aigroup-workflow 2.2.0 → 2.2.2

package/skills/swift/swift-expert/references/memory-performance.md

@@ -1,377 +1,377 @@
-# Memory & Performance
-
-## Automatic Reference Counting (ARC)
-
-```swift
-// Strong references (default)
-class Person {
-    let name: String
-    var apartment: Apartment?
-
-    init(name: String) {
-        self.name = name
-    }
-
-    deinit {
-        print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
-    }
-}
-
-class Apartment {
-    let unit: String
-    weak var tenant: Person?  // Weak to break retain cycle
-
-    init(unit: String) {
-        self.unit = unit
-    }
-
-    deinit {
-        print("Apartment \(unit) is being deinitialized")
-    }
-}
-
-var john: Person? = Person(name: "John")
-var unit4A: Apartment? = Apartment(unit: "4A")
-
-john?.apartment = unit4A
-unit4A?.tenant = john
-
-// Setting to nil will properly deallocate both
-john = nil
-unit4A = nil
-```
-
-## Weak and Unowned References
-
-```swift
-// Weak - optional reference that doesn't keep object alive
-class ViewController: UIViewController {
-    weak var delegate: ViewControllerDelegate?
-
-    func performAction() {
-        delegate?.didPerformAction()
-    }
-}
-
-// Unowned - non-optional reference, assumes target outlives owner
-class Customer {
-    let name: String
-    var card: CreditCard?
-
-    init(name: String) {
-        self.name = name
-    }
-}
-
-class CreditCard {
-    let number: String
-    unowned let customer: Customer  // Customer always outlives card
-
-    init(number: String, customer: Customer) {
-        self.number = number
-        self.customer = customer
-    }
-}
-
-// Unowned optional (Swift 5+)
-class Department {
-    var courses: [Course] = []
-}
-
-class Course {
-    unowned var department: Department
-    unowned var nextCourse: Course?
-
-    init(department: Department) {
-        self.department = department
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Capture Lists in Closures
-
-```swift
-class DataManager {
-    var data: [String] = []
-
-    func loadData() {
-        // Strong reference cycle - DataManager won't be deallocated
-        NetworkManager.fetch { response in
-            self.data = response  // self is captured strongly
-        }
-
-        // Weak self - breaks cycle
-        NetworkManager.fetch { [weak self] response in
-            guard let self = self else { return }
-            self.data = response
-        }
-
-        // Unowned self - when self definitely outlives closure
-        NetworkManager.fetch { [unowned self] response in
-            self.data = response  // Crashes if self is deallocated
-        }
-
-        // Capturing specific values
-        let identifier = UUID()
-        NetworkManager.fetch { [identifier] response in
-            print("Request \(identifier) completed")
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Value Semantics
-
-```swift
-// Structs provide automatic copy-on-write for collections
-struct User {
-    var name: String
-    var friends: [String]  // Copy-on-write
-}
-
-var user1 = User(name: "Alice", friends: ["Bob"])
-var user2 = user1  // Shallow copy
-user2.friends.append("Charlie")  // Now triggers deep copy
-
-print(user1.friends)  // ["Bob"]
-print(user2.friends)  // ["Bob", "Charlie"]
-
-// Custom copy-on-write
-final class Storage<T> {
-    var value: T
-    init(_ value: T) { self.value = value }
-}
-
-struct MyArray<Element> {
-    private var storage: Storage<[Element]>
-
-    init(_ elements: [Element] = []) {
-        storage = Storage(elements)
-    }
-
-    var value: [Element] {
-        get { storage.value }
-        set {
-            if !isKnownUniquelyReferenced(&storage) {
-                storage = Storage(newValue)
-            } else {
-                storage.value = newValue
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    mutating func append(_ element: Element) {
-        if !isKnownUniquelyReferenced(&storage) {
-            storage = Storage(storage.value)
-        }
-        storage.value.append(element)
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Performance Optimization
-
-```swift
-// Use lazy properties for expensive computations
-class Report {
-    let data: [DataPoint]
-
-    lazy var summary: String = {
-        // Expensive computation only when accessed
-        data.map { $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
-    }()
-
-    init(data: [DataPoint]) {
-        self.data = data
-    }
-}
-
-// Avoid repeated type casting
-// Bad
-for item in items {
-    if let user = item as? User {
-        processUser(user)
-    }
-}
-
-// Good
-let users = items.compactMap { $0 as? User }
-for user in users {
-    processUser(user)
-}
-
-// Use contiguous storage
-// Slower - pointer indirection for each element
-let arrayOfClasses: [MyClass] = [MyClass(), MyClass()]
-
-// Faster - contiguous memory
-let arrayOfStructs: [MyStruct] = [MyStruct(), MyStruct()]
-
-// Avoid string concatenation in loops
-// Bad
-var result = ""
-for item in items {
-    result += item.description  // Allocates new string each time
-}
-
-// Good
-let result = items.map { $0.description }.joined()
-
-// Or
-var result = ""
-result.reserveCapacity(estimatedSize)
-for item in items {
-    result.append(item.description)
-}
-```
-
-## Collection Performance
-
-```swift
-// Choose the right collection type
-// Array - ordered, random access O(1), append O(1) amortized
-let ordered: [Int] = [1, 2, 3]
-
-// Set - unique elements, contains O(1), no order
-let unique: Set<Int> = [1, 2, 3]
-
-// Dictionary - key-value pairs, lookup O(1)
-let mapping: [String: Int] = ["a": 1, "b": 2]
-
-// Use ContiguousArray for performance-critical code
-let contiguous = ContiguousArray<MyStruct>(repeating: MyStruct(), count: 1000)
-
-// Reserve capacity for known sizes
-var numbers: [Int] = []
-numbers.reserveCapacity(1000)
-for i in 0..<1000 {
-    numbers.append(i)
-}
-
-// Use enumerated() instead of indices
-// Bad
-for i in 0..<array.count {
-    process(index: i, value: array[i])
-}
-
-// Good
-for (index, value) in array.enumerated() {
-    process(index: index, value: value)
-}
-```
-
-## Memory Profiling with Instruments
-
-```swift
-// Add markers for profiling
-import os.signpost
-
-let log = OSLog(subsystem: "com.example.app", category: "Performance")
-
-func processData() {
-    os_signpost(.begin, log: log, name: "Data Processing")
-    defer { os_signpost(.end, log: log, name: "Data Processing") }
-
-    // Processing code
-}
-
-// Autoreleasepool for memory-intensive loops
-func processLargeDataset() {
-    for batch in dataBatches {
-        autoreleasepool {
-            // Process batch
-            // Memory released at end of each iteration
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Check for memory leaks
-#if DEBUG
-extension NSObject {
-    static func trackAllocations() {
-        let count = performSelector(
-            Selector(("instancesRespond:"))
-        )
-        print("\(self): \(count) instances")
-    }
-}
-#endif
-```
-
-## Optimization Levels
-
-```swift
-// Whole Module Optimization in Package.swift
-let package = Package(
-    name: "MyApp",
-    products: [
-        .executable(name: "MyApp", targets: ["MyApp"])
-    ],
-    targets: [
-        .target(
-            name: "MyApp",
-            swiftSettings: [
-                .unsafeFlags(["-O"], .when(configuration: .release))
-            ]
-        )
-    ]
-)
-
-// Inline optimization
-@inline(__always)
-func criticalPath() {
-    // Always inlined
-}
-
-@inline(never)
-func debugHelper() {
-    // Never inlined, good for debugging
-}
-
-// Optimization attributes
-@_specialize(where T == Int)
-@_specialize(where T == String)
-func process<T>(_ value: T) {
-    // Specialized versions generated
-}
-```
-
-## Memory Warnings
-
-```swift
-class ImageCache {
-    private var cache: [String: UIImage] = [:]
-
-    init() {
-        NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
-            self,
-            selector: #selector(clearCache),
-            name: UIApplication.didReceiveMemoryWarningNotification,
-            object: nil
-        )
-    }
-
-    @objc private func clearCache() {
-        cache.removeAll()
-    }
-
-    deinit {
-        NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(self)
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-- Use value types (structs) by default
-- Use weak references for delegates
-- Use unowned when lifetime is guaranteed
-- Always use capture lists in closures that reference self
-- Profile before optimizing (use Instruments)
-- Reserve collection capacity when size is known
-- Use lazy properties for expensive computations
-- Implement copy-on-write for custom types with reference storage
-- Handle memory warnings in iOS apps
-- Use autoreleasepool for memory-intensive loops
-- Choose appropriate collection types
-- Avoid premature optimization - measure first
+# Memory & Performance
+
+## Automatic Reference Counting (ARC)
+
+```swift
+// Strong references (default)
+class Person {
+    let name: String
+    var apartment: Apartment?
+
+    init(name: String) {
+        self.name = name
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
+    }
+}
+
+class Apartment {
+    let unit: String
+    weak var tenant: Person?  // Weak to break retain cycle
+
+    init(unit: String) {
+        self.unit = unit
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        print("Apartment \(unit) is being deinitialized")
+    }
+}
+
+var john: Person? = Person(name: "John")
+var unit4A: Apartment? = Apartment(unit: "4A")
+
+john?.apartment = unit4A
+unit4A?.tenant = john
+
+// Setting to nil will properly deallocate both
+john = nil
+unit4A = nil
+```
+
+## Weak and Unowned References
+
+```swift
+// Weak - optional reference that doesn't keep object alive
+class ViewController: UIViewController {
+    weak var delegate: ViewControllerDelegate?
+
+    func performAction() {
+        delegate?.didPerformAction()
+    }
+}
+
+// Unowned - non-optional reference, assumes target outlives owner
+class Customer {
+    let name: String
+    var card: CreditCard?
+
+    init(name: String) {
+        self.name = name
+    }
+}
+
+class CreditCard {
+    let number: String
+    unowned let customer: Customer  // Customer always outlives card
+
+    init(number: String, customer: Customer) {
+        self.number = number
+        self.customer = customer
+    }
+}
+
+// Unowned optional (Swift 5+)
+class Department {
+    var courses: [Course] = []
+}
+
+class Course {
+    unowned var department: Department
+    unowned var nextCourse: Course?
+
+    init(department: Department) {
+        self.department = department
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Capture Lists in Closures
+
+```swift
+class DataManager {
+    var data: [String] = []
+
+    func loadData() {
+        // Strong reference cycle - DataManager won't be deallocated
+        NetworkManager.fetch { response in
+            self.data = response  // self is captured strongly
+        }
+
+        // Weak self - breaks cycle
+        NetworkManager.fetch { [weak self] response in
+            guard let self = self else { return }
+            self.data = response
+        }
+
+        // Unowned self - when self definitely outlives closure
+        NetworkManager.fetch { [unowned self] response in
+            self.data = response  // Crashes if self is deallocated
+        }
+
+        // Capturing specific values
+        let identifier = UUID()
+        NetworkManager.fetch { [identifier] response in
+            print("Request \(identifier) completed")
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Value Semantics
+
+```swift
+// Structs provide automatic copy-on-write for collections
+struct User {
+    var name: String
+    var friends: [String]  // Copy-on-write
+}
+
+var user1 = User(name: "Alice", friends: ["Bob"])
+var user2 = user1  // Shallow copy
+user2.friends.append("Charlie")  // Now triggers deep copy
+
+print(user1.friends)  // ["Bob"]
+print(user2.friends)  // ["Bob", "Charlie"]
+
+// Custom copy-on-write
+final class Storage<T> {
+    var value: T
+    init(_ value: T) { self.value = value }
+}
+
+struct MyArray<Element> {
+    private var storage: Storage<[Element]>
+
+    init(_ elements: [Element] = []) {
+        storage = Storage(elements)
+    }
+
+    var value: [Element] {
+        get { storage.value }
+        set {
+            if !isKnownUniquelyReferenced(&storage) {
+                storage = Storage(newValue)
+            } else {
+                storage.value = newValue
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    mutating func append(_ element: Element) {
+        if !isKnownUniquelyReferenced(&storage) {
+            storage = Storage(storage.value)
+        }
+        storage.value.append(element)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Performance Optimization
+
+```swift
+// Use lazy properties for expensive computations
+class Report {
+    let data: [DataPoint]
+
+    lazy var summary: String = {
+        // Expensive computation only when accessed
+        data.map { $0.description }.joined(separator: "\n")
+    }()
+
+    init(data: [DataPoint]) {
+        self.data = data
+    }
+}
+
+// Avoid repeated type casting
+// Bad
+for item in items {
+    if let user = item as? User {
+        processUser(user)
+    }
+}
+
+// Good
+let users = items.compactMap { $0 as? User }
+for user in users {
+    processUser(user)
+}
+
+// Use contiguous storage
+// Slower - pointer indirection for each element
+let arrayOfClasses: [MyClass] = [MyClass(), MyClass()]
+
+// Faster - contiguous memory
+let arrayOfStructs: [MyStruct] = [MyStruct(), MyStruct()]
+
+// Avoid string concatenation in loops
+// Bad
+var result = ""
+for item in items {
+    result += item.description  // Allocates new string each time
+}
+
+// Good
+let result = items.map { $0.description }.joined()
+
+// Or
+var result = ""
+result.reserveCapacity(estimatedSize)
+for item in items {
+    result.append(item.description)
+}
+```
+
+## Collection Performance
+
+```swift
+// Choose the right collection type
+// Array - ordered, random access O(1), append O(1) amortized
+let ordered: [Int] = [1, 2, 3]
+
+// Set - unique elements, contains O(1), no order
+let unique: Set<Int> = [1, 2, 3]
+
+// Dictionary - key-value pairs, lookup O(1)
+let mapping: [String: Int] = ["a": 1, "b": 2]
+
+// Use ContiguousArray for performance-critical code
+let contiguous = ContiguousArray<MyStruct>(repeating: MyStruct(), count: 1000)
+
+// Reserve capacity for known sizes
+var numbers: [Int] = []
+numbers.reserveCapacity(1000)
+for i in 0..<1000 {
+    numbers.append(i)
+}
+
+// Use enumerated() instead of indices
+// Bad
+for i in 0..<array.count {
+    process(index: i, value: array[i])
+}
+
+// Good
+for (index, value) in array.enumerated() {
+    process(index: index, value: value)
+}
+```
+
+## Memory Profiling with Instruments
+
+```swift
+// Add markers for profiling
+import os.signpost
+
+let log = OSLog(subsystem: "com.example.app", category: "Performance")
+
+func processData() {
+    os_signpost(.begin, log: log, name: "Data Processing")
+    defer { os_signpost(.end, log: log, name: "Data Processing") }
+
+    // Processing code
+}
+
+// Autoreleasepool for memory-intensive loops
+func processLargeDataset() {
+    for batch in dataBatches {
+        autoreleasepool {
+            // Process batch
+            // Memory released at end of each iteration
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check for memory leaks
+#if DEBUG
+extension NSObject {
+    static func trackAllocations() {
+        let count = performSelector(
+            Selector(("instancesRespond:"))
+        )
+        print("\(self): \(count) instances")
+    }
+}
+#endif
+```
+
+## Optimization Levels
+
+```swift
+// Whole Module Optimization in Package.swift
+let package = Package(
+    name: "MyApp",
+    products: [
+        .executable(name: "MyApp", targets: ["MyApp"])
+    ],
+    targets: [
+        .target(
+            name: "MyApp",
+            swiftSettings: [
+                .unsafeFlags(["-O"], .when(configuration: .release))
+            ]
+        )
+    ]
+)
+
+// Inline optimization
+@inline(__always)
+func criticalPath() {
+    // Always inlined
+}
+
+@inline(never)
+func debugHelper() {
+    // Never inlined, good for debugging
+}
+
+// Optimization attributes
+@_specialize(where T == Int)
+@_specialize(where T == String)
+func process<T>(_ value: T) {
+    // Specialized versions generated
+}
+```
+
+## Memory Warnings
+
+```swift
+class ImageCache {
+    private var cache: [String: UIImage] = [:]
+
+    init() {
+        NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
+            self,
+            selector: #selector(clearCache),
+            name: UIApplication.didReceiveMemoryWarningNotification,
+            object: nil
+        )
+    }
+
+    @objc private func clearCache() {
+        cache.removeAll()
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(self)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- Use value types (structs) by default
+- Use weak references for delegates
+- Use unowned when lifetime is guaranteed
+- Always use capture lists in closures that reference self
+- Profile before optimizing (use Instruments)
+- Reserve collection capacity when size is known
+- Use lazy properties for expensive computations
+- Implement copy-on-write for custom types with reference storage
+- Handle memory warnings in iOS apps
+- Use autoreleasepool for memory-intensive loops
+- Choose appropriate collection types
+- Avoid premature optimization - measure first