@syllst/ka 0.2.0

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-04.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-alphabet-lesson-04
+title: "გაკვეთილი 4 — Aspirated Stops"
+description: "Voiceless aspirated stops თ, ქ, ფ — The first layer of Georgian's three-way stop distinction"
+order: 4
+parentId: georgian-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - stops
+  - aspirated
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-03
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-recognize-aspirated
+      description: "Recognize the aspirated stop consonants თ, ქ, and ფ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [tani, qani, phari]
+    - id: obj-aspirated-sounds
+      description: "Produce the aspirated stop sounds with a clear puff of air"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [tani, qani, phari]
+    - id: obj-aspiration-concept
+      description: "Understand the concept of aspiration and how it differs from English stops"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+      references: [tani, qani, phari]
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 4 (Lesson 4) — Aspirated Stops
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has one of the most remarkable consonant systems in the world: a **three-way distinction** among stop consonants. Where English distinguishes only two types (voiced "b" vs. voiceless "p"), Georgian has three:
+
+1. **Voiced** -- vocal cords vibrate (you already know some: მ, ნ, etc.)
+2. **Aspirated** (this lesson) -- voiceless with a strong puff of air
+3. **Ejective** (next lesson) -- voiceless with a glottal pop, no air puff
+
+This three-way system is one of Georgian's most distinctive features and sets it apart from most European languages.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="georgian-aspirated-stops" title="Aspirated Stops"}
+
+::character{id="tani" canonicalRef="tani" char="თ" name="თ თანი (Tani)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiceless" data:transliteration="t" data:ipa="tʰ"}
+
+::character{id="qani" canonicalRef="qani" char="ქ" name="ქ ქანი (Qani)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiceless" data:transliteration="k" data:ipa="kʰ"}
+
+::character{id="phari" canonicalRef="phari" char="ფ" name="ფ ფარი (Phari)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiceless" data:transliteration="p" data:ipa="pʰ"}
+
+:::
+
+## What Is Aspiration?
+
+**Aspiration** is a puff of air that follows a consonant sound. Hold your hand in front of your mouth and say these English words:
+
+- **"top"** -- you feel a puff of air after the "t"
+- **"pot"** -- you feel a puff of air after the "p"
+- **"cop"** -- you feel a puff of air after the "k"
+
+That puff is aspiration. In English, aspiration happens automatically at the beginning of stressed syllables, so most English speakers never notice it. In Georgian, aspiration is **distinctive** -- it changes the meaning of a word.
+
+## The Three Aspirated Stops
+
+| Letter | Name | IPA | Place of Articulation | Like English... |
+|--------|------|-----|-----------------------|-----------------|
+| თ | თანი (Tani) | /tʰ/ | Alveolar (tongue tip behind teeth) | "t" in "top" |
+| ქ | ქანი (Qani) | /kʰ/ | Velar (back of tongue) | "k" in "kite" |
+| ფ | ფარი (Phari) | /pʰ/ | Bilabial (both lips) | "p" in "pot" |
+
+These sounds will feel natural to English speakers because English "t", "k", and "p" at the beginning of stressed words are also aspirated. The challenge comes in Lesson 5, when you learn the ejective counterparts that have no English equivalent.
+
+## The Three-Way System Preview
+
+To understand where these aspirated stops fit, here is the complete three-way system you will learn over Lessons 4 and 5:
+
+| Place | Voiced | Aspirated | Ejective |
+|-------|--------|-----------|----------|
+| Bilabial (lips) | ბ /b/ | **ფ /pʰ/** | პ /pʼ/ |
+| Alveolar (tongue tip) | დ /d/ | **თ /tʰ/** | ტ /tʼ/ |
+| Velar (back tongue) | გ /ɡ/ | **ქ /kʰ/** | კ /kʼ/ |
+
+This lesson covers the middle column (aspirated). You will learn the ejective column in Lesson 5. The voiced column will be covered in a future lesson.
+
+## Words with Aspirated Stops
+
+| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|------|--------------|---------|
+| თავი | tʰa-vi | head; self |
+| ქალი | kʰa-li | woman |
+| ფული | pʰu-li | money |
+| თვალი | tʰva-li | eye |
+| ქარი | kʰa-ri | wind |
+| ფოსტა | pʰos-ta | post, mail |
+| თეთრი | tʰe-tʰri | white; a monetary unit |
+
+Notice that **თეთრი** contains two aspirated stops. The word means both "white" and refers to a small denomination of Georgian currency (100 თეთრი = 1 ლარი).
+
+## Aspiration in Context
+
+Aspiration matters in Georgian because it creates **minimal pairs** -- words that differ only in whether a stop is aspirated or ejective:
+
+- **თავი** /tʰavi/ (head) vs. **ტანი** /tʼani/ (body) -- თ (aspirated) vs. ტ (ejective)
+- **ქარი** /kʰari/ (wind) vs. **კარი** /kʼari/ (door) -- ქ (aspirated) vs. კ (ejective)
+- **ფული** /pʰuli/ (money) vs. **პური** /pʼuri/ (bread) -- ფ (aspirated) vs. პ (ejective)
+
+You will practice these contrasts in Lesson 5 after learning the ejective stops.
+
+## Recognizing the Shapes
+
+- **თ** has a round body with a vertical stroke, sitting on the baseline
+- **ქ** features an elegant rightward curve, one of the more distinctive Georgian shapes
+- **ფ** has a characteristic loop shape, reaching below the baseline
+
+Compare these carefully with their ejective counterparts in Lesson 5 -- the shapes are completely different even though the sounds are related.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Three-way distinction**: Georgian stops come in voiced, aspirated, and ejective varieties
+2. **Aspiration = air puff**: Hold your hand in front of your mouth to feel it
+3. **Natural for English speakers**: English "t", "k", "p" at word start are already aspirated
+4. **Minimal pairs exist**: Aspirated vs. ejective changes meaning (თავი vs. ტანი)
+5. **Three places of articulation**: Bilabial (ფ), alveolar (თ), velar (ქ)
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-04-recognition" type="matching" title="Identify Aspirated Stops" skill="character-recognition" tests="tani,qani,phari" objectiveId="obj-recognize-aspirated"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian aspirated stop to its name and sound
+
+- თ
+- ქ
+- ფ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- თ = Tani /tʰ/ (aspirated "t", tongue behind teeth)
+- ქ = Qani /kʰ/ (aspirated "k", back of tongue)
+- ფ = Phari /pʰ/ (aspirated "p", both lips)
+
+**Explanation:** These three aspirated stops correspond to the three major places of articulation for stops: bilabial (lips), alveolar (tongue tip), and velar (back tongue). They all share the feature of being voiceless with a strong puff of air.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-04-sounds" type="fill-in-blank" title="Aspirated Stop Sounds" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="tani,qani,phari" objectiveId="obj-aspirated-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** What sound does each aspirated stop make? Give the IPA symbol and an English example word.
+
+- თ = ___
+- ქ = ___
+- ფ = ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- თ = /tʰ/ as in "top"
+- ქ = /kʰ/ as in "kite"
+- ფ = /pʰ/ as in "pot"
+
+**Explanation:** All three are voiceless stops with aspiration (a puff of air). English speakers produce these sounds naturally at the beginning of stressed syllables, so they should feel familiar.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-04-aspiration-concept" type="multiple-choice" title="Understanding Aspiration" skill="character-class-identification" tests="tani,qani,phari" objectiveId="obj-aspiration-concept"}
+
+**Question:** What makes Georgian's stop consonant system unusual compared to English?
+
+**Options:**
+
+- Georgian has more vowels than English
+- Georgian distinguishes three types of stops (voiced, aspirated, ejective) while English only distinguishes two (voiced, voiceless)
+- Georgian stops are always silent at the end of words
+- Georgian has no voiced consonants
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** English distinguishes only voiced stops (b, d, g) from voiceless stops (p, t, k). Georgian adds a third category: ejective stops, which are produced with a glottalic airstream (a popping sound from the glottis). This three-way distinction is rare among European languages but common in Caucasian languages.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 5, you will learn the **ejective stops** (ტ, კ, პ) -- the third and most uniquely Georgian category of stops. Ejectives are produced with a sharp, crisp pop and no air puff, created by compressing air between the closed glottis and the mouth closure. You will practice contrasting aspirated and ejective stops side by side.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-05.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-alphabet-lesson-05
+title: "გაკვეთილი 5 — Ejective Stops"
+description: "Ejective stops ტ, კ, პ — Georgian's most distinctive consonants and the three-way stop contrast"
+order: 5
+parentId: georgian-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - stops
+  - ejective
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-04
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-recognize-ejectives
+      description: "Recognize the ejective stop consonants ტ, კ, and პ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [tari, kani, pari]
+    - id: obj-ejective-sounds
+      description: "Produce the ejective stop sounds with a glottal closure"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [tari, kani, pari]
+    - id: obj-aspirated-vs-ejective
+      description: "Distinguish aspirated stops from ejective stops in Georgian"
+      skill: character-class-identification
+      references: [tari, kani, pari, tani, qani, phari]
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 5 (Lesson 5) — Ejective Stops
+
+## Introduction
+
+Ejective consonants are the hallmark of Georgian phonology and one of the most fascinating sounds in any language. Found throughout the Caucasus region but rare in European languages, ejectives give Georgian its distinctive crisp, percussive quality. In this lesson, you will learn the three ejective stops and practice distinguishing them from the aspirated stops you learned in Lesson 4.
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="georgian-ejective-stops" title="Ejective Stops"}
+
+::character{id="tari" canonicalRef="tari" char="ტ" name="ტ ტარი (Tari)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="ejective" data:transliteration="t'" data:ipa="tʼ"}
+
+::character{id="kani" canonicalRef="kani" char="კ" name="კ კანი (Kani)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="ejective" data:transliteration="k'" data:ipa="kʼ"}
+
+::character{id="pari" canonicalRef="pari" char="პ" name="პ პარი (Pari)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="ejective" data:transliteration="p'" data:ipa="pʼ"}
+
+:::
+
+## What Are Ejective Consonants?
+
+Ejectives are produced using a fundamentally different mechanism than most consonants:
+
+1. **Close the glottis** (the space between your vocal cords, in your throat)
+2. **Close the mouth** at the appropriate position (lips for პ, tongue tip for ტ, back tongue for კ)
+3. **Raise the larynx** (Adam's apple moves up), compressing the air trapped between the two closures
+4. **Release the mouth closure** -- the compressed air pops out with a sharp, crisp sound
+5. **No airflow from lungs** -- unlike aspirated sounds, no air rushes through
+
+The result is a short, sharp, percussive sound with no breathiness. It sounds like a quiet "pop" or "click" compared to the breathy release of aspirated stops.
+
+## The Three Ejective Stops
+
+| Letter | Name | IPA | Transliteration | Place of Articulation |
+|--------|------|-----|-----------------|-----------------------|
+| ტ | ტარი (Tari) | /tʼ/ | t' | Alveolar (tongue tip behind teeth) |
+| კ | კანი (Kani) | /kʼ/ | k' | Velar (back of tongue) |
+| პ | პარი (Pari) | /pʼ/ | p' | Bilabial (both lips) |
+
+The apostrophe in the transliteration (t', k', p') is the standard way to mark ejectives in linguistic notation.
+
+## How to Produce Ejectives
+
+Try this exercise to feel the glottal closure:
+
+1. Say "uh-oh" -- the break between "uh" and "oh" is a glottal stop
+2. Now hold that closed-throat feeling
+3. With your throat closed, press your lips together (for პ)
+4. Push your throat upward slightly, then pop your lips open
+5. You should hear a crisp pop with no air following it
+
+Compare this with ფ (aspirated): say "pot" and feel the air puff. Then say პ with no air at all -- just a pop.
+
+## The Complete Three-Way System
+
+Now you can see the full picture of Georgian stop consonants:
+
+| Place | Voiced | Aspirated | Ejective |
+|-------|--------|-----------|----------|
+| Bilabial (lips) | ბ /b/ | ფ /pʰ/ | **პ /pʼ/** |
+| Alveolar (tongue tip) | დ /d/ | თ /tʰ/ | **ტ /tʼ/** |
+| Velar (back tongue) | გ /ɡ/ | ქ /kʰ/ | **კ /kʼ/** |
+
+Each row shares the same **place** of articulation (where in the mouth the closure happens). Each column shares the same **manner** (how the sound is released):
+
+- **Voiced**: Vocal cords vibrate during the closure
+- **Aspirated**: Voiceless with a puff of air after release
+- **Ejective**: Voiceless with glottal compression, no air puff
+
+This three-way distinction is one of the defining features of South Caucasian (Kartvelian) languages.
+
+## Minimal Pairs: Aspirated vs. Ejective
+
+These word pairs differ only in whether the stop is aspirated or ejective:
+
+| Aspirated | Meaning | Ejective | Meaning |
+|-----------|---------|----------|---------|
+| **თ**ავი /tʰavi/ | head | **ტ**ანი /tʼani/ | body |
+| **ქ**არი /kʰari/ | wind | **კ**არი /kʼari/ | door |
+| **ფ**ული /pʰuli/ | money | **პ**ური /pʼuri/ | bread |
+
+Listen carefully to the difference: the aspirated versions have a breathy release (like English), while the ejective versions have a sharp pop with no breath.
+
+## Words with Ejective Stops
+
+| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|------|--------------|---------|
+| კარი | kʼa-ri | door |
+| ტანი | tʼa-ni | body |
+| პური | pʼu-ri | bread |
+| კალამი | kʼa-la-mi | pen |
+| პირი | pʼi-ri | mouth; face |
+| ტალი | tʼa-li | a type of elm tree |
+
+**პური** (p'uri, "bread") is an essential Georgian word. Georgian bread, especially **შოთი** (shoti) baked in a traditional clay oven called a **თონე** (tone), is central to Georgian culture and cuisine.
+
+## Recognizing the Shapes
+
+Compare aspirated and ejective characters -- they look completely different despite representing related sounds:
+
+| Aspirated | Ejective | Sound Pair |
+|-----------|----------|------------|
+| თ | ტ | t-sounds |
+| ქ | კ | k-sounds |
+| ფ | პ | p-sounds |
+
+Unlike some writing systems where related sounds have similar-looking letters, Georgian gives each consonant a unique shape. You must learn each character independently.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Ejectives use glottal compression**: Close throat, seal mouth, push up, pop open
+2. **No air puff**: The key difference from aspirated stops -- ejectives are crisp and dry
+3. **Three-way system**: Voiced (ბ, დ, გ) vs. aspirated (თ, ქ, ფ) vs. ejective (ტ, კ, პ)
+4. **Minimal pairs**: თავი/ტანი, ქარი/კარი, ფული/პური -- the distinction changes meaning
+5. **Unique to Caucasian languages**: Rare in Europe, common in Georgian, Chechen, and other Caucasian languages
+6. **Apostrophe notation**: Ejectives are written t', k', p' in transliteration
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-05-recognition" type="matching" title="Identify Ejective Stops" skill="character-recognition" tests="tari,kani,pari" objectiveId="obj-recognize-ejectives"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian ejective stop to its name and sound
+
+- ტ
+- კ
+- პ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ტ = Tari /tʼ/ (ejective "t", tongue behind teeth)
+- კ = Kani /kʼ/ (ejective "k", back of tongue)
+- პ = Pari /pʼ/ (ejective "p", both lips)
+
+**Explanation:** These three ejective stops are produced with glottal compression rather than lung air. They form the third column of Georgian's three-way stop system alongside voiced and aspirated stops.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-05-sounds" type="fill-in-blank" title="Ejective Sound Production" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="tari,kani,pari" objectiveId="obj-ejective-sounds"}
+
+**Question:** Describe how to produce each ejective sound. What makes ejectives different from aspirated stops?
+
+- ტ is produced by ___
+- კ is produced by ___
+- პ is produced by ___
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ტ /tʼ/ is produced by closing the glottis, placing the tongue tip behind the teeth, raising the larynx, and popping the tongue open with no air puff
+- კ /kʼ/ is produced by closing the glottis, raising the back of the tongue to the velum, raising the larynx, and releasing with no air puff
+- პ /pʼ/ is produced by closing the glottis, pressing the lips together, raising the larynx, and popping the lips open with no air puff
+
+**Explanation:** All three ejectives share the same mechanism: glottal closure traps air in the mouth, the larynx pushes up to compress it, and the mouth releases with a crisp pop. The difference from aspirated stops is the absence of lung airflow -- no breathy puff follows the release.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-05-contrast" type="matching" title="Aspirated vs. Ejective Contrast" skill="character-class-identification" tests="tani,qani,phari,tari,kani,pari" objectiveId="obj-aspirated-vs-ejective"}
+
+**Question:** Sort these Georgian stops into their correct category: aspirated or ejective
+
+- თ
+- ტ
+- ქ
+- კ
+- ფ
+- პ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- **Aspirated** (voiceless, puff of air): თ /tʰ/, ქ /kʰ/, ფ /pʰ/
+- **Ejective** (glottal compression, no air): ტ /tʼ/, კ /kʼ/, პ /pʼ/
+
+**Explanation:** The aspirated stops (თ, ქ, ფ) are produced with lung air and a breathy release, similar to English "t", "k", "p" at the start of words. The ejective stops (ტ, კ, პ) are produced with glottal compression and a sharp pop. Remember the minimal pairs: ქარი (wind) vs. კარი (door), ფული (money) vs. პური (bread), თავი (head) vs. ტანი (body).
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+You have now learned 17 of Georgia's 33 characters, including the complete vowel system and the foundational consonant categories. Future lessons will introduce the remaining consonants: voiced stops (ბ, გ, დ), additional fricatives (ზ, შ, ხ, ჟ, ღ), affricates (ც, ძ, ჩ, ჭ, წ, ჯ), and the glottal consonant ჰ.

package/src/syllabi/alphabet/lessons/lesson-06.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-alphabet-lesson-06
+title: "გაკვეთილი 6 — ხმოვანი თანხმოვნები"
+description: "Voiced Consonants: ბ გ დ ზ — Completing the three-way stop system with voiced stops and the fricative z"
+order: 6
+parentId: georgian-alphabet
+difficulty: beginner
+cefrLevel: A1
+categories:
+  - consonants
+  - voiced
+  - basic-characters
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 25
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-alphabet-lesson-05
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-voiced-recognition
+      description: "Recognize the voiced consonants ბ გ დ ზ"
+      skill: character-recognition
+      references: [bani, gani, doni, zeni]
+    - id: obj-three-way-contrast
+      description: "Understand the three-way stop contrast: voiced, aspirated, and ejective"
+      skill: character-sound-mapping
+      references: [bani, gani, doni]
+    - id: obj-voiced-word-reading
+      description: "Read simple words using voiced consonants"
+      skill: word-recognition
+      references: [bani, gani, doni, zeni]
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 6 (Lesson 6) — Voiced Consonants
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has a remarkable **three-way distinction** among stop consonants that is rare among the world's languages. While English distinguishes only voiced and voiceless stops (b vs p), Georgian adds a third category: **ejective** stops. In this lesson, you learn the **voiced** members of this system, plus the voiced fricative ზ.
+
+## The Three-Way Stop System
+
+Understanding this system is key to Georgian phonology:
+
+| Type | Lips (labial) | Tongue-tip (dental) | Back (velar) |
+|------|---------------|---------------------|---------------|
+| **Voiced** | ბ /b/ | დ /d/ | გ /g/ |
+| **Aspirated** | ფ /pʰ/ | თ /tʰ/ | ქ /kʰ/ |
+| **Ejective** | პ /pʼ/ | ტ /tʼ/ | კ /kʼ/ |
+
+- **Voiced**: Vocal cords vibrate during the sound (like English b, d, g)
+- **Aspirated**: A puff of air follows the release (like English p, t, k at the start of a word)
+- **Ejective**: The glottis closes, creating a sharp, popping sound (unique to Georgian and other Caucasian languages)
+
+## Characters
+
+:::character-set{id="georgian-voiced-consonants" title="Voiced Consonants"}
+
+::character{id="bani" canonicalRef="bani" char="ბ" name="ბ ბანი (Bani)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiced" data:transliteration="b" data:ipa="b"}
+
+::character{id="gani" canonicalRef="gani" char="გ" name="გ განი (Gani)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiced" data:transliteration="g" data:ipa="ɡ"}
+
+::character{id="doni" canonicalRef="doni" char="დ" name="დ დონი (Doni)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="stop" data:voicing="voiced" data:transliteration="d" data:ipa="d"}
+
+::character{id="zeni" canonicalRef="zeni" char="ზ" name="ზ ზენი (Zeni)" charType="consonant" data:phoneticCategory="fricative" data:voicing="voiced" data:transliteration="z" data:ipa="z"}
+
+:::
+
+## Pronunciation Guide
+
+### ბ (Bani) - /b/
+
+Pronounced like English "b" in "boy." This is the voiced counterpart to aspirated ფ and ejective პ. Place your hand on your throat while saying it and you should feel vibration.
+
+### გ (Gani) - /g/
+
+Pronounced like English "g" in "go." The voiced counterpart to aspirated ქ and ejective კ. This is a velar stop produced at the back of the mouth.
+
+### დ (Doni) - /d/
+
+Pronounced like English "d" in "do." The voiced counterpart to aspirated თ and ejective ტ. Georgian dental stops are produced with the tongue touching the teeth, slightly more forward than English.
+
+### ზ (Zeni) - /z/
+
+Pronounced like English "z" in "zoo." This is a voiced alveolar fricative. Unlike the stops above, ზ does not have a three-way contrast; it pairs only with its voiceless counterpart ს.
+
+## Practice Words
+
+| Word | Transliteration | Meaning | Notes |
+|------|----------------|---------|-------|
+| ბაგა | baga | garden | Uses ბ with vowels |
+| გარი | gari | gari | Uses გ with vowels |
+| დილა | dila | morning | Common greeting word |
+| ზამა | zama | zama | Uses ზ with vowels |
+
+## Recognizing the Shapes
+
+Each Mkhedruli letter has a distinctive shape:
+
+- **ბ** has a rounded body with a descending stroke
+- **გ** features a curved hook shape
+- **დ** has a compact, rounded form
+- **ზ** has a distinctive zigzag-like stroke
+
+Practice tracing each letter to build muscle memory for recognition.
+
+## Key Points
+
+1. **Three-way contrast**: Georgian stops come in voiced/aspirated/ejective triples
+2. **Voiced = vibration**: Feel your throat vibrate for ბ, გ, დ, ზ
+3. **ზ is a fricative**: It pairs with voiceless ს rather than fitting the three-way stop pattern
+4. **Dental articulation**: Georgian dental sounds are produced slightly more forward than English
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="voiced-recognition-06" type="matching" title="Voiced Consonant Recognition" skill="character-recognition" tests="bani,gani,doni,zeni" objectiveId="obj-voiced-recognition"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian letter to its transliteration
+
+- ბ
+- გ
+- დ
+- ზ
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- b (Bani) - voiced bilabial stop
+- g (Gani) - voiced velar stop
+- d (Doni) - voiced dental stop
+- z (Zeni) - voiced alveolar fricative
+
+**Explanation:** These four consonants are all voiced, meaning the vocal cords vibrate during their production. The first three are stops (complete closure of airflow) while ზ is a fricative (partial obstruction).
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="three-way-contrast-06" type="multiple-choice" title="Three-Way Stop Contrast" skill="character-sound-mapping" tests="bani,gani,doni" objectiveId="obj-three-way-contrast"}
+
+**Question:** Georgian has a three-way distinction among stop consonants. Which set correctly shows the voiced, aspirated, and ejective labial stops?
+
+**Options:**
+- ბ (voiced), ფ (aspirated), პ (ejective)
+- ბ (voiced), პ (aspirated), ფ (ejective)
+- ფ (voiced), ბ (aspirated), პ (ejective)
+- პ (voiced), ფ (aspirated), ბ (ejective)
+
+**Answer:** 1
+
+**Explanation:** The three-way labial stop system is: ბ /b/ (voiced, vocal cords vibrate), ფ /pʰ/ (aspirated, puff of air), პ /pʼ/ (ejective, glottal closure). This same pattern repeats for dental (დ/თ/ტ) and velar (გ/ქ/კ) stops.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="voiced-word-reading-06" type="fill-in-blank" title="Simple Word Reading" skill="word-recognition" tests="bani,gani,doni,zeni" objectiveId="obj-voiced-word-reading"}
+
+**Question:** Read each word and identify the voiced consonant it begins with
+
+- ბაგა (baga - garden)
+- გარი (gari)
+- დილა (dila - morning)
+- ზამა (zama)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ბ (Bani, /b/) - voiced bilabial stop
+- გ (Gani, /g/) - voiced velar stop
+- დ (Doni, /d/) - voiced dental stop
+- ზ (Zeni, /z/) - voiced alveolar fricative
+
+**Explanation:** Each word begins with a voiced consonant. Practice reading these words aloud, paying attention to the vibration of your vocal cords on the initial consonant.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 7, you'll learn the sibilant fricative შ and the aspirated affricates ც and ჩ, expanding your knowledge of Georgian's rich consonant system.