@r-universe/webr 2023.6.11 → 2023.6.21

package/dist/vfs/usr/lib/R/tests/Examples/graphics-Ex.Rout.save

@@ -0,0 +1,3237 @@
+
+R Under development (unstable) (2023-01-13 r83608) -- "Unsuffered Consequences"
+Copyright (C) 2023 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
+Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
+
+R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
+You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
+Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.
+
+  Natural language support but running in an English locale
+
+R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
+Type 'contributors()' for more information and
+'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.
+
+Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
+'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
+Type 'q()' to quit R.
+
+> pkgname <- "graphics"
+> source(file.path(R.home("share"), "R", "examples-header.R"))
+> options(warn = 1)
+> library('graphics')
+> 
+> base::assign(".oldSearch", base::search(), pos = 'CheckExEnv')
+> base::assign(".old_wd", base::getwd(), pos = 'CheckExEnv')
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("abline")
+> ### * abline
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: abline
+> ### Title: Add Straight Lines to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: abline
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Setup up coordinate system (with x == y aspect ratio):
+> plot(c(-2,3), c(-1,5), type = "n", xlab = "x", ylab = "y", asp = 1)
+> ## the x- and y-axis, and an integer grid
+> abline(h = 0, v = 0, col = "gray60")
+> text(1,0, "abline( h = 0 )", col = "gray60", adj = c(0, -.1))
+> abline(h = -1:5, v = -2:3, col = "lightgray", lty = 3)
+> abline(a = 1, b = 2, col = 2)
+> text(1,3, "abline( 1, 2 )", col = 2, adj = c(-.1, -.1))
+> 
+> ## Simple Regression Lines:
+> require(stats)
+> sale5 <- c(6, 4, 9, 7, 6, 12, 8, 10, 9, 13)
+> plot(sale5)
+> abline(lsfit(1:10, sale5))
+> abline(lsfit(1:10, sale5, intercept = FALSE), col = 4) # less fitting
+> 
+> z <- lm(dist ~ speed, data = cars)
+> plot(cars)
+> abline(z) # equivalent to abline(reg = z) or
+> abline(coef = coef(z))
+> 
+> ## trivial intercept model
+> abline(mC <- lm(dist ~ 1, data = cars)) ## the same as
+> abline(a = coef(mC), b = 0, col = "blue")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("arrows")
+> ### * arrows
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: arrows
+> ### Title: Add Arrows to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: arrows
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> x <- stats::runif(12); y <- stats::rnorm(12)
+> i <- order(x, y); x <- x[i]; y <- y[i]
+> plot(x,y, main = "arrows(.) and segments(.)")
+> ## draw arrows from point to point :
+> s <- seq(length(x)-1)  # one shorter than data
+> arrows(x[s], y[s], x[s+1], y[s+1], col = 1:3)
+> s <- s[-length(s)]
+> segments(x[s], y[s], x[s+2], y[s+2], col = "pink")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("assocplot")
+> ### * assocplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: assocplot
+> ### Title: Association Plots
+> ### Aliases: assocplot
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Aggregate over sex:
+> x <- marginSums(HairEyeColor, c(1, 2))
+> x
+       Eye
+Hair    Brown Blue Hazel Green
+  Black    68   20    15     5
+  Brown   119   84    54    29
+  Red      26   17    14    14
+  Blond     7   94    10    16
+> assocplot(x, main = "Relation between hair and eye color")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("axTicks")
+> ### * axTicks
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: axTicks
+> ### Title: Compute Axis Tickmark Locations
+> ### Aliases: axTicks
+> ### Keywords: dplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+>  plot(1:7, 10*21:27)
+>  axTicks(1)
+[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+>  axTicks(2)
+[1] 210 220 230 240 250 260 270
+>  stopifnot(identical(axTicks(1), axTicks(3)),
++            identical(axTicks(2), axTicks(4)))
+> 
+> ## Show how axTicks() and axis() correspond :
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(3, 1))
+> for(x in 9999 * c(1, 2, 8)) {
++     plot(x, 9, log = "x")
++     cat(formatC(par("xaxp"), width = 5),";", T <- axTicks(1),"\n")
++     rug(T, col =  adjustcolor("red", 0.5), lwd = 4)
++ }
+ 1000 1e+05     3 ; 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 1e+05 2e+05 5e+05 
+ 1000 1e+06     2 ; 500 1000 5000 10000 50000 1e+05 5e+05 1e+06 
+ 1000 1e+07     1 ; 1000 10000 1e+05 1e+06 1e+07 
+> par(op)
+> 
+> x <- 9.9*10^(-3:10)
+> plot(x, 1:14, log = "x")
+> axTicks(1) # now length 7
+[1] 1e-02 1e+00 1e+02 1e+04 1e+06 1e+08 1e+10
+> axTicks(1, nintLog = Inf) # rather too many
+ [1] 1e-02 1e-01 1e+00 1e+01 1e+02 1e+03 1e+04 1e+05 1e+06 1e+07 1e+08 1e+09
+[13] 1e+10 1e+11
+> 
+> ## An example using axTicks() without reference to an existing plot
+> ## (copying R's internal procedures for setting axis ranges etc.),
+> ## You do need to supply _all_ of axp, usr, log, nintLog
+> ## standard logarithmic y axis labels
+> ylims <- c(0.2, 88)
+> get_axp <- function(x) 10^c(ceiling(x[1]), floor(x[2]))
+> ## mimic par("yaxs") == "i"
+> usr.i <- log10(ylims)
+> (aT.i <- axTicks(side = 2, usr = usr.i,
++                  axp = c(get_axp(usr.i), n = 3), log = TRUE, nintLog = 5))
+[1]  0.2  0.5  1.0  2.0  5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0
+> ## mimic (default) par("yaxs") == "r"
+> usr.r <- extendrange(r = log10(ylims), f = 0.04)
+> (aT.r <- axTicks(side = 2, usr = usr.r,
++                  axp = c(get_axp(usr.r), 3), log = TRUE, nintLog = 5))
+[1]   0.2   0.5   1.0   2.0   5.0  10.0  20.0  50.0 100.0
+> 
+> ## Prove that we got it right :
+> plot(0:1, ylims, log = "y", yaxs = "i")
+> stopifnot(all.equal(aT.i, axTicks(side = 2)))
+> 
+> plot(0:1, ylims, log = "y", yaxs = "r")
+> stopifnot(all.equal(aT.r, axTicks(side = 2)))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("axis.POSIXct")
+> ### * axis.POSIXct
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: axis.POSIXct
+> ### Title: Date and Date-time Plotting Functions
+> ### Aliases: axis.POSIXct axis.Date
+> ### Keywords: utilities chron
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> with(beaver1, {
++     opar <- par(mfrow = c(2,1))
++     time <- strptime(paste(1990, day, time %/% 100, time %% 100),
++                      "%Y %j %H %M")
++     plot(time, temp, type = "l") # axis at 5-hour intervals.
++     # now label every hour on the time axis
++     plot(time, temp, type = "l", xaxt = "n")
++     r <- as.POSIXct(round(range(time), "hours"))
++     axis.POSIXct(1, at = seq(r[1], r[2], by = "hour"), format = "%H")
++     par(opar) # reset changed par settings
++ })
+> 
+> plot(.leap.seconds, seq_along(.leap.seconds), type = "n", yaxt = "n",
++      xlab = "leap seconds", ylab = "", bty = "n")
+> rug(.leap.seconds)
+> ## or as dates
+> lps <- as.Date(.leap.seconds)
+> plot(lps, seq_along(.leap.seconds),
++      type = "n", yaxt = "n", xlab = "leap seconds",
++      ylab = "", bty = "n")
+> rug(lps)
+> 
+> ## 100 random dates in a 10-week period
+> random.dates <- as.Date("2001/1/1") + 70*sort(stats::runif(100))
+> plot(random.dates, 1:100)
+> # or for a better axis labelling
+> plot(random.dates, 1:100, xaxt = "n")
+> axis.Date(1, at = seq(as.Date("2001/1/1"), max(random.dates)+6, "weeks"))
+> axis.Date(1, at = seq(as.Date("2001/1/1"), max(random.dates)+6, "days"),
++      labels = FALSE, tcl = -0.2)
+> 
+> ## axis.Date() with various data types:
+> x <- seq(as.Date("2022-01-20"), as.Date("2023-03-21"), by = "days")
+> plot(data.frame(x, y = 1), xaxt = "n")
+> legend("topleft", title = "input",
++        legend = c("character", "Date", "POSIXct", "POSIXlt", "numeric"),
++        fill = c("violet", "red", "orange", "coral1", "darkgreen"))
+> axis.Date(1)
+> axis.Date(3, at = "2022-04-01", col.axis = "violet")
+> axis.Date(3, at = as.Date("2022-07-01"), col.axis = "red")
+> axis.Date(3, at = as.POSIXct(as.Date("2022-10-01")), col.axis = "orange")
+> axis.Date(3, at = as.POSIXlt(as.Date("2023-01-01")), col.axis = "coral1")
+> axis.Date(3, at = as.integer(as.Date("2023-04-01")), col.axis = "darkgreen")
+> ## automatically extends the format:
+> axis.Date(1, at = "2022-02-15", col.axis = "violet",
++          col = "violet", tck = -0.05, mgp = c(3,2,0))
+> 
+> ## axis.POSIXct() with various data types (2 minutes):
+> x <- as.POSIXct("2022-10-01") + c(0, 60, 120)
+> attributes(x)   # no timezone
+$class
+[1] "POSIXct" "POSIXt" 
+
+> plot(data.frame(x, y = 1), xaxt = "n")
+> legend("topleft", title = "input",
++        legend = c("character", "Date", "POSIXct", "POSIXlt", "numeric"),
++        fill = c("violet", "red", "orange", "coral1", "darkgreen"))
+> axis.POSIXct(1)
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = "2022-10-01 00:01", col.axis = "violet")
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = as.Date("2022-10-01"), col.axis = "red")
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = as.POSIXct("2022-10-01 00:01:30"), col.axis = "orange")
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = as.POSIXlt("2022-10-01 00:02"), col.axis = "coral1")
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = as.numeric(as.POSIXct("2022-10-01 00:00:30")),
++                 col.axis = "darkgreen")
+> ## automatically extends format (here: subseconds):
+> axis.POSIXct(3, at = as.numeric(as.POSIXct("2022-10-01 00:00:30")) + 0.25,
++                 col.axis = "forestgreen", col = "darkgreen", mgp = c(3,2,0))
+> 
+> ## axis.POSIXct: 2 time zones
+> HST <- as.POSIXct("2022-10-01", tz = "HST") + c(0, 60, 60*60)
+> CET <- HST
+> attr(CET, "tzone") <- "CET"
+> plot(data.frame(HST, y = 1), xaxt = "n", xlab = "Hawaii Standard Time (HST)")
+> axis.POSIXct(1, HST)
+> axis.POSIXct(1, HST, at = "2022-10-01 00:10", col.axis = "violet")
+> axis.POSIXct(3, CET)
+> mtext(3, text = "Central European Time (CET)", line = 3)
+> axis.POSIXct(3, CET, at="2022-10-01 12:10", col.axis = "violet")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("axis")
+> ### * axis
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: axis
+> ### Title: Add an Axis to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: axis
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats) # for rnorm
+> plot(1:4, rnorm(4), axes = FALSE)
+> axis(1, 1:4, LETTERS[1:4])
+> axis(2)
+> box() #- to make it look "as usual"
+> 
+> plot(1:7, rnorm(7), main = "axis() examples",
++      type = "s", xaxt = "n", frame.plot = FALSE, col = "red")
+> axis(1, 1:7, LETTERS[1:7], col.axis = "blue")
+> # unusual options:
+> axis(4, col = "violet", col.axis = "dark violet", lwd = 2)
+> axis(3, col = "gold", lty = 2, lwd = 0.5)
+> 
+> # one way to have a custom x axis
+> plot(1:10, xaxt = "n")
+> axis(1, xaxp = c(2, 9, 7))
+> 
+> ## Changing default gap between labels:
+> plot(0:100, type="n", axes=FALSE, ann=FALSE)
+> title(quote("axis(1, .., gap.axis = f)," ~~ f >= 0))
+> axis(2, at = 5*(0:20), las = 1, gap.axis = 1/4)
+> gaps <- c(4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 0.1, 0)
+> chG <- paste0(ifelse(gaps == 1, "default:  ", ""),
++               "gap.axis=", formatC(gaps))
+> jj <- seq_along(gaps)
+> linG <- -2.5*(jj-1)
+> for(j in jj) {
++     isD <- gaps[j] == 1 # is default
++     axis (1, at=5*(0:20), gap.axis = gaps[j], padj=-1, line = linG[j],
++           col.axis = if(isD) "forest green" else 1, font.axis= 1+isD)
++ }
+> mtext(chG, side=1, padj=-1, line = linG -1/2, cex=3/4,
++       col = ifelse(gaps == 1, "forest green", "blue3"))
+> ## now shrink the window (in x- and y-direction) and observe the axis labels drawn
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("barplot")
+> ### * barplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: barplot
+> ### Title: Bar Plots
+> ### Aliases: barplot barplot.default barplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> # Formula method
+> barplot(GNP ~ Year, data = longley)
+> barplot(cbind(Employed, Unemployed) ~ Year, data = longley)
+> 
+> ## 3rd form of formula - 2 categories :
+> op <- par(mfrow = 2:1, mgp = c(3,1,0)/2, mar = .1+c(3,3:1))
+> summary(d.Titanic <- as.data.frame(Titanic))
+  Class       Sex        Age     Survived      Freq       
+ 1st :8   Male  :16   Child:16   No :16   Min.   :  0.00  
+ 2nd :8   Female:16   Adult:16   Yes:16   1st Qu.:  0.75  
+ 3rd :8                                   Median : 13.50  
+ Crew:8                                   Mean   : 68.78  
+                                          3rd Qu.: 77.00  
+                                          Max.   :670.00  
+> barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, data = d.Titanic,
++         subset = Age == "Adult" & Sex == "Male",
++         main = "barplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", ylab = "# {passengers}", legend.text = TRUE)
+> # Corresponding table :
+> (xt <- xtabs(Freq ~ Survived + Class + Sex, d.Titanic, subset = Age=="Adult"))
+, , Sex = Male
+
+        Class
+Survived 1st 2nd 3rd Crew
+     No  118 154 387  670
+     Yes  57  14  75  192
+
+, , Sex = Female
+
+        Class
+Survived 1st 2nd 3rd Crew
+     No    4  13  89    3
+     Yes 140  80  76   20
+
+> # Alternatively, a mosaic plot :
+> mosaicplot(xt[,,"Male"], main = "mosaicplot(Freq ~ Class + Survived, *)", color=TRUE)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> # Default method
+> require(grDevices) # for colours
+> tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
+> r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
+> #- type = "h" plotting *is* 'bar'plot
+> lines(r, tN, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 2)
+> 
+> barplot(tN, space = 1.5, axisnames = FALSE,
++         sub = "barplot(..., space= 1.5, axisnames = FALSE)")
+> 
+> barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE)
+[1] 0.7 1.9 3.1 4.3
+> barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE, beside = TRUE)
+     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
+[1,]  1.5  7.5 13.5 19.5
+[2,]  2.5  8.5 14.5 20.5
+[3,]  3.5  9.5 15.5 21.5
+[4,]  4.5 10.5 16.5 22.5
+[5,]  5.5 11.5 17.5 23.5
+> 
+> mp <- barplot(VADeaths) # default
+> tot <- colMeans(VADeaths)
+> text(mp, tot + 3, format(tot), xpd = TRUE, col = "blue")
+> barplot(VADeaths, beside = TRUE,
++         col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose", "lightcyan",
++                 "lavender", "cornsilk"),
++         legend.text = rownames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0, 100))
+> title(main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4)
+> 
+> hh <- t(VADeaths)[, 5:1]
+> mybarcol <- "gray20"
+> mp <- barplot(hh, beside = TRUE,
++         col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose",
++                 "lightcyan", "lavender"),
++         legend.text = colnames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0,100),
++         main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4,
++         sub = "Faked upper 2*sigma error bars", col.sub = mybarcol,
++         cex.names = 1.5)
+> segments(mp, hh, mp, hh + 2*sqrt(1000*hh/100), col = mybarcol, lwd = 1.5)
+> stopifnot(dim(mp) == dim(hh))  # corresponding matrices
+> mtext(side = 1, at = colMeans(mp), line = -2,
++       text = paste("Mean", formatC(colMeans(hh))), col = "red")
+> 
+> # Bar shading example
+> barplot(VADeaths, angle = 15+10*1:5, density = 20, col = "black",
++         legend.text = rownames(VADeaths))
+> title(main = list("Death Rates in Virginia", font = 4))
+> 
+> # Border color
+> barplot(VADeaths, border = "dark blue") 
+> 
+> # Log scales (not much sense here)
+> barplot(tN, col = heat.colors(12), log = "y")
+> barplot(tN, col = gray.colors(20), log = "xy")
+> 
+> # Legend location
+> barplot(height = cbind(x = c(465, 91) / 465 * 100,
++                        y = c(840, 200) / 840 * 100,
++                        z = c(37, 17) / 37 * 100),
++         beside = FALSE,
++         width = c(465, 840, 37),
++         col = c(1, 2),
++         legend.text = c("A", "B"),
++         args.legend = list(x = "topleft"))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("box")
+> ### * box
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: box
+> ### Title: Draw a Box around a Plot
+> ### Aliases: box
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(1:7, abs(stats::rnorm(7)), type = "h", axes = FALSE)
+> axis(1, at = 1:7, labels = letters[1:7])
+> box(lty = '1373', col = 'red')
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("boxplot")
+> ### * boxplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: boxplot
+> ### Title: Box Plots
+> ### Aliases: boxplot boxplot.default boxplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## boxplot on a formula:
+> boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays, col = "lightgray")
+> # *add* notches (somewhat funny here <--> warning "notches .. outside hinges"):
+> boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
++         notch = TRUE, add = TRUE, col = "blue")
+Warning in (function (z, notch = FALSE, width = NULL, varwidth = FALSE,  :
+  some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
+> 
+> boxplot(decrease ~ treatment, data = OrchardSprays, col = "bisque",
++         log = "y")
+> ## horizontal=TRUE, switching  y <--> x :
+> boxplot(decrease ~ treatment, data = OrchardSprays, col = "bisque",
++         log = "x", horizontal=TRUE)
+> 
+> rb <- boxplot(decrease ~ treatment, data = OrchardSprays, col = "bisque")
+> title("Comparing boxplot()s and non-robust mean +/- SD")
+> mn.t <- tapply(OrchardSprays$decrease, OrchardSprays$treatment, mean)
+> sd.t <- tapply(OrchardSprays$decrease, OrchardSprays$treatment, sd)
+> xi <- 0.3 + seq(rb$n)
+> points(xi, mn.t, col = "orange", pch = 18)
+> arrows(xi, mn.t - sd.t, xi, mn.t + sd.t,
++        code = 3, col = "pink", angle = 75, length = .1)
+> 
+> ## boxplot on a matrix:
+> mat <- cbind(Uni05 = (1:100)/21, Norm = rnorm(100),
++              `5T` = rt(100, df = 5), Gam2 = rgamma(100, shape = 2))
+> boxplot(mat) # directly, calling boxplot.matrix()
+> 
+> ## boxplot on a data frame:
+> df. <- as.data.frame(mat)
+> par(las = 1) # all axis labels horizontal
+> boxplot(df., main = "boxplot(*, horizontal = TRUE)", horizontal = TRUE)
+> 
+> ## Using 'at = ' and adding boxplots -- example idea by Roger Bivand :
+> boxplot(len ~ dose, data = ToothGrowth,
++         boxwex = 0.25, at = 1:3 - 0.2,
++         subset = supp == "VC", col = "yellow",
++         main = "Guinea Pigs' Tooth Growth",
++         xlab = "Vitamin C dose mg",
++         ylab = "tooth length",
++         xlim = c(0.5, 3.5), ylim = c(0, 35), yaxs = "i")
+> boxplot(len ~ dose, data = ToothGrowth, add = TRUE,
++         boxwex = 0.25, at = 1:3 + 0.2,
++         subset = supp == "OJ", col = "orange")
+> legend(2, 9, c("Ascorbic acid", "Orange juice"),
++        fill = c("yellow", "orange"))
+> 
+> ## With less effort (slightly different) using factor *interaction*:
+> boxplot(len ~ dose:supp, data = ToothGrowth,
++         boxwex = 0.5, col = c("orange", "yellow"),
++         main = "Guinea Pigs' Tooth Growth",
++         xlab = "Vitamin C dose mg", ylab = "tooth length",
++         sep = ":", lex.order = TRUE, ylim = c(0, 35), yaxs = "i")
+> 
+> ## more examples in  help(bxp)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("boxplot.matrix")
+> ### * boxplot.matrix
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: boxplot.matrix
+> ### Title: Draw a Boxplot for each Column (Row) of a Matrix
+> ### Aliases: boxplot.matrix
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Very similar to the example in ?boxplot
+> mat <- cbind(Uni05 = (1:100)/21, Norm = rnorm(100),
++              T5 = rt(100, df = 5), Gam2 = rgamma(100, shape = 2))
+> boxplot(mat, main = "boxplot.matrix(...., main = ...)",
++         notch = TRUE, col = 1:4)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("bxp")
+> ### * bxp
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: bxp
+> ### Title: Draw Box Plots from Summaries
+> ### Aliases: bxp
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats)
+> set.seed(753)
+> (bx.p <- boxplot(split(rt(100, 4), gl(5, 20))))
+$stats
+            [,1]        [,2]        [,3]        [,4]        [,5]
+[1,] -1.66391873 -2.02625162 -2.12785004 -2.76510496 -1.70034047
+[2,] -0.55308292 -0.65897584 -0.86705616 -1.63431484 -0.81848966
+[3,] -0.06763313  0.04887846  0.09674026 -0.06712275 -0.01150075
+[4,]  0.68813940  0.91705734  1.05562526  0.56746581  0.49017934
+[5,]  1.14222667  3.16270157  2.07574986  2.09523462  1.87734641
+
+$n
+[1] 20 20 20 20 20
+
+$conf
+           [,1]       [,2]       [,3]       [,4]       [,5]
+[1,] -0.5061554 -0.5079321 -0.5825407 -0.8450091 -0.4738519
+[2,]  0.3708891  0.6056890  0.7760212  0.7107636  0.4508504
+
+$out
+[1]  4.115274  3.224584  3.920438  4.168341 -4.357819  2.498006
+
+$group
+[1] 1 1 1 4 5 5
+
+$names
+[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"
+
+> op <- par(mfrow =  c(2, 2))
+> bxp(bx.p, xaxt = "n")
+> bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, axes = FALSE, pch = 4, boxfill = 1:5)
+Warning in bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, axes = FALSE, pch = 4, boxfill = 1:5) :
+  some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
+> bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, boxfill = "lightblue", frame.plot = FALSE,
++     outline = FALSE, main = "bxp(*, frame.plot= FALSE, outline= FALSE)")
+Warning in bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, boxfill = "lightblue", frame.plot = FALSE,  :
+  some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
+> bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, boxfill = "lightblue", border = 2:6,
++     ylim = c(-4,4), pch = 22, bg = "green", log = "x",
++     main = "... log = 'x', ylim = *")
+Warning in bxp(bx.p, notch = TRUE, boxfill = "lightblue", border = 2:6,  :
+  some notches went outside hinges ('box'): maybe set notch=FALSE
+> par(op)
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(1, 2))
+> 
+> ## single group -- no label
+> boxplot (weight ~ group, data = PlantGrowth, subset = group == "ctrl")
+> ## with label
+> bx <- boxplot(weight ~ group, data = PlantGrowth,
++               subset = group == "ctrl", plot = FALSE)
+> bxp(bx, show.names=TRUE)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## passing gap.axis=* to axis(), PR#18109:
+> boxplot(matrix(100*rnorm(1e3), 50, 20),
++         cex.axis = 1.5, gap.axis = -1)# showing *all* labels
+> 
+> z <- split(rnorm(1000), rpois(1000, 2.2))
+> boxplot(z, whisklty = 3, main = "boxplot(z, whisklty = 3)")
+> 
+> ## Colour support similar to plot.default:
+> op <- par(mfrow = 1:2, bg = "light gray", fg = "midnight blue")
+> boxplot(z,   col.axis = "skyblue3", main = "boxplot(*, col.axis=..,main=..)")
+> plot(z[[1]], col.axis = "skyblue3", main =    "plot(*, col.axis=..,main=..)")
+> mtext("par(bg=\"light gray\", fg=\"midnight blue\")",
++       outer = TRUE, line = -1.2)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## Mimic S-Plus:
+> splus <- list(boxwex = 0.4, staplewex = 1, outwex = 1, boxfill = "grey40",
++               medlwd = 3, medcol = "white", whisklty = 3, outlty = 1, outpch = NA)
+> boxplot(z, pars = splus)
+> ## Recycled and "sweeping" parameters
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(1,2))
+>  boxplot(z, border = 1:5, lty = 3, medlty = 1, medlwd = 2.5)
+>  boxplot(z, boxfill = 1:3, pch = 1:5, lwd = 1.5, medcol = "white")
+> par(op)
+> ## too many possibilities
+> boxplot(z, boxfill = "light gray", outpch = 21:25, outlty = 2,
++         bg = "pink", lwd = 2,
++         medcol = "dark blue", medcex = 2, medpch = 20)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("cdplot")
+> ### * cdplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: cdplot
+> ### Title: Conditional Density Plots
+> ### Aliases: cdplot cdplot.default cdplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## NASA space shuttle o-ring failures
+> fail <- factor(c(2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1,
++                  1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
++                levels = 1:2, labels = c("no", "yes"))
+> temperature <- c(53, 57, 58, 63, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70,
++                  70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78, 79, 81)
+> 
+> ## CD plot
+> cdplot(fail ~ temperature)
+> cdplot(fail ~ temperature, bw = 2)
+> cdplot(fail ~ temperature, bw = "SJ")
+> 
+> ## compare with spinogram
+> (spineplot(fail ~ temperature, breaks = 3))
+           fail
+temperature no yes
+    [50,60]  0   3
+    (60,70]  8   3
+    (70,80]  7   1
+    (80,90]  1   0
+> 
+> ## highlighting for failures
+> cdplot(fail ~ temperature, ylevels = 2:1)
+> 
+> ## scatter plot with conditional density
+> cdens <- cdplot(fail ~ temperature, plot = FALSE)
+> plot(I(as.numeric(fail) - 1) ~ jitter(temperature, factor = 2),
++      xlab = "Temperature", ylab = "Conditional failure probability")
+> lines(53:81, 1 - cdens[[1]](53:81), col = 2)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("clip")
+> ### * clip
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: clip
+> ### Title: Set Clipping Region
+> ### Aliases: clip
+> ### Keywords: dplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> x <- rnorm(1000)
+> hist(x, xlim = c(-4,4))
+> usr <- par("usr")
+> clip(usr[1], -2, usr[3], usr[4])
+> hist(x, col = 'red', add = TRUE)
+> clip(2, usr[2], usr[3], usr[4])
+> hist(x, col = 'blue', add = TRUE)
+> do.call("clip", as.list(usr))  # reset to plot region
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("contour")
+> ### * contour
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: contour
+> ### Title: Display Contours
+> ### Aliases: contour contour.default
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices) # for colours
+> x <- -6:16
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
+> contour(outer(x, x), method = "edge", vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
+> z <- outer(x, sqrt(abs(x)), FUN = `/`)
+> image(x, x, z)
+> contour(x, x, z, col = "pink", add = TRUE, method = "edge",
++         vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
+> contour(x, x, z, ylim = c(1, 6), method = "simple", labcex = 1,
++         xlab = quote(x[1]), ylab = quote(x[2]))
+> contour(x, x, z, ylim = c(-6, 6), nlevels = 20, lty = 2, method = "simple",
++         main = "20 levels; \"simple\" labelling method")
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## Passing multiple colours / lty / lwd :
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(1, 2))
+> z <- outer(-9:25, -9:25)
+> ## Using default levels <- pretty(range(z, finite = TRUE), 10),
+> ##  the first and last of which typically are *not* drawn:
+> (levs <- pretty(z, n=10)) # -300 -200 ... 600 700
+ [1] -300 -200 -100    0  100  200  300  400  500  600  700
+> contour(z, col = 1:4)
+> ## Set levels explicitly; show that 'lwd' and 'lty' are recycled as well:
+> contour(z, levels=levs[-c(1,length(levs))], col = 1:5, lwd = 1:3 *1.5, lty = 1:3)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## Persian Rug Art:
+> x <- y <- seq(-4*pi, 4*pi, length.out = 27)
+> r <- sqrt(outer(x^2, y^2, `+`))
+> opar <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = rep(0, 4))
+> for(f in pi^(0:3))
++   contour(cos(r^2)*exp(-r/f),
++           drawlabels = FALSE, axes = FALSE, frame.plot = TRUE)
+> 
+> rx <- range(x <- 10*1:nrow(volcano))
+> ry <- range(y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano))
+> ry <- ry + c(-1, 1) * (diff(rx) - diff(ry))/2
+> tcol <- terrain.colors(12)
+> par(opar); opar <- par(pty = "s", bg = "lightcyan")
+> plot(x = 0, y = 0, type = "n", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> u <- par("usr")
+> rect(u[1], u[3], u[2], u[4], col = tcol[8], border = "red")
+> contour(x, y, volcano, col = tcol[2], lty = "solid", add = TRUE,
++         vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
+> title("A Topographic Map of Maunga Whau", font = 4)
+> abline(h = 200*0:4, v = 200*0:4, col = "lightgray", lty = 2, lwd = 0.1)
+> 
+> ## contourLines produces the same contour lines as contour
+> plot(x = 0, y = 0, type = "n", xlim = rx, ylim = ry, xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> u <- par("usr")
+> rect(u[1], u[3], u[2], u[4], col = tcol[8], border = "red")
+> contour(x, y, volcano, col = tcol[1], lty = "solid", add = TRUE,
++         vfont = c("sans serif", "plain"))
+> line.list <- contourLines(x, y, volcano)
+> invisible(lapply(line.list, lines, lwd=3, col=adjustcolor(2, .3)))
+> par(opar)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("convertXY")
+> ### * convertXY
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: convertXY
+> ### Title: Convert between Graphics Coordinate Systems
+> ### Aliases: grconvertX grconvertY
+> ### Keywords: dplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> op <- par(omd=c(0.1, 0.9, 0.1, 0.9), mfrow = c(1, 2))
+> plot(1:4)
+> for(tp in c("in", "dev", "ndc", "nfc", "npc", "nic", "lines", "chars"))
++     print(grconvertX(c(1.0, 4.0), "user", tp))
+[1] 1.577778 3.022222
+[1] 113.6 217.6
+[1] 0.2253968 0.4317460
+[1] 0.3134921 0.8293651
+[1] 0.03703704 0.96296296
+[1] 0.1567460 0.4146825
+[1]  7.888889 15.111111
+[1]  7.888889 15.111111
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("coplot")
+> ### * coplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: coplot
+> ### Title: Conditioning Plots
+> ### Aliases: coplot co.intervals
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Tonga Trench Earthquakes
+> coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes)
+> given.depth <- co.intervals(quakes$depth, number = 4, overlap = .1)
+> coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes, given.values = given.depth, rows = 1)
+> 
+> ## Conditioning on 2 variables:
+> ll.dm <- lat ~ long | depth * mag
+> coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes)
+> coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes, number = c(4, 7), show.given = c(TRUE, FALSE))
+> coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes, number = c(3, 7),
++        overlap = c(-.5, .1)) # negative overlap DROPS values
+> 
+> ## given two factors
+> Index <- seq_len(nrow(warpbreaks)) # to get nicer default labels
+> coplot(breaks ~ Index | wool * tension, data = warpbreaks,
++        show.given = 0:1)
+> coplot(breaks ~ Index | wool * tension, data = warpbreaks,
++        col = "red", bg = "pink", pch = 21,
++        bar.bg = c(fac = "light blue"))
+> 
+> ## Example with empty panels:
+> with(data.frame(state.x77), {
++ coplot(Life.Exp ~ Income | Illiteracy * state.region, number = 3,
++        panel = function(x, y, ...) panel.smooth(x, y, span = .8, ...))
++ ## y ~ factor -- not really sensible, but 'show off':
++ coplot(Life.Exp ~ state.region | Income * state.division,
++        panel = panel.smooth)
++ })
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("curve")
+> ### * curve
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: curve
+> ### Title: Draw Function Plots
+> ### Aliases: curve plot.function
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(qnorm) # default range c(0, 1) is appropriate here,
+>             # but end values are -/+Inf and so are omitted.
+> plot(qlogis, main = "The Inverse Logit : qlogis()")
+> abline(h = 0, v = 0:2/2, lty = 3, col = "gray")
+> 
+> curve(sin, -2*pi, 2*pi, xname = "t")
+> curve(tan, xname = "t", add = NA,
++       main = "curve(tan)  --> same x-scale as previous plot")
+> 
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
+> curve(x^3 - 3*x, -2, 2)
+> curve(x^2 - 2, add = TRUE, col = "violet")
+> 
+> ## simple and advanced versions, quite similar:
+> plot(cos, -pi,  3*pi)
+> curve(cos, xlim = c(-pi, 3*pi), n = 1001, col = "blue", add = TRUE)
+> 
+> chippy <- function(x) sin(cos(x)*exp(-x/2))
+> curve(chippy, -8, 7, n = 2001)
+> plot (chippy, -8, -5)
+> 
+> for(ll in c("", "x", "y", "xy"))
++    curve(log(1+x), 1, 100, log = ll, sub = paste0("log = '", ll, "'"))
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("dotchart")
+> ### * dotchart
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: dotchart
+> ### Title: Cleveland's Dot Plots
+> ### Aliases: dotchart
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> dotchart(VADeaths, main = "Death Rates in Virginia - 1940")
+> 
+> op <- par(xaxs = "i")  # 0 -- 100%
+> dotchart(t(VADeaths), xlim = c(0,100), bg = "skyblue",
++          main = "Death Rates in Virginia - 1940", xlab = "rate [ % ]",
++          ylab = "Grouping:  Age  x   Urbanity . Gender")
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("filled.contour")
+> ### * filled.contour
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: filled.contour
+> ### Title: Level (Contour) Plots
+> ### Aliases: filled.contour .filled.contour
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require("grDevices") # for colours
+> filled.contour(volcano, asp = 1) # simple
+> 
+> x <- 10*1:nrow(volcano)
+> y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano)
+> filled.contour(x, y, volcano,
++     color.palette = function(n) hcl.colors(n, "terrain"),
++     plot.title = title(main = "The Topography of Maunga Whau",
++     xlab = "Meters North", ylab = "Meters West"),
++     plot.axes = { axis(1, seq(100, 800, by = 100))
++                   axis(2, seq(100, 600, by = 100)) },
++     key.title = title(main = "Height\n(meters)"),
++     key.axes = axis(4, seq(90, 190, by = 10)))  # maybe also asp = 1
+> mtext(paste("filled.contour(.) from", R.version.string),
++       side = 1, line = 4, adj = 1, cex = .66)
+> 
+> # Annotating a filled contour plot
+> a <- expand.grid(1:20, 1:20)
+> b <- matrix(a[,1] + a[,2], 20)
+> filled.contour(x = 1:20, y = 1:20, z = b,
++                plot.axes = { axis(1); axis(2); points(10, 10) })
+> 
+> ## Persian Rug Art:
+> x <- y <- seq(-4*pi, 4*pi, length.out = 27)
+> r <- sqrt(outer(x^2, y^2, `+`))
+> filled.contour(cos(r^2)*exp(-r/(2*pi)), axes = FALSE)
+> ## rather, the key *should* be labeled:
+> filled.contour(cos(r^2)*exp(-r/(2*pi)), frame.plot = FALSE,
++                plot.axes = {})
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("fourfoldplot")
+> ### * fourfoldplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: fourfoldplot
+> ### Title: Fourfold Plots
+> ### Aliases: fourfoldplot
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Use the Berkeley admission data as in Friendly (1995).
+> x <- aperm(UCBAdmissions, c(2, 1, 3))
+> dimnames(x)[[2]] <- c("Yes", "No")
+> names(dimnames(x)) <- c("Sex", "Admit?", "Department")
+> stats::ftable(x)
+              Department   A   B   C   D   E   F
+Sex    Admit?                                   
+Male   Yes               512 353 120 138  53  22
+       No                313 207 205 279 138 351
+Female Yes                89  17 202 131  94  24
+       No                 19   8 391 244 299 317
+> 
+> ## Fourfold display of data aggregated over departments, with
+> ## frequencies standardized to equate the margins for admission
+> ## and sex.
+> ## Figure 1 in Friendly (1994).
+> fourfoldplot(marginSums(x, c(1, 2)))
+> 
+> ## Fourfold display of x, with frequencies in each table
+> ## standardized to equate the margins for admission and sex.
+> ## Figure 2 in Friendly (1994).
+> fourfoldplot(x)
+> 
+> ## Fourfold display of x, with frequencies in each table
+> ## standardized to equate the margins for admission. but not
+> ## for sex.
+> ## Figure 3 in Friendly (1994).
+> fourfoldplot(x, margin = 2)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("grid")
+> ### * grid
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: grid
+> ### Title: Add Grid to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: grid
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(1:3)
+> grid(NA, 5, lwd = 2) # grid only in y-direction
+> 
+> ## maybe change the desired number of tick marks:  par(lab = c(mx, my, 7))
+> op <- par(mfcol = 1:2)
+> with(iris,
++      {
++      plot(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = as.integer(Species),
++           xlim = c(4, 8), ylim = c(2, 4.5), panel.first = grid(),
++           main = "with(iris,  plot(...., panel.first = grid(), ..) )")
++      plot(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = as.integer(Species),
++           panel.first = grid(3, lty = 1, lwd = 2),
++           main = "... panel.first = grid(3, lty = 1, lwd = 2), ..")
++      }
++     )
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("hist.POSIXt")
+> ### * hist.POSIXt
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: hist.POSIXt
+> ### Title: Histogram of a Date or Date-Time Object
+> ### Aliases: hist.POSIXt hist.Date
+> ### Keywords: chron dplot hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> hist(.leap.seconds, "years", freq = TRUE)
+> brks <- seq(ISOdate(1970, 1, 1), ISOdate(2030, 1, 1), "5 years")
+> hist(.leap.seconds, brks)
+> rug(.leap.seconds, lwd=2)
+> ## show that  'include.lowest' "works"
+> stopifnot(identical(c(2L, rep(1L,11)),
++    hist(brks, brks, plot=FALSE, include.lowest=TRUE )$counts))
+> tools::assertError(verbose=TRUE, ##--> 'breaks' do not span range of 'x'
++    hist(brks, brks, plot=FALSE, include.lowest=FALSE))
+Asserted error: some 'x' not counted; maybe 'breaks' do not span range of 'x'
+> ## The default fuzz in hist.default()  "kills" this, with a "wrong" message:
+> try ( hist(brks[-13] + 1, brks, include.lowest = FALSE) )
+Error in hist.default(unclass(x), unclass(breaks), plot = FALSE, warn.unused = FALSE,  : 
+  some 'x' not counted; maybe 'breaks' do not span range of 'x'
+> ## and decreasing 'fuzz' solves the issue:
+> hb <- hist(brks[-13] + 1, brks, include.lowest = FALSE, fuzz = 1e-10)
+> stopifnot(hb$counts == 1)
+> 
+> ## 100 random dates in a 10-week period
+> random.dates <- as.Date("2001/1/1") + 70*stats::runif(100)
+> hist(random.dates, "weeks", format = "%d %b")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("hist")
+> ### * hist
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: hist
+> ### Title: Histograms
+> ### Aliases: hist hist.default
+> ### Keywords: dplot hplot distribution
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
+> hist(islands)
+> utils::str(hist(islands, col = "gray", labels = TRUE))
+List of 6
+ $ breaks  : num [1:10] 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
+ $ counts  : int [1:9] 41 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
+ $ density : num [1:9] 4.27e-04 2.08e-05 1.04e-05 1.04e-05 1.04e-05 ...
+ $ mids    : num [1:9] 1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
+ $ xname   : chr "islands"
+ $ equidist: logi TRUE
+ - attr(*, "class")= chr "histogram"
+> 
+> hist(sqrt(islands), breaks = 12, col = "lightblue", border = "pink")
+> ##-- For non-equidistant breaks, counts should NOT be graphed unscaled:
+> r <- hist(sqrt(islands), breaks = c(4*0:5, 10*3:5, 70, 100, 140),
++           col = "blue1")
+> text(r$mids, r$density, r$counts, adj = c(.5, -.5), col = "blue3")
+> sapply(r[2:3], sum)
+   counts   density 
+48.000000  0.215625 
+> sum(r$density * diff(r$breaks)) # == 1
+[1] 1
+> lines(r, lty = 3, border = "purple") # -> lines.histogram(*)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> require(utils) # for str
+> str(hist(islands, breaks = 12, plot =  FALSE)) #-> 10 (~= 12) breaks
+List of 6
+ $ breaks  : num [1:10] 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
+ $ counts  : int [1:9] 41 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
+ $ density : num [1:9] 4.27e-04 2.08e-05 1.04e-05 1.04e-05 1.04e-05 ...
+ $ mids    : num [1:9] 1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 17000
+ $ xname   : chr "islands"
+ $ equidist: logi TRUE
+ - attr(*, "class")= chr "histogram"
+> str(hist(islands, breaks = c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), plot = FALSE))
+List of 6
+ $ breaks  : num [1:7] 12 20 36 80 200 1000 17000
+ $ counts  : int [1:6] 12 11 8 6 4 7
+ $ density : num [1:6] 0.03125 0.014323 0.003788 0.001042 0.000104 ...
+ $ mids    : num [1:6] 16 28 58 140 600 9000
+ $ xname   : chr "islands"
+ $ equidist: logi FALSE
+ - attr(*, "class")= chr "histogram"
+> 
+> hist(islands, breaks = c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), freq = TRUE,
++      main = "WRONG histogram") # and warning
+Warning in plot.histogram(r, freq = freq1, col = col, border = border, angle = angle,  :
+  the AREAS in the plot are wrong -- rather use 'freq = FALSE'
+> ## R >= 4.2.0: no "*.5" labels on y-axis:
+> hist(c(2,3,3,5,5,6,6,6,7))
+> 
+> require(stats)
+> set.seed(14)
+> x <- rchisq(100, df = 4)
+> 
+> ## Histogram with custom x-axis:
+> hist(x, xaxt = "n")
+> axis(1, at = 0:17)
+> 
+> ## Don't show: 
+> op <- par(mfrow = 2:1, mgp = c(1.5, 0.6, 0), mar = .1 + c(3,3:1))
+> ## End(Don't show)
+> ## Comparing data with a model distribution should be done with qqplot()!
+> qqplot(x, qchisq(ppoints(x), df = 4)); abline(0, 1, col = 2, lty = 2)
+> 
+> ## if you really insist on using hist() ... :
+> hist(x, freq = FALSE, ylim = c(0, 0.2))
+> curve(dchisq(x, df = 4), col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2, add = TRUE)
+> ## Don't show: 
+> par(op)
+> ## End(Don't show)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("identify")
+> ### * identify
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: identify
+> ### Title: Identify Points in a Scatter Plot
+> ### Aliases: identify identify.default
+> ### Keywords: iplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## A function to use identify to select points, and overplot the
+> ## points with another symbol as they are selected
+> identifyPch <- function(x, y = NULL, n = length(x), plot = FALSE, pch = 19, ...)
++ {
++     xy <- xy.coords(x, y); x <- xy$x; y <- xy$y
++     sel <- rep(FALSE, length(x))
++     while(sum(sel) < n) {
++         ans <- identify(x[!sel], y[!sel], labels = which(!sel), n = 1, plot = plot, ...)
++         if(!length(ans)) break
++         ans <- which(!sel)[ans]
++         points(x[ans], y[ans], pch = pch)
++         sel[ans] <- TRUE
++     }
++     ## return indices of selected points
++     which(sel)
++ }
+> 
+> if(dev.interactive()) { ## use it
++   x <- rnorm(50); y <- rnorm(50)
++   plot(x,y); identifyPch(x,y) # how fast to get all?
++ }
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("image")
+> ### * image
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: image
+> ### Title: Display a Color Image
+> ### Aliases: image image.default
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require("grDevices") # for colours
+> x <- y <- seq(-4*pi, 4*pi, length.out = 27)
+> r <- sqrt(outer(x^2, y^2, `+`))
+> image(z = z <- cos(r^2)*exp(-r/6), col = gray.colors(33))
+> image(z, axes = FALSE, main = "Math can be beautiful ...",
++       xlab = expression(cos(r^2) * e^{-r/6}))
+> contour(z, add = TRUE, drawlabels = FALSE)
+> 
+> # Visualize as matrix.  Need to transpose matrix and then flip it horizontally:
+> tf <- function(m) t(m)[, nrow(m):1]
+> imageM <- function(m, grid = max(dim(m)) <= 25, asp = (nrow(m)-1)/(ncol(m)-1), ...) {
++     image(tf(m), asp=asp, axes = FALSE, ...)
++     mAxis <- function(side, at, ...) # using 'j'
++         axis(side, at=at, labels=as.character(j+1L), col="gray", col.axis=1, ...)
++     n <- ncol(m); n1 <- n-1L; j <- 0L:n1; mAxis(1, at= j/n1)
++     if(grid) abline(v = (0:n - .5)/n1, col="gray77", lty="dotted")
++     n <- nrow(m); n1 <- n-1L; j <- 0L:n1; mAxis(2, at=1-j/n1, las=1)
++     if(grid) abline(h = (0:n - .5)/n1, col="gray77", lty="dotted")
++ }
+> (m <- outer(1:5, 1:14))
+     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14]
+[1,]    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10    11    12    13    14
+[2,]    2    4    6    8   10   12   14   16   18    20    22    24    26    28
+[3,]    3    6    9   12   15   18   21   24   27    30    33    36    39    42
+[4,]    4    8   12   16   20   24   28   32   36    40    44    48    52    56
+[5,]    5   10   15   20   25   30   35   40   45    50    55    60    65    70
+> imageM(m, main = "image(<5 x 14 matrix>)   with rows and columns")
+> imageM(volcano)
+> 
+> # A prettier display of the volcano
+> x <- 10*(1:nrow(volcano))
+> y <- 10*(1:ncol(volcano))
+> image(x, y, volcano, col = hcl.colors(100, "terrain"), axes = FALSE)
+> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = seq(90, 200, by = 5),
++         add = TRUE, col = "brown")
+> axis(1, at = seq(100, 800, by = 100))
+> axis(2, at = seq(100, 600, by = 100))
+> box()
+> title(main = "Maunga Whau Volcano", font.main = 4)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("layout")
+> ### * layout
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: layout
+> ### Title: Specifying Complex Plot Arrangements
+> ### Aliases: layout layout.show lcm
+> ### Keywords: iplot dplot environment
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> def.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # save default, for resetting...
+> 
+> ## divide the device into two rows and two columns
+> ## allocate figure 1 all of row 1
+> ## allocate figure 2 the intersection of column 2 and row 2
+> layout(matrix(c(1,1,0,2), 2, 2, byrow = TRUE))
+> ## show the regions that have been allocated to each plot
+> layout.show(2)
+> 
+> ## divide device into two rows and two columns
+> ## allocate figure 1 and figure 2 as above
+> ## respect relations between widths and heights
+> nf <- layout(matrix(c(1,1,0,2), 2, 2, byrow = TRUE), respect = TRUE)
+> layout.show(nf)
+> 
+> ## create single figure which is 5cm square
+> nf <- layout(matrix(1), widths = lcm(5), heights = lcm(5))
+> layout.show(nf)
+> 
+> 
+> ##-- Create a scatterplot with marginal histograms -----
+> 
+> x <- pmin(3, pmax(-3, stats::rnorm(50)))
+> y <- pmin(3, pmax(-3, stats::rnorm(50)))
+> xhist <- hist(x, breaks = seq(-3,3,0.5), plot = FALSE)
+> yhist <- hist(y, breaks = seq(-3,3,0.5), plot = FALSE)
+> top <- max(c(xhist$counts, yhist$counts))
+> xrange <- c(-3, 3)
+> yrange <- c(-3, 3)
+> nf <- layout(matrix(c(2,0,1,3),2,2,byrow = TRUE), c(3,1), c(1,3), TRUE)
+> layout.show(nf)
+> 
+> par(mar = c(3,3,1,1))
+> plot(x, y, xlim = xrange, ylim = yrange, xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> par(mar = c(0,3,1,1))
+> barplot(xhist$counts, axes = FALSE, ylim = c(0, top), space = 0)
+> par(mar = c(3,0,1,1))
+> barplot(yhist$counts, axes = FALSE, xlim = c(0, top), space = 0, horiz = TRUE)
+> 
+> par(def.par)  #- reset to default
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("legend")
+> ### * legend
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: legend
+> ### Title: Add Legends to Plots
+> ### Aliases: legend
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## Run the example in '?matplot' or the following:
+> leg.txt <- c("Setosa     Petals", "Setosa     Sepals",
++              "Versicolor Petals", "Versicolor Sepals")
+> y.leg <- c(4.5, 3, 2.1, 1.4, .7)
+> cexv  <- c(1.2, 1, 4/5, 2/3, 1/2)
+> matplot(c(1, 8), c(0, 4.5), type = "n", xlab = "Length", ylab = "Width",
++         main = "Petal and Sepal Dimensions in Iris Blossoms")
+> for (i in seq(cexv)) {
++   text  (1, y.leg[i] - 0.1, paste("cex=", formatC(cexv[i])), cex = 0.8, adj = 0)
++   legend(3, y.leg[i], leg.txt, pch = "sSvV", col = c(1, 3), cex = cexv[i])
++ }
+> ## cex *vector* [in R <= 3.5.1 has 'if(xc < 0)' w/ length(xc) == 2]
+> legend("right", leg.txt, pch = "sSvV", col = c(1, 3),
++        cex = 1+(-1:2)/8, trace = TRUE)# trace: show computed lengths & coords
+  xchar= 0.1723,0.1969,0.2215,0.2461 ; (yextra, ychar)= 0,0,0,0, 0.2355,0.2355,0.2355,0.2355 
+  rect2(5.559,2.839, w=2.721, h=1.177, ...)
+  points2( 5.732 5.756 5.781 5.805 , 2.603 2.368 2.132 1.897 , pch= s S v V , ...) 
+> 
+> ## 'merge = TRUE' for merging lines & points:
+> x <- seq(-pi, pi, length.out = 65)
+> for(reverse in c(FALSE, TRUE)) {  ## normal *and* reverse axes:
++   F <- if(reverse) rev else identity
++   plot(x, sin(x), type = "l", col = 3, lty = 2,
++        xlim = F(range(x)), ylim = F(c(-1.2, 1.8)))
++   points(x, cos(x), pch = 3, col = 4)
++   lines(x, tan(x), type = "b", lty = 1, pch = 4, col = 6)
++   title("legend('top', lty = c(2, -1, 1), pch = c(NA, 3, 4), merge = TRUE)",
++         cex.main = 1.1)
++   legend("top", c("sin", "cos", "tan"), col = c(3, 4, 6),
++        text.col = "green4", lty = c(2, -1, 1), pch = c(NA, 3, 4),
++        merge = TRUE, bg = "gray90", trace=TRUE)
++   ## Don't show: 
++  if(!reverse && interactive()) {
++     cat("waiting .."); Sys.sleep(2); cat(" done\n") }
++   
++ ## End(Don't show)
++ } # for(..)
+  xchar= 0.1767,0.1767,0.1767 ; (yextra, ychar)= 0,0,0, 0.1256,0.1256,0.1256 
+  rect2(-0.4885,1.92, w=0.977, h=0.5023, ...)
+  segments2( -0.4355 -0.4355 , 1.794 1.543 , dx= 0.3534 0.3534 , dy=0, ...) 
+  points2( -0.2588 -0.2588 , 1.669 1.543 , pch= 3 4 , ...) 
+  xchar= -0.1767,-0.1767,-0.1767 ; (yextra, ychar)= -0,-0,-0, -0.1256,-0.1256,-0.1256 
+  rect2(0.4885,-1.32, w=-0.977, h=-0.5023, ...)
+  segments2( 0.4355 0.4355 , -1.194 -0.9433 , dx= -0.3534 -0.3534 , dy=0, ...) 
+  points2( 0.2588 0.2588 , -1.069 -0.9433 , pch= 3 4 , ...) 
+> 
+> ## right-justifying a set of labels: thanks to Uwe Ligges
+> x <- 1:5; y1 <- 1/x; y2 <- 2/x
+> plot(rep(x, 2), c(y1, y2), type = "n", xlab = "x", ylab = "y")
+> lines(x, y1); lines(x, y2, lty = 2)
+> temp <- legend("topright", legend = c(" ", " "),
++                text.width = strwidth("1,000,000"),
++                lty = 1:2, xjust = 1, yjust = 1, inset = 1/10,
++                title = "Line Types", title.cex = 0.5, trace=TRUE)
+  xchar= 0.1125,0.1125 ; (yextra, ychar)= 0,0, 0.07535,0.07535 
+  rect2(3.666,1.878, w=1.062, h=0.2637, ...)
+  segments2( 3.778 3.778 , 1.765 1.689 , dx= 0.225 0.225 , dy=0, ...) 
+> text(temp$rect$left + temp$rect$w, temp$text$y,
++      c("1,000", "1,000,000"), pos = 2)
+> 
+> 
+> ##--- log scaled Examples ------------------------------
+> leg.txt <- c("a one", "a two")
+> 
+> par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
+> for(ll in c("","x","y","xy")) {
++   plot(2:10, log = ll, main = paste0("log = '", ll, "'"))
++   abline(1, 1)
++   lines(2:3, 3:4, col = 2)
++   points(2, 2, col = 3)
++   rect(2, 3, 3, 2, col = 4)
++   text(c(3,3), 2:3, c("rect(2,3,3,2, col=4)",
++                       "text(c(3,3),2:3,\"c(rect(...)\")"), adj = c(0, 0.3))
++   legend(list(x = 2,y = 8), legend = leg.txt, col = 2:3, pch = 1:2,
++          lty = 1)  #, trace = TRUE)
++ } #      ^^^^^^^ to force lines -> automatic merge=TRUE
+> par(mfrow = c(1,1))
+> 
+> ##-- Math expressions:  ------------------------------
+> x <- seq(-pi, pi, length.out = 65)
+> plot(x, sin(x), type = "l", col = 2, xlab = expression(phi),
++      ylab = expression(f(phi)))
+> abline(h = -1:1, v = pi/2*(-6:6), col = "gray90")
+> lines(x, cos(x), col = 3, lty = 2)
+> ex.cs1 <- expression(plain(sin) * phi,  paste("cos", phi))  # 2 ways
+> utils::str(legend(-3, .9, ex.cs1, lty = 1:2, plot = FALSE,
++            adj = c(0, 0.6)))  # adj y !
+List of 2
+ $ rect:List of 4
+  ..$ w   : num 1.2
+  ..$ h   : num 0.251
+  ..$ left: num -3
+  ..$ top : num 0.9
+ $ text:List of 2
+  ..$ x: num [1:2] -2.29 -2.29
+  ..$ y: num [1:2] 0.816 0.733
+> legend(-3, 0.9, ex.cs1, lty = 1:2, col = 2:3,  adj = c(0, 0.6))
+> 
+> require(stats)
+> x <- rexp(100, rate = .5)
+> hist(x, main = "Mean and Median of a Skewed Distribution")
+> abline(v = mean(x),   col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2)
+> abline(v = median(x), col = 3, lty = 3, lwd = 2)
+> ex12 <- expression(bar(x) == sum(over(x[i], n), i == 1, n),
++                    hat(x) == median(x[i], i == 1, n))
+> utils::str(legend(4.1, 30, ex12, col = 2:3, lty = 2:3, lwd = 2))
+List of 2
+ $ rect:List of 4
+  ..$ w   : num 4.27
+  ..$ h   : num 6.78
+  ..$ left: num 4.1
+  ..$ top : num 30
+ $ text:List of 2
+  ..$ x: num [1:2] 5.22 5.22
+  ..$ y: num [1:2] 27.3 24.6
+> 
+> ## 'Filled' boxes -- see also example(barplot) which may call legend(*, fill=)
+> barplot(VADeaths)
+> legend("topright", rownames(VADeaths), fill = gray.colors(nrow(VADeaths)))
+> 
+> ## Using 'ncol'
+> x <- 0:64/64
+> for(R in c(identity, rev)) { # normal *and* reverse x-axis works fine:
++   xl <- R(range(x)); x1 <- xl[1]
++ matplot(x, outer(x, 1:7, function(x, k) sin(k * pi * x)), xlim=xl,
++         type = "o", col = 1:7, ylim = c(-1, 1.5), pch = "*")
++ op <- par(bg = "antiquewhite1")
++ legend(x1, 1.5, paste("sin(", 1:7, "pi * x)"), col = 1:7, lty = 1:7,
++        pch = "*", ncol = 4, cex = 0.8)
++ legend("bottomright", paste("sin(", 1:7, "pi * x)"), col = 1:7, lty = 1:7,
++        pch = "*", cex = 0.8)
++ legend(x1, -.1, paste("sin(", 1:4, "pi * x)"), col = 1:4, lty = 1:4,
++        ncol = 2, cex = 0.8)
++ legend(x1, -.4, paste("sin(", 5:7, "pi * x)"), col = 4:6,  pch = 24,
++        ncol = 2, cex = 1.5, lwd = 2, pt.bg = "pink", pt.cex = 1:3)
++ par(op)
++   ## Don't show: 
++  if(interactive() && identical(R, identity)) {
++      cat("waiting .."); Sys.sleep(2); cat(" done\n") }
++ ## End(Don't show)
++ } # for(..)
+> 
+> ## point covering line :
+> y <- sin(3*pi*x)
+> plot(x, y, type = "l", col = "blue",
++     main = "points with bg & legend(*, pt.bg)")
+> points(x, y, pch = 21, bg = "white")
+> legend(.4,1, "sin(c x)", pch = 21, pt.bg = "white", lty = 1, col = "blue")
+> 
+> ## legends with titles at different locations
+> plot(x, y, type = "n")
+> legend("bottomright", "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "bottomright")
+> legend("bottom",      "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "bottom")
+> legend("bottomleft",  "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "bottomleft")
+> legend("left",        "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "left")
+> legend("topleft",     "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "topleft, inset = .05", inset = .05)
+> legend("top",         "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "top")
+> legend("topright",    "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "topright, inset = .02",inset = .02)
+> legend("right",       "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "right")
+> legend("center",      "(x,y)", pch=1, title= "center")
+> 
+> # using text.font (and text.col):
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = rep(2.1, 4))
+> c6 <- terrain.colors(10)[1:6]
+> for(i in 1:4) {
++    plot(1, type = "n", axes = FALSE, ann = FALSE); title(paste("text.font =",i))
++    legend("top", legend = LETTERS[1:6], col = c6,
++           ncol = 2, cex = 2, lwd = 3, text.font = i, text.col = c6)
++ }
+> par(op)
+> 
+> # using text.width for several columns
+> plot(1, type="n")
+> legend("topleft", c("This legend", "has", "equally sized", "columns."),
++        pch = 1:4, ncol = 4)
+> legend("bottomleft", c("This legend", "has", "optimally sized", "columns."),
++        pch = 1:4, ncol = 4, text.width = NA)
+> legend("right", letters[1:4], pch = 1:4, ncol = 4,
++        text.width = 1:4 / 50)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("lines")
+> ### * lines
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: lines
+> ### Title: Add Connected Line Segments to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: lines lines.default
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> # draw a smooth line through a scatter plot
+> plot(cars, main = "Stopping Distance versus Speed")
+> lines(stats::lowess(cars))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("matplot")
+> ### * matplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: matplot
+> ### Title: Plot Columns of Matrices
+> ### Aliases: matplot matpoints matlines
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot array
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> matplot((-4:5)^2, main = "Quadratic") # almost identical to plot(*)
+> sines <- outer(1:20, 1:4, function(x, y) sin(x / 20 * pi * y))
+> matplot(sines, pch = 1:4, type = "o", col = rainbow(ncol(sines)))
+> matplot(sines, type = "b", pch = 21:23, col = 2:5, bg = 2:5,
++         main = "matplot(...., pch = 21:23, bg = 2:5)")
+> 
+> x <- 0:50/50
+> matplot(x, outer(x, 1:8, function(x, k) sin(k*pi * x)),
++         ylim = c(-2,2), type = "plobcsSh",
++         main= "matplot(,type = \"plobcsSh\" )")
+> ## pch & type =  vector of 1-chars :
+> matplot(x, outer(x, 1:4, function(x, k) sin(k*pi * x)),
++         pch = letters[1:4], type = c("b","p","o"))
+> 
+> lends <- c("round","butt","square")
+> matplot(matrix(1:12, 4), type="c", lty=1, lwd=10, lend=lends)
+> text(cbind(2.5, 2*c(1,3,5)-.4), lends, col= 1:3, cex = 1.5)
+> 
+> table(iris$Species) # is data.frame with 'Species' factor
+
+    setosa versicolor  virginica 
+        50         50         50 
+> iS <- iris$Species == "setosa"
+> iV <- iris$Species == "versicolor"
+> op <- par(bg = "bisque")
+> matplot(c(1, 8), c(0, 4.5), type =  "n", xlab = "Length", ylab = "Width",
++         main = "Petal and Sepal Dimensions in Iris Blossoms")
+> matpoints(iris[iS,c(1,3)], iris[iS,c(2,4)], pch = "sS", col = c(2,4))
+> matpoints(iris[iV,c(1,3)], iris[iV,c(2,4)], pch = "vV", col = c(2,4))
+> legend(1, 4, c("    Setosa Petals", "    Setosa Sepals",
++                "Versicolor Petals", "Versicolor Sepals"),
++        pch = "sSvV", col = rep(c(2,4), 2))
+> 
+> nam.var <- colnames(iris)[-5]
+> nam.spec <- as.character(iris[1+50*0:2, "Species"])
+> iris.S <- array(NA, dim = c(50,4,3),
++                 dimnames = list(NULL, nam.var, nam.spec))
+> for(i in 1:3) iris.S[,,i] <- data.matrix(iris[1:50+50*(i-1), -5])
+> 
+> matplot(iris.S[, "Petal.Length",], iris.S[, "Petal.Width",], pch = "SCV",
++         col = rainbow(3, start = 0.8, end = 0.1),
++         sub = paste(c("S", "C", "V"), dimnames(iris.S)[[3]],
++                     sep = "=", collapse= ",  "),
++         main = "Fisher's Iris Data")
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## 'x' a "Date" vector :
+> nd <- length(dv <- seq(as.Date("1959-02-21"), by = "weeks", length.out = 100))
+> mSC <- cbind(I=1, sin=sin(pi*(1:nd)/8), cos=cos(pi*(1:nd)/8))
+> matplot(dv, mSC, type = "b", main = "matplot(<Date>, y)")
+> 
+> ## 'x' a "POSIXct" date-time vector :
+> ct <- seq(c(ISOdate(2000,3,20)), by = "15 mins", length.out = 100)
+> matplot(ct, mSC, type = "b", main = "matplot(<POSIXct>, y)")
+> ## or the same with even more axis flexibility:
+> matplot(ct, mSC, type = "b", main = "matplot(<POSIXct>, y)", xaxt="n")
+> Axis(ct, side=1, at = ct[1+4*(0:24)])
+> 
+> ## Also works for data frame columns:
+> matplot(iris[1:50,1:4])
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("mosaicplot")
+> ### * mosaicplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: mosaicplot
+> ### Title: Mosaic Plots
+> ### Aliases: mosaicplot mosaicplot.default mosaicplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats)
+> mosaicplot(Titanic, main = "Survival on the Titanic", color = TRUE)
+> ## Formula interface for tabulated data:
+> mosaicplot(~ Sex + Age + Survived, data = Titanic, color = TRUE)
+> 
+> mosaicplot(HairEyeColor, shade = TRUE)
+> ## Independence model of hair and eye color and sex.  Indicates that
+> ## there are more blue eyed blonde females than expected in the case
+> ## of independence and too few brown eyed blonde females.
+> ## The corresponding model is:
+> fm <- loglin(HairEyeColor, list(1, 2, 3))
+2 iterations: deviation 5.684342e-14 
+> pchisq(fm$pearson, fm$df, lower.tail = FALSE)
+[1] 5.320872e-23
+> 
+> mosaicplot(HairEyeColor, shade = TRUE, margin = list(1:2, 3))
+> ## Model of joint independence of sex from hair and eye color.  Males
+> ## are underrepresented among people with brown hair and eyes, and are
+> ## overrepresented among people with brown hair and blue eyes.
+> ## The corresponding model is:
+> fm <- loglin(HairEyeColor, list(1:2, 3))
+2 iterations: deviation 5.684342e-14 
+> pchisq(fm$pearson, fm$df, lower.tail = FALSE)
+[1] 0.1891745
+> 
+> ## Formula interface for raw data: visualize cross-tabulation of numbers
+> ## of gears and carburettors in Motor Trend car data.
+> mosaicplot(~ gear + carb, data = mtcars, color = TRUE, las = 1)
+> # color recycling
+> mosaicplot(~ gear + carb, data = mtcars, color = 2:3, las = 1)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("mtext")
+> ### * mtext
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: mtext
+> ### Title: Write Text into the Margins of a Plot
+> ### Aliases: mtext
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(1:10, (-4:5)^2, main = "Parabola Points", xlab = "xlab")
+> mtext("10 of them")
+> for(s in 1:4)
++     mtext(paste("mtext(..., line= -1, {side, col, font} = ", s,
++           ", cex = ", (1+s)/2, ")"), line = -1,
++           side = s, col = s, font = s, cex = (1+s)/2)
+> mtext("mtext(..., line= -2)", line = -2)
+> mtext("mtext(..., line= -2, adj = 0)", line = -2, adj = 0)
+> ##--- log axis :
+> plot(1:10, exp(1:10), log = "y", main = "log =\"y\"", xlab = "xlab")
+> for(s in 1:4) mtext(paste("mtext(...,side=", s ,")"), side = s)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("pairs")
+> ### * pairs
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: pairs
+> ### Title: Scatterplot Matrices
+> ### Aliases: pairs pairs.default pairs.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> pairs(iris[1:4], main = "Anderson's Iris Data -- 3 species",
++       pch = 21, bg = c("red", "green3", "blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])
+> 
+> ## formula method, "graph" layout (row 1 at bottom):
+> pairs(~ Fertility + Education + Catholic, data = swiss, row1attop=FALSE,
++       subset = Education < 20, main = "Swiss data, Education < 20")
+> 
+> pairs(USJudgeRatings, gap=1/10) # (gap: not wasting plotting area)
+> ## show only lower triangle (and suppress labeling for whatever reason):
+> pairs(USJudgeRatings, text.panel = NULL, upper.panel = NULL)
+> 
+> ## put histograms on the diagonal
+> panel.hist <- function(x, ...)
++ {
++     usr <- par("usr")
++     par(usr = c(usr[1:2], 0, 1.5) )
++     h <- hist(x, plot = FALSE)
++     breaks <- h$breaks; nB <- length(breaks)
++     y <- h$counts; y <- y/max(y)
++     rect(breaks[-nB], 0, breaks[-1], y, col = "cyan", ...)
++ }
+> pairs(USJudgeRatings[1:5], panel = panel.smooth,
++       cex = 1.5, pch = 24, bg = "light blue", horOdd=TRUE,
++       diag.panel = panel.hist, cex.labels = 2, font.labels = 2)
+> 
+> ## put (absolute) correlations on the upper panels,
+> ## with size proportional to the correlations.
+> panel.cor <- function(x, y, digits = 2, prefix = "", cex.cor, ...)
++ {
++     par(usr = c(0, 1, 0, 1))
++     r <- abs(cor(x, y))
++     txt <- format(c(r, 0.123456789), digits = digits)[1]
++     txt <- paste0(prefix, txt)
++     if(missing(cex.cor)) cex.cor <- 0.8/strwidth(txt)
++     text(0.5, 0.5, txt, cex = cex.cor * r)
++ }
+> pairs(USJudgeRatings, lower.panel = panel.smooth, upper.panel = panel.cor,
++       gap=0, row1attop=FALSE)
+> 
+> pairs(iris[-5], log = "xy") # plot all variables on log scale
+> pairs(iris, log = 1:4, # log the first four
++       main = "Lengths and Widths in [log]", line.main=1.5, oma=c(2,2,3,2))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("panel.smooth")
+> ### * panel.smooth
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: panel.smooth
+> ### Title: Simple Panel Plot
+> ### Aliases: panel.smooth
+> ### Keywords: hplot dplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> pairs(swiss, panel = panel.smooth, pch = ".")  # emphasize the smooths
+> pairs(swiss, panel = panel.smooth, lwd = 2, cex = 1.5, col = 4)  # hmm...
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("par")
+> ### * par
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: par
+> ### Title: Set or Query Graphical Parameters
+> ### Aliases: par .Pars 'graphical parameter' 'graphical parameters'
+> ### Keywords: iplot dplot environment
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), # 2 x 2 pictures on one plot
++           pty = "s")       # square plotting region,
+>                            # independent of device size
+> 
+> ## At end of plotting, reset to previous settings:
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## Alternatively,
+> op <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # the whole list of settable par's.
+> ## do lots of plotting and par(.) calls, then reset:
+> par(op)
+> ## Note this is not in general good practice
+> 
+> par("ylog") # FALSE
+[1] FALSE
+> plot(1 : 12, log = "y")
+> par("ylog") # TRUE
+[1] TRUE
+> 
+> plot(1:2, xaxs = "i") # 'inner axis' w/o extra space
+> par(c("usr", "xaxp"))
+$usr
+[1] 1.00 2.00 0.96 2.04
+
+$xaxp
+[1] 1 2 5
+
+> 
+> ( nr.prof <-
++ c(prof.pilots = 16, lawyers = 11, farmers = 10, salesmen = 9, physicians = 9,
++   mechanics = 6, policemen = 6, managers = 6, engineers = 5, teachers = 4,
++   housewives = 3, students = 3, armed.forces = 1))
+ prof.pilots      lawyers      farmers     salesmen   physicians    mechanics 
+          16           11           10            9            9            6 
+   policemen     managers    engineers     teachers   housewives     students 
+           6            6            5            4            3            3 
+armed.forces 
+           1 
+> par(las = 3)
+> barplot(rbind(nr.prof)) # R 0.63.2: shows alignment problem
+> par(las = 0)  # reset to default
+> 
+> require(grDevices) # for gray
+> ## 'fg' use:
+> plot(1:12, type = "b", main = "'fg' : axes, ticks and box in gray",
++      fg = gray(0.7), bty = "7" , sub = R.version.string)
+> 
+> ex <- function() {
++    old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # all par settings which
++                                       # could be changed.
++    on.exit(par(old.par))
++    ## ...
++    ## ... do lots of par() settings and plots
++    ## ...
++    invisible() #-- now,  par(old.par)  will be executed
++ }
+> ex()
+> 
+> ## Line types
+> showLty <- function(ltys, xoff = 0, ...) {
++    stopifnot((n <- length(ltys)) >= 1)
++    op <- par(mar = rep(.5,4)); on.exit(par(op))
++    plot(0:1, 0:1, type = "n", axes = FALSE, ann = FALSE)
++    y <- (n:1)/(n+1)
++    clty <- as.character(ltys)
++    mytext <- function(x, y, txt)
++       text(x, y, txt, adj = c(0, -.3), cex = 0.8, ...)
++    abline(h = y, lty = ltys, ...); mytext(xoff, y, clty)
++    y <- y - 1/(3*(n+1))
++    abline(h = y, lty = ltys, lwd = 2, ...)
++    mytext(1/8+xoff, y, paste(clty," lwd = 2"))
++ }
+> showLty(c("solid", "dashed", "dotted", "dotdash", "longdash", "twodash"))
+> par(new = TRUE)  # the same:
+> showLty(c("solid", "44", "13", "1343", "73", "2262"), xoff = .2, col = 2)
+> showLty(c("11", "22", "33", "44",   "12", "13", "14",   "21", "31"))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("persp")
+> ### * persp
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: persp
+> ### Title: Perspective Plots
+> ### Aliases: persp persp.default
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices) # for trans3d
+> ## More examples in  demo(persp) !!
+> ##                   -----------
+> 
+> # (1) The Obligatory Mathematical surface.
+> #     Rotated sinc function.
+> 
+> x <- seq(-10, 10, length.out = 30)
+> y <- x
+> f <- function(x, y) { r <- sqrt(x^2+y^2); 10 * sin(r)/r }
+> z <- outer(x, y, f)
+> op <- par(bg = "white")
+> persp(x, y, z, theta = 30, phi = 30, expand = 0.5, col = "lightblue")
+> persp(x, y, z, theta = 30, phi = 30, expand = 0.5, col = "lightblue",
++       ltheta = 120, shade = 0.75, ticktype = "detailed",
++       xlab = "X", ylab = "Y", zlab = "Sinc( r )", cex.axis = 0.8
++ ) -> res
+> round(res, 3)
+      [,1]   [,2]   [,3]   [,4]
+[1,] 0.087 -0.025  0.043 -0.043
+[2,] 0.050  0.043 -0.075  0.075
+[3,] 0.000  0.074  0.042 -0.042
+[4,] 0.000 -0.273 -2.890  3.890
+> 
+> # (2) Add to existing persp plot - using trans3d() :
+> 
+> xE <- c(-10,10); xy <- expand.grid(xE, xE)
+> points(trans3d(xy[,1], xy[,2], 6, pmat = res), col = 2, pch = 16)
+> lines (trans3d(x, y = 10, z = 6 + sin(x), pmat = res), col = 3)
+> 
+> phi <- seq(0, 2*pi, length.out = 201)
+> r1 <- 7.725 # radius of 2nd maximum
+> xr <- r1 * cos(phi)
+> yr <- r1 * sin(phi)
+> lines(trans3d(xr,yr, f(xr,yr), res), col = "pink", lwd = 2)
+> ## (no hidden lines)
+> 
+> # (3) Visualizing a simple DEM model
+> 
+> z <- 2 * volcano        # Exaggerate the relief
+> x <- 10 * (1:nrow(z))   # 10 meter spacing (S to N)
+> y <- 10 * (1:ncol(z))   # 10 meter spacing (E to W)
+> ## Don't draw the grid lines :  border = NA
+> par(bg = "slategray")
+> persp(x, y, z, theta = 135, phi = 30, col = "green3", scale = FALSE,
++       ltheta = -120, shade = 0.75, border = NA, box = FALSE)
+> 
+> # (4) Surface colours corresponding to z-values
+> 
+> par(bg = "white")
+> x <- seq(-1.95, 1.95, length.out = 30)
+> y <- seq(-1.95, 1.95, length.out = 35)
+> z <- outer(x, y, function(a, b) a*b^2)
+> nrz <- nrow(z)
+> ncz <- ncol(z)
+> # Create a function interpolating colors in the range of specified colors
+> jet.colors <- colorRampPalette( c("blue", "green") )
+> # Generate the desired number of colors from this palette
+> nbcol <- 100
+> color <- jet.colors(nbcol)
+> # Compute the z-value at the facet centres
+> zfacet <- z[-1, -1] + z[-1, -ncz] + z[-nrz, -1] + z[-nrz, -ncz]
+> # Recode facet z-values into color indices
+> facetcol <- cut(zfacet, nbcol)
+> persp(x, y, z, col = color[facetcol], phi = 30, theta = -30)
+> 
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("pie")
+> ### * pie
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: pie
+> ### Title: Pie Charts
+> ### Aliases: pie
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> pie(rep(1, 24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)
+> 
+> pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)
+> names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",
++     "Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")
+> pie(pie.sales) # default colours
+> pie(pie.sales, col = c("purple", "violetred1", "green3",
++                        "cornsilk", "cyan", "white"))
+> pie(pie.sales, col = gray(seq(0.4, 1.0, length.out = 6)))
+> pie(pie.sales, density = 10, angle = 15 + 10 * 1:6)
+> pie(pie.sales, clockwise = TRUE, main = "pie(*, clockwise = TRUE)")
+> segments(0, 0, 0, 1, col = "red", lwd = 2)
+> text(0, 1, "init.angle = 90", col = "red")
+> 
+> n <- 200
+> pie(rep(1, n), labels = "", col = rainbow(n), border = NA,
++     main = "pie(*, labels=\"\", col=rainbow(n), border=NA,..")
+> 
+> ## Another case showing pie() is rather fun than science:
+> ## (original by FinalBackwardsGlance on http://imgur.com/gallery/wWrpU4X)
+> pie(c(Sky = 78, "Sunny side of pyramid" = 17, "Shady side of pyramid" = 5),
++     init.angle = 315, col = c("deepskyblue", "yellow", "yellow3"), border = FALSE)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.dataframe")
+> ### * plot.dataframe
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.data.frame
+> ### Title: Plot Method for Data Frames
+> ### Aliases: plot.data.frame
+> ### Keywords: hplot methods
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(OrchardSprays[1], method = "jitter")
+> plot(OrchardSprays[c(4,1)])
+> plot(OrchardSprays)
+> 
+> plot(iris)
+> plot(iris[5:4])
+> plot(women)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.default")
+> ### * plot.default
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.default
+> ### Title: The Default Scatterplot Function
+> ### Aliases: plot.default plot
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> Speed <- cars$speed
+> Distance <- cars$dist
+> plot(Speed, Distance, panel.first = grid(8, 8),
++      pch = 0, cex = 1.2, col = "blue")
+> plot(Speed, Distance,
++      panel.first = lines(stats::lowess(Speed, Distance), lty = "dashed"),
++      pch = 0, cex = 1.2, col = "blue")
+> 
+> ## Show the different plot types
+> x <- 0:12
+> y <- sin(pi/5 * x)
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(3,3), mar = .1+ c(2,2,3,1))
+> for (tp in c("p","l","b",  "c","o","h",  "s","S","n")) {
++    plot(y ~ x, type = tp, main = paste0("plot(*, type = \"", tp, "\")"))
++    if(tp == "S") {
++       lines(x, y, type = "s", col = "red", lty = 2)
++       mtext("lines(*, type = \"s\", ...)", col = "red", cex = 0.8)
++    }
++ }
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ##--- Log-Log Plot  with  custom axes
+> lx <- seq(1, 5, length.out = 41)
+> yl <- expression(e^{-frac(1,2) * {log[10](x)}^2})
+> y <- exp(-.5*lx^2)
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2,1), mar = par("mar")-c(1,0,2,0), mgp = c(2, .7, 0))
+> plot(10^lx, y, log = "xy", type = "l", col = "purple",
++      main = "Log-Log plot", ylab = yl, xlab = "x")
+> plot(10^lx, y, log = "xy", type = "o", pch = ".", col = "forestgreen",
++      main = "Log-Log plot with custom axes", ylab = yl, xlab = "x",
++      axes = FALSE, frame.plot = TRUE)
+> my.at <- 10^(1:5)
+> axis(1, at = my.at, labels = formatC(my.at, format = "fg"))
+> e.y <- -5:-1 ; at.y <- 10^e.y
+> axis(2, at = at.y, col.axis = "red", las = 1,
++      labels = as.expression(lapply(e.y, function(E) bquote(10^.(E)))))
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.design")
+> ### * plot.design
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.design
+> ### Title: Plot Univariate Effects of a Design or Model
+> ### Aliases: plot.design
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats)
+> plot.design(warpbreaks)  # automatic for data frame with one numeric var.
+> 
+> Form <- breaks ~ wool + tension
+> summary(fm1 <- aov(Form, data = warpbreaks))
+            Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value  Pr(>F)   
+wool         1    451   450.7   3.339 0.07361 . 
+tension      2   2034  1017.1   7.537 0.00138 **
+Residuals   50   6748   135.0                   
+---
+Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
+> plot.design(       Form, data = warpbreaks, col = 2)  # same as above
+> 
+> ## More than one y :
+> utils::str(esoph)
+'data.frame':	88 obs. of  5 variables:
+ $ agegp    : Ord.factor w/ 6 levels "25-34"<"35-44"<..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
+ $ alcgp    : Ord.factor w/ 4 levels "0-39g/day"<"40-79"<..: 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 ...
+ $ tobgp    : Ord.factor w/ 4 levels "0-9g/day"<"10-19"<..: 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 ...
+ $ ncases   : num  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
+ $ ncontrols: num  40 10 6 5 27 7 4 7 2 1 ...
+> plot.design(esoph) ## two plots; if interactive you are "ask"ed
+> 
+> ## or rather, compare mean and median:
+> op <- par(mfcol = 1:2)
+> plot.design(ncases/ncontrols ~ ., data = esoph, ylim = c(0, 0.8))
+> plot.design(ncases/ncontrols ~ ., data = esoph, ylim = c(0, 0.8),
++             fun = median)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.factor")
+> ### * plot.factor
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.factor
+> ### Title: Plotting Factor Variables
+> ### Aliases: plot.factor
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> plot(weight ~ group, data = PlantGrowth)           # numeric vector ~ factor
+> plot(cut(weight, 2) ~ group, data = PlantGrowth)   # factor ~ factor
+> ## passing "..." to spineplot() eventually:
+> plot(cut(weight, 3) ~ group, data = PlantGrowth,
++      col = hcl(c(0, 120, 240), 50, 70))
+> 
+> plot(PlantGrowth$group, axes = FALSE, main = "no axes")  # extremely silly
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.formula")
+> ### * plot.formula
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.formula
+> ### Title: Formula Notation for Scatterplots
+> ### Aliases: plot.formula lines.formula points.formula text.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2,1))
+> plot(Ozone ~ Wind, data = airquality, pch = as.character(Month))
+> plot(Ozone ~ Wind, data = airquality, pch = as.character(Month),
++      subset = Month != 7)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## text.formula() can be very natural:
+> wb <- within(warpbreaks, {
++     time <- seq_along(breaks); W.T <- wool:tension })
+> plot(breaks ~ time, data = wb, type = "b")
+> text(breaks ~ time, data = wb, labels = W.T, col = 1+as.integer(wool))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.raster")
+> ### * plot.raster
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.raster
+> ### Title: Plotting Raster Images
+> ### Aliases: plot.raster
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> r <- as.raster(c(0.5, 1, 0.5))
+> plot(r)
+> # additional arguments to rasterImage()
+> plot(r, interpolate=FALSE)
+> # distort
+> plot(r, asp=NA)
+> # fill page
+> op <- par(mar=rep(0, 4))
+> plot(r, asp=NA)
+> par(op)
+> # normal annotations work
+> plot(r, asp=NA)
+> box()
+> title(main="This is my raster")
+> # add to existing plot
+> plot(1)
+> plot(r, add=TRUE)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.table")
+> ### * plot.table
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.table
+> ### Title: Plot Methods for 'table' Objects
+> ### Aliases: plot.table lines.table points.table
+> ### Keywords: hplot category
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## 1-d tables
+> (Poiss.tab <- table(N = stats::rpois(200, lambda = 5)))
+N
+ 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 
+ 4 14 25 38 40 33 21 16  4  2  3 
+> plot(Poiss.tab, main = "plot(table(rpois(200, lambda = 5)))")
+> 
+> plot(table(state.division))
+> 
+> ## 4-D :
+> plot(Titanic, main ="plot(Titanic, main= *)")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.window")
+> ### * plot.window
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.window
+> ### Title: Set up World Coordinates for Graphics Window
+> ### Aliases: plot.window xlim ylim asp
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ##--- An example for the use of 'asp' :
+> require(stats)  # normally loaded
+> loc <- cmdscale(eurodist)
+> rx <- range(x <- loc[,1])
+> ry <- range(y <- -loc[,2])
+> plot(x, y, type = "n", asp = 1, xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> abline(h = pretty(rx, 10), v = pretty(ry, 10), col = "lightgray")
+> text(x, y, labels(eurodist), cex = 0.8)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plot.xy")
+> ### * plot.xy
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.xy
+> ### Title: Basic Internal Plot Function
+> ### Aliases: plot.xy
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> points.default # to see how it calls "plot.xy(xy.coords(x, y), ...)"
+function (x, y = NULL, type = "p", ...) 
+plot.xy(xy.coords(x, y), type = type, ...)
+<bytecode: 0x0000019cccf29bf8>
+<environment: namespace:graphics>
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("plothistogram")
+> ### * plothistogram
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: plot.histogram
+> ### Title: Plot Histograms
+> ### Aliases: plot.histogram lines.histogram
+> ### Keywords: hplot iplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> (wwt <- hist(women$weight, nclass = 7, plot = FALSE))
+$breaks
+ [1] 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165
+
+$counts
+ [1] 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
+
+$density
+ [1] 0.04000000 0.01333333 0.02666667 0.02666667 0.01333333 0.01333333
+ [7] 0.02666667 0.01333333 0.01333333 0.01333333
+
+$mids
+ [1] 117.5 122.5 127.5 132.5 137.5 142.5 147.5 152.5 157.5 162.5
+
+$xname
+[1] "women$weight"
+
+$equidist
+[1] TRUE
+
+attr(,"class")
+[1] "histogram"
+> plot(wwt, labels = TRUE) # default main & xlab using wwt$xname
+> plot(wwt, border = "dark blue", col = "light blue",
++      main = "Histogram of 15 women's weights", xlab = "weight [pounds]")
+> 
+> ## Fake "lines" example, using non-default labels:
+> w2 <- wwt; w2$counts <- w2$counts - 1
+> lines(w2, col = "Midnight Blue", labels = ifelse(w2$counts, "> 1", "1"))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("points")
+> ### * points
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: points
+> ### Title: Add Points to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: points points.default pch
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats) # for rnorm
+> plot(-4:4, -4:4, type = "n")  # setting up coord. system
+> points(rnorm(200), rnorm(200), col = "red")
+> points(rnorm(100)/2, rnorm(100)/2, col = "blue", cex = 1.5)
+> 
+> op <- par(bg = "light blue")
+> x <- seq(0, 2*pi, length.out = 51)
+> ## something "between type='b' and type='o'":
+> plot(x, sin(x), type = "o", pch = 21, bg = par("bg"), col = "blue", cex = .6,
++  main = 'plot(..., type="o", pch=21, bg=par("bg"))')
+> par(op)
+> 
+> ## Not run: 
+> ##D ## The figure was produced by calls like
+> ##D png("pch.png", height = 0.7, width = 7, res = 100, units = "in")
+> ##D par(mar = rep(0,4))
+> ##D plot(c(-1, 26), 0:1, type = "n", axes = FALSE)
+> ##D text(0:25, 0.6, 0:25, cex = 0.5)
+> ##D points(0:25, rep(0.3, 26), pch = 0:25, bg = "grey")
+> ## End(Not run)
+> 
+> ##-------- Showing all the extra & some char graphics symbols ---------
+> pchShow <-
++   function(extras = c("*",".", "o","O","0","+","-","|","%","#"),
++            cex = 3, ## good for both .Device=="postscript" and "x11"
++            col = "red3", bg = "gold", coltext = "brown", cextext = 1.2,
++            main = paste("plot symbols :  points (...  pch = *, cex =",
++                         cex,")"))
++   {
++     nex <- length(extras)
++     np  <- 26 + nex
++     ipch <- 0:(np-1)
++     k <- floor(sqrt(np))
++     dd <- c(-1,1)/2
++     rx <- dd + range(ix <- ipch %/% k)
++     ry <- dd + range(iy <- 3 + (k-1)- ipch %% k)
++     pch <- as.list(ipch) # list with integers & strings
++     if(nex > 0) pch[26+ 1:nex] <- as.list(extras)
++     plot(rx, ry, type = "n", axes  =  FALSE, xlab = "", ylab = "", main = main)
++     abline(v = ix, h = iy, col = "lightgray", lty = "dotted")
++     for(i in 1:np) {
++       pc <- pch[[i]]
++       ## 'col' symbols with a 'bg'-colored interior (where available) :
++       points(ix[i], iy[i], pch = pc, col = col, bg = bg, cex = cex)
++       if(cextext > 0)
++           text(ix[i] - 0.3, iy[i], pc, col = coltext, cex = cextext)
++     }
++   }
+> 
+> pchShow()
+> pchShow(c("o","O","0"), cex = 2.5)
+> pchShow(NULL, cex = 4, cextext = 0, main = NULL)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("polygon")
+> ### * polygon
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: polygon
+> ### Title: Polygon Drawing
+> ### Aliases: polygon
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> x <- c(1:9, 8:1)
+> y <- c(1, 2*(5:3), 2, -1, 17, 9, 8, 2:9)
+> op <- par(mfcol = c(3, 1))
+> for(xpd in c(FALSE, TRUE, NA)) {
++   plot(1:10, main = paste("xpd =", xpd))
++   box("figure", col = "pink", lwd = 3)
++   polygon(x, y, xpd = xpd, col = "orange", lty = 2, lwd = 2, border = "red")
++ }
+> par(op)
+> 
+> n <- 100
+> xx <- c(0:n, n:0)
+> yy <- c(c(0, cumsum(stats::rnorm(n))), rev(c(0, cumsum(stats::rnorm(n)))))
+> plot   (xx, yy, type = "n", xlab = "Time", ylab = "Distance")
+> polygon(xx, yy, col = "gray", border = "red")
+> title("Distance Between Brownian Motions")
+> 
+> # Multiple polygons from NA values
+> # and recycling of col, border, and lty
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 1))
+> plot(c(1, 9), 1:2, type = "n")
+> polygon(1:9, c(2,1,2,1,1,2,1,2,1),
++         col = c("red", "blue"),
++         border = c("green", "yellow"),
++         lwd = 3, lty = c("dashed", "solid"))
+> plot(c(1, 9), 1:2, type = "n")
+> polygon(1:9, c(2,1,2,1,NA,2,1,2,1),
++         col = c("red", "blue"),
++         border = c("green", "yellow"),
++         lwd = 3, lty = c("dashed", "solid"))
+> par(op)
+> 
+> # Line-shaded polygons
+> plot(c(1, 9), 1:2, type = "n")
+> polygon(1:9, c(2,1,2,1,NA,2,1,2,1),
++         density = c(10, 20), angle = c(-45, 45))
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("polypath")
+> ### * polypath
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: polypath
+> ### Title: Path Drawing
+> ### Aliases: polypath
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plotPath <- function(x, y, col = "grey", rule = "winding") {
++     plot.new()
++     plot.window(range(x, na.rm = TRUE), range(y, na.rm = TRUE))
++     polypath(x, y, col = col, rule = rule)
++     if (!is.na(col))
++         mtext(paste("Rule:", rule), side = 1, line = 0)
++ }
+> 
+> plotRules <- function(x, y, title) {
++     plotPath(x, y)
++     plotPath(x, y, rule = "evenodd")
++     mtext(title, side = 3, line = 0)
++     plotPath(x, y, col = NA)
++ }
+> 
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(5, 3), mar = c(2, 1, 1, 1))
+> 
+> plotRules(c(.1, .1, .9, .9, NA, .2, .2, .8, .8),
++           c(.1, .9, .9, .1, NA, .2, .8, .8, .2),
++           "Nested rectangles, both clockwise")
+> plotRules(c(.1, .1, .9, .9, NA, .2, .8, .8, .2),
++           c(.1, .9, .9, .1, NA, .2, .2, .8, .8),
++           "Nested rectangles, outer clockwise, inner anti-clockwise")
+> plotRules(c(.1, .1, .4, .4, NA, .6, .9, .9, .6),
++           c(.1, .4, .4, .1, NA, .6, .6, .9, .9),
++           "Disjoint rectangles")
+> plotRules(c(.1, .1, .6, .6, NA, .4, .4, .9, .9),
++           c(.1, .6, .6, .1, NA, .4, .9, .9, .4),
++           "Overlapping rectangles, both clockwise")
+> plotRules(c(.1, .1, .6, .6, NA, .4, .9, .9, .4),
++           c(.1, .6, .6, .1, NA, .4, .4, .9, .9),
++           "Overlapping rectangles, one clockwise, other anti-clockwise")
+> 
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("rasterImage")
+> ### * rasterImage
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: rasterImage
+> ### Title: Draw One or More Raster Images
+> ### Aliases: rasterImage
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> ## set up the plot region:
+> op <- par(bg = "thistle")
+> plot(c(100, 250), c(300, 450), type = "n", xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> image <- as.raster(matrix(0:1, ncol = 5, nrow = 3))
+Warning in matrix(0:1, ncol = 5, nrow = 3) :
+  data length [2] is not a sub-multiple or multiple of the number of rows [3]
+> rasterImage(image, 100, 300, 150, 350, interpolate = FALSE)
+> rasterImage(image, 100, 400, 150, 450)
+> rasterImage(image, 200, 300, 200 + xinch(.5), 300 + yinch(.3),
++             interpolate = FALSE)
+> rasterImage(image, 200, 400, 250, 450, angle = 15, interpolate = FALSE)
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("rect")
+> ### * rect
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: rect
+> ### Title: Draw One or More Rectangles
+> ### Aliases: rect
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> ## set up the plot region:
+> op <- par(bg = "thistle")
+> plot(c(100, 250), c(300, 450), type = "n", xlab = "", ylab = "",
++      main = "2 x 11 rectangles; 'rect(100+i,300+i,  150+i,380+i)'")
+> i <- 4*(0:10)
+> ## draw rectangles with bottom left (100, 300)+i
+> ## and top right (150, 380)+i
+> rect(100+i, 300+i, 150+i, 380+i, col = rainbow(11, start = 0.7, end = 0.1))
+> rect(240-i, 320+i, 250-i, 410+i, col = heat.colors(11), lwd = i/5)
+> ## Background alternating  ( transparent / "bg" ) :
+> j <- 10*(0:5)
+> rect(125+j, 360+j,   141+j, 405+j/2, col = c(NA,0),
++      border = "gold", lwd = 2)
+> rect(125+j, 296+j/2, 141+j, 331+j/5, col = c(NA,"midnightblue"))
+> mtext("+  2 x 6 rect(*, col = c(NA,0)) and  col = c(NA,\"m..blue\")")
+> 
+> ## an example showing colouring and shading
+> plot(c(100, 200), c(300, 450), type= "n", xlab = "", ylab = "")
+> rect(100, 300, 125, 350) # transparent
+> rect(100, 400, 125, 450, col = "green", border = "blue") # coloured
+> rect(115, 375, 150, 425, col = par("bg"), border = "transparent")
+> rect(150, 300, 175, 350, density = 10, border = "red")
+> rect(150, 400, 175, 450, density = 30, col = "blue",
++      angle = -30, border = "transparent")
+> 
+> legend(180, 450, legend = 1:4, fill = c(NA, "green", par("fg"), "blue"),
++        density = c(NA, NA, 10, 30), angle = c(NA, NA, 30, -30))
+> 
+> par(op)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("rug")
+> ### * rug
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: rug
+> ### Title: Add a Rug to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: rug
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats)  # both 'density' and its default method
+> with(faithful, {
++     plot(density(eruptions, bw = 0.15))
++     rug(eruptions)
++     rug(jitter(eruptions, amount = 0.01), side = 3, col = "light blue")
++ })
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("screen")
+> ### * screen
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: screen
+> ### Title: Creating and Controlling Multiple Screens on a Single Device
+> ### Aliases: screen split.screen erase.screen close.screen
+> ### Keywords: aplot dplot device
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> if (interactive()) {
++ par(bg = "white")           # default is likely to be transparent
++ split.screen(c(2, 1))       # split display into two screens
++ split.screen(c(1, 3), screen = 2) # now split the bottom half into 3
++ screen(1) # prepare screen 1 for output
++ plot(10:1)
++ screen(4) # prepare screen 4 for output
++ plot(10:1)
++ close.screen(all = TRUE)    # exit split-screen mode
++ 
++ split.screen(c(2, 1))       # split display into two screens
++ split.screen(c(1, 2), 2)    # split bottom half in two
++ plot(1:10)                  # screen 3 is active, draw plot
++ erase.screen()              # forgot label, erase and redraw
++ plot(1:10, ylab = "ylab 3")
++ screen(1)                   # prepare screen 1 for output
++ plot(1:10)
++ screen(4)                   # prepare screen 4 for output
++ plot(1:10, ylab = "ylab 4")
++ screen(1, FALSE)            # return to screen 1, but do not clear
++ plot(10:1, axes = FALSE, lty = 2, ylab = "")  # overlay second plot
++ axis(4)                     # add tic marks to right-hand axis
++ title("Plot 1")
++ close.screen(all = TRUE)    # exit split-screen mode
++ }
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("segments")
+> ### * segments
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: segments
+> ### Title: Add Line Segments to a Plot
+> ### Aliases: segments
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> x <- stats::runif(12); y <- stats::rnorm(12)
+> i <- order(x, y); x <- x[i]; y <- y[i]
+> plot(x, y, main = "arrows(.) and segments(.)")
+> ## draw arrows from point to point :
+> s <- seq(length(x)-1)  # one shorter than data
+> arrows(x[s], y[s], x[s+1], y[s+1], col= 1:3)
+> s <- s[-length(s)]
+> segments(x[s], y[s], x[s+2], y[s+2], col= 'pink')
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("smoothScatter")
+> ### * smoothScatter
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: smoothScatter
+> ### Title: Scatterplots with Smoothed Densities Color Representation
+> ### Aliases: smoothScatter
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("spineplot")
+> ### * spineplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: spineplot
+> ### Title: Spine Plots and Spinograms
+> ### Aliases: spineplot spineplot.default spineplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## treatment and improvement of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
+> treatment <- factor(rep(c(1, 2), c(43, 41)), levels = c(1, 2),
++                     labels = c("placebo", "treated"))
+> improved <- factor(rep(c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3), c(29, 7, 7, 13, 7, 21)),
++                    levels = c(1, 2, 3),
++                    labels = c("none", "some", "marked"))
+> 
+> ## (dependence on a categorical variable)
+> (spineplot(improved ~ treatment))
+         improved
+treatment none some marked
+  placebo   29    7      7
+  treated   13    7     21
+> 
+> ## applications and admissions by department at UC Berkeley
+> ## (two-way tables)
+> (spineplot(marginSums(UCBAdmissions, c(3, 2)),
++            main = "Applications at UCB"))
+    Gender
+Dept Male Female
+   A  825    108
+   B  560     25
+   C  325    593
+   D  417    375
+   E  191    393
+   F  373    341
+> (spineplot(marginSums(UCBAdmissions, c(3, 1)),
++            main = "Admissions at UCB"))
+    Admit
+Dept Admitted Rejected
+   A      601      332
+   B      370      215
+   C      322      596
+   D      269      523
+   E      147      437
+   F       46      668
+> 
+> ## NASA space shuttle o-ring failures
+> fail <- factor(c(2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1,
++                  1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
++                levels = c(1, 2), labels = c("no", "yes"))
+> temperature <- c(53, 57, 58, 63, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70,
++                  70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78, 79, 81)
+> 
+> ## (dependence on a numerical variable)
+> (spineplot(fail ~ temperature))
+           fail
+temperature no yes
+    [50,55]  0   1
+    (55,60]  0   2
+    (60,65]  0   1
+    (65,70]  8   2
+    (70,75]  3   1
+    (75,80]  4   0
+    (80,85]  1   0
+> (spineplot(fail ~ temperature, breaks = 3))
+           fail
+temperature no yes
+    [50,60]  0   3
+    (60,70]  8   3
+    (70,80]  7   1
+    (80,90]  1   0
+> (spineplot(fail ~ temperature, breaks = quantile(temperature)))
+           fail
+temperature no yes
+    [53,67]  4   4
+    (67,70]  4   2
+    (70,75]  3   1
+    (75,81]  5   0
+> 
+> ## highlighting for failures
+> spineplot(fail ~ temperature, ylevels = 2:1)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("stars")
+> ### * stars
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: stars
+> ### Title: Star (Spider/Radar) Plots and Segment Diagrams
+> ### Aliases: stars
+> ### Keywords: hplot multivariate
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(grDevices)
+> stars(mtcars[, 1:7], key.loc = c(14, 2),
++       main = "Motor Trend Cars : stars(*, full = F)", full = FALSE)
+> stars(mtcars[, 1:7], key.loc = c(14, 1.5),
++       main = "Motor Trend Cars : full stars()", flip.labels = FALSE)
+> 
+> ## 'Spider' or 'Radar' plot:
+> stars(mtcars[, 1:7], locations = c(0, 0), radius = FALSE,
++       key.loc = c(0, 0), main = "Motor Trend Cars", lty = 2)
+> 
+> ## Segment Diagrams:
+> palette(rainbow(12, s = 0.6, v = 0.75))
+> stars(mtcars[, 1:7], len = 0.8, key.loc = c(12, 1.5),
++       main = "Motor Trend Cars", draw.segments = TRUE)
+> stars(mtcars[, 1:7], len = 0.6, key.loc = c(1.5, 0),
++       main = "Motor Trend Cars", draw.segments = TRUE,
++       frame.plot = TRUE, nrow = 4, cex = .7)
+> 
+> ## scale linearly (not affinely) to [0, 1]
+> USJudge <- apply(USJudgeRatings, 2, function(x) x/max(x))
+> Jnam <- row.names(USJudgeRatings)
+> Snam <- abbreviate(substring(Jnam, 1, regexpr("[,.]",Jnam) - 1), 7)
+> stars(USJudge, labels = Jnam, scale = FALSE,
++       key.loc = c(13, 1.5), main = "Judge not ...", len = 0.8)
+> stars(USJudge, labels = Snam, scale = FALSE,
++       key.loc = c(13, 1.5), radius = FALSE)
+> 
+> loc <- stars(USJudge, labels = NULL, scale = FALSE,
++              radius = FALSE, frame.plot = TRUE,
++              key.loc = c(13, 1.5), main = "Judge not ...", len = 1.2)
+> text(loc, Snam, col = "blue", cex = 0.8, xpd = TRUE)
+> 
+> ## 'Segments':
+> stars(USJudge, draw.segments = TRUE, scale = FALSE, key.loc = c(13,1.5))
+> 
+> ## 'Spider':
+> stars(USJudgeRatings, locations = c(0, 0), scale = FALSE, radius  =  FALSE,
++       col.stars = 1:10, key.loc = c(0, 0), main = "US Judges rated")
+> ## Same as above, but with colored lines instead of filled polygons.
+> stars(USJudgeRatings, locations = c(0, 0), scale = FALSE, radius  =  FALSE,
++       col.lines = 1:10, key.loc = c(0, 0), main = "US Judges rated")
+> ## 'Radar-Segments'
+> stars(USJudgeRatings[1:10,], locations = 0:1, scale = FALSE,
++       draw.segments = TRUE, col.segments = 0, col.stars = 1:10, key.loc =  0:1,
++       main = "US Judges 1-10 ")
+> palette("default")
+> stars(cbind(1:16, 10*(16:1)), draw.segments = TRUE,
++       main = "A Joke -- do *not* use symbols on 2D data!")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("stem")
+> ### * stem
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: stem
+> ### Title: Stem-and-Leaf Plots
+> ### Aliases: stem
+> ### Keywords: univar distribution
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> stem(islands)
+
+  The decimal point is 3 digit(s) to the right of the |
+
+   0 | 00000000000000000000000000000111111222338
+   2 | 07
+   4 | 5
+   6 | 8
+   8 | 4
+  10 | 5
+  12 | 
+  14 | 
+  16 | 0
+
+> stem(log10(islands))
+
+  The decimal point is at the |
+
+  1 | 1111112222233444
+  1 | 5555556666667899999
+  2 | 3344
+  2 | 59
+  3 | 
+  3 | 5678
+  4 | 012
+
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("stripchart")
+> ### * stripchart
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: stripchart
+> ### Title: 1-D Scatter Plots
+> ### Aliases: stripchart stripchart.default stripchart.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> x <- stats::rnorm(50)
+> xr <- round(x, 1)
+> stripchart(x) ; m <- mean(par("usr")[1:2])
+> text(m, 1.04, "stripchart(x, \"overplot\")")
+> stripchart(xr, method = "stack", add = TRUE, at = 1.2)
+> text(m, 1.35, "stripchart(round(x,1), \"stack\")")
+> stripchart(xr, method = "jitter", add = TRUE, at = 0.7)
+> text(m, 0.85, "stripchart(round(x,1), \"jitter\")")
+> 
+> stripchart(decrease ~ treatment,
++     main = "stripchart(OrchardSprays)",
++     vertical = TRUE, log = "y", data = OrchardSprays)
+> 
+> stripchart(decrease ~ treatment, at = c(1:8)^2,
++     main = "stripchart(OrchardSprays)",
++     vertical = TRUE, log = "y", data = OrchardSprays)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("strwidth")
+> ### * strwidth
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: strwidth
+> ### Title: Plotting Dimensions of Character Strings and Math Expressions
+> ### Aliases: strwidth strheight
+> ### Keywords: dplot character
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> str.ex <- c("W","w","I",".","WwI.")
+> op <- par(pty = "s"); plot(1:100, 1:100, type = "n")
+> sw <- strwidth(str.ex); sw
+[1] 3.2600930 2.4934186 0.9600698 0.9600698 7.6736512
+> all.equal(sum(sw[1:4]), sw[5])
+[1] TRUE
+> #- since the last string contains the others
+> 
+> sw.i <- strwidth(str.ex, "inches"); 25.4 * sw.i  # width in [mm]
+[1] 3.996267 3.056467 1.176867 1.176867 9.406467
+> unique(sw / sw.i)
+[1] 20.72093 20.72093
+> # constant factor: 1 value
+> mean(sw.i / strwidth(str.ex, "fig")) / par('fin')[1]  # = 1: are the same
+[1] 1
+> 
+> ## See how letters fall in classes
+> ##  -- depending on graphics device and font!
+> all.lett <- c(letters, LETTERS)
+> shL <- strheight(all.lett, units = "inches") * 72  # 'big points'
+> table(shL)  # all have same heights ...
+shL
+8.616 
+   52 
+> mean(shL)/par("cin")[2] # around 0.6
+[1] 43.08
+> 
+> (swL <- strwidth(all.lett, units = "inches") * 72)  # 'big points'
+ [1]  6.672  6.672  6.000  6.672  6.672  3.336  6.672  6.672  2.664  2.664
+[11]  6.000  2.664  9.996  6.672  6.672  6.672  6.672  3.996  6.000  3.336
+[21]  6.672  6.000  8.664  6.000  6.000  6.000  8.004  8.004  8.664  8.664
+[31]  8.004  7.332  9.336  8.664  3.336  6.000  8.004  6.672  9.996  8.664
+[41]  9.336  8.004  9.336  8.664  8.004  7.332  8.664  8.004 11.328  8.004
+[51]  8.004  7.332
+> split(all.lett, factor(round(swL, 2)))
+$`2.66`
+[1] "i" "j" "l"
+
+$`3.34`
+[1] "f" "t" "I"
+
+$`4`
+[1] "r"
+
+$`6`
+[1] "c" "k" "s" "v" "x" "y" "z" "J"
+
+$`6.67`
+ [1] "a" "b" "d" "e" "g" "h" "n" "o" "p" "q" "u" "L"
+
+$`7.33`
+[1] "F" "T" "Z"
+
+$`8`
+[1] "A" "B" "E" "K" "P" "S" "V" "X" "Y"
+
+$`8.66`
+[1] "w" "C" "D" "H" "N" "R" "U"
+
+$`9.34`
+[1] "G" "O" "Q"
+
+$`10`
+[1] "m" "M"
+
+$`11.33`
+[1] "W"
+
+> 
+> sumex <- expression(sum(x[i], i=1,n), e^{i * pi} == -1)
+> strwidth(sumex)
+[1]  5.795241 11.484959
+> strheight(sumex)
+[1] 8.057449 3.420738
+> 
+> par(op)  #- reset to previous setting
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("sunflowerplot")
+> ### * sunflowerplot
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: sunflowerplot
+> ### Title: Produce a Sunflower Scatter Plot
+> ### Aliases: sunflowerplot sunflowerplot.default sunflowerplot.formula
+> ### Keywords: hplot smooth nonparametric
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats) # for rnorm
+> require(grDevices)
+> 
+> ## 'number' is computed automatically:
+> sunflowerplot(iris[, 3:4])
+> ## Imitating Chambers et al, p.109, closely:
+> sunflowerplot(iris[, 3:4], cex = .2, cex.fact = 1, size = .035, seg.lwd = .8)
+> ## or
+> sunflowerplot(Petal.Width ~ Petal.Length, data = iris,
++               cex = .2, cex.fact = 1, size = .035, seg.lwd = .8)
+> 
+> 
+> sunflowerplot(x = sort(2*round(rnorm(100))), y = round(rnorm(100), 0),
++               main = "Sunflower Plot of Rounded N(0,1)")
+> ## Similarly using a "xyTable" argument:
+> xyT <- xyTable(x = sort(2*round(rnorm(100))), y = round(rnorm(100), 0),
++                digits = 3)
+> utils::str(xyT, vec.len = 20)
+List of 3
+ $ x     : num [1:25] -6 -4 -4 -4 -4 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
+ $ y     : num [1:25] 0 -2 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 3 -1 0 1 2
+ $ number: int [1:25] 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 8 4 1 1 3 5 17 12 2 1 8 12 6 1 1 3 2 1
+> sunflowerplot(xyT, main = "2nd Sunflower Plot of Rounded N(0,1)")
+> 
+> ## A 'marked point process' {explicit 'number' argument}:
+> sunflowerplot(rnorm(100), rnorm(100), number = rpois(n = 100, lambda = 2),
++               main = "Sunflower plot (marked point process)",
++               rotate = TRUE, col = "blue4")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("symbols")
+> ### * symbols
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: symbols
+> ### Title: Draw Symbols (Circles, Squares, Stars, Thermometers, Boxplots)
+> ### Aliases: symbols
+> ### Keywords: aplot hplot multivariate
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> require(stats); require(grDevices)
+> x <- 1:10
+> y <- sort(10*runif(10))
+> z <- runif(10)
+> z3 <- cbind(z, 2*runif(10), runif(10))
+> symbols(x, y, thermometers = cbind(.5, 1, z), inches = .5, fg = 1:10)
+> symbols(x, y, thermometers = z3, inches = FALSE)
+> text(x, y, apply(format(round(z3, digits = 2)), 1, paste, collapse = ","),
++      adj = c(-.2,0), cex = .75, col = "purple", xpd = NA)
+> 
+> ## Note that  example(trees)  shows more sensible plots!
+> N <- nrow(trees)
+> with(trees, {
++ ## Girth is diameter in inches
++ symbols(Height, Volume, circles = Girth/24, inches = FALSE,
++         main = "Trees' Girth") # xlab and ylab automatically
++ ## Colours too:
++ op <- palette(rainbow(N, end = 0.9))
++ symbols(Height, Volume, circles = Girth/16, inches = FALSE, bg = 1:N,
++         fg = "gray30", main = "symbols(*, circles = Girth/16, bg = 1:N)")
++ palette(op)
++ })
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("title")
+> ### * title
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: title
+> ### Title: Plot Annotation
+> ### Aliases: title
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> plot(cars, main = "") # here, could use main directly
+> title(main = "Stopping Distance versus Speed")
+> 
+> plot(cars, main = "")
+> title(main = list("Stopping Distance versus Speed", cex = 1.5,
++                   col = "red", font = 3))
+> 
+> ## Specifying "..." :
+> plot(1, col.axis = "sky blue", col.lab = "thistle")
+> title("Main Title", sub = "subtitle",
++       cex.main = 2,   font.main= 4, col.main= "blue",
++       cex.sub = 0.75, font.sub = 3, col.sub = "red")
+> 
+> 
+> x <- seq(-4, 4, length.out = 101)
+> y <- cbind(sin(x), cos(x))
+> matplot(x, y, type = "l", xaxt = "n",
++         main = expression(paste(plain(sin) * phi, "  and  ",
++                                 plain(cos) * phi)),
++         ylab = expression("sin" * phi, "cos" * phi), # only 1st is taken
++         xlab = expression(paste("Phase Angle ", phi)),
++         col.main = "blue")
+> axis(1, at = c(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi),
++      labels = expression(-pi, -pi/2, 0, pi/2, pi))
+> abline(h = 0, v = pi/2 * c(-1,1), lty = 2, lwd = .1, col = "gray70")
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("units")
+> ### * units
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: units
+> ### Title: Graphical Units
+> ### Aliases: xinch yinch xyinch
+> ### Keywords: dplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> all(c(xinch(), yinch()) == xyinch()) # TRUE
+[1] TRUE
+> xyinch()
+[1] 1.5000000 0.4185559
+> xyinch #- to see that is really   delta{"usr"} / "pin"
+function (xy = 1, warn.log = TRUE) 
+{
+    if (warn.log && (par("xlog") || par("ylog"))) 
+        warning("log scale:  xyinch() is nonsense")
+    u <- par("usr")
+    xy * c(u[2L] - u[1L], u[4L] - u[3L])/par("pin")
+}
+<bytecode: 0x0000019ccc7ed9a0>
+<environment: namespace:graphics>
+> 
+> ## plot labels offset 0.12 inches to the right
+> ## of plotted symbols in a plot
+> with(mtcars, {
++     plot(mpg, disp, pch = 19, main = "Motor Trend Cars")
++     text(mpg + xinch(0.12), disp, row.names(mtcars),
++          adj = 0, cex = .7, col = "blue")
++     })
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> cleanEx()
+> nameEx("xspline")
+> ### * xspline
+> 
+> flush(stderr()); flush(stdout())
+> 
+> ### Name: xspline
+> ### Title: Draw an X-spline
+> ### Aliases: xspline
+> ### Keywords: aplot
+> 
+> ### ** Examples
+> 
+> ## based on examples in ?grid.xspline
+> 
+> xsplineTest <- function(s, open = TRUE,
++                         x = c(1,1,3,3)/4,
++                         y = c(1,3,3,1)/4, ...) {
++     plot(c(0,1), c(0,1), type = "n", axes = FALSE, xlab = "", ylab = "")
++     points(x, y, pch = 19)
++     xspline(x, y, s, open, ...)
++     text(x+0.05*c(-1,-1,1,1), y+0.05*c(-1,1,1,-1), s)
++ }
+> op <- par(mfrow = c(3,3), mar = rep(0,4), oma = c(0,0,2,0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1, -1, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1,  0, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1,  1, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0, -1, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0,  0, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0,  1, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1, -1, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1,  0, 0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1,  1, 0))
+> title("Open X-splines", outer = TRUE)
+> 
+> par(mfrow = c(3,3), mar = rep(0,4), oma = c(0,0,2,0))
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1, -1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1,  0, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0, -1,  1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0, -1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0,  0, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  0,  1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1, -1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1,  0, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> xsplineTest(c(0,  1,  1, 0), FALSE, col = "grey80")
+> title("Closed X-splines", outer = TRUE)
+> 
+> par(op)
+> 
+> x <- sort(stats::rnorm(5))
+> y <- sort(stats::rnorm(5))
+> plot(x, y, pch = 19)
+> res <- xspline(x, y, 1, draw = FALSE)
+> lines(res)
+> ## the end points may be very close together,
+> ## so use last few for direction
+> nr <- length(res$x)
+> arrows(res$x[1], res$y[1], res$x[4], res$y[4], code = 1, length = 0.1)
+> arrows(res$x[nr-3], res$y[nr-3], res$x[nr], res$y[nr], code = 2, length = 0.1)
+> 
+> 
+> 
+> graphics::par(get("par.postscript", pos = 'CheckExEnv'))
+> ### * <FOOTER>
+> ###
+> cleanEx()
+> options(digits = 7L)
+> base::cat("Time elapsed: ", proc.time() - base::get("ptime", pos = 'CheckExEnv'),"\n")
+Time elapsed:  3.054 0.221 3.303 0 0 
+> grDevices::dev.off()
+null device 
+          1 
+> ###
+> ### Local variables: ***
+> ### mode: outline-minor ***
+> ### outline-regexp: "\\(> \\)?### [*]+" ***
+> ### End: ***
+> quit('no')