@vodailoc/kilo-kit-mcp 1.1.0 → 1.1.1

package/skills/ai-media/media-processing/references/ffmpeg-streaming.md

@@ -1,403 +1,403 @@
-# FFmpeg Streaming & Live Video
-
-Complete guide to HLS/DASH streaming, live streaming platforms, and adaptive bitrate encoding.
-
-## HLS (HTTP Live Streaming)
-
-### Basic HLS Stream
-Generate playlist for on-demand streaming.
-
-```bash
-# Simple HLS with default settings
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
-  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_playlist_type vod \
-  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
-  playlist.m3u8
-```
-
-**Key parameters:**
-- `-hls_time` - Segment duration (seconds, default 2)
-- `-hls_playlist_type` - `vod` (on-demand) or `event` (live)
-- `-hls_segment_filename` - Naming pattern for segments
-
-### Optimized HLS
-Better quality and compatibility.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset fast -crf 22 \
-  -g 48 -sc_threshold 0 \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_playlist_type vod \
-  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
-  playlist.m3u8
-```
-
-**Parameters explained:**
-- `-g 48` - Keyframe every 48 frames (2s @ 24fps)
-- `-sc_threshold 0` - Disable scene detection (consistent segments)
-
-### Multi-Bitrate HLS (Adaptive)
-Create multiple quality levels for adaptive streaming.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a \
-  -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -b:v:0 800k  -s:v:0 640x360   -maxrate:v:0 856k  -bufsize:v:0 1200k \
-  -b:v:1 1400k -s:v:1 842x480   -maxrate:v:1 1498k -bufsize:v:1 2100k \
-  -b:v:2 2800k -s:v:2 1280x720  -maxrate:v:2 2996k -bufsize:v:2 4200k \
-  -var_stream_map "v:0,a:0 v:1,a:1 v:2,a:2" \
-  -master_pl_name master.m3u8 \
-  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_list_size 0 \
-  -hls_segment_filename "stream_%v/segment_%03d.ts" \
-  stream_%v/playlist.m3u8
-```
-
-**Creates:**
-- `master.m3u8` - Master playlist (entry point)
-- `stream_0/playlist.m3u8` - 360p stream
-- `stream_1/playlist.m3u8` - 480p stream
-- `stream_2/playlist.m3u8` - 720p stream
-
-### HLS with Encryption
-Protect content with AES-128 encryption.
-
-```bash
-# Generate encryption key
-openssl rand 16 > enc.key
-echo "enc.key" > enc.keyinfo
-echo "enc.key" >> enc.keyinfo
-openssl rand -hex 16 >> enc.keyinfo
-
-# Encode with encryption
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
-  -f hls -hls_time 6 \
-  -hls_key_info_file enc.keyinfo \
-  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
-  playlist.m3u8
-```
-
-## DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming)
-
-### Basic DASH
-MPEG-DASH format for adaptive streaming.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
-  -f dash -seg_duration 6 \
-  -use_template 1 -use_timeline 1 \
-  manifest.mpd
-```
-
-### Multi-Bitrate DASH
-Multiple quality levels.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a \
-  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
-  -b:v:0 800k  -s:v:0 640x360 \
-  -b:v:1 1400k -s:v:1 1280x720 \
-  -b:a:0 128k -b:a:1 128k \
-  -f dash -seg_duration 6 \
-  -use_template 1 -use_timeline 1 \
-  manifest.mpd
-```
-
-## RTMP Live Streaming
-
-### Stream to Twitch
-```bash
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
-  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 50 -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Stream to YouTube
-```bash
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k \
-  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 60 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Stream to Facebook
-```bash
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 4000k -bufsize 8000k \
-  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 60 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmps://live-api-s.facebook.com:443/rtmp/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Custom RTMP Server
-```bash
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
-  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k \
-  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 50 \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
-  -f flv rtmp://your-server.com/live/stream-key
-```
-
-## Screen Capture + Stream
-
-### Linux (X11)
-```bash
-ffmpeg -f x11grab -s 1920x1080 -framerate 30 -i :0.0 \
-  -f pulse -ac 2 -i default \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
-  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k -pix_fmt yuv420p \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### macOS (AVFoundation)
-```bash
-# List devices
-ffmpeg -f avfoundation -list_devices true -i ""
-
-# Capture and stream
-ffmpeg -f avfoundation -framerate 30 -i "1:0" \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
-  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k -pix_fmt yuv420p \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Windows (DirectShow)
-```bash
-ffmpeg -f dshow -i video="screen-capture-recorder":audio="Stereo Mix" \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -tune zerolatency \
-  -maxrate 750k -bufsize 3000k \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-## Thumbnail Generation
-
-### Single Thumbnail
-Extract frame at specific time.
-
-```bash
-# At 5 seconds
-ffmpeg -ss 00:00:05 -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 -vf scale=320:-1 thumb.jpg
-
-# At 10% duration
-ffmpeg -ss $(ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration \
-  -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4 | \
-  awk '{print $1*0.1}') -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 thumb.jpg
-```
-
-### Multiple Thumbnails
-Generate thumbnails at intervals.
-
-```bash
-# One per minute
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/60,scale=320:-1 thumb_%03d.jpg
-
-# One per 10 seconds
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/10,scale=320:-1 thumb_%03d.jpg
-
-# First 10 frames
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vframes 10 -vf scale=320:-1 thumb_%02d.jpg
-```
-
-### Thumbnail Sprite Sheet
-Create single image with multiple thumbnails.
-
-```bash
-# Generate frames
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/10,scale=160:90 frames/thumb_%03d.jpg
-
-# Combine into sprite (requires ImageMagick)
-montage frames/thumb_*.jpg -tile 5x -geometry +0+0 sprite.jpg
-```
-
-## Preview Generation
-
-### Video Preview (Trailer)
-Extract multiple short clips.
-
-```bash
-# Extract 3 segments
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -ss 00:00:30 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment1.mp4
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -ss 00:05:00 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment2.mp4
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -ss 00:10:00 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment3.mp4
-
-# Concatenate segments
-echo "file 'segment1.mp4'" > concat.txt
-echo "file 'segment2.mp4'" >> concat.txt
-echo "file 'segment3.mp4'" >> concat.txt
-ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i concat.txt -c copy preview.mp4
-```
-
-### Fast Preview (Low Quality)
-Quick preview for review.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
-  -vf scale=640:-1 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -crf 28 \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 64k \
-  preview.mp4
-```
-
-## Streaming Parameters
-
-### Important RTMP Parameters
-
-**Real-time reading:**
-- `-re` - Read input at native frame rate
-
-**Low latency:**
-- `-tune zerolatency` - Optimize for minimal latency
-- `-preset ultrafast` or `veryfast` - Fast encoding
-
-**Keyframes:**
-- `-g 50` - Keyframe interval (GOP size)
-- Recommended: 2 seconds (fps * 2)
-
-**Rate control:**
-- `-maxrate` - Maximum bitrate (e.g., 3000k)
-- `-bufsize` - Buffer size (typically 2x maxrate)
-
-**Compatibility:**
-- `-pix_fmt yuv420p` - Compatible pixel format
-
-### Bitrate Recommendations
-
-**1080p 60fps:**
-- 4500-6000 kbps video
-- 160 kbps audio
-
-**1080p 30fps:**
-- 3000-4500 kbps video
-- 128 kbps audio
-
-**720p 60fps:**
-- 2500-4000 kbps video
-- 128 kbps audio
-
-**720p 30fps:**
-- 1500-2500 kbps video
-- 128 kbps audio
-
-**480p:**
-- 500-1000 kbps video
-- 128 kbps audio
-
-## UDP/RTP Streaming
-
-### UDP Stream
-Simple network streaming.
-
-```bash
-# Sender
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c copy -f mpegts udp://192.168.1.100:1234
-
-# Receiver
-ffplay udp://192.168.1.100:1234
-```
-
-### RTP Stream
-Real-Time Protocol for low latency.
-
-```bash
-# Audio only
-ffmpeg -re -i audio.mp3 -c:a libopus -f rtp rtp://192.168.1.100:5004
-
-# Video + audio
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast \
-  -c:a aac -f rtp rtp://192.168.1.100:5004
-```
-
-### Multicast Stream
-Stream to multiple receivers.
-
-```bash
-# Sender (multicast address)
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c copy -f mpegts udp://239.255.0.1:1234
-
-# Receiver
-ffplay udp://239.255.0.1:1234
-```
-
-## Advanced Streaming
-
-### Hardware-Accelerated Streaming
-Use GPU for faster encoding.
-
-```bash
-# NVIDIA NVENC
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v h264_nvenc -preset fast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-
-# Intel QSV
-ffmpeg -re -hwaccel qsv -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v h264_qsv -preset fast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Stream with Overlay
-Add graphics during stream.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -i logo.png \
-  -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v]overlay=10:10" \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 3000k \
-  -c:a copy \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-### Loop Stream
-Continuously loop video for 24/7 stream.
-
-```bash
-ffmpeg -stream_loop -1 -re -i input.mp4 \
-  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 2500k \
-  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
-  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
-```
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Buffering Issues
-```bash
-# Reduce buffer size
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -maxrate 2000k -bufsize 2000k -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-
-# Use faster preset
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -preset ultrafast -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-```
-
-### Audio/Video Desync
-```bash
-# Force constant frame rate
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -r 30 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-
-# Use -vsync 1
-ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -vsync 1 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-```
-
-### Connection Drops
-```bash
-# Increase timeout
-ffmpeg -timeout 5000000 -re -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-
-# Reconnect on failure (use wrapper script)
-while true; do
-  ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
-  sleep 5
-done
-```
+# FFmpeg Streaming & Live Video
+
+Complete guide to HLS/DASH streaming, live streaming platforms, and adaptive bitrate encoding.
+
+## HLS (HTTP Live Streaming)
+
+### Basic HLS Stream
+Generate playlist for on-demand streaming.
+
+```bash
+# Simple HLS with default settings
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
+  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_playlist_type vod \
+  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
+  playlist.m3u8
+```
+
+**Key parameters:**
+- `-hls_time` - Segment duration (seconds, default 2)
+- `-hls_playlist_type` - `vod` (on-demand) or `event` (live)
+- `-hls_segment_filename` - Naming pattern for segments
+
+### Optimized HLS
+Better quality and compatibility.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset fast -crf 22 \
+  -g 48 -sc_threshold 0 \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_playlist_type vod \
+  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
+  playlist.m3u8
+```
+
+**Parameters explained:**
+- `-g 48` - Keyframe every 48 frames (2s @ 24fps)
+- `-sc_threshold 0` - Disable scene detection (consistent segments)
+
+### Multi-Bitrate HLS (Adaptive)
+Create multiple quality levels for adaptive streaming.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a \
+  -c:v libx264 -crf 22 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -b:v:0 800k  -s:v:0 640x360   -maxrate:v:0 856k  -bufsize:v:0 1200k \
+  -b:v:1 1400k -s:v:1 842x480   -maxrate:v:1 1498k -bufsize:v:1 2100k \
+  -b:v:2 2800k -s:v:2 1280x720  -maxrate:v:2 2996k -bufsize:v:2 4200k \
+  -var_stream_map "v:0,a:0 v:1,a:1 v:2,a:2" \
+  -master_pl_name master.m3u8 \
+  -f hls -hls_time 6 -hls_list_size 0 \
+  -hls_segment_filename "stream_%v/segment_%03d.ts" \
+  stream_%v/playlist.m3u8
+```
+
+**Creates:**
+- `master.m3u8` - Master playlist (entry point)
+- `stream_0/playlist.m3u8` - 360p stream
+- `stream_1/playlist.m3u8` - 480p stream
+- `stream_2/playlist.m3u8` - 720p stream
+
+### HLS with Encryption
+Protect content with AES-128 encryption.
+
+```bash
+# Generate encryption key
+openssl rand 16 > enc.key
+echo "enc.key" > enc.keyinfo
+echo "enc.key" >> enc.keyinfo
+openssl rand -hex 16 >> enc.keyinfo
+
+# Encode with encryption
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
+  -f hls -hls_time 6 \
+  -hls_key_info_file enc.keyinfo \
+  -hls_segment_filename "segment_%03d.ts" \
+  playlist.m3u8
+```
+
+## DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming)
+
+### Basic DASH
+MPEG-DASH format for adaptive streaming.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
+  -f dash -seg_duration 6 \
+  -use_template 1 -use_timeline 1 \
+  manifest.mpd
+```
+
+### Multi-Bitrate DASH
+Multiple quality levels.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -map 0:v -map 0:a -map 0:v -map 0:a \
+  -c:v libx264 -c:a aac \
+  -b:v:0 800k  -s:v:0 640x360 \
+  -b:v:1 1400k -s:v:1 1280x720 \
+  -b:a:0 128k -b:a:1 128k \
+  -f dash -seg_duration 6 \
+  -use_template 1 -use_timeline 1 \
+  manifest.mpd
+```
+
+## RTMP Live Streaming
+
+### Stream to Twitch
+```bash
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
+  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 50 -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Stream to YouTube
+```bash
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k \
+  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 60 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmp://a.rtmp.youtube.com/live2/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Stream to Facebook
+```bash
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 4000k -bufsize 8000k \
+  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 60 -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmps://live-api-s.facebook.com:443/rtmp/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Custom RTMP Server
+```bash
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
+  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k \
+  -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 50 \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
+  -f flv rtmp://your-server.com/live/stream-key
+```
+
+## Screen Capture + Stream
+
+### Linux (X11)
+```bash
+ffmpeg -f x11grab -s 1920x1080 -framerate 30 -i :0.0 \
+  -f pulse -ac 2 -i default \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
+  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k -pix_fmt yuv420p \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k -ar 44100 \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### macOS (AVFoundation)
+```bash
+# List devices
+ffmpeg -f avfoundation -list_devices true -i ""
+
+# Capture and stream
+ffmpeg -f avfoundation -framerate 30 -i "1:0" \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -tune zerolatency \
+  -maxrate 2500k -bufsize 5000k -pix_fmt yuv420p \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Windows (DirectShow)
+```bash
+ffmpeg -f dshow -i video="screen-capture-recorder":audio="Stereo Mix" \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -tune zerolatency \
+  -maxrate 750k -bufsize 3000k \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+## Thumbnail Generation
+
+### Single Thumbnail
+Extract frame at specific time.
+
+```bash
+# At 5 seconds
+ffmpeg -ss 00:00:05 -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 -vf scale=320:-1 thumb.jpg
+
+# At 10% duration
+ffmpeg -ss $(ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration \
+  -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4 | \
+  awk '{print $1*0.1}') -i input.mp4 -vframes 1 thumb.jpg
+```
+
+### Multiple Thumbnails
+Generate thumbnails at intervals.
+
+```bash
+# One per minute
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/60,scale=320:-1 thumb_%03d.jpg
+
+# One per 10 seconds
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/10,scale=320:-1 thumb_%03d.jpg
+
+# First 10 frames
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vframes 10 -vf scale=320:-1 thumb_%02d.jpg
+```
+
+### Thumbnail Sprite Sheet
+Create single image with multiple thumbnails.
+
+```bash
+# Generate frames
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1/10,scale=160:90 frames/thumb_%03d.jpg
+
+# Combine into sprite (requires ImageMagick)
+montage frames/thumb_*.jpg -tile 5x -geometry +0+0 sprite.jpg
+```
+
+## Preview Generation
+
+### Video Preview (Trailer)
+Extract multiple short clips.
+
+```bash
+# Extract 3 segments
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -ss 00:00:30 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment1.mp4
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -ss 00:05:00 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment2.mp4
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -ss 00:10:00 -t 00:00:10 -c copy segment3.mp4
+
+# Concatenate segments
+echo "file 'segment1.mp4'" > concat.txt
+echo "file 'segment2.mp4'" >> concat.txt
+echo "file 'segment3.mp4'" >> concat.txt
+ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i concat.txt -c copy preview.mp4
+```
+
+### Fast Preview (Low Quality)
+Quick preview for review.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -i input.mp4 \
+  -vf scale=640:-1 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast -crf 28 \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 64k \
+  preview.mp4
+```
+
+## Streaming Parameters
+
+### Important RTMP Parameters
+
+**Real-time reading:**
+- `-re` - Read input at native frame rate
+
+**Low latency:**
+- `-tune zerolatency` - Optimize for minimal latency
+- `-preset ultrafast` or `veryfast` - Fast encoding
+
+**Keyframes:**
+- `-g 50` - Keyframe interval (GOP size)
+- Recommended: 2 seconds (fps * 2)
+
+**Rate control:**
+- `-maxrate` - Maximum bitrate (e.g., 3000k)
+- `-bufsize` - Buffer size (typically 2x maxrate)
+
+**Compatibility:**
+- `-pix_fmt yuv420p` - Compatible pixel format
+
+### Bitrate Recommendations
+
+**1080p 60fps:**
+- 4500-6000 kbps video
+- 160 kbps audio
+
+**1080p 30fps:**
+- 3000-4500 kbps video
+- 128 kbps audio
+
+**720p 60fps:**
+- 2500-4000 kbps video
+- 128 kbps audio
+
+**720p 30fps:**
+- 1500-2500 kbps video
+- 128 kbps audio
+
+**480p:**
+- 500-1000 kbps video
+- 128 kbps audio
+
+## UDP/RTP Streaming
+
+### UDP Stream
+Simple network streaming.
+
+```bash
+# Sender
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c copy -f mpegts udp://192.168.1.100:1234
+
+# Receiver
+ffplay udp://192.168.1.100:1234
+```
+
+### RTP Stream
+Real-Time Protocol for low latency.
+
+```bash
+# Audio only
+ffmpeg -re -i audio.mp3 -c:a libopus -f rtp rtp://192.168.1.100:5004
+
+# Video + audio
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset ultrafast \
+  -c:a aac -f rtp rtp://192.168.1.100:5004
+```
+
+### Multicast Stream
+Stream to multiple receivers.
+
+```bash
+# Sender (multicast address)
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c copy -f mpegts udp://239.255.0.1:1234
+
+# Receiver
+ffplay udp://239.255.0.1:1234
+```
+
+## Advanced Streaming
+
+### Hardware-Accelerated Streaming
+Use GPU for faster encoding.
+
+```bash
+# NVIDIA NVENC
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v h264_nvenc -preset fast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+
+# Intel QSV
+ffmpeg -re -hwaccel qsv -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v h264_qsv -preset fast -maxrate 3000k -bufsize 6000k \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Stream with Overlay
+Add graphics during stream.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -i logo.png \
+  -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v]overlay=10:10" \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 3000k \
+  -c:a copy \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+### Loop Stream
+Continuously loop video for 24/7 stream.
+
+```bash
+ffmpeg -stream_loop -1 -re -i input.mp4 \
+  -c:v libx264 -preset veryfast -maxrate 2500k \
+  -c:a aac -b:a 128k \
+  -f flv rtmp://live.twitch.tv/app/STREAM_KEY
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Buffering Issues
+```bash
+# Reduce buffer size
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -maxrate 2000k -bufsize 2000k -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+
+# Use faster preset
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -preset ultrafast -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+```
+
+### Audio/Video Desync
+```bash
+# Force constant frame rate
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -r 30 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+
+# Use -vsync 1
+ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -vsync 1 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+```
+
+### Connection Drops
+```bash
+# Increase timeout
+ffmpeg -timeout 5000000 -re -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+
+# Reconnect on failure (use wrapper script)
+while true; do
+  ffmpeg -re -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -f flv rtmp://...
+  sleep 5
+done
+```