@vodailoc/kilo-kit-mcp 1.1.0 → 1.1.1

package/skills/engineering/databases/references/postgresql-performance.md

@@ -1,527 +1,527 @@
-# PostgreSQL Performance Optimization
-
-Query optimization, indexing strategies, EXPLAIN analysis, and performance tuning for PostgreSQL.
-
-## EXPLAIN Command
-
-### Basic EXPLAIN
-```sql
--- Show query plan
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
-
--- Output shows:
--- - Execution plan nodes
--- - Estimated costs
--- - Estimated rows
-```
-
-### EXPLAIN ANALYZE
-```sql
--- Execute query and show actual performance
-EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18;
-
--- Shows:
--- - Actual execution time
--- - Actual rows returned
--- - Planning time
--- - Execution time
-```
-
-### EXPLAIN Options
-```sql
--- Verbose output
-EXPLAIN (VERBOSE) SELECT * FROM users;
-
--- Show buffer usage
-EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;
-
--- JSON format
-EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON, ANALYZE) SELECT * FROM users;
-
--- All options
-EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, VERBOSE, TIMING, COSTS)
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
-```
-
-## Understanding Query Plans
-
-### Scan Methods
-
-#### Sequential Scan
-```sql
--- Full table scan (reads all rows)
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice';
-
--- Output: Seq Scan on users
--- Indicates: no suitable index or small table
-```
-
-#### Index Scan
-```sql
--- Uses index to find rows
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
-
--- Output: Index Scan using users_pkey on users
--- Best for: selective queries, small result sets
-```
-
-#### Index Only Scan
-```sql
--- Query covered by index (no table access)
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_name ON users(email, name);
-EXPLAIN SELECT email, name FROM users WHERE email = 'alice@example.com';
-
--- Output: Index Only Scan using idx_users_email_name
--- Best performance: no heap fetch needed
-```
-
-#### Bitmap Scan
-```sql
--- Combines multiple indexes or handles large result sets
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18 AND status = 'active';
-
--- Output:
--- Bitmap Heap Scan on users
---   Recheck Cond: ...
---   -> Bitmap Index Scan on idx_age
-
--- Good for: moderate selectivity
-```
-
-### Join Methods
-
-#### Nested Loop
-```sql
--- For each row in outer table, scan inner table
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
-WHERE c.id = 1;
-
--- Output: Nested Loop
--- Best for: small outer table, indexed inner table
-```
-
-#### Hash Join
-```sql
--- Build hash table from smaller table
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
-
--- Output: Hash Join
--- Best for: large tables, equality conditions
-```
-
-#### Merge Join
-```sql
--- Both inputs sorted on join key
-EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
-ORDER BY o.customer_id;
-
--- Output: Merge Join
--- Best for: pre-sorted data, large sorted inputs
-```
-
-## Indexing Strategies
-
-### B-tree Index (Default)
-```sql
--- General purpose index
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
-CREATE INDEX idx_orders_date ON orders(order_date);
-
--- Supports: =, <, <=, >, >=, BETWEEN, IN, IS NULL
--- Supports: ORDER BY, MIN/MAX
-```
-
-### Composite Index
-```sql
--- Multiple columns (order matters!)
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_status_created ON users(status, created_at);
-
--- Supports queries on:
--- - status
--- - status, created_at
--- Does NOT support: created_at alone
-
--- Column order: most selective first
--- Exception: match query WHERE/ORDER BY patterns
-```
-
-### Partial Index
-```sql
--- Index subset of rows
-CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(email)
-WHERE status = 'active';
-
--- Smaller index, faster queries with matching WHERE clause
--- Query must include WHERE status = 'active' to use index
-```
-
-### Expression Index
-```sql
--- Index on computed value
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));
-
--- Query must use same expression
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'alice@example.com';
-```
-
-### GIN Index (Generalized Inverted Index)
-```sql
--- For array, JSONB, full-text search
-CREATE INDEX idx_products_tags ON products USING GIN(tags);
-CREATE INDEX idx_documents_data ON documents USING GIN(data);
-
--- Array queries
-SELECT * FROM products WHERE tags @> ARRAY['featured'];
-
--- JSONB queries
-SELECT * FROM documents WHERE data @> '{"status": "active"}';
-```
-
-### GiST Index (Generalized Search Tree)
-```sql
--- For geometric data, range types, full-text
-CREATE INDEX idx_locations_geom ON locations USING GiST(geom);
-
--- Geometric queries
-SELECT * FROM locations WHERE geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(...);
-```
-
-### Hash Index
-```sql
--- Equality comparisons only
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_hash_email ON users USING HASH(email);
-
--- Only supports: =
--- Rarely used (B-tree usually better)
-```
-
-### BRIN Index (Block Range Index)
-```sql
--- For very large tables with natural clustering
-CREATE INDEX idx_logs_brin_created ON logs USING BRIN(created_at);
-
--- Tiny index size, good for append-only data
--- Best for: time-series, logging, large tables
-```
-
-## Query Optimization Techniques
-
-### Avoid SELECT *
-```sql
--- Bad
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
-
--- Good (only needed columns)
-SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE id = 1;
-```
-
-### Use LIMIT
-```sql
--- Limit result set
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;
-
--- PostgreSQL can stop early with LIMIT
-```
-
-### Index for ORDER BY
-```sql
--- Create index matching sort order
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_created_desc ON users(created_at DESC);
-
--- Query uses index for sorting
-SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;
-```
-
-### Covering Index
-```sql
--- Include all queried columns in index
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_name_status ON users(email, name, status);
-
--- Query covered by index (no table access)
-SELECT name, status FROM users WHERE email = 'alice@example.com';
-```
-
-### EXISTS vs IN
-```sql
--- Prefer EXISTS for large subqueries
--- Bad
-SELECT * FROM customers
-WHERE id IN (SELECT customer_id FROM orders WHERE total > 1000);
-
--- Good
-SELECT * FROM customers c
-WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.id AND o.total > 1000);
-```
-
-### JOIN Order
-```sql
--- Filter before joining
--- Bad
-SELECT * FROM orders o
-JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
-WHERE o.status = 'completed' AND c.country = 'USA';
-
--- Good (filter in subquery)
-SELECT * FROM (
-  SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed'
-) o
-JOIN (
-  SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country = 'USA'
-) c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
-
--- Or use CTE
-WITH filtered_orders AS (
-  SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed'
-),
-filtered_customers AS (
-  SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country = 'USA'
-)
-SELECT * FROM filtered_orders o
-JOIN filtered_customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
-```
-
-### Avoid Functions in WHERE
-```sql
--- Bad (index not used)
-SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'alice@example.com';
-
--- Good (create expression index)
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));
--- Then query uses index
-
--- Or store lowercase separately
-ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email_lower TEXT;
-UPDATE users SET email_lower = LOWER(email);
-CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_lower ON users(email_lower);
-```
-
-## Statistics and ANALYZE
-
-### Update Statistics
-```sql
--- Analyze table (update statistics)
-ANALYZE users;
-
--- Analyze specific columns
-ANALYZE users(email, status);
-
--- Analyze all tables
-ANALYZE;
-
--- Auto-analyze (configured in postgresql.conf)
-autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50
-autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1
-```
-
-### Check Statistics
-```sql
--- Last analyze time
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, last_analyze, last_autoanalyze
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables;
-
--- Statistics targets (adjust for important columns)
-ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email SET STATISTICS 1000;
-```
-
-## VACUUM and Maintenance
-
-### VACUUM
-```sql
--- Reclaim storage, update statistics
-VACUUM users;
-
--- Verbose output
-VACUUM VERBOSE users;
-
--- Full vacuum (rewrites table, locks table)
-VACUUM FULL users;
-
--- Analyze after vacuum
-VACUUM ANALYZE users;
-```
-
-### Auto-Vacuum
-```sql
--- Check autovacuum status
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, last_vacuum, last_autovacuum
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables;
-
--- Configure in postgresql.conf
-autovacuum = on
-autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50
-autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2
-```
-
-### REINDEX
-```sql
--- Rebuild index
-REINDEX INDEX idx_users_email;
-
--- Rebuild all indexes on table
-REINDEX TABLE users;
-
--- Rebuild all indexes in schema
-REINDEX SCHEMA public;
-```
-
-## Monitoring Queries
-
-### Active Queries
-```sql
--- Current queries
-SELECT pid, usename, state, query, query_start
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE state != 'idle';
-
--- Long-running queries
-SELECT pid, now() - query_start AS duration, query
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE state != 'idle' AND now() - query_start > interval '5 minutes'
-ORDER BY duration DESC;
-```
-
-### Slow Query Log
-```sql
--- Enable slow query logging (postgresql.conf)
-log_min_duration_statement = 100  -- milliseconds
-
--- Or per session
-SET log_min_duration_statement = 100;
-
--- Logs appear in PostgreSQL log files
-```
-
-### pg_stat_statements Extension
-```sql
--- Enable extension
-CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements;
-
--- View query statistics
-SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, mean_exec_time, rows
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC
-LIMIT 10;
-
--- Reset statistics
-SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();
-```
-
-## Index Usage Analysis
-
-### Check Index Usage
-```sql
--- Index usage statistics
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname, idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch
-FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
-ORDER BY idx_scan;
-
--- Unused indexes (idx_scan = 0)
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname
-FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
-WHERE idx_scan = 0 AND indexname NOT LIKE '%_pkey';
-```
-
-### Index Size
-```sql
--- Index sizes
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname,
-  pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) AS index_size
-FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
-ORDER BY pg_relation_size(indexrelid) DESC;
-```
-
-### Missing Indexes
-```sql
--- Tables with sequential scans
-SELECT schemaname, tablename, seq_scan, seq_tup_read
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables
-WHERE seq_scan > 0
-ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;
-
--- Consider adding indexes to high seq_scan tables
-```
-
-## Configuration Tuning
-
-### Memory Settings (postgresql.conf)
-```conf
-# Shared buffers (25% of RAM)
-shared_buffers = 4GB
-
-# Work memory (per operation)
-work_mem = 64MB
-
-# Maintenance work memory (VACUUM, CREATE INDEX)
-maintenance_work_mem = 512MB
-
-# Effective cache size (estimate of OS cache)
-effective_cache_size = 12GB
-```
-
-### Query Planner Settings
-```conf
-# Random page cost (lower for SSD)
-random_page_cost = 1.1
-
-# Effective IO concurrency (number of concurrent disk operations)
-effective_io_concurrency = 200
-
-# Cost of parallel query startup
-parallel_setup_cost = 1000
-parallel_tuple_cost = 0.1
-```
-
-### Connection Settings
-```conf
-# Max connections
-max_connections = 100
-
-# Connection pooling recommended (pgBouncer)
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-1. **Index strategy**
-   - Index foreign keys
-   - Index WHERE clause columns
-   - Index ORDER BY columns
-   - Use composite indexes for multi-column queries
-   - Keep index count reasonable (5-10 per table)
-
-2. **Query optimization**
-   - Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
-   - Avoid SELECT *
-   - Use LIMIT when possible
-   - Filter before joining
-   - Use appropriate join type
-
-3. **Statistics**
-   - Regular ANALYZE
-   - Increase statistics target for skewed distributions
-   - Monitor autovacuum
-
-4. **Monitoring**
-   - Enable pg_stat_statements
-   - Log slow queries
-   - Monitor index usage
-   - Check table bloat
-
-5. **Maintenance**
-   - Regular VACUUM
-   - REINDEX periodically
-   - Update PostgreSQL version
-   - Monitor disk space
-
-6. **Configuration**
-   - Tune memory settings
-   - Adjust for workload (OLTP vs OLAP)
-   - Use connection pooling
-   - Enable query logging
-
-7. **Testing**
-   - Test queries with production-like data volume
-   - Benchmark before/after changes
-   - Monitor production metrics
+# PostgreSQL Performance Optimization
+
+Query optimization, indexing strategies, EXPLAIN analysis, and performance tuning for PostgreSQL.
+
+## EXPLAIN Command
+
+### Basic EXPLAIN
+```sql
+-- Show query plan
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
+
+-- Output shows:
+-- - Execution plan nodes
+-- - Estimated costs
+-- - Estimated rows
+```
+
+### EXPLAIN ANALYZE
+```sql
+-- Execute query and show actual performance
+EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18;
+
+-- Shows:
+-- - Actual execution time
+-- - Actual rows returned
+-- - Planning time
+-- - Execution time
+```
+
+### EXPLAIN Options
+```sql
+-- Verbose output
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE) SELECT * FROM users;
+
+-- Show buffer usage
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = true;
+
+-- JSON format
+EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON, ANALYZE) SELECT * FROM users;
+
+-- All options
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, VERBOSE, TIMING, COSTS)
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
+```
+
+## Understanding Query Plans
+
+### Scan Methods
+
+#### Sequential Scan
+```sql
+-- Full table scan (reads all rows)
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice';
+
+-- Output: Seq Scan on users
+-- Indicates: no suitable index or small table
+```
+
+#### Index Scan
+```sql
+-- Uses index to find rows
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
+
+-- Output: Index Scan using users_pkey on users
+-- Best for: selective queries, small result sets
+```
+
+#### Index Only Scan
+```sql
+-- Query covered by index (no table access)
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_name ON users(email, name);
+EXPLAIN SELECT email, name FROM users WHERE email = 'alice@example.com';
+
+-- Output: Index Only Scan using idx_users_email_name
+-- Best performance: no heap fetch needed
+```
+
+#### Bitmap Scan
+```sql
+-- Combines multiple indexes or handles large result sets
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > 18 AND status = 'active';
+
+-- Output:
+-- Bitmap Heap Scan on users
+--   Recheck Cond: ...
+--   -> Bitmap Index Scan on idx_age
+
+-- Good for: moderate selectivity
+```
+
+### Join Methods
+
+#### Nested Loop
+```sql
+-- For each row in outer table, scan inner table
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
+JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
+WHERE c.id = 1;
+
+-- Output: Nested Loop
+-- Best for: small outer table, indexed inner table
+```
+
+#### Hash Join
+```sql
+-- Build hash table from smaller table
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
+JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
+
+-- Output: Hash Join
+-- Best for: large tables, equality conditions
+```
+
+#### Merge Join
+```sql
+-- Both inputs sorted on join key
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders o
+JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
+ORDER BY o.customer_id;
+
+-- Output: Merge Join
+-- Best for: pre-sorted data, large sorted inputs
+```
+
+## Indexing Strategies
+
+### B-tree Index (Default)
+```sql
+-- General purpose index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_date ON orders(order_date);
+
+-- Supports: =, <, <=, >, >=, BETWEEN, IN, IS NULL
+-- Supports: ORDER BY, MIN/MAX
+```
+
+### Composite Index
+```sql
+-- Multiple columns (order matters!)
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_status_created ON users(status, created_at);
+
+-- Supports queries on:
+-- - status
+-- - status, created_at
+-- Does NOT support: created_at alone
+
+-- Column order: most selective first
+-- Exception: match query WHERE/ORDER BY patterns
+```
+
+### Partial Index
+```sql
+-- Index subset of rows
+CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(email)
+WHERE status = 'active';
+
+-- Smaller index, faster queries with matching WHERE clause
+-- Query must include WHERE status = 'active' to use index
+```
+
+### Expression Index
+```sql
+-- Index on computed value
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));
+
+-- Query must use same expression
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'alice@example.com';
+```
+
+### GIN Index (Generalized Inverted Index)
+```sql
+-- For array, JSONB, full-text search
+CREATE INDEX idx_products_tags ON products USING GIN(tags);
+CREATE INDEX idx_documents_data ON documents USING GIN(data);
+
+-- Array queries
+SELECT * FROM products WHERE tags @> ARRAY['featured'];
+
+-- JSONB queries
+SELECT * FROM documents WHERE data @> '{"status": "active"}';
+```
+
+### GiST Index (Generalized Search Tree)
+```sql
+-- For geometric data, range types, full-text
+CREATE INDEX idx_locations_geom ON locations USING GiST(geom);
+
+-- Geometric queries
+SELECT * FROM locations WHERE geom && ST_MakeEnvelope(...);
+```
+
+### Hash Index
+```sql
+-- Equality comparisons only
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_hash_email ON users USING HASH(email);
+
+-- Only supports: =
+-- Rarely used (B-tree usually better)
+```
+
+### BRIN Index (Block Range Index)
+```sql
+-- For very large tables with natural clustering
+CREATE INDEX idx_logs_brin_created ON logs USING BRIN(created_at);
+
+-- Tiny index size, good for append-only data
+-- Best for: time-series, logging, large tables
+```
+
+## Query Optimization Techniques
+
+### Avoid SELECT *
+```sql
+-- Bad
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
+
+-- Good (only needed columns)
+SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE id = 1;
+```
+
+### Use LIMIT
+```sql
+-- Limit result set
+SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;
+
+-- PostgreSQL can stop early with LIMIT
+```
+
+### Index for ORDER BY
+```sql
+-- Create index matching sort order
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_created_desc ON users(created_at DESC);
+
+-- Query uses index for sorting
+SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;
+```
+
+### Covering Index
+```sql
+-- Include all queried columns in index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_name_status ON users(email, name, status);
+
+-- Query covered by index (no table access)
+SELECT name, status FROM users WHERE email = 'alice@example.com';
+```
+
+### EXISTS vs IN
+```sql
+-- Prefer EXISTS for large subqueries
+-- Bad
+SELECT * FROM customers
+WHERE id IN (SELECT customer_id FROM orders WHERE total > 1000);
+
+-- Good
+SELECT * FROM customers c
+WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.customer_id = c.id AND o.total > 1000);
+```
+
+### JOIN Order
+```sql
+-- Filter before joining
+-- Bad
+SELECT * FROM orders o
+JOIN customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id
+WHERE o.status = 'completed' AND c.country = 'USA';
+
+-- Good (filter in subquery)
+SELECT * FROM (
+  SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed'
+) o
+JOIN (
+  SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country = 'USA'
+) c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
+
+-- Or use CTE
+WITH filtered_orders AS (
+  SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'completed'
+),
+filtered_customers AS (
+  SELECT * FROM customers WHERE country = 'USA'
+)
+SELECT * FROM filtered_orders o
+JOIN filtered_customers c ON o.customer_id = c.id;
+```
+
+### Avoid Functions in WHERE
+```sql
+-- Bad (index not used)
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'alice@example.com';
+
+-- Good (create expression index)
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));
+-- Then query uses index
+
+-- Or store lowercase separately
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email_lower TEXT;
+UPDATE users SET email_lower = LOWER(email);
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_lower ON users(email_lower);
+```
+
+## Statistics and ANALYZE
+
+### Update Statistics
+```sql
+-- Analyze table (update statistics)
+ANALYZE users;
+
+-- Analyze specific columns
+ANALYZE users(email, status);
+
+-- Analyze all tables
+ANALYZE;
+
+-- Auto-analyze (configured in postgresql.conf)
+autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50
+autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1
+```
+
+### Check Statistics
+```sql
+-- Last analyze time
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, last_analyze, last_autoanalyze
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables;
+
+-- Statistics targets (adjust for important columns)
+ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email SET STATISTICS 1000;
+```
+
+## VACUUM and Maintenance
+
+### VACUUM
+```sql
+-- Reclaim storage, update statistics
+VACUUM users;
+
+-- Verbose output
+VACUUM VERBOSE users;
+
+-- Full vacuum (rewrites table, locks table)
+VACUUM FULL users;
+
+-- Analyze after vacuum
+VACUUM ANALYZE users;
+```
+
+### Auto-Vacuum
+```sql
+-- Check autovacuum status
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, last_vacuum, last_autovacuum
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables;
+
+-- Configure in postgresql.conf
+autovacuum = on
+autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50
+autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2
+```
+
+### REINDEX
+```sql
+-- Rebuild index
+REINDEX INDEX idx_users_email;
+
+-- Rebuild all indexes on table
+REINDEX TABLE users;
+
+-- Rebuild all indexes in schema
+REINDEX SCHEMA public;
+```
+
+## Monitoring Queries
+
+### Active Queries
+```sql
+-- Current queries
+SELECT pid, usename, state, query, query_start
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE state != 'idle';
+
+-- Long-running queries
+SELECT pid, now() - query_start AS duration, query
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE state != 'idle' AND now() - query_start > interval '5 minutes'
+ORDER BY duration DESC;
+```
+
+### Slow Query Log
+```sql
+-- Enable slow query logging (postgresql.conf)
+log_min_duration_statement = 100  -- milliseconds
+
+-- Or per session
+SET log_min_duration_statement = 100;
+
+-- Logs appear in PostgreSQL log files
+```
+
+### pg_stat_statements Extension
+```sql
+-- Enable extension
+CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements;
+
+-- View query statistics
+SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, mean_exec_time, rows
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+
+-- Reset statistics
+SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();
+```
+
+## Index Usage Analysis
+
+### Check Index Usage
+```sql
+-- Index usage statistics
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname, idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+ORDER BY idx_scan;
+
+-- Unused indexes (idx_scan = 0)
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+WHERE idx_scan = 0 AND indexname NOT LIKE '%_pkey';
+```
+
+### Index Size
+```sql
+-- Index sizes
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, indexname,
+  pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) AS index_size
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+ORDER BY pg_relation_size(indexrelid) DESC;
+```
+
+### Missing Indexes
+```sql
+-- Tables with sequential scans
+SELECT schemaname, tablename, seq_scan, seq_tup_read
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE seq_scan > 0
+ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;
+
+-- Consider adding indexes to high seq_scan tables
+```
+
+## Configuration Tuning
+
+### Memory Settings (postgresql.conf)
+```conf
+# Shared buffers (25% of RAM)
+shared_buffers = 4GB
+
+# Work memory (per operation)
+work_mem = 64MB
+
+# Maintenance work memory (VACUUM, CREATE INDEX)
+maintenance_work_mem = 512MB
+
+# Effective cache size (estimate of OS cache)
+effective_cache_size = 12GB
+```
+
+### Query Planner Settings
+```conf
+# Random page cost (lower for SSD)
+random_page_cost = 1.1
+
+# Effective IO concurrency (number of concurrent disk operations)
+effective_io_concurrency = 200
+
+# Cost of parallel query startup
+parallel_setup_cost = 1000
+parallel_tuple_cost = 0.1
+```
+
+### Connection Settings
+```conf
+# Max connections
+max_connections = 100
+
+# Connection pooling recommended (pgBouncer)
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Index strategy**
+   - Index foreign keys
+   - Index WHERE clause columns
+   - Index ORDER BY columns
+   - Use composite indexes for multi-column queries
+   - Keep index count reasonable (5-10 per table)
+
+2. **Query optimization**
+   - Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
+   - Avoid SELECT *
+   - Use LIMIT when possible
+   - Filter before joining
+   - Use appropriate join type
+
+3. **Statistics**
+   - Regular ANALYZE
+   - Increase statistics target for skewed distributions
+   - Monitor autovacuum
+
+4. **Monitoring**
+   - Enable pg_stat_statements
+   - Log slow queries
+   - Monitor index usage
+   - Check table bloat
+
+5. **Maintenance**
+   - Regular VACUUM
+   - REINDEX periodically
+   - Update PostgreSQL version
+   - Monitor disk space
+
+6. **Configuration**
+   - Tune memory settings
+   - Adjust for workload (OLTP vs OLAP)
+   - Use connection pooling
+   - Enable query logging
+
+7. **Testing**
+   - Test queries with production-like data volume
+   - Benchmark before/after changes
+   - Monitor production metrics