@lakutata/math 0.0.0-stage → 3.1.5

package/vendor/boost/multiprecision/include/boost/multiprecision/cpp_dec_float.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3807 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2002 - 2025.
+// Copyright John Maddock 2011 -2025.
+// Distributed under the Boost
+// Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
+// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+// This work is based on an earlier work:
+// "Algorithm 910: A Portable C++ Multiple-Precision System for Special-Function Calculations",
+// in ACM TOMS, {VOL 37, ISSUE 4, (February 2011)} (C) ACM, 2011. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1916461.1916469
+//
+
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_CPP_DEC_FLOAT_HPP
+#define BOOST_MP_CPP_DEC_FLOAT_HPP
+
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/standalone_config.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/number.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/fpclassify.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/dynamic_array.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/hash.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/float128_functions.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/itos.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/static_array.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/tables.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/no_exceptions_support.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/detail/assert.hpp>
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+//
+// Headers required for Boost.Math integration:
+//
+#include <boost/math/policies/policy.hpp>
+//
+// Some includes we need from Boost.Math, since we rely on that library to provide these functions:
+//
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/acosh.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/asinh.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/atanh.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/cbrt.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/expm1.hpp>
+#include <boost/math/special_functions/gamma.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <ios>
+#include <limits>
+#include <locale>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 6326) // comparison of two constants
+#endif
+
+namespace boost {
+namespace multiprecision {
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+struct number_category<backends::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> > : public std::integral_constant<int, number_kind_floating_point>
+{};
+
+namespace backends {
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+class cpp_dec_float // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+{
+ private:
+   // Perform some static sanity checks.
+   static_assert(boost::multiprecision::detail::is_signed<ExponentType>::value,
+                 "ExponentType must be a signed built in integer type.");
+
+   static_assert(sizeof(ExponentType) > 1,
+                 "ExponentType is too small.");
+
+   static_assert(Digits10 < UINT32_C(0x80000000),
+                 "Digits10 exceeds the maximum.");
+
+   // Private class-local constants.
+   static constexpr std::int32_t  cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_lo = INT32_C(9);
+   static constexpr std::int32_t  cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_hi = static_cast<std::int32_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::int32_t>::max)() - 100);
+
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10      = INT32_C(8);
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_elem_mask          = INT32_C(100000000);
+
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_elems_for_kara     = static_cast<std::int32_t>(128 + 1);
+
+ public:
+   using signed_types   = std::tuple<long long> ;
+   using unsigned_types = std::tuple<unsigned long long>;
+   using float_types    = std::tuple<double, long double>;
+   using exponent_type  = ExponentType;
+
+   // Public class-local constants.
+   static constexpr std::int32_t  cpp_dec_float_radix             = INT32_C(10);
+   static constexpr std::int32_t  cpp_dec_float_digits10          = ((static_cast<std::int32_t>(Digits10) < cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_lo) ? cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_lo : ((static_cast<std::int32_t>(Digits10) > cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_hi) ? cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_hi : static_cast<std::int32_t>(Digits10)));
+   static constexpr exponent_type cpp_dec_float_max_exp10         = (static_cast<exponent_type>(1) << (std::numeric_limits<exponent_type>::digits - 5));
+   static constexpr exponent_type cpp_dec_float_min_exp10         = -cpp_dec_float_max_exp10;
+   static constexpr exponent_type cpp_dec_float_max_exp           = cpp_dec_float_max_exp10;
+   static constexpr exponent_type cpp_dec_float_min_exp           = cpp_dec_float_min_exp10;
+
+   static_assert(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_exp10 == -cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_min_exp10, "Failed exponent range check");
+
+   static_assert(0 == cpp_dec_float_max_exp10 % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10, "Failed digit sanity check");
+
+ private:
+   // There are three guard limbs.
+   // 1) The first limb has 'play' from 1...8 decimal digits.
+   // 2) The last limb also has 'play' from 1...8 decimal digits.
+   // 3) One limb can get lost when justifying after multiply.
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_elem_number    = static_cast<std::int32_t>(((Digits10 / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) + (((Digits10 % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) != 0) ? 1 : 0)) + 3);
+
+ public:
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_max_digits10   = static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+ private:
+   using array_type =
+      typename std::conditional<std::is_void<Allocator>::value,
+                                detail::static_array <std::uint32_t, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number)>,
+                                detail::dynamic_array<std::uint32_t, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number), Allocator> >::type;
+
+   typedef enum enum_fpclass_type
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float_finite,
+      cpp_dec_float_inf,
+      cpp_dec_float_NaN
+   } fpclass_type;
+
+   array_type    data      { };
+   exponent_type exp       { };
+   bool          neg       { };
+   fpclass_type  fpclass   { cpp_dec_float_finite };
+   std::int32_t  prec_elem { cpp_dec_float_elem_number };
+
+   // Private constructor from the floating-point class type.
+   explicit cpp_dec_float(fpclass_type c) : fpclass(c) { }
+
+   // Constructor from an initializer_list, an optional
+   // (value-aligned) exponent and a Boolean sign.
+   static cpp_dec_float from_lst(std::initializer_list<std::uint32_t> lst,
+                                 const exponent_type e = 0,
+                                 const bool n = false)
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float a;
+
+      a.data      = array_type(lst);
+      a.exp       = e;
+      a.neg       = n;
+      a.fpclass   = cpp_dec_float_finite;
+      a.prec_elem = cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+
+      return a;
+   } // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+
+ public:
+   // Public Constructors
+   cpp_dec_float() noexcept(noexcept(array_type())) { }
+
+   cpp_dec_float(const char* s)
+   {
+      *this = s;
+   }
+
+   template <class I>
+   cpp_dec_float(I i, typename std::enable_if<(   boost::multiprecision::detail::is_unsigned<I>::value
+                                               && (sizeof(I) <= sizeof(long long)))>::type* = nullptr)
+   {
+      from_unsigned_long_long(i);
+   }
+
+   template <class I>
+   cpp_dec_float(I i,
+                 typename std::enable_if<(   boost::multiprecision::detail::is_signed<I>::value
+                                          && boost::multiprecision::detail::is_integral<I>::value
+                                          && (sizeof(I) <= sizeof(long long)))>::type* = nullptr)
+   {
+      if (i < 0)
+      {
+         from_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(i));
+         negate();
+      }
+      else
+         from_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<unsigned long long>(i));
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float(const cpp_dec_float& f) noexcept(noexcept(array_type(std::declval<const array_type&>())))
+      : data(f.data),
+        exp(f.exp),
+        neg(f.neg),
+        fpclass(static_cast<enum_fpclass_type>(static_cast<int>(f.fpclass))),
+        prec_elem(f.prec_elem) {}
+
+   template <unsigned D, class ET, class A>
+   cpp_dec_float(const cpp_dec_float<D, ET, A>& f, typename std::enable_if<D <= Digits10>::type* = nullptr)
+      : exp(f.exp),
+        neg(f.neg),
+        fpclass(static_cast<enum_fpclass_type>(static_cast<int>(f.fpclass)))
+   {
+      std::copy(f.data.begin(), f.data.begin() + f.prec_elem, data.begin());
+   }
+
+   template <unsigned D, class ET, class A>
+   explicit cpp_dec_float(const cpp_dec_float<D, ET, A>& f, typename std::enable_if< !(D <= Digits10)>::type* = nullptr)
+      : exp(f.exp),
+        neg(f.neg),
+        fpclass(static_cast<enum_fpclass_type>(static_cast<int>(f.fpclass)))
+   {
+      // TODO: this doesn't round!
+      std::copy(f.data.begin(), f.data.begin() + prec_elem, data.begin());
+   }
+
+   template <class F>
+   cpp_dec_float(const F val, typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<F>::value>::type* = nullptr)
+   {
+      *this = val;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float(const double mantissa, const exponent_type exp10);
+
+   std::size_t hash() const
+   {
+      std::size_t result = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < prec_elem; ++i)
+         boost::multiprecision::detail::hash_combine(result, data[i]);
+      boost::multiprecision::detail::hash_combine(result, exp, neg, static_cast<std::size_t>(fpclass));
+      return result;
+   }
+
+   // Specific special values.
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  nan () { static const cpp_dec_float val(cpp_dec_float_NaN); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  inf () { static const cpp_dec_float val(cpp_dec_float_inf); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float& (max)() { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(1u) }, cpp_dec_float_max_exp10)); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float& (min)() { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(1u) }, cpp_dec_float_min_exp10)); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  zero() { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(0u) })); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  one () { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(1u) })); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  two () { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(2u) })); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float&  half() { static const cpp_dec_float val(from_lst({ std::uint32_t(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask / 2)}, -8)); return val; }
+
+   static const cpp_dec_float& double_min() { static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<double>::min)()); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float& double_max() { static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<double>::max)()); return val; }
+
+   static const cpp_dec_float& long_double_min()
+   {
+#ifdef BOOST_MATH_NO_LONG_DOUBLE_MATH_FUNCTIONS
+      static const cpp_dec_float val(static_cast<long double>((std::numeric_limits<double>::min)()));
+#else
+      static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<long double>::min)());
+#endif
+      return val;
+   }
+
+   static const cpp_dec_float& long_double_max()
+   {
+#ifdef BOOST_MATH_NO_LONG_DOUBLE_MATH_FUNCTIONS
+      static const cpp_dec_float val(static_cast<long double>((std::numeric_limits<double>::max)()));
+#else
+      static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<long double>::max)());
+#endif
+      return val;
+   }
+
+   static const cpp_dec_float& long_long_max () { static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)()); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float& long_long_min () { static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)()); return val; }
+   static const cpp_dec_float& ulong_long_max() { static const cpp_dec_float val((std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::max)()); return val; }
+
+   static const cpp_dec_float& eps()
+   {
+      static const cpp_dec_float val
+      (
+        from_lst
+        (
+          {
+            (std::uint32_t) detail::pow10_maker((std::uint32_t) ((std::int32_t) (INT32_C(1) + (std::int32_t) (((cpp_dec_float_digits10 / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) + ((cpp_dec_float_digits10 % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) != 0 ? 1 : 0)) * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)) - cpp_dec_float_digits10))
+          },
+          -(exponent_type) (((cpp_dec_float_digits10 / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) + ((cpp_dec_float_digits10 % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) != 0 ? 1 : 0)) * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)
+        )
+      );
+
+      return val;
+   }
+
+   // Basic operations.
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(const cpp_dec_float& v) noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<array_type&>() = std::declval<const array_type&>()))
+   {
+      data      = v.data;
+      exp       = v.exp;
+      neg       = v.neg;
+      fpclass   = v.fpclass;
+      prec_elem = v.prec_elem;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   template <unsigned D>
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(const cpp_dec_float<D>& f)
+   {
+      exp            = f.exp;
+      neg            = f.neg;
+      fpclass        = static_cast<enum_fpclass_type>(static_cast<int>(f.fpclass));
+      unsigned elems = (std::min)(f.prec_elem, cpp_dec_float_elem_number);
+      std::copy(f.data.begin(), f.data.begin() + elems, data.begin());
+      std::fill(data.begin() + elems, data.end(), 0);
+      prec_elem = cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(long long v)
+   {
+      if (v < 0)
+      {
+         from_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(v));
+         negate();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         using local_ulonglong_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::make_unsigned<long long>::type;
+
+         from_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<local_ulonglong_type>(v));
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(unsigned long long v)
+   {
+      from_unsigned_long_long(v);
+      return *this;
+   }
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_INT128
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(int128_type v)
+   {
+      *this = boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(v);
+      if (v < 0)
+         negate();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(uint128_type v)
+   {
+      using default_ops::eval_add;
+      using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+
+      constexpr unsigned     bit_shift = sizeof(unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT;
+      constexpr uint128_type mask      = (static_cast<uint128_type>(1u) << bit_shift) - 1;
+
+      *this = static_cast<unsigned long long>(v & mask);
+
+      v >>= bit_shift;
+
+      while (v)
+      {
+         cpp_dec_float t(static_cast<unsigned long long>(v & mask));
+         eval_multiply(t, cpp_dec_float::pow2(bit_shift));
+         eval_add(*this, t);
+         v >>= bit_shift;
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+#endif
+
+   template <class Float>
+   typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<Float>::value, cpp_dec_float&>::type operator=(Float v);
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator=(const char* v)
+   {
+      rd_string(v);
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator+=(const cpp_dec_float& v);
+   cpp_dec_float& operator-=(const cpp_dec_float& v);
+   cpp_dec_float& operator*=(const cpp_dec_float& v);
+   cpp_dec_float& operator/=(const cpp_dec_float& v);
+
+   cpp_dec_float& add_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n)
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float t;
+      t.from_unsigned_long_long(n);
+      return *this += t;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& sub_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n)
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float t;
+      t.from_unsigned_long_long(n);
+      return *this -= t;
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& mul_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n);
+   cpp_dec_float& div_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n);
+
+   // Elementary primitives.
+   cpp_dec_float& calculate_sqrt();
+
+   void negate()
+   {
+      if (!iszero())
+         neg = !neg;
+   }
+
+   // Comparison functions
+   bool isnan BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION() const { return (fpclass == cpp_dec_float_NaN); }
+   bool isinf BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION() const { return (fpclass == cpp_dec_float_inf); }
+   bool isfinite BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION() const { return (fpclass == cpp_dec_float_finite); }
+
+   bool iszero() const
+   {
+      return ((fpclass == cpp_dec_float_finite) && (data[0u] == 0u));
+   }
+
+   bool isint() const;
+   bool isneg() const { return neg; }
+
+   // Operators pre-increment and pre-decrement
+   cpp_dec_float& operator++()
+   {
+      return *this += one();
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float& operator--()
+   {
+      return *this -= one();
+   }
+
+   std::string str(std::intmax_t digits, std::ios_base::fmtflags f) const;
+
+   int compare(const cpp_dec_float& v) const;
+
+   template <class V>
+   int compare(const V& v) const
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> t;
+      t = v;
+      return compare(t);
+   }
+
+   void swap(cpp_dec_float& v)
+   {
+      data.swap(v.data);
+      std::swap(exp, v.exp);
+      std::swap(neg, v.neg);
+      std::swap(fpclass, v.fpclass);
+      std::swap(prec_elem, v.prec_elem);
+   }
+
+   double                 extract_double() const;
+   long double            extract_long_double() const;
+   long long  extract_signed_long_long() const;
+   unsigned long long extract_unsigned_long_long() const;
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_INT128
+   int128_type  extract_signed_int128() const;
+   uint128_type extract_unsigned_int128() const;
+#endif
+   void                   extract_parts(double& mantissa, exponent_type& exponent) const;
+   cpp_dec_float          extract_integer_part() const;
+
+   void precision(const std::int32_t prec_digits)
+   {
+      const std::int32_t elems =
+        static_cast<std::int32_t>(    static_cast<std::int32_t>(prec_digits / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)
+                                  +                          (((prec_digits % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) != 0) ? 1 : 0));
+
+      prec_elem = (std::min)(cpp_dec_float_elem_number, (std::max)(elems, static_cast<std::int32_t>(2)));
+   }
+
+   static cpp_dec_float pow2(long long i);
+
+   exponent_type order() const
+   {
+      const bool
+         bo_order_is_zero
+         {
+            ((!(isfinite)()) || (data[0] == static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u)))
+         };
+
+      return (bo_order_is_zero ? static_cast<exponent_type>(0)
+                               : static_cast<exponent_type>(exp + limb_order(data[static_cast<std::size_t>(UINT8_C(0))])));
+   }
+
+   #ifndef BOOST_MP_STANDALONE
+   template <class Archive>
+   void serialize(Archive& ar, const unsigned int /*version*/)
+   {
+      for (unsigned i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i)
+         ar & boost::make_nvp("digit", data[i]);
+
+      ar & boost::make_nvp("exponent", exp);
+      ar & boost::make_nvp("sign", neg);
+      ar & boost::make_nvp("class-type", fpclass);
+      ar & boost::make_nvp("precision", prec_elem);
+   }
+   #endif
+
+ private:
+   static bool data_elem_is_non_zero_predicate(const std::uint32_t& d) { return (d != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u)); }
+   static bool data_elem_is_non_nine_predicate(const std::uint32_t& d) { return (d != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float::cpp_dec_float_elem_mask - 1)); }
+   static bool char_is_nonzero_predicate(const char& c) { return (c != static_cast<char>('0')); }
+
+   // Inversion.
+   cpp_dec_float& calculate_inv();
+
+   static exponent_type limb_order(const limb_type limb)
+   {
+      //
+      // Binary search to find the order of the leading term:
+      //
+      exponent_type prefix = 0;
+
+      if (limb >= 100000UL)
+      {
+         if (limb >= 10000000UL)
+         {
+            if (limb >= 100000000UL)
+               prefix = 8;
+            else
+               prefix = 7;
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            if (limb >= 1000000UL)
+               prefix = 6;
+            else
+               prefix = 5;
+         }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         if (limb >= 1000UL)
+         {
+            if (limb >= 10000UL)
+               prefix = 4;
+            else
+               prefix = 3;
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            if (limb >= 100)
+               prefix = 2;
+            else if (limb >= 10)
+               prefix = 1;
+         }
+      }
+
+      return prefix;
+   }
+
+   bool isone() const
+   {
+      bool b_neg;
+
+      const bool result_one_is_ok = is_one_or_minus_one(&b_neg);
+
+      return (result_one_is_ok && (!b_neg));
+   }
+
+   bool is_one_or_minus_one(bool* p_sign) const;
+
+   void from_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long u);
+
+   template <typename InputIteratorTypeLeft,
+             typename InputIteratorTypeRight>
+   static int compare_ranges(InputIteratorTypeLeft  a,
+                             InputIteratorTypeRight b,
+                             const std::uint32_t    count = cpp_dec_float_elem_number);
+
+   static std::uint32_t eval_add_n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                   const std::uint32_t* u,
+                                   const std::uint32_t* v,
+                                   const std::int32_t   count);
+
+   static std::uint32_t eval_subtract_n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                        const std::uint32_t* u,
+                                        const std::uint32_t* v,
+                                        const std::int32_t   count);
+
+   static void eval_multiply_n_by_n_to_2n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                          const std::uint32_t* a,
+                                          const std::uint32_t* b,
+                                          const std::uint32_t  count);
+
+   static std::uint32_t mul_loop_n(std::uint32_t* const u, std::uint32_t n, const std::int32_t p);
+   static std::uint32_t div_loop_n(std::uint32_t* const u, std::uint32_t n, const std::int32_t p);
+
+   static void eval_multiply_kara_propagate_carry (std::uint32_t* t, const std::uint32_t n, const std::uint32_t carry);
+   static void eval_multiply_kara_propagate_borrow(std::uint32_t* t, const std::uint32_t n, const bool has_borrow);
+   static void eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n    (      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                                   const std::uint32_t* a,
+                                                   const std::uint32_t* b,
+                                                   const std::uint32_t  n,
+                                                         std::uint32_t* t);
+
+   template<unsigned D>
+   void eval_mul_dispatch_multiplication_method(
+      const cpp_dec_float<D, ExponentType, Allocator>& v,
+      const std::int32_t prec_elems_for_multiply,
+      const typename std::enable_if<   (D == Digits10)
+                                    && (cpp_dec_float<D, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_elem_number < cpp_dec_float_elems_for_kara)>::type* = nullptr)
+   {
+      // Use school multiplication.
+
+      using array_for_mul_result_type =
+         typename std::conditional<std::is_void<Allocator>::value,
+                                   detail::static_array <std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t(cpp_dec_float_elem_number * 2)>,
+                                   detail::dynamic_array<std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t(cpp_dec_float_elem_number * 2), Allocator> >::type;
+
+      array_for_mul_result_type result;
+
+      eval_multiply_n_by_n_to_2n(result.data(), data.data(), v.data.data(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply));
+
+      // Handle a potential carry.
+      if(result[0U] != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0U))
+      {
+         exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+         // Shift the result of the multiplication one element to the right.
+         std::copy(result.cbegin(),
+                   result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply),
+                   data.begin());
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         std::copy(result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1),
+                   result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1 + (std::min)(prec_elems_for_multiply, cpp_dec_float_elem_number)),
+                   data.begin());
+      }
+   }
+
+   template<unsigned D>
+   void eval_mul_dispatch_multiplication_method(
+      const cpp_dec_float<D, ExponentType, Allocator>& v,
+      const std::int32_t prec_elems_for_multiply,
+      const typename std::enable_if<    (D == Digits10)
+                                    && !(cpp_dec_float<D, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_elem_number < cpp_dec_float_elems_for_kara)>::type* = nullptr)
+   {
+      if(prec_elems_for_multiply < cpp_dec_float_elems_for_kara)
+      {
+         // Use school multiplication.
+
+         using array_for_mul_result_type =
+            typename std::conditional<std::is_void<Allocator>::value,
+                                      detail::static_array <std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t(cpp_dec_float_elem_number * 2)>,
+                                      detail::dynamic_array<std::uint32_t, std::uint32_t(cpp_dec_float_elem_number * 2), Allocator> >::type;
+
+         array_for_mul_result_type result;
+
+         eval_multiply_n_by_n_to_2n(result.data(), data.data(), v.data.data(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply));
+
+         // Handle a potential carry.
+         if(result[0U] != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0U))
+         {
+            exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+         
+            // Shift the result of the multiplication one element to the right.
+            std::copy(result.cbegin(),
+                      result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply),
+                      data.begin());
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            std::copy(result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1),
+                      result.cbegin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1 + (std::min)(prec_elems_for_multiply, cpp_dec_float_elem_number)),
+                      data.begin());
+         }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         // Use Karatsuba multiplication.
+
+         using array_for_kara_tmp_type =
+            typename std::conditional<std::is_void<Allocator>::value,
+                                      detail::static_array <std::uint32_t, detail::a029750::a029750_as_constexpr(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number)) * 8U>,
+                                      detail::dynamic_array<std::uint32_t, detail::a029750::a029750_as_constexpr(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number)) * 8U, Allocator> >::type;
+
+         // Sloanes's A029747: Numbers of the form 2^k times 1, 3 or 5.
+         const std::uint32_t kara_elems_for_multiply =
+            detail::a029750::a029750_as_runtime_value(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply));
+
+         array_for_kara_tmp_type my_kara_mul_pool;
+
+         std::uint32_t* result  = my_kara_mul_pool.data() + (kara_elems_for_multiply * 0U);
+         std::uint32_t* t       = my_kara_mul_pool.data() + (kara_elems_for_multiply * 2U);
+         std::uint32_t* u_local = my_kara_mul_pool.data() + (kara_elems_for_multiply * 6U);
+         std::uint32_t* v_local = my_kara_mul_pool.data() + (kara_elems_for_multiply * 7U);
+
+         std::copy(  data.cbegin(),   data.cbegin() + prec_elems_for_multiply, u_local);
+         std::copy(v.data.cbegin(), v.data.cbegin() + prec_elems_for_multiply, v_local);
+
+         eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n(result,
+                                         u_local,
+                                         v_local,
+                                         kara_elems_for_multiply,
+                                         t);
+
+         // Handle a potential carry.
+         if(result[0U] != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0U))
+         {
+            exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+            // Shift the result of the multiplication one element to the right.
+            std::copy(result,
+                      result + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elems_for_multiply),
+                      data.begin());
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            std::copy(result + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1),
+                      result + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1 + (std::min)(prec_elems_for_multiply, cpp_dec_float_elem_number)),
+                      data.begin());
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   bool rd_string(const char* const s);
+
+   template <unsigned D, class ET, class A>
+   friend class cpp_dec_float;
+};
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_radix;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_lo;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10_limit_hi;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr ExponentType cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_exp;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr ExponentType cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_min_exp;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr ExponentType cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_exp10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr ExponentType cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_min_exp10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_elem_mask;
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::operator+=(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& v)
+{
+   if ((isnan)())
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if ((isinf)())
+   {
+      if ((v.isinf)() && (isneg() != v.isneg()))
+      {
+         *this = nan();
+      }
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      return operator=(v);
+   }
+
+   if ((v.isnan)() || (v.isinf)())
+   {
+      *this = v;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Get the offset for the add/sub operation.
+   constexpr exponent_type max_delta_exp =
+     static_cast<exponent_type>((cpp_dec_float_elem_number - 1) * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+   const exponent_type ofs_exp = static_cast<exponent_type>(exp - v.exp);
+
+   // Check if the operation is out of range, requiring special handling.
+   if (v.iszero() || (ofs_exp > max_delta_exp))
+   {
+      // Result is *this unchanged since v is negligible compared to *this.
+      return *this;
+   }
+   else if (ofs_exp < -max_delta_exp)
+   {
+      // Result is *this = v since *this is negligible compared to v.
+      return operator=(v);
+   }
+
+   // Do the add/sub operation.
+
+   typename array_type::pointer       p_u    = data.data();
+   typename array_type::const_pointer p_v    = v.data.data();
+   bool                               b_copy = false;
+   const std::int32_t                 ofs    = static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(ofs_exp) / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+   array_type                         n_data;
+
+   if (neg == v.neg)
+   {
+      // Add v to *this, where the data array of either *this or v
+      // might have to be treated with a positive, negative or zero offset.
+      // The result is stored in *this. The data are added one element
+      // at a time, each element with carry.
+      if (ofs >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))
+      {
+         std::copy(v.data.cbegin(), v.data.cend() - static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs));
+         std::fill(n_data.begin(), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+         p_v = n_data.data();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         std::copy(data.cbegin(), data.cend() - static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(-ofs), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(-ofs));
+         std::fill(n_data.begin(), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(-ofs), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+         p_u    = n_data.data();
+         b_copy = true;
+      }
+
+      // Addition algorithm
+      const std::uint32_t carry = eval_add_n(p_u, p_u, p_v, cpp_dec_float_elem_number);
+
+      if (b_copy)
+      {
+         data = n_data;
+         exp  = v.exp;
+      }
+
+      // There needs to be a carry into the element -1 of the array data
+      if (carry != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u))
+      {
+         std::copy_backward(data.cbegin(), data.cend() - static_cast<std::size_t>(1u), data.end());
+         data[0] = carry;
+         exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Subtract v from *this, where the data array of either *this or v
+      // might have to be treated with a positive, negative or zero offset.
+      if ((ofs > static_cast<std::int32_t>(0)) || ((ofs == static_cast<std::int32_t>(0)) && (compare_ranges(data.cbegin(), v.data.cbegin()) > static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))))
+      {
+         // In this case, |u| > |v| and ofs is positive.
+         // Copy the data of v, shifted down to a lower value
+         // into the data array m_n. Set the operand pointer p_v
+         // to point to the copied, shifted data m_n.
+         std::copy(v.data.cbegin(), v.data.cend() - static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs));
+         std::fill(n_data.begin(), n_data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+         p_v = n_data.data();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         if (ofs != static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))
+         {
+            // In this case, |u| < |v| and ofs is negative.
+            // Shift the data of u down to a lower value.
+            std::copy_backward(data.cbegin(), data.cend() - static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(-ofs), data.end());
+            std::fill(data.begin(), data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(-ofs), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+         }
+
+         // Copy the data of v into the data array n_data.
+         // Set the u-pointer p_u to point to m_n and the
+         // operand pointer p_v to point to the shifted
+         // data m_data.
+         n_data = v.data;
+         p_u    = n_data.data();
+         p_v    = data.data();
+         b_copy = true;
+      }
+
+      // Subtraction algorithm
+      static_cast<void>(eval_subtract_n(p_u, p_u, p_v, cpp_dec_float_elem_number));
+
+      if (b_copy)
+      {
+         data = n_data;
+         exp  = v.exp;
+         neg  = v.neg;
+      }
+
+      // Is it necessary to justify the data?
+      const typename array_type::const_iterator first_nonzero_elem = std::find_if(data.begin(), data.end(), data_elem_is_non_zero_predicate);
+
+      if (first_nonzero_elem != data.begin())
+      {
+         if (first_nonzero_elem == data.end())
+         {
+            // This result of the subtraction is exactly zero.
+            // Reset the sign and the exponent.
+            neg = false;
+            exp = static_cast<exponent_type>(0);
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            // Justify the data
+            const std::size_t sj = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance<typename array_type::const_iterator>(data.begin(), first_nonzero_elem));
+
+            std::copy(data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(sj), data.end(), data.begin());
+            std::fill(data.end() - static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(sj), data.end(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+
+            exp -= static_cast<exponent_type>(sj * static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   // Handle underflow.
+   if (iszero())
+      return (*this = zero());
+
+   // Check for potential overflow.
+   const bool b_result_might_overflow = (exp >= static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_max_exp10));
+
+   // Handle overflow.
+   if (b_result_might_overflow)
+   {
+      const bool b_result_is_neg = neg;
+      neg                        = false;
+
+      if (compare((cpp_dec_float::max)()) > 0)
+         *this = inf();
+
+      neg = b_result_is_neg;
+   }
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::operator-=(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& v)
+{
+   // Use *this - v = -(-*this + v).
+   negate();
+   *this += v;
+   negate();
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::operator*=(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& v)
+{
+   // Evaluate the sign of the result.
+   const bool b_result_is_neg = (neg != v.neg);
+
+   // Artificially set the sign of the result to be positive.
+   neg = false;
+
+   // Handle special cases like zero, inf and NaN.
+   const bool b_u_is_inf  = (isinf)();
+   const bool b_v_is_inf  = (v.isinf)();
+   const bool b_u_is_zero = iszero();
+   const bool b_v_is_zero = v.iszero();
+
+   if (((isnan)() || (v.isnan)()) || (b_u_is_inf && b_v_is_zero) || (b_v_is_inf && b_u_is_zero))
+   {
+      *this = nan();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (b_u_is_inf || b_v_is_inf)
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+      if (b_result_is_neg)
+         negate();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (b_u_is_zero || b_v_is_zero)
+   {
+      return *this = zero();
+   }
+
+   // Check for potential overflow or underflow.
+   const bool b_result_might_overflow  = ((exp + v.exp) >= static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_max_exp10));
+   const bool b_result_might_underflow = ((exp + v.exp) <= static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_min_exp10));
+
+   // Set the exponent of the result.
+   exp += v.exp;
+
+   const std::int32_t prec_mul = (std::min)(prec_elem, v.prec_elem);
+
+   eval_mul_dispatch_multiplication_method(v, prec_mul);
+
+   // Handle overflow.
+   if (b_result_might_overflow && (compare((cpp_dec_float::max)()) > 0))
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+   }
+
+   // Handle underflow.
+   if (b_result_might_underflow && (compare((cpp_dec_float::min)()) < 0))
+   {
+      *this = zero();
+
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Set the sign of the result.
+   neg = b_result_is_neg;
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::operator/=(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& v)
+{
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      if ((v.isnan)())
+      {
+         return *this = v;
+      }
+      else if (v.iszero())
+      {
+         return *this = nan();
+      }
+   }
+
+   const bool u_and_v_are_finite_and_identical = ((isfinite)() && (fpclass == v.fpclass) && (exp == v.exp) && (compare_ranges(data.cbegin(), v.data.cbegin()) == static_cast<std::int32_t>(0)));
+
+   if (u_and_v_are_finite_and_identical)
+   {
+      if (neg != v.neg)
+      {
+         *this = one();
+         negate();
+      }
+      else
+         *this = one();
+      return *this;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      cpp_dec_float t(v);
+      t.calculate_inv();
+      return operator*=(t);
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::mul_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n)
+{
+   // Multiply *this with a constant unsigned long long.
+
+   // Evaluate the sign of the result.
+   const bool b_neg = neg;
+
+   // Artificially set the sign of the result to be positive.
+   neg = false;
+
+   // Handle special cases like zero, inf and NaN.
+   const bool b_u_is_inf  = (isinf)();
+   const bool b_n_is_zero = (n == static_cast<std::int32_t>(0));
+
+   if ((isnan)() || (b_u_is_inf && b_n_is_zero))
+   {
+      return (*this = nan());
+   }
+
+   if (b_u_is_inf)
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+      if (b_neg)
+         negate();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (iszero() || b_n_is_zero)
+   {
+      // Multiplication by zero.
+      return *this = zero();
+   }
+
+   if (n >= static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask))
+   {
+      neg = b_neg;
+      cpp_dec_float t;
+      t = n;
+      return operator*=(t);
+   }
+
+   if (n == static_cast<unsigned long long>(1u))
+   {
+      neg = b_neg;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Set up the multiplication loop.
+   const std::uint32_t nn    = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(n);
+   const std::uint32_t carry = mul_loop_n(data.data(), nn, prec_elem);
+
+   // Handle the carry and adjust the exponent.
+   if (carry != static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u))
+   {
+      exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+      // Shift the result of the multiplication one element to the right.
+      std::copy_backward(data.begin(),
+                         data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elem - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)),
+                         data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elem));
+
+      data.front() = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(carry);
+   }
+
+   // Check for potential overflow.
+   const bool b_result_might_overflow = (exp >= cpp_dec_float_max_exp10);
+
+   // Handle overflow.
+   if (b_result_might_overflow && (compare((cpp_dec_float::max)()) > 0))
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+   }
+
+   // Set the sign.
+   neg = b_neg;
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::div_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long n)
+{
+   // Divide *this by a constant unsigned long long.
+
+   // Evaluate the sign of the result.
+   const bool b_neg = neg;
+
+   // Artificially set the sign of the result to be positive.
+   neg = false;
+
+   // Handle special cases like zero, inf and NaN.
+   if ((isnan)())
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if ((isinf)())
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+      if (b_neg)
+         negate();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (n == static_cast<unsigned long long>(0u))
+   {
+      // Divide by 0.
+      if (iszero())
+      {
+         *this = nan();
+         return *this;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         *this = inf();
+         if (b_neg)
+            negate();
+         return *this;
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (n >= static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask))
+   {
+      neg = b_neg;
+      cpp_dec_float t;
+      t = n;
+      return operator/=(t);
+   } // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+
+   const std::uint32_t nn = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(n);
+
+   if (nn > static_cast<std::uint32_t>(1u))
+   {
+      // Do the division loop.
+      const std::uint32_t prev = div_loop_n(data.data(), nn, prec_elem);
+
+      // Determine if one leading zero is in the result data.
+      if (data[0] == static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u))
+      {
+         // Adjust the exponent
+         exp -= static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+         // Shift result of the division one element to the left.
+         std::copy(data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1),
+                   data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(prec_elem - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)),
+                   data.begin());
+
+         data[static_cast<std::size_t>(prec_elem - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1))] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(prev * static_cast<std::uint64_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)) / nn);
+      }
+   }
+
+   // Check for potential underflow.
+   const bool b_result_might_underflow = (exp <= cpp_dec_float_min_exp10);
+
+   // Handle underflow.
+   if (b_result_might_underflow && (compare((cpp_dec_float::min)()) < 0))
+      return (*this = zero());
+
+   // Set the sign of the result.
+   neg = b_neg;
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::calculate_inv()
+{
+   // Handle the special case of zero.
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Handle the special cases of inf, NaN, and +1 or -1.
+
+   if ((isinf)())
+   {
+      return *this = zero();
+   }
+
+   bool b_neg;
+
+   if ((isnan)() || is_one_or_minus_one(&b_neg))
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Compute the inverse of *this.
+
+   neg = false;
+
+   // Save the original (absolute value of) *this.
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> x(*this);
+
+   // Generate the initial estimate using division.
+   // Extract the mantissa and exponent for a "manual"
+   // computation of the estimate.
+   double        dd;
+   exponent_type ne;
+   x.extract_parts(dd, ne);
+
+   // Setup the iteration.
+
+   // Calculate the initial estimate of the inverse using double
+   // precision approximations of mantissa and exponent.
+
+   operator=(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(1.0 / dd, -ne));
+
+   // Compute the inverse of *this. Quadratically convergent Newton-Raphson iteration
+   // is used. During the iterative steps, the precision of the calculation is limited
+   // to the minimum required in order to minimize the run-time.
+
+   constexpr std::int32_t double_digits10_minus_a_few = std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 - 3;
+
+   for (std::int32_t digits = double_digits10_minus_a_few; digits <= cpp_dec_float_max_digits10; digits *= static_cast<std::int32_t>(2))
+   {
+      // Adjust precision of the terms.
+      precision(static_cast<std::int32_t>((digits + 10) * static_cast<std::int32_t>(2)));
+      x.precision(static_cast<std::int32_t>((digits + 10) * static_cast<std::int32_t>(2)));
+
+      // Next iteration.
+      cpp_dec_float t(*this);
+      t *= x;
+      t -= two();
+      t.negate();
+      *this *= t;
+   }
+
+   neg = b_neg;
+
+   prec_elem = cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::calculate_sqrt()
+{
+   // Compute the square root of *this.
+
+   if ((isinf)() && (!isneg()))
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (isneg() || (!(isfinite)()))
+   {
+      *this = nan();
+      errno = EDOM;
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (iszero() || isone())
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   // Save the original *this.
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> x(*this);
+
+   // Generate the initial estimate using division.
+   // Extract the mantissa and exponent for a "manual"
+   // computation of the estimate.
+   double        dd;
+   exponent_type ne;
+   extract_parts(dd, ne);
+
+   // Force the exponent to be an even multiple of two.
+   if ((ne % static_cast<exponent_type>(2)) != static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      ++ne;
+      dd /= 10.0;
+   }
+
+   // Setup the iteration.
+
+   // Calculate the initial estimate of the root using double
+   // precision approximations of mantissa and exponent.
+
+   const double sqd = std::sqrt(dd);
+
+   *this = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(sqd, static_cast<ExponentType>(ne / static_cast<ExponentType>(2)));
+
+   // Estimate 1.0 / (2.0 * x0) using simple manipulations.
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> vi(0.5 / sqd, static_cast<ExponentType>(-ne / static_cast<ExponentType>(2)));
+
+   // Compute the square root of x. Coupled Newton iteration
+   // as described in "Pi Unleashed" is used. During the
+   // iterative steps, the precision of the calculation is
+   // limited to the minimum required in order to minimize
+   // the run-time.
+   //
+   // Book reference to "Pi Unleashed:
+   // https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642567353
+
+   constexpr std::uint32_t double_digits10_minus_a_few = std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10 - 3;
+
+   for (std::int32_t digits = double_digits10_minus_a_few; digits <= cpp_dec_float_max_digits10; digits *= 2)
+   {
+      // Adjust precision of the terms.
+      precision((digits + 10) * 2);
+      vi.precision((digits + 10) * 2);
+
+      // Next iteration of vi
+      cpp_dec_float t(*this);
+      t *= vi;
+      t.negate();
+      t.mul_unsigned_long_long(2u);
+      t += one();
+      t *= vi;
+      vi += t;
+
+      // Next iteration of *this
+      t = *this;
+      t *= *this;
+      t.negate();
+      t += x;
+      t *= vi;
+      *this += t;
+   }
+
+   prec_elem = cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+int cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::compare(const cpp_dec_float& v) const
+{
+   // Compare v with *this.
+   // Return +1 for *this > v
+   // 0 for *this = v
+   // -1 for *this < v
+
+   // Handle all non-finite cases.
+   if ((!(isfinite)()) || (!(v.isfinite)()))
+   {
+      // NaN can never equal NaN. Return an implementation-dependent
+      // signed result. Also note that comparison of NaN with NaN
+      // using operators greater-than or less-than is undefined.
+      if ((isnan)() || (v.isnan)())
+      {
+         return ((isnan)() ? 1 : -1);
+      }
+
+      if ((isinf)() && (v.isinf)())
+      {
+         // Both *this and v are infinite. They are equal if they have the same sign.
+         // Otherwise, *this is less than v if and only if *this is negative.
+         return ((neg == v.neg) ? 0 : (neg ? -1 : 1));
+      }
+
+      if ((isinf)())
+      {
+         // *this is infinite, but v is finite.
+         // So negative infinite *this is less than any finite v.
+         // Whereas positive infinite *this is greater than any finite v.
+         return (isneg() ? -1 : 1);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         // *this is finite, and v is infinite.
+         // So any finite *this is greater than negative infinite v.
+         // Whereas any finite *this is less than positive infinite v.
+         return (v.neg ? 1 : -1);
+      }
+   }
+
+   // And now handle all *finite* cases.
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      // The value of *this is zero and v is either zero or non-zero.
+      return (v.iszero() ? 0 : (v.neg ? 1 : -1));
+   }
+   else if (v.iszero())
+   {
+      // The value of v is zero and *this is non-zero.
+      return (neg ? -1 : 1);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Both *this and v are non-zero.
+
+      if (neg != v.neg)
+      {
+         // The signs are different.
+         return (neg ? -1 : 1);
+      }
+      else if (exp != v.exp)
+      {
+         // The signs are the same and the exponents are different.
+         const int val_cexpression = ((exp < v.exp) ? 1 : -1);
+
+         return (neg ? val_cexpression : -val_cexpression);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         // The signs are the same and the exponents are the same.
+         // Compare the data.
+         const int val_cmp_data = compare_ranges(data.cbegin(), v.data.cbegin());
+
+         return ((!neg) ? val_cmp_data : -val_cmp_data);
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+bool cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::is_one_or_minus_one(bool* p_sign) const
+{
+   // Check if the value of *this is identically 1 or very close to 1.
+
+   if(p_sign != nullptr)
+      *p_sign = neg;
+
+   if ((isfinite)())
+   {
+      if ((data[0u] == static_cast<std::uint32_t>(1u)) && (exp == static_cast<exponent_type>(0)))
+      {
+         const typename array_type::const_iterator it_non_zero = std::find_if(data.begin(), data.end(), data_elem_is_non_zero_predicate);
+
+         const bool result_one_is_ok = (it_non_zero == data.end());
+
+         return result_one_is_ok;
+      }
+      else if ((data[0u] == static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask - 1)) && (exp == static_cast<exponent_type>(-cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)))
+      {
+         const typename array_type::const_iterator it_non_nine = std::find_if(data.begin(), data.end(), data_elem_is_non_nine_predicate);
+
+         const bool result_one_is_ok = (it_non_nine == data.end());
+
+         return result_one_is_ok;
+      }
+   }
+
+   return false;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+bool cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::isint() const
+{
+   if (fpclass != cpp_dec_float_finite)
+   {
+      return false;
+   }
+
+   if (iszero())
+   {
+      return true;
+   }
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      return false;
+   } // |*this| < 1.
+
+   const typename array_type::size_type offset_decimal_part = static_cast<typename array_type::size_type>(exp / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) + 1u;
+
+   if (offset_decimal_part >= static_cast<typename array_type::size_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number))
+   {
+      // The number is too large to resolve the integer part.
+      // It considered to be a pure integer.
+      return true;
+   }
+
+   typename array_type::const_iterator it_non_zero = std::find_if(data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(offset_decimal_part), data.end(), data_elem_is_non_zero_predicate);
+
+   return (it_non_zero == data.end());
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_parts(double& mantissa, ExponentType& exponent) const
+{
+   // Extract the approximate parts mantissa and base-10 exponent from
+   // the input cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> value x.
+   // This subroutine is designed to be fast and does not round.
+
+   // Extract the mantissa and exponent.
+
+   using local_exponent_type = ExponentType;
+
+   const local_exponent_type my_order_limb0 { limb_order(data.front()) };
+
+   exponent = static_cast<local_exponent_type>(exp + my_order_limb0);
+
+   // Extract into the mantissa the first limb, extracted as a double.
+
+   mantissa = ((!neg) ? static_cast<double>(data.front()) : -static_cast<double>(data.front()));
+
+   int digit_counter { static_cast<int>(my_order_limb0) };
+
+   // Keep a running power-of-ten scale in the variable p10.
+   double p10 { static_cast<double>(detail::pow10_maker(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(my_order_limb0))) };
+
+   // Scale the first limb with its order.
+   mantissa /= p10;
+
+   // Extract the rest of the mantissa piecewise from the limbs.
+   // This loop does not round. For finite values, the absolute
+   // value of the mantissa is scaled and between 1 and 10.
+
+   auto itr_data = data.cbegin() + static_cast<std::size_t>(UINT8_C(1));
+
+   while ((itr_data != data.cend()) && (digit_counter <= std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digits10))
+   {
+      p10 *= static_cast<double>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+
+      mantissa += static_cast<double>(static_cast<double>(*itr_data++) / p10);
+
+      digit_counter += static_cast<int>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+double cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_double() const
+{
+   // Returns the double conversion of a cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>.
+
+   // Check for non-normal cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>.
+   if (!(isfinite)())
+   {
+      if ((isnan)())
+      {
+         return std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         return ((!neg) ? +std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
+                        : -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+      }
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xx(*this);
+
+   if (xx.isneg())
+      xx.negate();
+
+   // Check if *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> is zero.
+   if (iszero() || (xx.compare(double_min()) < 0))
+   {
+      return 0.0;
+   }
+
+   // Check if *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> exceeds the maximum of double.
+   if (xx.compare(double_max()) > 0)
+   {
+      return ((!neg) ? +std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
+                     : -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+   }
+
+   std::stringstream strm { };
+
+   strm.imbue(std::locale::classic());
+
+   strm << str(std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digits10, std::ios_base::scientific);
+
+   double d;
+   strm >> d;
+
+   return d;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+long double cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_long_double() const
+{
+   // Returns the long double conversion of a cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>.
+
+   // Check if *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> is subnormal.
+   if (!(isfinite)())
+   {
+      if ((isnan)())
+      {
+         return std::numeric_limits<long double>::quiet_NaN();
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         return ((!neg) ? std::numeric_limits<long double>::infinity()
+                        : -std::numeric_limits<long double>::infinity());
+      }
+   }
+
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xx(*this);
+   if (xx.isneg())
+      xx.negate();
+
+   // Check if *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> is zero.
+   if (iszero() || (xx.compare(long_double_min()) < 0))
+   {
+      return static_cast<long double>(0.0);
+   }
+
+   // Check if *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> exceeds the maximum of double.
+   if (xx.compare(long_double_max()) > 0)
+   {
+      return ((!neg) ?  std::numeric_limits<long double>::infinity()
+                     : -std::numeric_limits<long double>::infinity());
+   }
+
+   std::stringstream strm;
+   strm.imbue(std::locale::classic());
+
+   strm << str(std::numeric_limits<long double>::max_digits10, std::ios_base::scientific);
+
+   long double ld;
+   strm >> ld;
+
+   return ld;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+long long cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_signed_long_long() const
+{
+   // Extracts a signed long long from *this.
+   // If (x > maximum of long long) or (x < minimum of long long),
+   // then the maximum or minimum of long long is returned accordingly.
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      return static_cast<long long>(0);
+   }
+
+   const bool b_neg = isneg();
+
+   unsigned long long val;
+
+   if ((!b_neg) && (compare(long_long_max()) > 0))
+   {
+      return (std::numeric_limits<long long>::max)();
+   }
+   else if (b_neg && (compare(long_long_min()) < 0))
+   {
+      return (std::numeric_limits<long long>::min)();
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Extract the data into an unsigned long long value.
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xn(extract_integer_part());
+      if (xn.isneg())
+         xn.negate();
+
+      val = static_cast<unsigned long long>(xn.data[0]);
+
+      const std::int32_t imax = (std::min)(static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(xn.exp) / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10), static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)));
+
+      for (std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(1); i <= imax; i++)
+      {
+         val *= static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         val += static_cast<unsigned long long>(xn.data[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]);
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (!b_neg)
+   {
+      return static_cast<long long>(val);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // This strange expression avoids a hardware trap in the corner case
+      // that val is the most negative value permitted in long long.
+      // See https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/9740.
+      //
+      long long sval = static_cast<long long>(val - 1);
+      sval           = -sval;
+      --sval;
+      return sval;
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+unsigned long long cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_unsigned_long_long() const
+{
+   // Extracts an unsigned long long from *this.
+   // If x exceeds the maximum of unsigned long long,
+   // then the maximum of unsigned long long is returned.
+   // If x is negative, then the unsigned long long cast of
+   // the long long extracted value is returned.
+
+   if (isneg())
+   {
+      return static_cast<unsigned long long>(extract_signed_long_long());
+   }
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      return static_cast<unsigned long long>(0u);
+   }
+
+   const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xn(extract_integer_part());
+
+   unsigned long long val;
+
+   if (xn.compare(ulong_long_max()) > 0)
+   {
+      return (std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::max)();
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Extract the data into an unsigned long long value.
+      val = static_cast<unsigned long long>(xn.data[std::size_t { 0U }]);
+
+      const std::int32_t imax = (std::min)(static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(xn.exp) / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10), static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)));
+
+      for (std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(1); i <= imax; i++)
+      {
+         val *= static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         val += static_cast<unsigned long long>(xn.data[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]);
+      }
+   }
+
+   return val;
+}
+
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_INT128
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+int128_type cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_signed_int128() const
+{
+   // Extracts a signed __int128 from *this.
+   // If (x > maximum of __int128) or (x < minimum of __int128),
+   // then the maximum or minimum of long long is returned accordingly.
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      return static_cast<int128_type>(0);
+   }
+
+   const bool b_neg = isneg();
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> i128max;
+   i128max = ((~static_cast<uint128_type>(0)) >> 1);
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> i128min;
+   i128min = (-1 - static_cast<int128_type>((static_cast<uint128_type>(1) << 127) - 1));
+
+   uint128_type val;
+
+   if ((!b_neg) && (compare(i128max) > 0))
+   {
+      return ((~static_cast<uint128_type>(0)) >> 1);
+   }
+   else if (b_neg && (compare(i128min) < 0))
+   {
+      return (-1 - static_cast<int128_type>((static_cast<uint128_type>(1) << 127) - 1));
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Extract the data into an (unsigned) boost::uint128_type value.
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xn(extract_integer_part());
+      if (xn.isneg())
+         xn.negate();
+
+      val = static_cast<uint128_type>(xn.data[0]);
+
+      const std::int32_t imax = (std::min)(static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(xn.exp) / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10), static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)));
+
+      for (std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(1); i <= imax; i++)
+      {
+         val *= static_cast<uint128_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         val += static_cast<uint128_type>(xn.data[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)]);
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (!b_neg)
+   {
+      return static_cast<int128_type>(val);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // This strange expression avoids a hardware trap in the corner case that
+      // val is the most negative value permitted in (signed) boost::int128_type.
+      // See also https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/9740.
+      //
+      int128_type sval = static_cast<int128_type>(val - 1);
+      sval                       = -sval;
+      --sval;
+      return sval;
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+uint128_type cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_unsigned_int128() const
+{
+   // Extracts an unsigned __int128 from *this.
+   // If x exceeds the maximum of unsigned __int128,
+   // then the maximum of unsigned __int128 is returned.
+   // If x is negative, then the unsigned __int128 cast of
+   // the __int128 extracted value is returned.
+
+   if (isneg())
+   {
+      return static_cast<uint128_type>(extract_signed_int128());
+   }
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+   {
+      return 0u;
+   }
+
+   const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> xn(extract_integer_part());
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>       i128max;
+   i128max = (~static_cast<uint128_type>(0));
+
+   uint128_type val;
+
+   if (xn.compare(i128max) > 0)
+   {
+      return (~static_cast<uint128_type>(0));
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Extract the data into an unsigned long long value.
+      val = static_cast<uint128_type>(xn.data[0]);
+
+      const std::int32_t imax = (std::min)(static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(xn.exp) / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10), static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)));
+
+      for (std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(1); i <= imax; i++)
+      {
+         val *= static_cast<uint128_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         val += static_cast<uint128_type>(xn.data[i]);
+      }
+   }
+
+   return val;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::extract_integer_part() const
+{
+   // Compute the signed integer part of x.
+
+   if (!(isfinite)())
+   {
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (exp < static_cast<ExponentType>(0))
+   {
+      // The absolute value of the number is smaller than 1.
+      // Thus the integer part is zero.
+      return zero();
+   }
+
+   // Truncate the digits from the decimal part, including guard digits
+   // that do not belong to the integer part.
+
+   // Make a local copy.
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> x = *this;
+
+   // Clear out the decimal portion
+   const std::size_t first_clear = (static_cast<std::size_t>(x.exp) / static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)) + 1u;
+   const std::size_t last_clear  =  static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number);
+
+   if (first_clear < last_clear)
+      std::fill(x.data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(first_clear), x.data.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(last_clear), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+
+   return x;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+std::string cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::str(std::intmax_t number_of_digits, std::ios_base::fmtflags f) const
+{
+   if ((this->isinf)())
+   {
+      if (this->isneg())
+         return "-inf";
+      else if (f & std::ios_base::showpos)
+         return "+inf";
+      else
+         return "inf";
+   }
+   else if ((this->isnan)())
+   {
+      return "nan";
+   }
+
+   std::string   my_str;
+   std::intmax_t org_digits(number_of_digits);
+   exponent_type my_exp = order();
+
+   if (!(f & std::ios_base::fixed) && (number_of_digits == 0))
+      number_of_digits = cpp_dec_float_max_digits10;
+
+   if (f & std::ios_base::fixed)
+   {
+      number_of_digits += my_exp + 1;
+   }
+   else if (f & std::ios_base::scientific)
+      ++number_of_digits;
+
+   // Determine the number of elements needed to provide the requested
+   // digits from cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>.
+   const std::intmax_t
+      number_of_elements_signed
+      {
+         (std::max)(static_cast<std::intmax_t>(number_of_digits / static_cast<std::intmax_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) + 2),
+                    std::intmax_t { INT8_C(0) })
+      };
+
+   const std::size_t number_of_elements = (std::min)(static_cast<std::size_t>(number_of_elements_signed),
+                                                     static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number));
+
+   // Extract the remaining digits from cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> after the decimal point.
+   std::stringstream strm;
+   strm.imbue(std::locale::classic());
+   strm << data[0];
+   // Extract all of the digits from cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, beginning with the first data element.
+   for (std::size_t i = static_cast<std::size_t>(1u); i < number_of_elements; i++)
+   {
+      strm << std::setw(static_cast<std::streamsize>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))
+           << std::setfill(static_cast<char>('0'))
+           << data[i];
+   }
+   my_str += strm.str();
+
+   bool have_leading_zeros = false;
+
+   if (number_of_digits == 0)
+   {
+      // We only get here if the output format is "fixed" and we just need to
+      // round the first non-zero digit.
+      number_of_digits -= my_exp + 1; // reset to original value
+      if (number_of_digits)
+      {
+         my_str.insert(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(0), std::string::size_type(number_of_digits), '0');
+         have_leading_zeros = true; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (number_of_digits < 0)
+   {
+      my_str = "0"; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+      if (isneg())
+         my_str.insert(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(0), 1, '-');
+      boost::multiprecision::detail::format_float_string(my_str, 0, number_of_digits - my_exp - 1, f, this->iszero());
+      return my_str;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Cut the output to the size of the precision.
+      if (my_str.length() > static_cast<std::string::size_type>(number_of_digits))
+      {
+         // Get the digit after the last needed digit for rounding
+         const std::uint32_t round = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(my_str[static_cast<std::string::size_type>(number_of_digits)]) - static_cast<std::uint32_t>('0'));
+
+         bool need_round_up = round >= 5u;
+
+         if (round == 5u)
+         {
+            const std::uint32_t ix = number_of_digits == 0 ? 0 : static_cast<std::uint32_t>(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(my_str[static_cast<std::string::size_type>(number_of_digits - 1)]) - static_cast<std::uint32_t>('0'));
+            if ((ix & 1u) == 0)
+            {
+               // We have an even digit followed by a 5, so we might not actually
+               // need to round up if all the remaining digits are zero:
+               if (my_str.find_first_not_of('0', static_cast<std::string::size_type>(number_of_digits + 1)) == std::string::npos)
+               {
+                  bool all_zeros = true;
+
+                  // There are no non-zero trailing digits in the string,
+                  // now check whatever parts we didn't convert to the string:
+                  for (std::size_t i = number_of_elements; i < data.size(); i++)
+                  {
+                     if (data[i])
+                     {
+                        all_zeros = false;
+                        break;
+                     }
+                  }
+                  if (all_zeros)
+                     need_round_up = false; // tie break - round to even.
+               }
+            }
+         }
+
+         // Truncate the string
+         my_str.erase(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(number_of_digits));
+
+         if (need_round_up)
+         {
+            if (my_str.size())
+            {
+               std::size_t ix = static_cast<std::size_t>(my_str.length() - 1u);
+
+               // Every trailing 9 must be rounded up
+               while (ix && (static_cast<std::int32_t>(my_str.at(ix)) - static_cast<std::int32_t>('0') == static_cast<std::int32_t>(9)))
+               {
+                  my_str.at(ix) = static_cast<char>('0');
+                  --ix;
+               }
+
+               if (!ix)
+               {
+                  // There were nothing but trailing nines.
+                  if (static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(my_str.at(ix)) - static_cast<std::int32_t>(0x30)) == static_cast<std::int32_t>(9))
+                  {
+                     // Increment up to the next order and adjust exponent.
+                     my_str.at(ix) = static_cast<char>('1');
+                     ++my_exp;
+                  }
+                  else
+                  {
+                     // Round up this digit.
+                     ++my_str.at(ix);
+                  }
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                  // Round up the last digit.
+                  ++my_str[ix];
+               }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+               my_str = "1"; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+               ++my_exp;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (have_leading_zeros)
+   {
+      // We need to take the zeros back out again, and correct the exponent
+      // if we rounded up:
+      if (my_str[std::string::size_type(number_of_digits - 1)] != '0')
+      {
+         ++my_exp;
+         my_str.erase(0, std::string::size_type(number_of_digits - 1));
+      }
+      else
+         my_str.erase(0, std::string::size_type(number_of_digits));
+   }
+
+   if (isneg())
+      my_str.insert(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(0), 1, '-');
+
+   boost::multiprecision::detail::format_float_string(my_str, my_exp, org_digits, f, this->iszero());
+   return my_str;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+bool cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::rd_string(const char* const s)
+{
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+   try
+   {
+#endif
+
+      std::string my_str(s);
+      static const std::string valid_characters{"0123456789"};
+
+      // TBD: Using several regular expressions may significantly reduce
+      // the code complexity (and perhaps the run-time) of rd_string().
+
+      // Get a possible exponent and remove it.
+      exp = static_cast<exponent_type>(0);
+
+      std::size_t pos;
+
+      if (((pos = my_str.find('e')) != std::string::npos) || ((pos = my_str.find('E')) != std::string::npos))
+      {
+         // Remove the exponent part from the string.
+#ifndef BOOST_MP_STANDALONE
+         exp = boost::lexical_cast<exponent_type>(static_cast<const char*>(my_str.c_str() + (pos + 1u)));
+#else
+         if (my_str.find_first_not_of(valid_characters, ((my_str[pos + 1] == '+') || (my_str[pos + 1] == '-')) ? pos + 2 : pos + 1) != std::string::npos)
+            BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Can not construct a floating point with non-numeric content")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+         exp = static_cast<exponent_type>(std::atoll(static_cast<const char*>(my_str.c_str() + (pos + 1u))));
+#endif
+
+         my_str = my_str.substr(static_cast<std::size_t>(0u), pos);
+      }
+
+      // Get a possible +/- sign and remove it.
+      neg = false;
+
+      if (!my_str.empty())
+      {
+         if (my_str[0] == '-')
+         {
+            neg = true;
+
+            my_str.erase(0, 1);
+         }
+         else if (my_str[0] == '+')
+         {
+            my_str.erase(0, 1);
+         }
+      }
+
+      //
+      // Special cases for infinities and NaN's:
+      //
+      if ((my_str == "inf") || (my_str == "INF") || (my_str == "infinity") || (my_str == "INFINITY"))
+      {
+         const bool tmp_neg { neg };
+
+         *this = this->inf();
+
+         neg = tmp_neg;
+
+         return true;
+      }
+
+      if ((my_str.size() >= 3) && ((my_str.substr(0, 3) == "nan") || (my_str.substr(0, 3) == "NAN") || (my_str.substr(0, 3) == "NaN")))
+      {
+         *this = this->nan();
+
+         return true;
+      }
+
+      // Remove the leading zeros for all input types.
+      const std::string::iterator fwd_it_leading_zero = std::find_if(my_str.begin(), my_str.end(), char_is_nonzero_predicate);
+
+      if (fwd_it_leading_zero != my_str.begin())
+      {
+         if (fwd_it_leading_zero == my_str.end())
+         {
+            // The string contains nothing but leading zeros.
+            // This string represents zero.
+            operator=(zero());
+            return true;
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            my_str.erase(my_str.begin(), fwd_it_leading_zero);
+         }
+      }
+
+      // Put the input string into the standard cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> input form
+      // aaa.bbbbE+/-n, where aaa has 1...cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10, bbbb has an
+      // even multiple of cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10 which are possibly zero padded
+      // on the right-end, and n is a signed 64-bit integer which is an
+      // even multiple of cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10.
+
+      // Find a possible decimal point.
+      pos = my_str.find(static_cast<char>('.'));
+
+      if (pos != std::string::npos)
+      {
+         // Check we have only digits either side of the point:
+         if (my_str.find_first_not_of(valid_characters) != pos)
+            BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Can not construct a floating point with non-numeric content")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+         if (my_str.find_first_not_of(valid_characters, pos + 1) != std::string::npos)
+            BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Can not construct a floating point with non-numeric content")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+
+         // Remove all trailing insignificant zeros.
+         const std::string::const_reverse_iterator rit_non_zero = std::find_if(my_str.rbegin(), my_str.rend(), char_is_nonzero_predicate);
+
+         if (rit_non_zero != static_cast<std::string::const_reverse_iterator>(my_str.rbegin()))
+         {
+            const std::string::size_type ofs =
+               static_cast<std::string::size_type>
+               (
+                    static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(my_str.length())
+                  - std::distance<std::string::const_reverse_iterator>(my_str.rbegin(), rit_non_zero)
+               );
+
+            my_str.erase(my_str.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(ofs), my_str.end());
+         }
+
+         // Check if the input is identically zero.
+         if (my_str == std::string("."))
+         {
+            operator=(zero());
+            return true;
+         }
+
+         // Remove leading significant zeros just after the decimal point
+         // and adjust the exponent accordingly.
+         // Note that the while-loop operates only on strings of the form ".000abcd..."
+         // and peels away the zeros just after the decimal point.
+         if (my_str.at(static_cast<std::size_t>(0u)) == static_cast<char>('.'))
+         {
+            const std::string::iterator it_non_zero = std::find_if(my_str.begin() + 1u, my_str.end(), char_is_nonzero_predicate);
+
+            std::size_t delta_exp = static_cast<std::size_t>(0u);
+
+            if (my_str.at(static_cast<std::size_t>(1u)) == static_cast<char>('0'))
+            {
+               delta_exp = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance<std::string::const_iterator>(my_str.begin() + 1u, it_non_zero));
+            }
+
+            // Bring one single digit into the mantissa and adjust the exponent accordingly.
+            my_str.erase(my_str.begin(), it_non_zero);
+            my_str.insert(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(1u), ".");
+            exp -= static_cast<exponent_type>(delta_exp + 1u);
+         }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         // We should have only digits:
+         if (my_str.find_first_not_of(valid_characters) != std::string::npos)
+            BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Can not construct a floating point with non-numeric content")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+
+         // Input string has no decimal point: Append decimal point.
+         my_str.append(".");
+      }
+
+      // Shift the decimal point such that the exponent is an even multiple of cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10.
+      std::ptrdiff_t       n_shift   = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(0);
+      const std::ptrdiff_t n_exp_rem = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(exp % static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+
+      if((exp % static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)) != static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+      {
+         n_shift = ((exp < static_cast<exponent_type>(0))
+                        ? static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(n_exp_rem + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))
+                        : static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(n_exp_rem));
+      }
+
+      // Make sure that there are enough digits for the decimal point shift.
+      pos = my_str.find(static_cast<char>('.'));
+
+      std::ptrdiff_t pos_plus_one = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(pos + 1);
+
+      if ((static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(my_str.length()) - pos_plus_one) < n_shift)
+      {
+         const std::ptrdiff_t sz = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(n_shift - (static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(my_str.length()) - pos_plus_one));
+
+         my_str.append(std::string(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(sz), static_cast<char>('0')));
+      }
+
+      // Do the decimal point shift.
+      if (n_shift != static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(0))
+      {
+         my_str.insert(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(pos_plus_one + n_shift), ".");
+
+         my_str.erase(pos, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(1));
+
+         exp -= static_cast<exponent_type>(n_shift);
+      }
+
+      // Cut the size of the mantissa to <= cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10.
+      pos          = my_str.find(static_cast<char>('.'));
+      pos_plus_one = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(pos + 1u);
+
+      if (pos > static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))
+      {
+         const std::int32_t n_pos         = static_cast<std::int32_t>(pos);
+         const std::int32_t n_rem_is_zero = ((static_cast<std::int32_t>(n_pos % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) == static_cast<std::int32_t>(0)) ? static_cast<std::int32_t>(1) : static_cast<std::int32_t>(0));
+         const std::int32_t n             = static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n_pos / cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) - n_rem_is_zero);
+
+         my_str.insert(static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(n_pos - static_cast<std::int32_t>(n * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))), ".");
+
+         my_str.erase(static_cast<std::size_t>(pos_plus_one), static_cast<std::size_t>(1u));
+
+         exp += static_cast<exponent_type>(static_cast<exponent_type>(n) * static_cast<exponent_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+      }
+
+      // Pad the decimal part such that its value is an even
+      // multiple of cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10.
+      pos          = my_str.find(static_cast<char>('.'));
+      pos_plus_one = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(pos + 1u);
+
+      // Throws an error for a strange construction like 3.14L
+      if(pos != std::string::npos && (my_str.back() == 'L' || my_str.back() == 'l' || my_str.back() == 'u' || my_str.back() == 'U'))
+      {
+         BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Can not construct a floating point with an integer literal")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      }
+
+      const std::int32_t n_dec = static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(my_str.length() - 1u) - static_cast<std::int32_t>(pos));
+      const std::int32_t n_rem = static_cast<std::int32_t>(n_dec % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+      std::int32_t n_cnt = ((n_rem != static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))
+                                  ? static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10 - n_rem)
+                                  : static_cast<std::int32_t>(0));
+
+      if (n_cnt != static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))
+      {
+         my_str.append(static_cast<std::size_t>(n_cnt), static_cast<char>('0'));
+      }
+
+      // Truncate decimal part if it is too long.
+      const std::size_t max_dec = static_cast<std::size_t>((cpp_dec_float_elem_number - 1) * cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10);
+
+      if (static_cast<std::size_t>(my_str.length() - pos) > max_dec)
+      {
+         my_str = my_str.substr(static_cast<std::size_t>(0u),
+                                static_cast<std::size_t>(pos_plus_one + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(max_dec)));
+      }
+
+      // Now the input string has the standard cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> input form.
+      // (See the comment above.)
+
+      // Set all the data elements to 0.
+      std::fill(data.begin(), data.end(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+
+      // Extract the data.
+
+      // First get the digits to the left of the decimal point...
+      data[0u] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::stol(my_str.substr(static_cast<std::size_t>(0u), pos)));
+
+      // ...then get the remaining digits to the right of the decimal point.
+      const std::string::size_type i_end =
+      (
+           static_cast<std::string::size_type>(my_str.length() - static_cast<std::string::size_type>(pos_plus_one))
+         / static_cast<std::string::size_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)
+      );
+
+      for (std::string::size_type i = static_cast<std::string::size_type>(0u); i < i_end; i++)
+      {
+         const std::string::const_iterator it =
+              my_str.begin()
+            + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>
+              (
+                   static_cast<std::string::size_type>(pos_plus_one)
+                 + static_cast<std::string::size_type>(i * static_cast<std::string::size_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))
+              );
+
+         data[i + 1u] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(std::stol(std::string(it, it + static_cast<std::string::size_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10))));
+      }
+
+      // Check for overflow...
+      if (exp >= cpp_dec_float_max_exp10)
+      {
+         const bool neg_tmp { neg };
+
+         neg = false;
+
+         const int compare_result { compare((cpp_dec_float::max)()) };
+
+         if(compare_result > 0)
+         {
+            *this = inf();
+         }
+
+         neg = neg_tmp;
+      }
+
+      // ...and check for underflow.
+      if (exp <= cpp_dec_float_min_exp10)
+      {
+         const bool neg_tmp { neg };
+
+         neg = false;
+
+         const int compare_result { compare((cpp_dec_float::min)()) };
+
+         if(compare_result < 0)
+         {
+            *this = zero();
+         }
+         else
+         {
+            neg = neg_tmp;
+         }
+      }
+
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+   }
+   #ifndef BOOST_MP_STANDALONE
+   catch (const bad_lexical_cast&)
+   #else
+   catch (const std::exception&)
+   #endif
+   {
+      // Rethrow with better error message:
+      std::string msg = "Unable to parse the string \"";
+      msg += s;
+      msg += "\" as a floating point value.";
+      throw std::runtime_error(msg);
+   }
+#endif
+   return true;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float(const double mantissa, const ExponentType exp10)
+{
+   // Create *this cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>
+   // from a given mantissa and base-10 exponent. It is important
+   // to note that this constructor does *not* maintain the full
+   // precision of double. It is used internally (privately), mostly
+   // as a first guess for Newton iteration in square root and inversion.
+
+   std::fill(data.begin(), data.end(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+
+   constexpr double
+      dbl_min_check
+      {
+        static_cast<double>
+        (
+           (std::numeric_limits<double>::min)() * (1.0 + std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon())
+        )
+      };
+
+   const bool b_neg { (mantissa < 0.0) };
+
+   double d_mant { ((!b_neg) ? mantissa : -mantissa) };
+
+   const bool mantissa_is_non_zero { (d_mant > dbl_min_check) };
+
+   if (mantissa_is_non_zero)
+   {
+      exponent_type exp10_val { exp10 };
+
+      // This subroutine is used after a call to extract_parts().
+      // The corresponding scaling loop for (d_mant > 10.0) is not
+      // needed here since extract_parts() returns a mantissa value
+      // between 1 and 10. The loop for (d_mant < 1.0) is needed
+      // since the initial guess of the square root in tghe subroutine
+      // calculate_root() might have been divided by 10 in order
+      // to obtain an exponent value that is a multiple of 2.
+
+      while (d_mant < 1.0)
+      {
+         d_mant *= 10.0;
+         --exp10_val;
+      }
+
+      std::int32_t shift = static_cast<std::int32_t>(exp10_val % static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+
+      while (static_cast<std::int32_t>(shift-- % cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10) != static_cast<std::int32_t>(0))
+      {
+         d_mant *= 10.0;
+         --exp10_val;
+      }
+
+      exp = exp10_val;
+      neg = b_neg;
+
+      constexpr std::int32_t digit_ratio = static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(std::numeric_limits<double>::digits10) / static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+      constexpr std::int32_t digit_loops = static_cast<std::int32_t>(digit_ratio + static_cast<std::int32_t>(2));
+
+      for (std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); i < digit_loops; i++)
+      {
+         std::uint32_t n = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(d_mant));
+         data[static_cast<std::size_t>(i)] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(n);
+         d_mant -= static_cast<double>(n);
+         d_mant *= static_cast<double>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+      }
+   }
+} // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+template <class Float>
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<Float>::value, cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>&>::type cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::operator=(Float a)
+{
+   // Christopher Kormanyos's original code used a cast to long long here,
+   // but that fails when long double has more digits than a long long.
+
+   BOOST_MP_FLOAT128_USING
+
+   using std::floor;
+   using std::frexp; 
+   using std::ldexp;
+
+   if (a == 0)
+      return *this = zero();
+
+   if (a == 1)
+      return *this = one();
+
+   if (BOOST_MP_ISINF(a))
+   {
+      *this = inf();
+      if (a < 0)
+         this->negate();
+      return *this;
+   }
+
+   if (BOOST_MP_ISNAN(a))
+      return *this = nan();
+
+   int         e;
+   Float f, term;
+   *this = zero();
+
+   f = frexp(a, &e);
+   // See https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/10924 for an example of why this may go wrong:
+   BOOST_MP_ASSERT(!BOOST_MP_ISNAN(f) && !BOOST_MP_ISINF(f));
+
+   constexpr int shift = std::numeric_limits<int>::digits - 1;
+
+   while (f != static_cast<Float>(0.0f))
+   {
+      // extract int sized bits from f:
+      f = ldexp(f, shift);
+      BOOST_MP_ASSERT(!BOOST_MP_ISNAN(f) && !BOOST_MP_ISINF(f));
+      term = floor(f);
+      e -= shift;
+      *this *= pow2(shift);
+      if (term > 0)
+         add_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<unsigned>(term));
+      else
+         sub_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<unsigned>(-term));
+      f -= term;
+   }
+
+   if (e != 0)
+      *this *= pow2(e);
+
+   return *this;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_unsigned_long_long(const unsigned long long u)
+{
+   std::fill(data.begin(), data.end(), static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0u));
+
+   exp       = static_cast<exponent_type>(0);
+   neg       = false;
+   fpclass   = cpp_dec_float_finite;
+   prec_elem = cpp_dec_float_elem_number;
+
+   if (u == 0)
+   {
+      return;
+   }
+
+   std::size_t index { static_cast<std::size_t>(0u) };
+
+   unsigned long long uu { u };
+
+   constexpr std::size_t
+      local_storage_size
+      {
+         static_cast<std::size_t>
+         (
+           (std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 / static_cast<int>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10)) + 3
+         )
+      };
+
+   using local_limb_type = std::uint32_t;
+
+   using local_tmp_array_type = std::array<local_limb_type, local_storage_size>;
+
+   local_tmp_array_type temp { };
+
+   while (uu != static_cast<unsigned long long>(0u))
+   {
+      temp[index] = static_cast<local_limb_type>(uu % static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask));
+
+      uu = static_cast<unsigned long long>(uu / static_cast<unsigned long long>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask));
+
+      ++index;
+   }
+
+   if (index > static_cast<std::size_t>(1u))
+   {
+      exp += static_cast<exponent_type>((index - 1u) * static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_digits10));
+   }
+
+   const std::size_t
+      copy_size
+      {
+         (std::min)(index, static_cast<std::size_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_number))
+      };
+
+   using local_const_reverse_iterator_type = std::reverse_iterator<const local_limb_type*>;
+
+   std::copy
+   (
+      local_const_reverse_iterator_type(temp.data() + copy_size),
+      local_const_reverse_iterator_type(temp.data()),
+      data.begin()
+   );
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+template <typename InputIteratorTypeLeft, typename InputIteratorTypeRight>
+int cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::compare_ranges(InputIteratorTypeLeft  a,
+                                                                     InputIteratorTypeRight b,
+                                                                     const std::uint32_t    count)
+{
+   using local_iterator_left_type  = InputIteratorTypeLeft;
+   using local_iterator_right_type = InputIteratorTypeRight;
+
+   local_iterator_left_type  begin_a(a);
+   local_iterator_left_type  end_a  (a + static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<local_iterator_left_type >::difference_type>(count));
+   local_iterator_right_type begin_b(b);
+   local_iterator_right_type end_b  (b + static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<local_iterator_right_type>::difference_type>(count));
+
+   const auto mismatch_pair = std::mismatch(begin_a, end_a, begin_b);
+
+   int n_return;
+
+   if((mismatch_pair.first != end_a) || (mismatch_pair.second != end_b))
+   {
+      const typename std::iterator_traits<local_iterator_left_type >::value_type left  = *mismatch_pair.first;
+      const typename std::iterator_traits<local_iterator_right_type>::value_type right = *mismatch_pair.second;
+
+      n_return = ((left > right) ?  1 : -1);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      n_return = 0;
+   }
+
+   return n_return;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+std::uint32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_add_n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                                                           const std::uint32_t* u,
+                                                                           const std::uint32_t* v,
+                                                                           const std::int32_t   count)
+{
+   // Addition algorithm
+   std::uint_fast8_t carry = static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(0U);
+
+   for(std::int32_t j = static_cast<std::int32_t>(count - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)); j >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); --j)
+   {
+      const std::uint32_t t = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(u[j] + v[j]) + carry);
+
+      carry = ((t >= static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)) ? static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(1U)
+                                                                   : static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(0U));
+
+      r[j]  = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(t - ((carry != 0U) ? static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)
+                                                            : static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0U)));
+   }
+
+   return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(carry);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+std::uint32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_subtract_n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                                                                const std::uint32_t* u,
+                                                                                const std::uint32_t* v,
+                                                                                const std::int32_t   count)
+{
+   // Subtraction algorithm
+   std::int_fast8_t borrow = static_cast<std::int_fast8_t>(0);
+
+   for(std::uint32_t j = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(count - static_cast<std::int32_t>(1)); static_cast<std::int32_t>(j) >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); --j)
+   {
+      std::int32_t t = static_cast<std::int32_t>(  static_cast<std::int32_t>(u[j])
+                                                 - static_cast<std::int32_t>(v[j])) - borrow;
+
+      // Underflow? Borrow?
+      if(t < 0)
+      {
+         // Yes, underflow and borrow
+         t     += static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         borrow = static_cast<std::int_fast8_t>(1);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         borrow = static_cast<std::int_fast8_t>(0);
+      }
+
+      r[j] = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(t);
+   }
+
+   return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(borrow);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_multiply_n_by_n_to_2n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                                                                  const std::uint32_t* a,
+                                                                                  const std::uint32_t* b,
+                                                                                  const std::uint32_t  count)
+{
+   using local_limb_type = std::uint32_t;
+
+   using local_double_limb_type = std::uint64_t;
+
+   using local_reverse_iterator_type = std::reverse_iterator<local_limb_type*>;
+
+   local_reverse_iterator_type ir(r + (count * 2));
+
+   local_double_limb_type carry = 0U;
+
+   for(std::int32_t j = static_cast<std::int32_t>(count - 1); j >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(1); --j)
+   {
+      local_double_limb_type sum = carry;
+
+      for(std::int32_t i = static_cast<std::int32_t>(count - 1); i >= j; --i)
+      {
+         sum += local_double_limb_type(
+                local_double_limb_type(a[i]) * b[  static_cast<std::int32_t>(count - 1)
+                                                - static_cast<std::int32_t>(i - j)]);
+      }
+
+      carry = static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(sum / static_cast<local_limb_type>       (cpp_dec_float_elem_mask));
+      *ir++ = static_cast<local_limb_type>       (sum - static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(carry) * static_cast<local_limb_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)));
+   }
+
+   for(std::int32_t j = static_cast<std::int32_t>(count - 1); j >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); --j)
+   {
+      local_double_limb_type sum = carry;
+
+      for(std::int32_t i = j; i >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); --i)
+      {
+         sum += static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(a[j - i] * static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(b[i]));
+      }
+
+      carry = static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(sum / static_cast<local_limb_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask));
+      *ir++ = static_cast<local_limb_type>       (sum - static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(static_cast<local_double_limb_type>(carry) * static_cast<local_limb_type>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)));
+   }
+
+   *ir = static_cast<local_limb_type>(carry);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+std::uint32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::mul_loop_n(std::uint32_t* const u, std::uint32_t n, const std::int32_t p)
+{
+   std::uint64_t carry = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(0u);
+
+   // Multiplication loop.
+   for (std::int32_t j = p - 1; j >= static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); j--)
+   {
+      const std::uint64_t t = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(carry + static_cast<std::uint64_t>(u[j] * static_cast<std::uint64_t>(n)));
+      carry                 = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(t / static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask));
+      u[j]                  = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(t - static_cast<std::uint64_t>(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask) * static_cast<std::uint64_t>(carry)));
+   }
+
+   return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(carry);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+std::uint32_t cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::div_loop_n(std::uint32_t* const u, std::uint32_t n, const std::int32_t p)
+{
+   std::uint64_t prev = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(0u);
+
+   for (std::int32_t j = static_cast<std::int32_t>(0); j < p; j++)
+   {
+      const std::uint64_t t = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(u[j] + static_cast<std::uint64_t>(prev * static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)));
+      u[j]                    = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(t / n);
+      prev                    = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(t - static_cast<std::uint64_t>(n * static_cast<std::uint64_t>(u[j])));
+   }
+
+   return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(prev);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_multiply_kara_propagate_carry(std::uint32_t* t, const std::uint32_t n, const std::uint32_t carry)
+{
+   std::uint_fast8_t carry_out = ((carry != 0U) ? static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(1U)
+                                                : static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(0U));
+
+   using local_reverse_iterator_type = std::reverse_iterator<std::uint32_t*>;
+
+   local_reverse_iterator_type ri_t  (t + n);
+   local_reverse_iterator_type rend_t(t);
+
+   while((carry_out != 0U) && (ri_t != rend_t))
+   {
+      const std::uint64_t tt = *ri_t + carry_out;
+
+      carry_out = ((tt >= static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)) ? static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(1U)
+                                                                               : static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(0U));
+
+      *ri_t++    = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(tt - ((carry_out != 0U) ? static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask)
+                                                                      : static_cast<std::uint32_t>(0U)));
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_multiply_kara_propagate_borrow(std::uint32_t* t, const std::uint32_t n, const bool has_borrow)
+{
+   std::int_fast8_t borrow = (has_borrow ? static_cast<std::int_fast8_t>(1)
+                                         : static_cast<std::int_fast8_t>(0));
+
+   using local_reverse_iterator_type = std::reverse_iterator<std::uint32_t*>;
+
+   local_reverse_iterator_type ri_t  (t + n);
+   local_reverse_iterator_type rend_t(t);
+
+   while((borrow != 0U) && (ri_t != rend_t))
+   {
+      std::int32_t tt = static_cast<std::int32_t>(static_cast<std::int32_t>(*ri_t) - borrow);
+
+      // Underflow? Borrow?
+      if(tt < 0)
+      {
+         // Yes, underflow and borrow
+         tt     += static_cast<std::int32_t>(cpp_dec_float_elem_mask);
+         borrow  = static_cast<int_fast8_t>(1);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+         borrow = static_cast<int_fast8_t>(0);
+      }
+
+      *ri_t++ = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(tt);
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+void cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n(      std::uint32_t* r,
+                                                                                       const std::uint32_t* a,
+                                                                                       const std::uint32_t* b,
+                                                                                       const std::uint32_t  n,
+                                                                                             std::uint32_t* t)
+{
+   if(n <= 32U)
+   {
+      static_cast<void>(t);
+
+      eval_multiply_n_by_n_to_2n(r, a, b, n);
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      // Based on "Algorithm 1.3 KaratsubaMultiply", Sect. 1.3.2, page 5
+      // of R.P. Brent and P. Zimmermann, "Modern Computer Arithmetic",
+      // Cambridge University Press (2011).
+
+      // The Karatsuba multipliation computes the product of a*b as:
+      // [b^N + b^(N/2)] a1*b1 + [b^(N/2)](a1 - a0)(b0 - b1) + [b^(N/2) + 1] a0*b0
+
+      // Here we visualize a and b in two components 1,0 corresponding
+      // to the high and low order parts, respectively.
+
+      // Step 1
+      // Calculate a1*b1 and store it in the upper-order part of r.
+      // Calculate a0*b0 and store it in the lower-order part of r.
+      // copy r to t0.
+
+      // Step 2
+      // Add a1*b1 (which is t2) to the middle two-quarters of r (which is r1)
+      // Add a0*b0 (which is t0) to the middle two-quarters of r (which is r1)
+
+      // Step 3
+      // Calculate |a1-a0| in t0 and note the sign (i.e., the borrow flag)
+
+      // Step 4
+      // Calculate |b0-b1| in t1 and note the sign (i.e., the borrow flag)
+
+      // Step 5
+      // Call kara mul to calculate |a1-a0|*|b0-b1| in (t2),
+      // while using temporary storage in t4 along the way.
+
+      // Step 6
+      // Check the borrow signs. If a1-a0 and b0-b1 have the same signs,
+      // then add |a1-a0|*|b0-b1| to r1, otherwise subtract it from r1.
+
+      const std::uint_fast32_t  nh = n / 2U;
+
+      const std::uint32_t* a0 = a + nh;
+      const std::uint32_t* a1 = a + 0U;
+
+      const std::uint32_t* b0 = b + nh;
+      const std::uint32_t* b1 = b + 0U;
+
+            std::uint32_t* r0 = r + 0U;
+            std::uint32_t* r1 = r + nh;
+            std::uint32_t* r2 = r + n;
+
+            std::uint32_t* t0 = t + 0U;
+            std::uint32_t* t1 = t + nh;
+            std::uint32_t* t2 = t + n;
+            std::uint32_t* t4 = t + (n + n);
+
+      // Step 1
+      eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n(r0, a1, b1, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), t);
+      eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n(r2, a0, b0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), t);
+      std::copy(r0, r0 + (2U * n), t0);
+
+      // Step 2
+      std::uint32_t carry;
+      carry = eval_add_n(r1, r1, t0, static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+      eval_multiply_kara_propagate_carry(r0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), carry);
+      carry = eval_add_n(r1, r1, t2, static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+      eval_multiply_kara_propagate_carry(r0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), carry);
+
+      // Step 3
+      const int cmp_result_a1a0 = compare_ranges(a1, a0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh));
+
+      if(cmp_result_a1a0 == 1)
+         static_cast<void>(eval_subtract_n(t0, a1, a0, static_cast<std::int32_t>(nh)));
+      else if(cmp_result_a1a0 == -1)
+         static_cast<void>(eval_subtract_n(t0, a0, a1, static_cast<std::int32_t>(nh)));
+
+      // Step 4
+      const int cmp_result_b0b1 = compare_ranges(b0, b1, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh));
+
+      if(cmp_result_b0b1 == 1)
+         static_cast<void>(eval_subtract_n(t1, b0, b1, static_cast<std::int32_t>(nh)));
+      else if(cmp_result_b0b1 == -1)
+         static_cast<void>(eval_subtract_n(t1, b1, b0, static_cast<std::int32_t>(nh)));
+
+      // Step 5
+      eval_multiply_kara_n_by_n_to_2n(t2, t0, t1, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), t4);
+
+      // Step 6
+      if((cmp_result_a1a0 * cmp_result_b0b1) == 1)
+      {
+         carry = eval_add_n(r1, r1, t2, static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+
+         eval_multiply_kara_propagate_carry(r0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), carry);
+      }
+      else if((cmp_result_a1a0 * cmp_result_b0b1) == -1)
+      {
+         const bool has_borrow = eval_subtract_n(r1, r1, t2, static_cast<std::int32_t>(n));
+
+         eval_multiply_kara_propagate_borrow(r0, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(nh), has_borrow);
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::pow2(const long long p)
+{
+   static const std::array<cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, 256u> local_pow2_data =
+   {{
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       29u, 38735877u,  5571876u, 99218413u, 43055614u, 19454666u, 38919302u, 18803771u, 87926569u, 60431486u, 36817932u, 12890625u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       58u, 77471754u, 11143753u, 98436826u, 86111228u, 38909332u, 77838604u, 37607543u, 75853139u, 20862972u, 73635864u, 25781250u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      117u, 54943508u, 22287507u, 96873653u, 72222456u, 77818665u, 55677208u, 75215087u, 51706278u, 41725945u, 47271728u, 51562500u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      235u,  9887016u, 44575015u, 93747307u, 44444913u, 55637331u, 11354417u, 50430175u,  3412556u, 83451890u, 94543457u,  3125000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      470u, 19774032u, 89150031u, 87494614u, 88889827u, 11274662u, 22708835u,   860350u,  6825113u, 66903781u, 89086914u,  6250000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      940u, 39548065u, 78300063u, 74989229u, 77779654u, 22549324u, 45417670u,  1720700u, 13650227u, 33807563u, 78173828u, 12500000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1880u, 79096131u, 56600127u, 49978459u, 55559308u, 45098648u, 90835340u,  3441400u, 27300454u, 67615127u, 56347656u, 25000000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     3761u, 58192263u, 13200254u, 99956919u, 11118616u, 90197297u, 81670680u,  6882800u, 54600909u, 35230255u, 12695312u, 50000000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     7523u, 16384526u, 26400509u, 99913838u, 22237233u, 80394595u, 63341360u, 13765601u,  9201818u, 70460510u, 25390625u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    15046u, 32769052u, 52801019u, 99827676u, 44474467u, 60789191u, 26682720u, 27531202u, 18403637u, 40921020u, 50781250u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    30092u, 65538105u,  5602039u, 99655352u, 88948935u, 21578382u, 53365440u, 55062404u, 36807274u, 81842041u,  1562500u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    60185u, 31076210u, 11204079u, 99310705u, 77897870u, 43156765u,  6730881u, 10124808u, 73614549u, 63684082u,  3125000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   120370u, 62152420u, 22408159u, 98621411u, 55795740u, 86313530u, 13461762u, 20249617u, 47229099u, 27368164u,  6250000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   240741u, 24304840u, 44816319u, 97242823u, 11591481u, 72627060u, 26923524u, 40499234u, 94458198u, 54736328u, 12500000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   481482u, 48609680u, 89632639u, 94485646u, 23182963u, 45254120u, 53847048u, 80998469u, 88916397u,  9472656u, 25000000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   962964u, 97219361u, 79265279u, 88971292u, 46365926u, 90508241u,  7694097u, 61996939u, 77832794u, 18945312u, 50000000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1925929u, 94438723u, 58530559u, 77942584u, 92731853u, 81016482u, 15388195u, 23993879u, 55665588u, 37890625u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  3851859u, 88877447u, 17061119u, 55885169u, 85463707u, 62032964u, 30776390u, 47987759u, 11331176u, 75781250u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  7703719u, 77754894u, 34122239u, 11770339u, 70927415u, 24065928u, 61552780u, 95975518u, 22662353u, 51562500u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 15407439u, 55509788u, 68244478u, 23540679u, 41854830u, 48131857u, 23105561u, 91951036u, 45324707u,  3125000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 30814879u, 11019577u, 36488956u, 47081358u, 83709660u, 96263714u, 46211123u, 83902072u, 90649414u,  6250000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 61629758u, 22039154u, 72977912u, 94162717u, 67419321u, 92527428u, 92422247u, 67804145u, 81298828u, 12500000u }, -40 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 23259516u, 44078309u, 45955825u, 88325435u, 34838643u, 85054857u, 84844495u, 35608291u, 62597656u, 25000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u, 46519032u, 88156618u, 91911651u, 76650870u, 69677287u, 70109715u, 69688990u, 71216583u, 25195312u, 50000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        4u, 93038065u, 76313237u, 83823303u, 53301741u, 39354575u, 40219431u, 39377981u, 42433166u, 50390625u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        9u, 86076131u, 52626475u, 67646607u,  6603482u, 78709150u, 80438862u, 78755962u, 84866333u,   781250u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       19u, 72152263u,  5252951u, 35293214u, 13206965u, 57418301u, 60877725u, 57511925u, 69732666u,  1562500u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       39u, 44304526u, 10505902u, 70586428u, 26413931u, 14836603u, 21755451u, 15023851u, 39465332u,  3125000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       78u, 88609052u, 21011805u, 41172856u, 52827862u, 29673206u, 43510902u, 30047702u, 78930664u,  6250000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      157u, 77218104u, 42023610u, 82345713u,  5655724u, 59346412u, 87021804u, 60095405u, 57861328u, 12500000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      315u, 54436208u, 84047221u, 64691426u, 11311449u, 18692825u, 74043609u, 20190811u, 15722656u, 25000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      631u,  8872417u, 68094443u, 29382852u, 22622898u, 37385651u, 48087218u, 40381622u, 31445312u, 50000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1262u, 17744835u, 36188886u, 58765704u, 45245796u, 74771302u, 96174436u, 80763244u, 62890625u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     2524u, 35489670u, 72377773u, 17531408u, 90491593u, 49542605u, 92348873u, 61526489u, 25781250u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     5048u, 70979341u, 44755546u, 35062817u, 80983186u, 99085211u, 84697747u, 23052978u, 51562500u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    10097u, 41958682u, 89511092u, 70125635u, 61966373u, 98170423u, 69395494u, 46105957u,  3125000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    20194u, 83917365u, 79022185u, 40251271u, 23932747u, 96340847u, 38790988u, 92211914u,  6250000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    40389u, 67834731u, 58044370u, 80502542u, 47865495u, 92681694u, 77581977u, 84423828u, 12500000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    80779u, 35669463u, 16088741u, 61005084u, 95730991u, 85363389u, 55163955u, 68847656u, 25000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   161558u, 71338926u, 32177483u, 22010169u, 91461983u, 70726779u, 10327911u, 37695312u, 50000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   323117u, 42677852u, 64354966u, 44020339u, 82923967u, 41453558u, 20655822u, 75390625u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   646234u, 85355705u, 28709932u, 88040679u, 65847934u, 82907116u, 41311645u, 50781250u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1292469u, 70711410u, 57419865u, 76081359u, 31695869u, 65814232u, 82623291u,  1562500u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  2584939u, 41422821u, 14839731u, 52162718u, 63391739u, 31628465u, 65246582u,  3125000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  5169878u, 82845642u, 29679463u,  4325437u, 26783478u, 63256931u, 30493164u,  6250000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 10339757u, 65691284u, 59358926u,  8650874u, 53566957u, 26513862u, 60986328u, 12500000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 20679515u, 31382569u, 18717852u, 17301749u,  7133914u, 53027725u, 21972656u, 25000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 41359030u, 62765138u, 37435704u, 34603498u, 14267829u,  6055450u, 43945312u, 50000000u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 82718061u, 25530276u, 74871408u, 69206996u, 28535658u, 12110900u, 87890625u }, -32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 65436122u, 51060553u, 49742817u, 38413992u, 57071316u, 24221801u, 75781250u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        3u, 30872245u,  2121106u, 99485634u, 76827985u, 14142632u, 48443603u, 51562500u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        6u, 61744490u,  4242213u, 98971269u, 53655970u, 28285264u, 96887207u,  3125000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       13u, 23488980u,  8484427u, 97942539u,  7311940u, 56570529u, 93774414u,  6250000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       26u, 46977960u, 16968855u, 95885078u, 14623881u, 13141059u, 87548828u, 12500000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       52u, 93955920u, 33937711u, 91770156u, 29247762u, 26282119u, 75097656u, 25000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      105u, 87911840u, 67875423u, 83540312u, 58495524u, 52564239u, 50195312u, 50000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      211u, 75823681u, 35750847u, 67080625u, 16991049u,  5128479u,   390625u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      423u, 51647362u, 71501695u, 34161250u, 33982098u, 10256958u,   781250u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      847u,  3294725u, 43003390u, 68322500u, 67964196u, 20513916u,  1562500u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1694u,  6589450u, 86006781u, 36645001u, 35928392u, 41027832u,  3125000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     3388u, 13178901u, 72013562u, 73290002u, 71856784u, 82055664u,  6250000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     6776u, 26357803u, 44027125u, 46580005u, 43713569u, 64111328u, 12500000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    13552u, 52715606u, 88054250u, 93160010u, 87427139u, 28222656u, 25000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    27105u,  5431213u, 76108501u, 86320021u, 74854278u, 56445312u, 50000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    54210u, 10862427u, 52217003u, 72640043u, 49708557u, 12890625u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   108420u, 21724855u,  4434007u, 45280086u, 99417114u, 25781250u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   216840u, 43449710u,  8868014u, 90560173u, 98834228u, 51562500u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   433680u, 86899420u, 17736029u, 81120347u, 97668457u,  3125000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   867361u, 73798840u, 35472059u, 62240695u, 95336914u,  6250000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1734723u, 47597680u, 70944119u, 24481391u, 90673828u, 12500000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  3469446u, 95195361u, 41888238u, 48962783u, 81347656u, 25000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  6938893u, 90390722u, 83776476u, 97925567u, 62695312u, 50000000u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 13877787u, 80781445u, 67552953u, 95851135u, 25390625u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 27755575u, 61562891u, 35105907u, 91702270u, 50781250u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 55511151u, 23125782u, 70211815u, 83404541u,  1562500u }, -24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 11022302u, 46251565u, 40423631u, 66809082u,  3125000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u, 22044604u, 92503130u, 80847263u, 33618164u,  6250000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        4u, 44089209u, 85006261u, 61694526u, 67236328u, 12500000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        8u, 88178419u, 70012523u, 23389053u, 34472656u, 25000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       17u, 76356839u, 40025046u, 46778106u, 68945312u, 50000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       35u, 52713678u, 80050092u, 93556213u, 37890625u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       71u,  5427357u, 60100185u, 87112426u, 75781250u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      142u, 10854715u, 20200371u, 74224853u, 51562500u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      284u, 21709430u, 40400743u, 48449707u,  3125000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      568u, 43418860u, 80801486u, 96899414u,  6250000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1136u, 86837721u, 61602973u, 93798828u, 12500000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     2273u, 73675443u, 23205947u, 87597656u, 25000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     4547u, 47350886u, 46411895u, 75195312u, 50000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     9094u, 94701772u, 92823791u, 50390625u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    18189u, 89403545u, 85647583u,   781250u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    36379u, 78807091u, 71295166u,  1562500u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    72759u, 57614183u, 42590332u,  3125000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   145519u, 15228366u, 85180664u,  6250000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   291038u, 30456733u, 70361328u, 12500000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   582076u, 60913467u, 40722656u, 25000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1164153u, 21826934u, 81445312u, 50000000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  2328306u, 43653869u, 62890625u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  4656612u, 87307739u, 25781250u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  9313225u, 74615478u, 51562500u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 18626451u, 49230957u,  3125000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 37252902u, 98461914u,  6250000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 74505805u, 96923828u, 12500000u }, -16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 49011611u, 93847656u, 25000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u, 98023223u, 87695312u, 50000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        5u, 96046447u, 75390625u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       11u, 92092895u, 50781250u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       23u, 84185791u,  1562500u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       47u, 68371582u,  3125000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       95u, 36743164u,  6250000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      190u, 73486328u, 12500000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      381u, 46972656u, 25000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      762u, 93945312u, 50000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1525u, 87890625u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     3051u, 75781250u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     6103u, 51562500u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    12207u,  3125000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    24414u,  6250000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    48828u, 12500000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    97656u, 25000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   195312u, 50000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   390625u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   781250u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1562500u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  3125000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  6250000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 12500000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 25000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 50000000u }, -8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        4u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        8u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       16u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       32u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       64u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      128u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      256u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      512u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1024u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     2048u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     4096u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     8192u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    16384u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    32768u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    65536u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   131072u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   262144u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   524288u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1048576u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  2097152u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  4194304u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  8388608u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 16777216u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 33554432u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 67108864u },  0 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 34217728u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u, 68435456u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        5u, 36870912u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       10u, 73741824u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       21u, 47483648u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       42u, 94967296u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       85u, 89934592u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      171u, 79869184u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      343u, 59738368u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      687u, 19476736u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1374u, 38953472u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     2748u, 77906944u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     5497u, 55813888u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    10995u, 11627776u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    21990u, 23255552u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    43980u, 46511104u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    87960u, 93022208u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   175921u, 86044416u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   351843u, 72088832u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   703687u, 44177664u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1407374u, 88355328u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  2814749u, 76710656u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  5629499u, 53421312u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 11258999u,  6842624u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 22517998u, 13685248u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 45035996u, 27370496u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 90071992u, 54740992u },  8 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 80143985u,  9481984u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        3u, 60287970u, 18963968u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        7u, 20575940u, 37927936u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       14u, 41151880u, 75855872u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       28u, 82303761u, 51711744u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       57u, 64607523u,  3423488u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      115u, 29215046u,  6846976u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      230u, 58430092u, 13693952u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      461u, 16860184u, 27387904u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      922u, 33720368u, 54775808u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1844u, 67440737u,  9551616u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     3689u, 34881474u, 19103232u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     7378u, 69762948u, 38206464u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    14757u, 39525896u, 76412928u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    29514u, 79051793u, 52825856u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    59029u, 58103587u,  5651712u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   118059u, 16207174u, 11303424u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   236118u, 32414348u, 22606848u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   472236u, 64828696u, 45213696u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   944473u, 29657392u, 90427392u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1888946u, 59314785u, 80854784u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  3777893u, 18629571u, 61709568u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  7555786u, 37259143u, 23419136u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 15111572u, 74518286u, 46838272u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 30223145u, 49036572u, 93676544u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 60446290u, 98073145u, 87353088u }, 16 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 20892581u, 96146291u, 74706176u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        2u, 41785163u, 92292583u, 49412352u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        4u, 83570327u, 84585166u, 98824704u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        9u, 67140655u, 69170333u, 97649408u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       19u, 34281311u, 38340667u, 95298816u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       38u, 68562622u, 76681335u, 90597632u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       77u, 37125245u, 53362671u, 81195264u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      154u, 74250491u,  6725343u, 62390528u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      309u, 48500982u, 13450687u, 24781056u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      618u, 97001964u, 26901374u, 49562112u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1237u, 94003928u, 53802748u, 99124224u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     2475u, 88007857u,  7605497u, 98248448u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     4951u, 76015714u, 15210995u, 96496896u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     9903u, 52031428u, 30421991u, 92993792u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    19807u,  4062856u, 60843983u, 85987584u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    39614u,  8125713u, 21687967u, 71975168u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    79228u, 16251426u, 43375935u, 43950336u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   158456u, 32502852u, 86751870u, 87900672u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   316912u, 65005705u, 73503741u, 75801344u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   633825u, 30011411u, 47007483u, 51602688u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1267650u, 60022822u, 94014967u,  3205376u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  2535301u, 20045645u, 88029934u,  6410752u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  5070602u, 40091291u, 76059868u, 12821504u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 10141204u, 80182583u, 52119736u, 25643008u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 20282409u, 60365167u,  4239472u, 51286016u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 40564819u, 20730334u,  8478945u,  2572032u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( { 81129638u, 41460668u, 16957890u,  5144064u }, 24 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        1u, 62259276u, 82921336u, 33915780u, 10288128u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        3u, 24518553u, 65842672u, 67831560u, 20576256u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {        6u, 49037107u, 31685345u, 35663120u, 41152512u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       12u, 98074214u, 63370690u, 71326240u, 82305024u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       25u, 96148429u, 26741381u, 42652481u, 64610048u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {       51u, 92296858u, 53482762u, 85304963u, 29220096u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      103u, 84593717u,  6965525u, 70609926u, 58440192u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      207u, 69187434u, 13931051u, 41219853u, 16880384u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      415u, 38374868u, 27862102u, 82439706u, 33760768u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {      830u, 76749736u, 55724205u, 64879412u, 67521536u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     1661u, 53499473u, 11448411u, 29758825u, 35043072u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     3323u,  6998946u, 22896822u, 59517650u, 70086144u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {     6646u, 13997892u, 45793645u, 19035301u, 40172288u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    13292u, 27995784u, 91587290u, 38070602u, 80344576u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    26584u, 55991569u, 83174580u, 76141205u, 60689152u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {    53169u, 11983139u, 66349161u, 52282411u, 21378304u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   106338u, 23966279u, 32698323u,  4564822u, 42756608u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   212676u, 47932558u, 65396646u,  9129644u, 85513216u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   425352u, 95865117u, 30793292u, 18259289u, 71026432u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {   850705u, 91730234u, 61586584u, 36518579u, 42052864u }, 32 ),
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::from_lst( {  1701411u, 83460469u, 23173168u, 73037158u, 84105728u }, 32 ),
+   }};
+
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> t;
+
+   if(p < -128L)
+      default_ops::detail::pow_imp(t, cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::half(), static_cast<unsigned long long>(-p), std::integral_constant<bool, false>());
+   else if ((p >= -128L) && (p <= 127L))
+      t = local_pow2_data[std::size_t(p + 128)];
+   else
+      default_ops::detail::pow_imp(t, cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::two(), static_cast<unsigned long long>(p), std::integral_constant<bool, false>());
+
+   return t;
+} // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_add(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& o)
+{
+   result += o;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_add(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& a, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& b)
+{
+   result = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(a) += b;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_subtract(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& o)
+{
+   result -= o;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_subtract(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& a, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& b)
+{
+   result = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(a) -= b;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_multiply(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& o)
+{
+   result *= o;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_multiply(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& a, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& b)
+{
+   result = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(a) *= b;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_divide(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& o)
+{
+   result /= o;
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_divide(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& a, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& b)
+{
+   result = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>(a) /= b;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_add(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const unsigned long long& o)
+{
+   result.add_unsigned_long_long(o);
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_subtract(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const unsigned long long& o)
+{
+   result.sub_unsigned_long_long(o);
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_multiply(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const unsigned long long& o)
+{
+   result.mul_unsigned_long_long(o);
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_divide(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const unsigned long long& o)
+{
+   result.div_unsigned_long_long(o);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_add(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, long long o)
+{
+   if (o < 0)
+      result.sub_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(o));
+   else
+   {
+      using local_ulonglong_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::make_unsigned<long long>::type;
+
+      result.add_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<local_ulonglong_type>(o));
+   }
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_subtract(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, long long o)
+{
+   if (o < 0)
+      result.add_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(o));
+   else
+   {
+      using local_ulonglong_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::make_unsigned<long long>::type;
+
+      result.sub_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<local_ulonglong_type>(o));
+   }
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_multiply(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, long long o)
+{
+   if (o < 0)
+   {
+      result.mul_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(o));
+      result.negate();
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      using local_ulonglong_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::make_unsigned<long long>::type;
+
+      result.mul_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<local_ulonglong_type>(o));
+   }
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_divide(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, long long o)
+{
+   if (o < 0)
+   {
+      result.div_unsigned_long_long(boost::multiprecision::detail::unsigned_abs(o));
+      result.negate();
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      using local_ulonglong_type = typename boost::multiprecision::detail::make_unsigned<long long>::type;
+
+      result.div_unsigned_long_long(static_cast<local_ulonglong_type>(o));
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(unsigned long long* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_unsigned_long_long();
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(long long* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_signed_long_long();
+}
+#ifdef BOOST_HAS_INT128
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(uint128_type* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_unsigned_int128();
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(int128_type* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_signed_int128();
+}
+#endif
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(long double* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_long_double();
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(double* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = val.extract_double();
+}
+#if defined(BOOST_HAS_FLOAT128)
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_convert_to(float128_type* result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   *result = float128_procs::strtoflt128(val.str(0, std::ios_base::scientific).c_str(), nullptr);
+}
+#endif
+
+//
+// Non member function support:
+//
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline int eval_fpclassify(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   if ((x.isinf)())
+      return FP_INFINITE;
+   if ((x.isnan)())
+      return FP_NAN;
+   if (x.iszero())
+      return FP_ZERO;
+   return FP_NORMAL;
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_abs(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   result = x;
+   if (x.isneg())
+      result.negate();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_fabs(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   result = x;
+   if (x.isneg())
+      result.negate();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_sqrt(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   result = x;
+   result.calculate_sqrt();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_floor(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   result = x;
+   if (!(x.isfinite)() || x.isint())
+   {
+      if ((x.isnan)())
+         errno = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+
+   if (x.isneg())
+      result -= cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::one();
+   result = result.extract_integer_part();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_ceil(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   result = x;
+   if (!(x.isfinite)() || x.isint())
+   {
+      if ((x.isnan)())
+         errno = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+
+   if (!x.isneg())
+      result += cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::one();
+   result = result.extract_integer_part();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_trunc(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x)
+{
+   if (x.isint() || !(x.isfinite)())
+   {
+      result = x;
+      if ((x.isnan)())
+         errno = EDOM;
+      return;
+   }
+   result = x.extract_integer_part();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline ExponentType eval_ilogb(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   if (val.iszero())
+      return (std::numeric_limits<typename cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type>::min)();
+   if ((val.isinf)())
+      return INT_MAX;
+   if ((val.isnan)())
+#ifdef FP_ILOGBNAN
+      return FP_ILOGBNAN;
+#else
+      return INT_MAX;
+#endif
+   // Set result, to the exponent of val:
+   return val.order();
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, class ArgType>
+inline void eval_scalbn(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val, ArgType e_)
+{
+   using default_ops::eval_multiply;
+   const typename cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type e = static_cast<typename cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type>(e_);
+   cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> t(1.0, e);
+   eval_multiply(result, val, t);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, class ArgType>
+inline void eval_ldexp(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x, ArgType e)
+{
+   const long long the_exp = static_cast<long long>(e);
+
+   using local_cpp_dec_float_type = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>;
+   using local_exponent_type = typename local_cpp_dec_float_type::exponent_type;
+
+   using local_common_type = typename std::common_type<local_exponent_type, long long>::type;
+
+   if (   (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) > static_cast<local_common_type>((std::numeric_limits<local_exponent_type>::max)()))
+       || (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) < static_cast<local_common_type>((std::numeric_limits<local_exponent_type>::min)())))
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error(std::string("Exponent value is out of range."))); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+   }
+
+   result = x;
+
+   if (   (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) > static_cast<local_common_type>(-std::numeric_limits<long long>::digits))
+       && (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) < static_cast<local_common_type>(0)))
+   {
+      result.div_unsigned_long_long(1ULL << static_cast<long long>(-the_exp));
+   }
+   else if (   (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) < static_cast<local_common_type>(std::numeric_limits<long long>::digits))
+            && (static_cast<local_common_type>(the_exp) > static_cast<local_common_type>(0)))
+   {
+      result.mul_unsigned_long_long(1ULL << the_exp);
+   }
+   else if (the_exp != static_cast<long long>(0))
+   {
+      if ((the_exp < local_cpp_dec_float_type::cpp_dec_float_min_exp / 2) && (x.order() > 0))
+      {
+         long long half_exp = e / 2;
+         local_cpp_dec_float_type t { local_cpp_dec_float_type::pow2(half_exp) };
+         result *= t;
+         if (2 * half_exp != e)
+            t *= 2;
+         result *= t;
+      } // LCOV_EXCL_LINE This causes a false negative on lcov coverage test.
+      else
+         result *= local_cpp_dec_float_type::pow2(e);
+   }
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline void eval_frexp(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x, ExponentType* e)
+{
+   const bool b_neg { x.isneg() };
+
+   result = x;
+
+   if (result.iszero() || (result.isinf)() || (result.isnan)())
+   {
+      *e = 0;
+      return;
+   }
+
+   if (b_neg)
+      result.negate();
+
+   using local_cpp_dec_float_type = cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>;
+   using local_exponent_type = typename local_cpp_dec_float_type::exponent_type;
+
+   local_exponent_type t { result.order() };
+
+   BOOST_MP_USING_ABS
+   if (abs(t) < ((std::numeric_limits<local_exponent_type>::max)() / 1000))
+   {
+      t *= 1000;
+      t /= 301;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      t /= 301;
+      t *= 1000;
+   }
+
+   result *= local_cpp_dec_float_type::pow2(-t);
+
+   if (result.iszero() || (result.isinf)() || (result.isnan)())
+   {
+      // pow2 overflowed, slip the calculation up:
+      result = x;
+      if (b_neg)
+         result.negate();
+      t /= 2;
+      result *= local_cpp_dec_float_type::pow2(-t);
+   }
+   BOOST_MP_USING_ABS
+   if (abs(result.order()) > 5)
+   {
+      // If our first estimate doesn't get close enough then try recursion until we do:
+      local_exponent_type e2;
+      cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> r2;
+      eval_frexp(r2, result, &e2);
+      // overflow protection:
+      if ((t > 0) && (e2 > 0) && (t > (std::numeric_limits<local_exponent_type>::max)() - e2))
+         BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Exponent is too large to be represented as a power of 2.")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      if ((t < 0) && (e2 < 0) && (t < (std::numeric_limits<local_exponent_type>::min)() - e2))
+         BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Exponent is too large to be represented as a power of 2.")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+      t += e2;
+      result = r2;
+   }
+
+   while (result.compare(local_cpp_dec_float_type::one()) >= 0)
+   {
+      result.div_unsigned_long_long(2ULL);
+      ++t;
+   }
+   while (result.compare(local_cpp_dec_float_type::half()) < 0)
+   {
+      result.mul_unsigned_long_long(2ULL);
+      --t;
+   }
+   *e = t;
+   if (b_neg)
+      result.negate();
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline typename std::enable_if< !std::is_same<ExponentType, int>::value>::type eval_frexp(cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& result, const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& x, int* e)
+{
+   using local_exponent_type = typename cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type;
+
+   local_exponent_type t { };
+
+   eval_frexp(result, x, &t);
+
+   using local_common_type = typename std::common_type<local_exponent_type, int>::type;
+
+   if (   (static_cast<local_common_type>(t) > static_cast<local_common_type>((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()))
+       || (static_cast<local_common_type>(t) < static_cast<local_common_type>((std::numeric_limits<int>::min)())))
+   {
+      BOOST_MP_THROW_EXCEPTION(std::runtime_error("Exponent is outside the range of an int")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+   }
+
+   *e = static_cast<int>(t);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline bool eval_is_zero(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   return val.iszero();
+}
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline int eval_get_sign(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   return (val.iszero() ? 0 : (val.isneg() ? -1 : 1));
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline int eval_signbit(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   return ((eval_get_sign(val) == -1) ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+inline std::size_t hash_value(const cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>& val)
+{
+   return val.hash();
+}
+
+} // namespace backends
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator>
+struct transcendental_reduction_type<boost::multiprecision::backends::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator> >
+{
+   //
+   // The type used for trigonometric reduction needs 3 times the precision of the base type.
+   // This is double the precision of the original type, plus the largest exponent supported.
+   // As a practical measure the largest argument supported is 1/eps, as supporting larger
+   // arguments requires the division of argument by PI/2 to also be done at higher precision,
+   // otherwise the result (an integer) can not be represented exactly.
+   // 
+   // See ARGUMENT REDUCTION FOR HUGE ARGUMENTS. K C Ng.
+   //
+   using type = boost::multiprecision::backends::cpp_dec_float<Digits10 * 3, ExponentType, Allocator>;
+};
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+
+}} // namespace boost::multiprecision
+
+namespace std {
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+class numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >
+{
+ public:
+   static constexpr bool                    is_specialized    = true;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_signed         = true;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_integer        = false;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_exact          = false;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_bounded        = true;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_modulo         = false;
+   static constexpr bool                    is_iec559         = false;
+   static constexpr int                     digits            = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10;
+   static constexpr int                     digits10          = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10;
+   static constexpr int                     max_digits10      = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_digits10;
+   static constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type min_exponent                = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_min_exp;   // Type differs from int.
+   static constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type min_exponent10              = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_min_exp10; // Type differs from int.
+   static constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type max_exponent                = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_exp;   // Type differs from int.
+   static constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type max_exponent10              = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_max_exp10; // Type differs from int.
+   static constexpr int                     radix             = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_radix;
+   static constexpr float_round_style       round_style       = round_indeterminate;
+   static constexpr bool                    has_infinity      = true;
+   static constexpr bool                    has_quiet_NaN     = true;
+   static constexpr bool                    has_signaling_NaN = false;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4996)
+#elif (defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ >= 17))
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
+   static constexpr float_denorm_style      has_denorm        = denorm_absent;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#elif (defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ >= 17))
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+   static constexpr bool                    has_denorm_loss   = false;
+   static constexpr bool                    traps             = false;
+   static constexpr bool                    tinyness_before   = false;
+
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates>(min)() { return (boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::min)(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates>(max)() { return (boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::max)(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> lowest() { return -(max)(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> epsilon() { return boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::eps(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> round_error() { return 0.5L; }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> infinity() { return boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::inf(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> quiet_NaN() { return boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::nan(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> signaling_NaN() { return boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::zero(); }
+   static constexpr boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> denorm_min() { return (boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::min)(); }
+};
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr int numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::digits;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr int numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::digits10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr int numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::max_digits10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_signed;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_integer;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_exact;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr int numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::radix;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::min_exponent;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::min_exponent10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::max_exponent;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr typename boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::exponent_type numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::max_exponent10;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_infinity;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_quiet_NaN;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_signaling_NaN;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4996)
+#elif (defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ >= 17))
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr float_denorm_style numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_denorm;
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#elif (defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ >= 17))
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::has_denorm_loss;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_iec559;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_bounded;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::is_modulo;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::traps;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr bool numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::tinyness_before;
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+constexpr float_round_style numeric_limits<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates> >::round_style;
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MP_MATH_AVAILABLE
+namespace boost {
+namespace math {
+
+namespace policies {
+
+template <unsigned Digits10, class ExponentType, class Allocator, class Policy, boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option ExpressionTemplates>
+struct precision<boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>, ExpressionTemplates>, Policy>
+{
+   // Define a local copy of cpp_dec_float_digits10 because it might differ
+   // from the template parameter Digits10 for small or large digit counts.
+   static constexpr std::int32_t cpp_dec_float_digits10 = boost::multiprecision::cpp_dec_float<Digits10, ExponentType, Allocator>::cpp_dec_float_digits10;
+
+   using precision_type = typename Policy::precision_type                           ;
+   using digits_2 = digits2<static_cast<int>(((cpp_dec_float_digits10 + 1LL) * 1000LL) / 301LL)>;
+   using type = typename std::conditional<
+       ((digits_2::value <= precision_type::value) || (Policy::precision_type::value <= 0)),
+       // Default case, full precision for RealType:
+       digits_2,
+       // User customized precision:
+       precision_type>::type;
+};
+
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::math::policies
+#endif
+
+#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+#endif