstraction Example:**
+```go
+// Cloud-agnostic storage interface
+type StorageService interface {
+    Save(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string, data []byte) error
+    Get(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string) ([]byte, error)
+    Delete(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string) error
+    List(ctx context.Context, bucket string, prefix string) ([]string, error)
+}
+
+// AWS S3 implementation
+type S3Storage struct {
+    client *s3.Client
+}
+
+func (s *S3Storage) Save(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string, data []byte) error {
+    _, err := s.client.PutObject(ctx, &s3.PutObjectInput{
+        Bucket: aws.String(bucket),
+        Key:    aws.String(key),
+        Body:   bytes.NewReader(data),
+    })
+    return err
+}
+
+// GCP Cloud Storage implementation
+type GCSStorage struct {
+    client *storage.Client
+}
+
+func (g *GCSStorage) Save(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string, data []byte) error {
+    wc := g.client.Bucket(bucket).Object(key).NewWriter(ctx)
+    defer wc.Close()
+    _, err := wc.Write(data)
+    return err
+}
+
+// Azure Blob Storage implementation
+type AzureBlobStorage struct {
+    client *azblob.Client
+}
+
+func (a *AzureBlobStorage) Save(ctx context.Context, bucket string, key string, data []byte) error {
+    _, err := a.client.UploadBuffer(ctx, bucket, key, data, &azblob.UploadBufferOptions{})
+    return err
+}
+
+// Factory pattern for cloud selection
+func NewStorageService(provider string) (StorageService, error) {
+    switch provider {
+    case "aws":
+        return newS3Storage()
+    case "gcp":
+        return newGCSStorage()
+    case "azure":
+        return newAzureBlobStorage()
+    default:
+        return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown provider: %s", provider)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Service Selection
+
+### Service Mapping Across Clouds
+
+```yaml
+# Equivalent services
+Compute:
+  VM:
+    AWS: EC2
+    Azure: Virtual Machines
+    GCP: Compute Engine
+  Container:
+    AWS: ECS/EKS
+    Azure: ACI/AKS
+    GCP: Cloud Run/GKE
+  Serverless:
+    AWS: Lambda
+    Azure: Functions
+    GCP: Cloud Functions
+
+Storage:
+  Object:
+    AWS: S3
+    Azure: Blob Storage
+    GCP: Cloud Storage
+  Block:
+    AWS: EBS
+    Azure: Managed Disks
+    GCP: Persistent Disk
+
+Database:
+  SQL:
+    AWS: RDS
+    Azure: SQL Database
+    GCP: Cloud SQL
+  NoSQL:
+    AWS: DynamoDB
+    Azure: Cosmos DB
+    GCP: Firestore
+
+Networking:
+  VPC:
+    AWS: VPC
+    Azure: Virtual Network
+    GCP: VPC
+  Load Balancer:
+    AWS: ALB/NLB
+    Azure: Load Balancer
+    GCP: Cloud Load Balancing
+```
+
+### Decision Matrix for Service Selection
+
+```
+Criteria                AWS         Azure       GCP
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Breadth of services     ★★★★★       ★★★★☆       ★★★☆☆
+Enterprise features     ★★★★☆       ★★★★★       ★★★☆☆
+Data/Analytics          ★★★★☆       ★★★☆☆       ★★★★★
+AI/ML capabilities      ★★★★☆       ★★★★☆       ★★★★★
+Microsoft integration   ★★☆☆☆       ★★★★★       ★★☆☆☆
+Cost competitiveness    ★★★☆☆       ★★★☆☆       ★★★★☆
+Global presence         ★★★★★       ★★★★☆       ★★★★☆
+Developer experience    ★★★★☆       ★★★☆☆       ★★★★☆
+```
+
+## Networking and Connectivity
+
+### Cross-Cloud Connectivity Options
+
+**1. VPN Connections:**
+```
+AWS VPC ←──VPN──→ Azure VNet ←──VPN──→ GCP VPC
+
+Pros: Encrypted, relatively simple
+Cons: Lower bandwidth, higher latency
+Cost: Low to moderate
+```
+
+**2. Direct Connect / ExpressRoute / Cloud Interconnect:**
+```
+AWS Direct Connect ←──→ On-Prem ←──→ Azure ExpressRoute
+                           ↕
+                    GCP Cloud Interconnect
+
+Pros: High bandwidth, low latency, dedicated
+Cons: Complex setup, higher cost
+Cost: High
+```
+
+**3. Third-Party SD-WAN:**
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
+│        SD-WAN Controller            │
+│    (Cisco, VMware, Palo Alto)       │
+└──────┬────────────┬─────────────────┘
+       │            │
+   ┌───▼──┐    ┌────▼───┐    ┌───▼───┐
+   │ AWS  │    │ Azure  │    │  GCP  │
+   └──────┘    └────────┘    └───────┘
+```
+
+**4. Multi-Cloud Transit Hub:**
+```hcl
+# Example: Aviatrix multi-cloud network
+resource "aviatrix_transit_gateway" "aws" {
+  cloud_type   = 1  # AWS
+  account_name = "aws-account"
+  gw_name      = "aws-transit-gw"
+  vpc_id       = aws_vpc.main.id
+  vpc_reg      = var.aws_region
+  gw_size      = "t3.medium"
+  subnet       = aws_subnet.transit.cidr_block
+}
+
+resource "aviatrix_transit_gateway" "azure" {
+  cloud_type   = 8  # Azure
+  account_name = "azure-account"
+  gw_name      = "azure-transit-gw"
+  vpc_id       = azurerm_virtual_network.main.name
+  vpc_reg      = var.azure_region
+  gw_size      = "Standard_B2s"
+  subnet       = azurerm_subnet.transit.address_prefix
+}
+
+# Peering between transit gateways
+resource "aviatrix_transit_gateway_peering" "aws_azure" {
+  transit_gateway_name1 = aviatrix_transit_gateway.aws.gw_name
+  transit_gateway_name2 = aviatrix_transit_gateway.azure.gw_name
+}
+```
+
+## Data Management
+
+### Cross-Cloud Data Replication
+
+**Pattern: Event-Driven Replication:**
+```
+AWS S3 ──event──→ Lambda ──API──→ GCP Cloud Storage
+                    │
+                    └────────────→ Azure Blob Storage
+
+AWS DynamoDB ──stream──→ Lambda ──sync──→ Azure Cosmos DB
+```
+
+**Implementation Example:**
+```python
+# Lambda function for cross-cloud replication
+import boto3
+from google.cloud import storage as gcs_storage
+from azure.storage.blob import BlobServiceClient
+
+s3 = boto3.client('s3')
+gcs = gcs_storage.Client()
+azure_blob = BlobServiceClient.from_connection_string(os.environ['AZURE_CONNECTION'])
+
+def lambda_handler(event, context):
+    for record in event['Records']:
+        bucket = record['s3']['bucket']['name']
+        key = record['s3']['object']['key']
+
+        # Get object from S3
+        obj = s3.get_object(Bucket=bucket, Key=key)
+        data = obj['Body'].read()
+
+        # Replicate to GCP
+        gcs_bucket = gcs.bucket('backup-bucket-gcp')
+        blob = gcs_bucket.blob(key)
+        blob.upload_from_string(data)
+
+        # Replicate to Azure
+        blob_client = azure_blob.get_blob_client(
+            container='backup-container',
+            blob=key
+        )
+        blob_client.upload_blob(data, overwrite=True)
+
+    return {'statusCode': 200}
+```
+
+## Security and Compliance
+
+### Unified Identity Management
+
+**Option 1: Federated Identity (Recommended):**
+```
+     ┌──────────────────┐
+     │  Identity Provider│
+     │  (Okta, Auth0)   │
+     └────────┬──────────┘
+              │ SAML/OIDC
+     ┌────────┼────────┐
+     │        │        │
+┌────▼───┐ ┌──▼──┐ ┌──▼──┐
+│AWS IAM │ │Azure│ │ GCP │
+│  Role  │ │ AD  │ │ IAM │
+└────────┘ └─────┘ └─────┘
+```
+
+**Option 2: Cross-Account Roles:**
+```hcl
+# AWS IAM role for cross-cloud access
+resource "aws_iam_role" "gcp_access" {
+  name = "gcp-service-account-access"
+
+  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
+    Version = "2012-10-17"
+    Statement = [{
+      Effect = "Allow"
+      Principal = {
+        Federated = "accounts.google.com"
+      }
+      Action = "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"
+      Condition = {
+        StringEquals = {
+          "accounts.google.com:sub" = var.gcp_service_account_id
+        }
+      }
+    }]
+  })
+}
+```
+
+## Operational Considerations
+
+### Monitoring and Observability
+
+**Multi-Cloud Monitoring Stack:**
+```yaml
+# Centralized monitoring with Prometheus + Grafana
+Prometheus:
+  - Federation from each cloud
+  - Cloud-specific exporters:
+    * AWS: CloudWatch Exporter
+    * Azure: Azure Monitor Exporter
+    * GCP: Stackdriver Exporter
+
+Grafana:
+  - Unified dashboards
+  - Cross-cloud correlation
+  - Alert routing
+
+Logs:
+  - Ship to central: Elasticsearch, Splunk, Datadog
+  - Cloud-native: CloudWatch, Monitor, Cloud Logging
+  - Open source: Loki, FluentD
+```
+
+### Cost Management
+
+**Multi-Cloud Cost Tools:**
+- CloudHealth (VMware)
+- Cloudability (Apptio)
+- Kubecost (Kubernetes-specific)
+- Custom FinOps dashboards
+
+## Trade-Offs
+
+### Multi-Cloud Trade-Off Matrix
+
+```
+Aspect              Single Cloud    Multi-Cloud
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Complexity          Low             High
+Operational Cost    Lower           Higher
+Skill Requirements  Focused         Broad
+Vendor Lock-in      Higher          Lower
+Innovation Speed    Faster          Slower
+Tooling             Native          Abstracted
+Data Transfer Cost  Low             High
+Reliability         High            Very High
+Negotiation Power   Lower           Higher
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### 1. Start with Single Cloud
+Build expertise before expanding to multi-cloud.
+
+### 2. Use Kubernetes for Portability
+Containerize applications for cloud-agnostic deployment.
+
+### 3. Abstract at the Right Level
+- Don't abstract everything (diminishing returns)
+- Focus on business-critical portability
+- Use cloud-native services where appropriate
+
+### 4. Centralized Management
+- Single pane of glass for monitoring
+- Unified IAM/SSO
+- Centralized logging and audit
+
+### 5. Standardize Tooling
+- Same IaC tool (Terraform/Pulumi)
+- Same CI/CD platform
+- Same monitoring stack
+
+### 6. Network Design
+- Plan IP addressing carefully
+- Minimize cross-cloud data transfer
+- Use CDN for content delivery
+
+### 7. Cost Optimization
+- Track egress costs
+- Use reserved capacity appropriately
+- Implement FinOps practices
+
+### 8. Security Posture
+- Consistent security policies
+- Unified secret management
+- Regular security audits
+
+### 9. Disaster Recovery
+- Define RPO/RTO
+- Test failover regularly
+- Document runbooks
+
+### 10. Team Organization
+- Cloud Centers of Excellence
+- Cross-training
+- Clear ownership
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+❌ **Multi-cloud for the sake of it** without business justification
+❌ **Perfect cloud abstraction** trying to hide all cloud differences
+❌ **Ignoring cloud-native services** and building everything custom
+❌ **No unified monitoring** leading to operational blindness
+❌ **Underestimating complexity** and operational overhead
+❌ **Data replication everywhere** causing excessive egress costs
+❌ **Manual deployments** across multiple clouds
+❌ **No standardization** different tools for each cloud
+❌ **Split teams by cloud** creating silos
+❌ **Neglecting network design** causing performance issues