aigroup-workflow 2.2.0 → 2.2.2

package/skills/swift/swift-expert/references/async-concurrency.md

@@ -1,360 +1,360 @@
-# Async/Await Concurrency
-
-## Async/Await Basics
-
-```swift
-// Async function
-func fetchUser(id: Int) async throws -> User {
-    let url = URL(string: "https://api.example.com/users/\(id)")!
-    let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
-    return try JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data)
-}
-
-// Calling async functions
-func loadUserData() async {
-    do {
-        let user = try await fetchUser(id: 123)
-        print("Loaded: \(user.name)")
-    } catch {
-        print("Error: \(error)")
-    }
-}
-
-// Multiple concurrent operations
-func fetchMultipleUsers(ids: [Int]) async throws -> [User] {
-    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: User.self) { group in
-        for id in ids {
-            group.addTask {
-                try await fetchUser(id: id)
-            }
-        }
-
-        var users: [User] = []
-        for try await user in group {
-            users.append(user)
-        }
-        return users
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Actors
-
-```swift
-// Actor for thread-safe state management
-actor UserCache {
-    private var cache: [Int: User] = [:]
-    private var inProgress: [Int: Task<User, Error>] = [:]
-
-    func user(id: Int) async throws -> User {
-        // Check cache first
-        if let cached = cache[id] {
-            return cached
-        }
-
-        // Check if already loading
-        if let task = inProgress[id] {
-            return try await task.value
-        }
-
-        // Start new load
-        let task = Task {
-            try await fetchUser(id: id)
-        }
-        inProgress[id] = task
-
-        do {
-            let user = try await task.value
-            cache[id] = user
-            inProgress.removeValue(forKey: id)
-            return user
-        } catch {
-            inProgress.removeValue(forKey: id)
-            throw error
-        }
-    }
-
-    func clearCache() {
-        cache.removeAll()
-    }
-}
-
-// Usage
-let cache = UserCache()
-let user = try await cache.user(id: 123)
-```
-
-## MainActor
-
-```swift
-// UI updates must happen on main thread
-@MainActor
-class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
-    @Published var users: [User] = []
-    @Published var isLoading = false
-
-    func loadUsers() async {
-        isLoading = true
-        defer { isLoading = false }
-
-        do {
-            // This async work happens off main thread
-            let loadedUsers = try await fetchMultipleUsers(ids: [1, 2, 3])
-
-            // Property updates happen on main thread automatically
-            users = loadedUsers
-        } catch {
-            print("Error: \(error)")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Isolated functions
-@MainActor
-func updateUI() {
-    // This always runs on main thread
-}
-
-// Non-isolated functions in MainActor type
-@MainActor
-class DataManager {
-    var data: [String] = []
-
-    // Runs on main thread
-    func updateData(_ newData: [String]) {
-        data = newData
-    }
-
-    // Can run on any thread
-    nonisolated func processData(_ input: String) -> String {
-        return input.uppercased()
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Structured Concurrency
-
-```swift
-// Task groups for dynamic concurrency
-func downloadImages(urls: [URL]) async throws -> [UIImage] {
-    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: (Int, UIImage).self) { group in
-        for (index, url) in urls.enumerated() {
-            group.addTask {
-                let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
-                guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else {
-                    throw ImageError.invalidData
-                }
-                return (index, image)
-            }
-        }
-
-        var images = [UIImage?](repeating: nil, count: urls.count)
-        for try await (index, image) in group {
-            images[index] = image
-        }
-
-        return images.compactMap { $0 }
-    }
-}
-
-// Parallel async-let
-func loadDashboard() async throws -> Dashboard {
-    async let user = fetchUser(id: currentUserID)
-    async let posts = fetchPosts()
-    async let notifications = fetchNotifications()
-
-    return try await Dashboard(
-        user: user,
-        posts: posts,
-        notifications: notifications
-    )
-}
-```
-
-## Task Management
-
-```swift
-// Detached tasks
-func backgroundWork() {
-    Task.detached(priority: .background) {
-        // Runs independently, doesn't inherit context
-        await performHeavyComputation()
-    }
-}
-
-// Cancellation
-class DataLoader {
-    private var loadTask: Task<Void, Never>?
-
-    func startLoading() {
-        loadTask?.cancel()
-
-        loadTask = Task {
-            do {
-                for try await item in itemStream() {
-                    // Check for cancellation
-                    try Task.checkCancellation()
-
-                    await process(item)
-
-                    // Alternative cancellation check
-                    if Task.isCancelled {
-                        break
-                    }
-                }
-            } catch is CancellationError {
-                print("Task cancelled")
-            } catch {
-                print("Error: \(error)")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    func stopLoading() {
-        loadTask?.cancel()
-        loadTask = nil
-    }
-}
-
-// Task priorities
-Task(priority: .high) {
-    await criticalWork()
-}
-
-Task(priority: .low) {
-    await backgroundWork()
-}
-```
-
-## AsyncSequence
-
-```swift
-// Custom AsyncSequence
-struct NumberSequence: AsyncSequence {
-    typealias Element = Int
-    let range: Range<Int>
-
-    struct AsyncIterator: AsyncIteratorProtocol {
-        var current: Int
-        let end: Int
-
-        mutating func next() async -> Int? {
-            guard current < end else { return nil }
-
-            // Simulate async work
-            try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(100))
-
-            defer { current += 1 }
-            return current
-        }
-    }
-
-    func makeAsyncIterator() -> AsyncIterator {
-        AsyncIterator(current: range.lowerBound, end: range.upperBound)
-    }
-}
-
-// Usage
-for await number in NumberSequence(range: 0..<10) {
-    print(number)
-}
-
-// Async stream
-func eventStream() -> AsyncStream<Event> {
-    AsyncStream { continuation in
-        let observer = NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
-            forName: .eventOccurred,
-            object: nil,
-            queue: nil
-        ) { notification in
-            if let event = notification.object as? Event {
-                continuation.yield(event)
-            }
-        }
-
-        continuation.onTermination = { _ in
-            NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(observer)
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Sendable Protocol
-
-```swift
-// Sendable types can be safely passed across concurrency domains
-struct User: Sendable {
-    let id: Int
-    let name: String
-}
-
-// Non-Sendable by default (has mutable state)
-class ViewModel {
-    var data: [String] = []
-}
-
-// Make it Sendable with @unchecked (use carefully!)
-class SafeViewModel: @unchecked Sendable {
-    private let lock = NSLock()
-    private var _data: [String] = []
-
-    var data: [String] {
-        lock.lock()
-        defer { lock.unlock() }
-        return _data
-    }
-
-    func setData(_ newData: [String]) {
-        lock.lock()
-        defer { lock.unlock() }
-        _data = newData
-    }
-}
-
-// Generic with Sendable constraint
-func processData<T: Sendable>(_ data: T) async -> T {
-    // Can safely pass data across concurrency boundaries
-    await Task.detached {
-        return data
-    }.value
-}
-```
-
-## Continuations
-
-```swift
-// Bridging callback-based APIs to async/await
-func fetchDataAsync() async throws -> Data {
-    try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
-        fetchDataWithCallback { result in
-            switch result {
-            case .success(let data):
-                continuation.resume(returning: data)
-            case .failure(let error):
-                continuation.resume(throwing: error)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Unsafe continuations for performance-critical code
-func unsafeFetchDataAsync() async -> Data {
-    await withUnsafeContinuation { continuation in
-        fetchDataWithCallback { data in
-            continuation.resume(returning: data)
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-- Use actors for mutable shared state
-- Prefer async/await over completion handlers
-- Use MainActor for UI-related code
-- Leverage structured concurrency (task groups, async-let)
-- Check for cancellation in long-running tasks
-- Mark types as Sendable when safe
-- Use continuations to bridge legacy async code
-- Avoid blocking in async contexts
-- Use Task.detached sparingly (breaks structured concurrency)
+# Async/Await Concurrency
+
+## Async/Await Basics
+
+```swift
+// Async function
+func fetchUser(id: Int) async throws -> User {
+    let url = URL(string: "https://api.example.com/users/\(id)")!
+    let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
+    return try JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data)
+}
+
+// Calling async functions
+func loadUserData() async {
+    do {
+        let user = try await fetchUser(id: 123)
+        print("Loaded: \(user.name)")
+    } catch {
+        print("Error: \(error)")
+    }
+}
+
+// Multiple concurrent operations
+func fetchMultipleUsers(ids: [Int]) async throws -> [User] {
+    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: User.self) { group in
+        for id in ids {
+            group.addTask {
+                try await fetchUser(id: id)
+            }
+        }
+
+        var users: [User] = []
+        for try await user in group {
+            users.append(user)
+        }
+        return users
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Actors
+
+```swift
+// Actor for thread-safe state management
+actor UserCache {
+    private var cache: [Int: User] = [:]
+    private var inProgress: [Int: Task<User, Error>] = [:]
+
+    func user(id: Int) async throws -> User {
+        // Check cache first
+        if let cached = cache[id] {
+            return cached
+        }
+
+        // Check if already loading
+        if let task = inProgress[id] {
+            return try await task.value
+        }
+
+        // Start new load
+        let task = Task {
+            try await fetchUser(id: id)
+        }
+        inProgress[id] = task
+
+        do {
+            let user = try await task.value
+            cache[id] = user
+            inProgress.removeValue(forKey: id)
+            return user
+        } catch {
+            inProgress.removeValue(forKey: id)
+            throw error
+        }
+    }
+
+    func clearCache() {
+        cache.removeAll()
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+let cache = UserCache()
+let user = try await cache.user(id: 123)
+```
+
+## MainActor
+
+```swift
+// UI updates must happen on main thread
+@MainActor
+class ViewModel: ObservableObject {
+    @Published var users: [User] = []
+    @Published var isLoading = false
+
+    func loadUsers() async {
+        isLoading = true
+        defer { isLoading = false }
+
+        do {
+            // This async work happens off main thread
+            let loadedUsers = try await fetchMultipleUsers(ids: [1, 2, 3])
+
+            // Property updates happen on main thread automatically
+            users = loadedUsers
+        } catch {
+            print("Error: \(error)")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Isolated functions
+@MainActor
+func updateUI() {
+    // This always runs on main thread
+}
+
+// Non-isolated functions in MainActor type
+@MainActor
+class DataManager {
+    var data: [String] = []
+
+    // Runs on main thread
+    func updateData(_ newData: [String]) {
+        data = newData
+    }
+
+    // Can run on any thread
+    nonisolated func processData(_ input: String) -> String {
+        return input.uppercased()
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Structured Concurrency
+
+```swift
+// Task groups for dynamic concurrency
+func downloadImages(urls: [URL]) async throws -> [UIImage] {
+    try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: (Int, UIImage).self) { group in
+        for (index, url) in urls.enumerated() {
+            group.addTask {
+                let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)
+                guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else {
+                    throw ImageError.invalidData
+                }
+                return (index, image)
+            }
+        }
+
+        var images = [UIImage?](repeating: nil, count: urls.count)
+        for try await (index, image) in group {
+            images[index] = image
+        }
+
+        return images.compactMap { $0 }
+    }
+}
+
+// Parallel async-let
+func loadDashboard() async throws -> Dashboard {
+    async let user = fetchUser(id: currentUserID)
+    async let posts = fetchPosts()
+    async let notifications = fetchNotifications()
+
+    return try await Dashboard(
+        user: user,
+        posts: posts,
+        notifications: notifications
+    )
+}
+```
+
+## Task Management
+
+```swift
+// Detached tasks
+func backgroundWork() {
+    Task.detached(priority: .background) {
+        // Runs independently, doesn't inherit context
+        await performHeavyComputation()
+    }
+}
+
+// Cancellation
+class DataLoader {
+    private var loadTask: Task<Void, Never>?
+
+    func startLoading() {
+        loadTask?.cancel()
+
+        loadTask = Task {
+            do {
+                for try await item in itemStream() {
+                    // Check for cancellation
+                    try Task.checkCancellation()
+
+                    await process(item)
+
+                    // Alternative cancellation check
+                    if Task.isCancelled {
+                        break
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch is CancellationError {
+                print("Task cancelled")
+            } catch {
+                print("Error: \(error)")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    func stopLoading() {
+        loadTask?.cancel()
+        loadTask = nil
+    }
+}
+
+// Task priorities
+Task(priority: .high) {
+    await criticalWork()
+}
+
+Task(priority: .low) {
+    await backgroundWork()
+}
+```
+
+## AsyncSequence
+
+```swift
+// Custom AsyncSequence
+struct NumberSequence: AsyncSequence {
+    typealias Element = Int
+    let range: Range<Int>
+
+    struct AsyncIterator: AsyncIteratorProtocol {
+        var current: Int
+        let end: Int
+
+        mutating func next() async -> Int? {
+            guard current < end else { return nil }
+
+            // Simulate async work
+            try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(100))
+
+            defer { current += 1 }
+            return current
+        }
+    }
+
+    func makeAsyncIterator() -> AsyncIterator {
+        AsyncIterator(current: range.lowerBound, end: range.upperBound)
+    }
+}
+
+// Usage
+for await number in NumberSequence(range: 0..<10) {
+    print(number)
+}
+
+// Async stream
+func eventStream() -> AsyncStream<Event> {
+    AsyncStream { continuation in
+        let observer = NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
+            forName: .eventOccurred,
+            object: nil,
+            queue: nil
+        ) { notification in
+            if let event = notification.object as? Event {
+                continuation.yield(event)
+            }
+        }
+
+        continuation.onTermination = { _ in
+            NotificationCenter.default.removeObserver(observer)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Sendable Protocol
+
+```swift
+// Sendable types can be safely passed across concurrency domains
+struct User: Sendable {
+    let id: Int
+    let name: String
+}
+
+// Non-Sendable by default (has mutable state)
+class ViewModel {
+    var data: [String] = []
+}
+
+// Make it Sendable with @unchecked (use carefully!)
+class SafeViewModel: @unchecked Sendable {
+    private let lock = NSLock()
+    private var _data: [String] = []
+
+    var data: [String] {
+        lock.lock()
+        defer { lock.unlock() }
+        return _data
+    }
+
+    func setData(_ newData: [String]) {
+        lock.lock()
+        defer { lock.unlock() }
+        _data = newData
+    }
+}
+
+// Generic with Sendable constraint
+func processData<T: Sendable>(_ data: T) async -> T {
+    // Can safely pass data across concurrency boundaries
+    await Task.detached {
+        return data
+    }.value
+}
+```
+
+## Continuations
+
+```swift
+// Bridging callback-based APIs to async/await
+func fetchDataAsync() async throws -> Data {
+    try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+        fetchDataWithCallback { result in
+            switch result {
+            case .success(let data):
+                continuation.resume(returning: data)
+            case .failure(let error):
+                continuation.resume(throwing: error)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Unsafe continuations for performance-critical code
+func unsafeFetchDataAsync() async -> Data {
+    await withUnsafeContinuation { continuation in
+        fetchDataWithCallback { data in
+            continuation.resume(returning: data)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- Use actors for mutable shared state
+- Prefer async/await over completion handlers
+- Use MainActor for UI-related code
+- Leverage structured concurrency (task groups, async-let)
+- Check for cancellation in long-running tasks
+- Mark types as Sendable when safe
+- Use continuations to bridge legacy async code
+- Avoid blocking in async contexts
+- Use Task.detached sparingly (breaks structured concurrency)