@inventure71/paddockjs 1.0.0 → 2.0.1

package/src/simulation/raceSimulation.js

@@ -1,1544 +1,176 @@
-import {
-  buildTrackModel,
-  createProceduralTrack,
-  nearestTrackState,
-  offsetTrackPoint,
-  pointAt,
-  TRACK,
-  WORLD,
-} from './trackModel.js';
-import { buildDriverPersonality, decideDriverControls } from './driverController.js';
-import { buildCollisionCandidatePairs, detectVehicleCollision } from './collisionGeometry.js';
-import { calculateCollisionPenalties } from './rules/collisionSteward.js';
 import {
   applyUnservedServicePenalty,
   cancelPenaltyRecord,
   createPenaltyEvent,
   createPenaltyRecord,
-  getPitServicePenaltySeconds,
-  isPenaltyActive,
-  isPenaltyPitServiceable,
-  serializePenalty,
-  servePitPenaltyRecord,
   servePenaltyRecord,
 } from './rules/penaltyLedger.js';
-import { calculateTireRequirementPenalty } from './rules/tireRequirementSteward.js';
-import { calculateTrackLimitReview } from './rules/trackLimitsSteward.js';
-import { calculatePitLaneSpeedingReview } from './rules/pitLaneSpeedingSteward.js';
-import { DEFAULT_RULES, getPenaltyRule, normalizeRaceRules } from './rulesConfig.js';
-import { clamp, createMulberry32, normalizeAngle, seededRange, wrapDistance } from './simMath.js';
-import { kphToSimSpeed, metersToSimUnits, simSpeedToKph, simUnitsToMeters } from './units.js';
-import { integrateVehiclePhysics, VEHICLE_LIMITS } from './vehiclePhysics.js';
-import { applyWheelSurfaceState } from './wheelSurface.js';
-
-const DEFAULT_TOTAL_LAPS = 10;
+import { createPenaltyCancelledEvent, createPenaltyServedEvent } from './rules/penaltyEvents.js';
+import { buildPenaltyStatsByDriver, getPenaltyStats } from './rules/penaltyStats.js';
+import {
+  reviewCollisionForSimulation,
+  reviewPitLaneSpeedingForSimulation,
+  reviewTireRequirementForSimulation,
+  reviewTrackLimitsForSimulation,
+} from './rules/rulesReview.js';
+import { DEFAULT_RULES } from './rulesConfig.js';
+import { applyExternalCarState } from './vehicle/vehicleState.js';
+import {
+  applyContactVelocityResponse as applyContactVelocityResponseForSimulation,
+  resolveCollisionsForSimulation,
+} from './vehicle/contactResolution.js';
+import { applyRunoffResponseForSimulation } from './vehicle/runoffResponse.js';
+import { resetLapTelemetry, resetTimingHistory, resetTimingLineCrossings } from './timing/raceTiming.js';
+import { updateDrsLatch as updateDrsLatchState } from './timing/drsTiming.js';
+import {
+  PIT_INTENT_NONE,
+  setPitIntentForSimulation,
+} from './pit/pitIntent.js';
+import { assignPitLaneTeams as assignPitLaneTeamsState, initializePitStops as initializePitStopsState } from './pit/pitState.js';
+import {
+  applyPitRoutePosition as applyPitRoutePositionForSimulation,
+  beginPitPenaltyService as beginPitPenaltyServiceForSimulation,
+  beginPitQueue as beginPitQueueForSimulation,
+  beginPitService as beginPitServiceForSimulation,
+  beginTireService as beginTireServiceForSimulation,
+  calculatePitServiceProfile as calculatePitServiceProfileForSimulation,
+  completePitPenaltyService as completePitPenaltyServiceForSimulation,
+  completePitService as completePitServiceForSimulation,
+  finishPitExit as finishPitExitForSimulation,
+  getPitBoxRaceDistance as getPitBoxRaceDistanceForSimulation,
+  getPitServicePenalties as getPitServicePenaltiesForSimulation,
+  getPitStopBox as getPitStopBoxForSimulation,
+  isPitServiceAreaOccupied as isPitServiceAreaOccupiedForSimulation,
+  isPitServiceBusy as isPitServiceBusyForSimulation,
+  isPitServiceQueueOccupied as isPitServiceQueueOccupiedForSimulation,
+  releasePitQueue as releasePitQueueForSimulation,
+} from './pit/pitService.js';
+import {
+  advancePitStopCar as advancePitStopCarForSimulation,
+  canStartPitStop as canStartPitStopForSimulation,
+  isCarInActivePitStop as isCarInActivePitStopForSimulation,
+  isPitLaneOpenForStops as isPitLaneOpenForStopsForSimulation,
+  pitEntryLateThresholdDistance as pitEntryLateThresholdDistanceForSimulation,
+  rearmCompletedPitStop as rearmCompletedPitStopForSimulation,
+  schedulePitStopAtNextEntry as schedulePitStopAtNextEntryForSimulation,
+  shouldStartPitStop as shouldStartPitStopForSimulation,
+  startPitStop as startPitStopForSimulation,
+  updateAutomaticPitIntent as updateAutomaticPitIntentForSimulation,
+} from './pit/pitFlow.js';
+import { nearestDistanceOnRoute } from './pit/pitRouting.js';
+import {
+  moveSafetyCarTo as moveSafetyCarToState,
+  setRedFlagState,
+  setSafetyCarState,
+  updateSafetyCarState,
+} from './race/safetyCar.js';
+import {
+  holdGridCars as holdGridCarsForSimulation,
+  releaseRaceStart as releaseRaceStartForSimulation,
+  setPitLaneOpenState,
+  updateStartSequence as updateStartSequenceForSimulation,
+} from './race/raceLifecycle.js';
+import {
+  applyClassificationConsequences as applyClassificationConsequencesState,
+  applyOutstandingServicePenalties as applyOutstandingServicePenaltiesState,
+  buildClassification as buildClassificationState,
+  buildClassificationFromFinishOrder as buildClassificationFromFinishOrderState,
+} from './race/classification.js';
+import {
+  computeAggressionForSimulation,
+  driverRaceContextForSimulation,
+  getDrsReferenceCarForSimulation,
+  orderedCarsForSimulation,
+} from './race/raceOrder.js';
+import {
+  computeLapForDistance,
+  finishDistanceForRace,
+  progressDelta,
+} from './race/raceDistance.js';
+import { recalculateRaceStateForSimulation } from './race/raceProgress.js';
+import { evaluateRaceFinishForSimulation } from './race/raceFinish.js';
+import { applyGridDropForSimulation } from './race/gridPenalties.js';
+import { initializeRaceSimulation, normalizePitIntentForRace } from './race/raceSetup.js';
+import { runRaceStep } from './race/raceStep.js';
+import {
+  createVehicleSnapshotDependencies,
+  getRaceWinnerSnapshot as getRaceWinnerSnapshotForSimulation,
+  snapshotRace,
+  snapshotRaceObservation,
+  snapshotRaceRender,
+  snapshotRaceTraining,
+} from './snapshots/raceSnapshots.js';
+import {
+  disableWarmupOptions,
+  runWarmupWithGuard,
+  withWarmupSurfaceOptions,
+} from './warmup/runtimeWarmup.js';
+
 export const FIXED_STEP = 1 / 60;
-const MIN_TOTAL_LAPS = 1;
-const MAX_COLLISION_CORRECTION = 4.5;
-const GRID_SLOT_SPACING = metersToSimUnits(8);
-const ROLLING_START_SLOT_SPACING = metersToSimUnits(35);
-const GRID_FIRST_SLOT_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(-6);
-const ROLLING_START_FIRST_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(-30);
-const GRID_LATERAL_OFFSET = metersToSimUnits(3.2);
-const TIMING_HISTORY_WINDOW_SECONDS = 18;
-const TIMING_HISTORY_MAX_SAMPLES = 720;
-const TIMING_LINE_TARGET_SPACING_METERS = 175;
-const TIMING_LINE_HISTORY_LAPS = 3;
-const TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT = 3;
-const PIT_ENTRY_APPROACH_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(250);
-const PIT_ROUTE_LOOKAHEAD_MIN = metersToSimUnits(35);
-const PIT_ROUTE_LOOKAHEAD_MAX = metersToSimUnits(88);
-const PIT_ROUTE_FINISH_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(8.5);
-const PIT_QUEUE_RELEASE_FINISH_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(4);
-const PIT_QUEUE_CAPTURE_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(2.5);
-const PIT_ENTRY_BOX_CAPTURE_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(20);
-const PIT_BOX_STOP_SPEED = kphToSimSpeed(35);
-const PIT_QUEUE_CAPTURE_SPEED = kphToSimSpeed(140);
-const PIT_QUEUE_RELEASE_SPEED = kphToSimSpeed(30);
-const PIT_SERVICE_CLEAR_DISTANCE = VEHICLE_LIMITS.carLength * 0.9;
-const PIT_EXIT_RELEASE_SPEED_KPH = 95;
-const PIT_LIMITER_BRAKE_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(295);
-const PIT_LIMITER_APPROACH_SPEED_SLOPE = 0.045;
-const PIT_ENTRY_CONNECTOR_OVERSPEED_KPH = 75;
-const PIT_DRIVE_LANE_OFFSET_RATIO = 0.28;
-const PIT_BOX_APPROACH_DISTANCE = metersToSimUnits(34);
-const PIT_SERVICE_QUEUE_FALLBACK_GAP = metersToSimUnits(48);
-const PIT_INTENT_NONE = 0;
-const PIT_INTENT_IF_FREE = 1;
-const PIT_INTENT_COMMITTED = 2;
 
 export { DEFAULT_RULES };
 
-function getStartGridSlot(index, { standingStart = false } = {}) {
-  const gridDistance = standingStart
-    ? GRID_FIRST_SLOT_DISTANCE - index * GRID_SLOT_SPACING
-    : ROLLING_START_FIRST_DISTANCE - index * ROLLING_START_SLOT_SPACING;
-  const gridOffset = index % 2 === 0 ? -GRID_LATERAL_OFFSET : GRID_LATERAL_OFFSET;
-  return { gridDistance, gridOffset };
-}
-
-function isPitPositionControlledCar(car) {
-  const status = car?.pitStop?.status;
-  return status === 'entering' || status === 'queued' || status === 'servicing' || status === 'exiting';
-}
-
-function wrapProgress(value, length) {
-  return wrapDistance(value, length);
-}
-
-function distanceForward(from, to, length) {
-  return wrapProgress(to - from, length);
-}
-
-function crossesDistance(previous, current, target, length) {
-  const travelled = distanceForward(previous, current, length);
-  if (travelled <= 0 || travelled > length / 2) return false;
-  const targetOffset = distanceForward(previous, target, length);
-  return targetOffset > 0 && targetOffset <= travelled + 0.001;
-}
-
-function isProgressInZone(track, progress, zone) {
-  const wrapped = wrapProgress(progress, track.length);
-  const start = wrapProgress(zone.start, track.length);
-  const end = wrapProgress(zone.end, track.length);
-  if (zone.end - zone.start >= track.length) return true;
-  return end >= start
-    ? wrapped >= start && wrapped <= end
-    : wrapped >= start || wrapped <= end;
-}
-
-function createEmptySectorTimes() {
-  return Array.from({ length: TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT }, () => null);
-}
-
-function createEmptySectorPerformance() {
-  return {
-    current: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    last: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    best: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-  };
-}
-
-function getSectorLength(track) {
-  return track.length / TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT;
-}
-
-function getLapTelemetryPosition(track, raceDistance, totalLaps = Infinity) {
-  const positiveDistance = Math.max(0, raceDistance ?? 0);
-  const lapIndex = Math.min(
-    Math.floor(positiveDistance / track.length),
-    Math.max(0, totalLaps - 1),
-  );
-  const lapProgress = positiveDistance >= track.length * totalLaps
-    ? track.length
-    : positiveDistance - lapIndex * track.length;
-  const sectorLength = getSectorLength(track);
-  const sectorIndex = Math.min(TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT - 1, Math.floor(lapProgress / sectorLength));
-  const sectorStart = sectorIndex * sectorLength;
-
-  return {
-    completedLaps: Math.floor(positiveDistance / track.length),
-    currentLap: Math.max(1, lapIndex + 1),
-    currentSector: sectorIndex + 1,
-    currentSectorProgress: clamp((lapProgress - sectorStart) / sectorLength, 0, 1),
-  };
-}
-
-function createSectorProgress(position, currentSectors = null) {
-  const activeIndex = clamp((position.currentSector ?? 1) - 1, 0, TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT - 1);
-  return createEmptySectorTimes().map((_, index) => {
-    if (index < activeIndex && Number.isFinite(currentSectors?.[index])) return 1;
-    if (index === activeIndex) return clamp(position.currentSectorProgress ?? 0, 0, 1);
-    return 0;
-  });
-}
-
-function createLapTelemetry(track, currentTime = 0, raceDistance = 0, totalLaps = Infinity) {
-  const position = getLapTelemetryPosition(track, raceDistance, totalLaps);
-  return {
-    ...position,
-    currentLapStartedAt: currentTime,
-    currentSectorStartedAt: currentTime,
-    lastUpdatedAt: currentTime,
-    currentLapTime: 0,
-    currentSectorElapsed: 0,
-    currentSectors: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    sectorProgress: createSectorProgress(position),
-    liveSectors: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    lastLapTime: null,
-    bestLapTime: null,
-    lastSectors: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    bestSectors: createEmptySectorTimes(),
-    sectorPerformance: createEmptySectorPerformance(),
-  };
-}
-
-function resetLapTelemetry(car, currentTime, track, totalLaps) {
-  car.lapTelemetry = createLapTelemetry(track, currentTime, car.raceDistance, totalLaps);
-}
-
-function finiteOrNull(value) {
-  return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
-}
-
-function serializeSectorTimes(values) {
-  return createEmptySectorTimes().map((_, index) => finiteOrNull(values?.[index]));
-}
-
-function serializeLapTelemetry(telemetry) {
-  return {
-    currentLap: telemetry.currentLap,
-    currentSector: telemetry.currentSector,
-    currentLapTime: finiteOrNull(telemetry.currentLapTime),
-    currentSectorElapsed: finiteOrNull(telemetry.currentSectorElapsed),
-    currentSectorProgress: finiteOrNull(telemetry.currentSectorProgress),
-    currentSectors: serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.currentSectors),
-    sectorProgress: serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.sectorProgress),
-    liveSectors: serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.liveSectors),
-    lastLapTime: finiteOrNull(telemetry.lastLapTime),
-    bestLapTime: finiteOrNull(telemetry.bestLapTime),
-    lastSectors: serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.lastSectors),
-    bestSectors: serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.bestSectors),
-    sectorPerformance: {
-      current: serializeSectorPerformance(telemetry.sectorPerformance?.current),
-      last: serializeSectorPerformance(telemetry.sectorPerformance?.last),
-      best: serializeSectorPerformance(telemetry.sectorPerformance?.best),
-    },
-    completedLaps: telemetry.completedLaps,
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeSectorPerformance(values) {
-  return createEmptySectorTimes().map((_, index) => values?.[index] ?? null);
-}
-
-function updateBestSector(telemetry, sectorIndex, sectorTime) {
-  const previousBest = telemetry.bestSectors[sectorIndex];
-  if (!Number.isFinite(previousBest) || sectorTime < previousBest) {
-    telemetry.bestSectors[sectorIndex] = sectorTime;
-  }
-}
-
-function clearFutureSectorTelemetry(telemetry) {
-  const activeIndex = clamp((telemetry.currentSector ?? 1) - 1, 0, TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT - 1);
-  for (let index = activeIndex; index < TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT; index += 1) {
-    telemetry.currentSectors[index] = null;
-  }
-}
-
-function syncLiveSectorTelemetry(telemetry, track) {
-  const activeIndex = clamp((telemetry.currentSector ?? 1) - 1, 0, TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT - 1);
-
-  telemetry.liveSectors = createEmptySectorTimes();
-  telemetry.currentSectors.forEach((time, index) => {
-    if (index >= activeIndex) return;
-    if (!Number.isFinite(time)) return;
-    telemetry.liveSectors[index] = time;
-  });
-  telemetry.liveSectors[activeIndex] = telemetry.currentSectorElapsed;
-}
-
-function syncLapTelemetryPosition(telemetry, currentTime, currentRaceDistance, track, totalLaps) {
-  const position = getLapTelemetryPosition(track, currentRaceDistance, totalLaps);
-  telemetry.currentLap = position.currentLap;
-  telemetry.currentSector = position.currentSector;
-  telemetry.currentSectorProgress = position.currentSectorProgress;
-  clearFutureSectorTelemetry(telemetry);
-  telemetry.sectorProgress = createSectorProgress(position, telemetry.currentSectors);
-  telemetry.completedLaps = Math.max(telemetry.completedLaps, Math.min(position.completedLaps, totalLaps));
-  telemetry.currentLapTime = Math.max(0, currentTime - telemetry.currentLapStartedAt);
-  telemetry.currentSectorElapsed = Math.max(0, currentTime - telemetry.currentSectorStartedAt);
-  syncLiveSectorTelemetry(telemetry, track);
-}
-
-function classifySectorPerformance(value, personalBest, overallBest) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return null;
-  if (Number.isFinite(overallBest) && Math.abs(value - overallBest) <= 1e-6) return 'overall-best';
-  if (Number.isFinite(personalBest) && Math.abs(value - personalBest) <= 1e-6) return 'personal-best';
-  return 'slower';
-}
-
-function updateSectorPerformance(cars) {
-  const overallBestSectors = createEmptySectorTimes();
-  cars.forEach((car) => {
-    car.lapTelemetry?.bestSectors?.forEach((time, index) => {
-      if (!Number.isFinite(time)) return;
-      const previousBest = overallBestSectors[index];
-      if (!Number.isFinite(previousBest) || time < previousBest) overallBestSectors[index] = time;
-    });
-  });
-
-  cars.forEach((car) => {
-    if (!car.lapTelemetry) return;
-    const telemetry = car.lapTelemetry;
-    telemetry.sectorPerformance = {
-      current: telemetry.currentSectors.map((time, index) => (
-        classifySectorPerformance(time, telemetry.bestSectors[index], overallBestSectors[index])
-      )),
-      last: telemetry.lastSectors.map((time, index) => (
-        classifySectorPerformance(time, telemetry.bestSectors[index], overallBestSectors[index])
-      )),
-      best: telemetry.bestSectors.map((time, index) => (
-        classifySectorPerformance(time, telemetry.bestSectors[index], overallBestSectors[index])
-      )),
-    };
-  });
-}
-
-function updateLapTelemetry(car, previousRaceDistance, currentTime, track, totalLaps) {
-  if (!car.lapTelemetry) resetLapTelemetry(car, currentTime, track, totalLaps);
-
-  const telemetry = car.lapTelemetry;
-  const currentRaceDistance = car.raceDistance ?? 0;
-  const previousDistance = Math.max(0, previousRaceDistance ?? currentRaceDistance);
-  const currentDistance = Math.max(0, currentRaceDistance);
-  const travelled = currentDistance - previousDistance;
-  const previousUpdateTime = Number.isFinite(telemetry.lastUpdatedAt) ? telemetry.lastUpdatedAt : currentTime;
-  const elapsedTime = Math.max(0, currentTime - previousUpdateTime);
-
-  if (!Number.isFinite(previousDistance) || !Number.isFinite(currentDistance) || travelled < -1e-3 || travelled > track.length / 2) {
-    resetLapTelemetry(car, currentTime, track, totalLaps);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const sectorLength = getSectorLength(track);
-  if (travelled > 1e-6) {
-    const firstBoundary = Math.floor(previousDistance / sectorLength) + 1;
-    const lastBoundary = Math.floor(currentDistance / sectorLength);
-
-    for (let boundary = firstBoundary; boundary <= lastBoundary; boundary += 1) {
-      const boundaryDistance = boundary * sectorLength;
-      if (boundaryDistance <= previousDistance + 1e-3 || boundaryDistance > currentDistance + 1e-3) continue;
-
-      const boundaryRatio = clamp((boundaryDistance - previousDistance) / travelled, 0, 1);
-      const crossingTime = previousUpdateTime + boundaryRatio * elapsedTime;
-      const sectorIndex = (boundary - 1) % TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT;
-      const sectorTime = Math.max(0, crossingTime - telemetry.currentSectorStartedAt);
-
-      telemetry.currentSectors[sectorIndex] = sectorTime;
-      updateBestSector(telemetry, sectorIndex, sectorTime);
-
-      if (sectorIndex === TELEMETRY_SECTOR_COUNT - 1) {
-        const lapTime = Math.max(0, crossingTime - telemetry.currentLapStartedAt);
-        telemetry.lastLapTime = lapTime;
-        telemetry.bestLapTime = Number.isFinite(telemetry.bestLapTime)
-          ? Math.min(telemetry.bestLapTime, lapTime)
-          : lapTime;
-        telemetry.lastSectors = serializeSectorTimes(telemetry.currentSectors);
-        telemetry.currentSectors = createEmptySectorTimes();
-        telemetry.currentLapStartedAt = crossingTime;
-        telemetry.completedLaps = Math.max(telemetry.completedLaps + 1, Math.min(Math.floor(boundaryDistance / track.length), totalLaps));
-      }
-
-      telemetry.currentSectorStartedAt = crossingTime;
-    }
-  }
-
-  syncLapTelemetryPosition(telemetry, currentTime, currentRaceDistance, track, totalLaps);
-  telemetry.lastUpdatedAt = currentTime;
-}
-
-function createCar(driver, index, random, track, { standingStart = false } = {}) {
-  const { gridDistance, gridOffset } = getStartGridSlot(index, { standingStart });
-  const start = pointAt(track, gridDistance);
-  const position = offsetTrackPoint(start, gridOffset);
-  const pace = clamp(driver.pace ?? seededRange(random, 0.95, 1.05), 0.88, 1.12);
-  const racecraft = clamp(driver.racecraft ?? seededRange(random, 0.65, 0.92), 0.45, 1);
-  const personality = buildDriverPersonality(driver, index, racecraft, random);
-  const launchSpeed = kphToSimSpeed(Math.max(70, 84 - index * 0.55 + pace * 4));
-  const vehicle = driver.vehicle ?? {};
-
-  return {
-    id: driver.id ?? `car-${index + 1}`,
-    code: driver.code ?? `C${index + 1}`,
-    timingCode: driver.timingCode ?? driver.code ?? `C${index + 1}`,
-    driverNumber: driver.driverNumber ?? index + 1,
-    icon: driver.icon ?? String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0'),
-    raceName: driver.raceName ?? driver.code ?? `CAR${index + 1}`,
-    name: driver.name ?? `Car ${index + 1}`,
-    color: driver.color ?? '#e10600',
-    team: driver.team ? { ...driver.team } : null,
-    tire: driver.tire ?? ['M', 'H', 'S'][index % 3],
-    index,
-    x: position.x,
-    y: position.y,
-    previousX: position.x,
-    previousY: position.y,
-    heading: start.heading,
-    previousHeading: start.heading,
-    steeringAngle: 0,
-    yawRate: 0,
-    turnRadius: Infinity,
-    speed: standingStart ? 0 : launchSpeed,
-    throttle: 0,
-    brake: 0,
-    vehicleId: vehicle.id ?? null,
-    vehicleName: vehicle.name ?? null,
-    vehicleRatings: vehicle.ratings ? { ...vehicle.ratings } : null,
-    mass: vehicle.mass ?? 798 + seededRange(random, -5, 5),
-    powerNewtons: vehicle.powerNewtons ?? 43000 * pace,
-    brakeNewtons: vehicle.brakeNewtons ?? 59000,
-    dragCoefficient: vehicle.dragCoefficient ?? 0.33 + seededRange(random, -0.026, 0.026),
-    downforceCoefficient: vehicle.downforceCoefficient ?? 6.1 + seededRange(random, -0.18, 0.18),
-    tireGrip: vehicle.tireGrip ?? 2.22 + racecraft * 0.28 + seededRange(random, -0.03, 0.03),
-    tireCare: vehicle.tireCare ?? 1,
-    pace,
-    racecraft,
-    personality,
-    aggression: personality.baseAggression,
-    gridLocked: standingStart,
-    gridDistance,
-    gridOffset,
-    desiredOffset: gridOffset,
-    progress: start.distance,
-    raceDistance: gridDistance,
-    lap: 1,
-    rank: index + 1,
-    gapAhead: Infinity,
-    gapAheadSeconds: Infinity,
-    leaderGapSeconds: 0,
-    intervalAheadSeconds: Infinity,
-    gapAheadLaps: 0,
-    intervalAheadLaps: 0,
-    leaderGapLaps: 0,
-    drsEligible: false,
-    drsActive: false,
-    drsZoneId: null,
-    drsZoneEnabled: false,
-    timingHistory: [],
-    lapTelemetry: createLapTelemetry(track, 0, gridDistance),
-    drsDetection: {},
-    canAttack: true,
-    trackState: start,
-    contactCooldown: 0,
-    tireEnergy: 100,
-    usedTireCompounds: [driver.tire ?? ['M', 'H', 'S'][index % 3]],
-    automaticPitIntentEnabled: true,
-  };
-}
-
-function normalizeTotalLaps(value) {
-  const numeric = Number(value);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(numeric)) return MIN_TOTAL_LAPS;
-  return Math.max(MIN_TOTAL_LAPS, Math.floor(numeric));
-}
-
-function forwardVector(car) {
-  return { x: Math.cos(car.heading), y: Math.sin(car.heading) };
-}
-
-function velocityVector(car) {
-  const forward = forwardVector(car);
-  return { x: forward.x * car.speed, y: forward.y * car.speed };
-}
-
-function createCollisionStewardContext(first, second, collision) {
-  const distanceDelta = collision.trackLength
-    ? progressDelta(second.progress ?? second.raceDistance ?? 0, first.progress ?? first.raceDistance ?? 0, collision.trackLength)
-    : (second.raceDistance ?? 0) - (first.raceDistance ?? 0);
-  const sideBySideTolerance = VEHICLE_LIMITS.carLength * 0.18;
-  if (Math.abs(distanceDelta) <= sideBySideTolerance) {
-    const firstVelocity = velocityVector(first);
-    const secondVelocity = velocityVector(second);
-    const relativeVelocity = {
-      x: firstVelocity.x - secondVelocity.x,
-      y: firstVelocity.y - secondVelocity.y,
-    };
-    return {
-      ...collision,
-      impactSpeed: Math.hypot(relativeVelocity.x, relativeVelocity.y),
-      aheadDriverId: null,
-      atFaultDriverId: null,
-      sharedFault: true,
-      sharedFaultDriverIds: [first.id, second.id],
-    };
-  }
-
-  const firstBehind = distanceDelta > 0;
-  const behind = firstBehind ? first : second;
-  const ahead = firstBehind ? second : first;
-  const directionBehindToAhead = normalizeVector({
-    x: ahead.x - behind.x,
-    y: ahead.y - behind.y,
-  });
-  const behindVelocity = velocityVector(behind);
-  const aheadVelocity = velocityVector(ahead);
-  const relativeVelocity = {
-    x: behindVelocity.x - aheadVelocity.x,
-    y: behindVelocity.y - aheadVelocity.y,
-  };
-
-  return {
-    ...collision,
-    impactSpeed: Math.max(0, dot(relativeVelocity, directionBehindToAhead)),
-    aheadDriverId: ahead.id,
-    atFaultDriverId: behind.id,
-  };
-}
-
-function dot(a, b) {
-  return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y;
-}
-
-function normalizeVector(vector) {
-  const length = Math.hypot(vector.x, vector.y) || 1;
-  return { x: vector.x / length, y: vector.y / length };
-}
-
-function progressDelta(a, b, trackLength) {
-  let delta = a - b;
-  if (delta < -trackLength / 2) delta += trackLength;
-  if (delta > trackLength / 2) delta -= trackLength;
-  return delta;
-}
-
-function trimTimingHistory(history, currentTime) {
-  const cutoff = currentTime - TIMING_HISTORY_WINDOW_SECONDS;
-  while (history.length > 2 && (history[0].time < cutoff || history.length > TIMING_HISTORY_MAX_SAMPLES)) {
-    history.shift();
-  }
-}
-
-function resetTimingHistory(car, currentTime) {
-  car.timingHistory = [{ time: currentTime, raceDistance: car.raceDistance }];
-}
-
-function recordTimingSample(car, currentTime) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(car.raceDistance)) return;
-  if (!Array.isArray(car.timingHistory)) {
-    resetTimingHistory(car, currentTime);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const previous = car.timingHistory[car.timingHistory.length - 1];
-  if (
-    previous &&
-    Math.abs(previous.time - currentTime) <= 1e-6 &&
-    Math.abs(previous.raceDistance - car.raceDistance) <= 1e-3
-  ) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  car.timingHistory.push({ time: currentTime, raceDistance: car.raceDistance });
-  trimTimingHistory(car.timingHistory, currentTime);
-}
-
-function interpolateTimeAtDistance(history, targetDistance) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(history) || history.length < 2) return null;
-
-  for (let index = history.length - 1; index > 0; index -= 1) {
-    const current = history[index];
-    const previous = history[index - 1];
-    if (targetDistance < previous.raceDistance || targetDistance > current.raceDistance) continue;
-
-    const coveredDistance = current.raceDistance - previous.raceDistance;
-    if (coveredDistance <= 1e-6) return current.time;
-    const ratio = (targetDistance - previous.raceDistance) / coveredDistance;
-    return previous.time + (current.time - previous.time) * ratio;
-  }
-
-  return null;
-}
-
-function estimateGapAheadSeconds(ahead, car, currentTime, track) {
-  if (!ahead) return Infinity;
-
-  const timingLineGap = estimateTimingLineGapSeconds(ahead, car, currentTime, track);
-  if (Number.isFinite(timingLineGap)) return timingLineGap;
-
-  const crossingTime = interpolateTimeAtDistance(ahead.timingHistory, car.raceDistance);
-  if (Number.isFinite(crossingTime)) {
-    return Math.max(0, currentTime - crossingTime);
-  }
-
-  const speedReference = Math.max((ahead.speed + car.speed) * 0.5, 1);
-  return Math.max(0, (ahead.raceDistance - car.raceDistance) / speedReference);
-}
-
-function wholeLapGap(aheadDistance, carDistance, trackLength) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(aheadDistance) || !Number.isFinite(carDistance)) return 0;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(trackLength) || trackLength <= 0) return 0;
-  return Math.max(0, Math.floor((aheadDistance - carDistance + 1e-6) / trackLength));
-}
-
-function createTimingLines(track) {
-  const targetSpacing = metersToSimUnits(TIMING_LINE_TARGET_SPACING_METERS);
-  const count = Math.max(1, Math.round(track.length / targetSpacing));
-  const spacing = track.length / count;
-
-  return {
-    spacing,
-    spacingMeters: simUnitsToMeters(spacing),
-    count,
-    lines: Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => {
-      const distance = index * spacing;
-      const point = pointAt(track, distance);
-      return {
-        index,
-        distance,
-        distanceMeters: simUnitsToMeters(distance),
-        x: point.x,
-        y: point.y,
-        heading: point.heading,
-      };
-    }),
-  };
-}
-
-function getTimingLineNumber(track, raceDistance) {
-  const spacing = track.timingLines?.spacing;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(spacing) || spacing <= 0 || !Number.isFinite(raceDistance)) return null;
-  return Math.floor(Math.max(0, raceDistance) / spacing);
-}
-
-function resetTimingLineCrossings(car, currentTime) {
-  car.timingLineCrossings = Object.create(null);
-  car.timingLineLastUpdatedAt = currentTime;
-  car.previousRaceDistanceForTiming = car.raceDistance;
-}
-
-function recordTimingLineCrossings(car, previousRaceDistance, currentTime, track) {
-  const spacing = track.timingLines?.spacing;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(spacing) || spacing <= 0 || !Number.isFinite(car.raceDistance)) return;
-  if (!car.timingLineCrossings || typeof car.timingLineCrossings !== 'object') {
-    resetTimingLineCrossings(car, currentTime);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  const previousDistance = Number.isFinite(previousRaceDistance) ? previousRaceDistance : car.raceDistance;
-  const currentDistance = car.raceDistance;
-  const travelled = currentDistance - previousDistance;
-  const previousTime = Number.isFinite(car.timingLineLastUpdatedAt) ? car.timingLineLastUpdatedAt : currentTime;
-  const elapsed = Math.max(0, currentTime - previousTime);
-
-  if (travelled > 1e-6 && travelled < track.length / 2) {
-    const firstLine = Math.floor(Math.max(0, previousDistance) / spacing) + 1;
-    const lastLine = Math.floor(Math.max(0, currentDistance) / spacing);
-
-    for (let lineNumber = firstLine; lineNumber <= lastLine; lineNumber += 1) {
-      const lineDistance = lineNumber * spacing;
-      if (lineDistance <= previousDistance + 1e-6 || lineDistance > currentDistance + 1e-6) continue;
-      const ratio = clamp((lineDistance - previousDistance) / travelled, 0, 1);
-      car.timingLineCrossings[lineNumber] = previousTime + ratio * elapsed;
-    }
-  }
-
-  car.timingLineLastUpdatedAt = currentTime;
-  const latestLine = getTimingLineNumber(track, currentDistance);
-  if (latestLine != null) {
-    const cutoff = latestLine - (track.timingLines.count * TIMING_LINE_HISTORY_LAPS);
-    Object.keys(car.timingLineCrossings).forEach((key) => {
-      if (Number(key) < cutoff) delete car.timingLineCrossings[key];
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-function getTimingLineCrossingTime(car, lineNumber) {
-  const value = car?.timingLineCrossings?.[lineNumber];
-  return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
-}
-
-function estimateTimingLineGapSeconds(ahead, car, currentTime, track) {
-  if (!ahead || !car) return Infinity;
-  const currentLine = getTimingLineNumber(track, Math.min(ahead.raceDistance ?? 0, car.raceDistance ?? 0));
-  if (currentLine == null) return null;
-  const oldestLine = Math.max(0, currentLine - (track.timingLines?.count ?? 0));
-
-  for (let lineNumber = currentLine; lineNumber >= oldestLine; lineNumber -= 1) {
-    const aheadTime = getTimingLineCrossingTime(ahead, lineNumber);
-    const carTime = getTimingLineCrossingTime(car, lineNumber);
-    if (Number.isFinite(aheadTime) && Number.isFinite(carTime)) {
-      return Math.max(0, carTime - aheadTime);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return null;
-}
-
-function recordDrsDetection(car, zoneId, currentTime) {
-  const previous = car.drsDetection?.[zoneId] ?? { passage: 0, time: -Infinity };
-  const next = { passage: previous.passage + 1, time: currentTime };
-  car.drsDetection = {
-    ...(car.drsDetection ?? {}),
-    [zoneId]: next,
-  };
-  return next;
-}
-
-function clonePointLike(point) {
-  if (!point) return point;
-  return { ...point };
-}
-
-function clonePointArray(points) {
-  return Array.isArray(points) ? points.map(clonePointLike) : points;
-}
-
-function clonePitLaneModel(pitLane) {
-  if (!pitLane) return pitLane;
-  return {
-    ...pitLane,
-    entry: pitLane.entry ? {
-      ...pitLane.entry,
-      trackPoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.entry.trackPoint),
-      edgePoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.entry.edgePoint),
-      trackConnectPoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.entry.trackConnectPoint),
-      lanePoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.entry.lanePoint),
-      roadCenterline: clonePointArray(pitLane.entry.roadCenterline),
-      connector: clonePointArray(pitLane.entry.connector),
-    } : pitLane.entry,
-    exit: pitLane.exit ? {
-      ...pitLane.exit,
-      trackPoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.exit.trackPoint),
-      edgePoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.exit.edgePoint),
-      trackConnectPoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.exit.trackConnectPoint),
-      lanePoint: clonePointLike(pitLane.exit.lanePoint),
-      roadCenterline: clonePointArray(pitLane.exit.roadCenterline),
-      connector: clonePointArray(pitLane.exit.connector),
-    } : pitLane.exit,
-    mainLane: pitLane.mainLane ? {
-      ...pitLane.mainLane,
-      start: clonePointLike(pitLane.mainLane.start),
-      end: clonePointLike(pitLane.mainLane.end),
-      points: clonePointArray(pitLane.mainLane.points),
-    } : pitLane.mainLane,
-    workingLane: pitLane.workingLane ? {
-      ...pitLane.workingLane,
-      start: clonePointLike(pitLane.workingLane.start),
-      end: clonePointLike(pitLane.workingLane.end),
-      points: clonePointArray(pitLane.workingLane.points),
-    } : pitLane.workingLane,
-    fastLane: pitLane.fastLane ? { ...pitLane.fastLane } : pitLane.fastLane,
-    serviceNormal: clonePointLike(pitLane.serviceNormal),
-    boxes: Array.isArray(pitLane.boxes)
-      ? pitLane.boxes.map((box) => ({
-        ...box,
-        laneTarget: clonePointLike(box.laneTarget),
-        center: clonePointLike(box.center),
-        corners: clonePointArray(box.corners),
-      }))
-      : pitLane.boxes,
-    serviceAreas: Array.isArray(pitLane.serviceAreas)
-      ? pitLane.serviceAreas.map((area) => ({
-        ...area,
-        laneTarget: clonePointLike(area.laneTarget),
-        center: clonePointLike(area.center),
-        queuePoint: clonePointLike(area.queuePoint),
-        corners: clonePointArray(area.corners),
-        queueCorners: clonePointArray(area.queueCorners),
-        garageBoxIds: [...(area.garageBoxIds ?? [])],
-        pitCrew: area.pitCrew ? { ...area.pitCrew } : area.pitCrew,
-      }))
-      : pitLane.serviceAreas,
-    teams: Array.isArray(pitLane.teams)
-      ? pitLane.teams.map((team) => ({ ...team, boxIds: [...(team.boxIds ?? [])], pitCrew: team.pitCrew ? { ...team.pitCrew } : team.pitCrew }))
-      : pitLane.teams,
-  };
-}
-
-function routePoint(point, heading = point?.heading, options = {}) {
-  if (!point) return null;
-  return {
-    x: point.x,
-    y: point.y,
-    heading,
-    limiterActive: Boolean(options.limiterActive ?? point.limiterActive),
-  };
-}
-
-function offsetPitLanePoint(pitLane, point, lateralOffset) {
-  return {
-    ...point,
-    x: point.x + pitLane.serviceNormal.x * lateralOffset,
-    y: point.y + pitLane.serviceNormal.y * lateralOffset,
-    heading: pitLane.mainLane.heading,
-  };
-}
-
-function pitMainLanePointAt(pitLane, distanceAlongLane, lateralOffset = 0) {
-  const amount = pitLane.mainLane.length > 0
-    ? clamp(distanceAlongLane / pitLane.mainLane.length, 0, 1)
-    : 0;
-  const point = {
-    x: pitLane.mainLane.start.x + (pitLane.mainLane.end.x - pitLane.mainLane.start.x) * amount,
-    y: pitLane.mainLane.start.y + (pitLane.mainLane.end.y - pitLane.mainLane.start.y) * amount,
-    heading: pitLane.mainLane.heading,
-  };
-  return offsetPitLanePoint(pitLane, point, lateralOffset);
-}
-
-function pitDriveLaneOffset(pitLane) {
-  return pitLane.fastLane?.offset ?? 0;
-}
-
-function sameRoutePoint(first, second) {
-  return first && second && Math.hypot(first.x - second.x, first.y - second.y) < 0.001;
-}
-
-function shiftPreviousRenderPose(car, dx, dy, dheading = 0) {
-  car.previousX = Number.isFinite(car.previousX) ? car.previousX + dx : car.x + dx;
-  car.previousY = Number.isFinite(car.previousY) ? car.previousY + dy : car.y + dy;
-  car.previousHeading = normalizeAngle(
-    (Number.isFinite(car.previousHeading) ? car.previousHeading : car.heading) + dheading,
-  );
-}
-
-function pointDistance(first, second) {
-  if (!first || !second) return Infinity;
-  return Math.hypot(first.x - second.x, first.y - second.y);
-}
-
-function createRoute(points) {
-  const routePoints = points
-    .filter(Boolean)
-    .map((point) => routePoint(point))
-    .filter(Boolean)
-    .reduce((deduped, point) => {
-      if (!sameRoutePoint(deduped.at(-1), point)) {
-        deduped.push(point);
-      } else if (point.limiterActive) {
-        deduped.at(-1).limiterActive = true;
-      }
-      return deduped;
-    }, []);
-  const segments = [];
-  let totalLength = 0;
-
-  for (let index = 0; index < routePoints.length - 1; index += 1) {
-    const start = routePoints[index];
-    const end = routePoints[index + 1];
-    const length = Math.hypot(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y);
-    if (length <= 0.001) continue;
-    const heading = Math.atan2(end.y - start.y, end.x - start.x);
-    segments.push({
-      start,
-      end,
-      length,
-      heading,
-      startDistance: totalLength,
-      endDistance: totalLength + length,
-      limiterActive: Boolean(start.limiterActive && end.limiterActive),
-    });
-    totalLength += length;
-  }
-
-  let nextLimiterStartDistance = Infinity;
-  for (let index = segments.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
-    const segment = segments[index];
-    if (segment.limiterActive) nextLimiterStartDistance = segment.startDistance;
-    segment.nextLimiterStartDistance = nextLimiterStartDistance;
-  }
-
-  return {
-    points: routePoints,
-    segments,
-    length: totalLength,
-    segmentCursor: 0,
-  };
-}
-
-function findRouteSegment(route, distanceAlong, endPadding = 0) {
-  if (!route?.segments?.length) return null;
-  const clampedDistance = clamp(distanceAlong, 0, route.length);
-  const segments = route.segments;
-  let index = clamp(Math.floor(route.segmentCursor ?? 0), 0, segments.length - 1);
-  let segment = segments[index];
-
-  if (
-    clampedDistance >= segment.startDistance - 0.001 &&
-    clampedDistance <= segment.endDistance - endPadding
-  ) {
-    return segment;
-  }
-
-  if (clampedDistance > segment.endDistance - endPadding) {
-    while (index < segments.length - 1 && clampedDistance > segments[index].endDistance - endPadding) {
-      index += 1;
-    }
-  } else {
-    while (index > 0 && clampedDistance < segments[index].startDistance - 0.001) {
-      index -= 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  segment = segments[index];
-  if (
-    clampedDistance < segment.startDistance - 0.001 ||
-    clampedDistance > segment.endDistance - endPadding
-  ) {
-    segment = segments.find((candidate) => (
-      clampedDistance >= candidate.startDistance - 0.001 &&
-      clampedDistance <= candidate.endDistance - endPadding
-    )) ?? segments.at(-1);
-    index = segments.indexOf(segment);
-  }
-
-  route.segmentCursor = Math.max(0, index);
-  return segment;
-}
-
-function sampleRoute(route, distanceAlong) {
-  if (!route?.segments?.length) return route?.points?.[0] ?? null;
-  const clampedDistance = clamp(distanceAlong, 0, route.length);
-  const segment = findRouteSegment(route, clampedDistance) ?? route.segments.at(-1);
-  const amount = clamp((clampedDistance - segment.startDistance) / segment.length, 0, 1);
-
-  return {
-    x: segment.start.x + (segment.end.x - segment.start.x) * amount,
-    y: segment.start.y + (segment.end.y - segment.start.y) * amount,
-    heading: segment.heading,
-    limiterActive: segment.limiterActive,
-  };
-}
-
-function routeLimiterActiveAt(route, distanceAlong) {
-  if (!route?.segments?.length) return false;
-  const clampedDistance = clamp(distanceAlong, 0, route.length);
-  const segment = findRouteSegment(route, clampedDistance, 0.001) ?? route.segments.at(-1);
-  return Boolean(segment?.limiterActive);
-}
-
-function distanceToNextLimiterSegment(route, distanceAlong) {
-  if (!route?.segments?.length) return Infinity;
-  const clampedDistance = clamp(distanceAlong, 0, route.length);
-  const segment = findRouteSegment(route, clampedDistance, 0.001);
-  if (!segment) return Infinity;
-  if (segment.limiterActive && segment.endDistance > clampedDistance + 0.001) return 0;
-  return Math.max(0, segment.nextLimiterStartDistance - clampedDistance);
-}
-
-function easeInOut(value) {
-  const amount = clamp(value, 0, 1);
-  return amount * amount * (3 - 2 * amount);
-}
-
-function projectPositionToSegment(position, segment) {
-  const dx = segment.end.x - segment.start.x;
-  const dy = segment.end.y - segment.start.y;
-  const lengthSquared = dx * dx + dy * dy;
-  const amount = lengthSquared > 0
-    ? clamp(((position.x - segment.start.x) * dx + (position.y - segment.start.y) * dy) / lengthSquared, 0, 1)
-    : 0;
-  const x = segment.start.x + dx * amount;
-  const y = segment.start.y + dy * amount;
-  const distanceSquared = (position.x - x) ** 2 + (position.y - y) ** 2;
-
-  return {
-    distanceAlong: segment.startDistance + segment.length * amount,
-    distanceSquared,
-  };
-}
-
-function nearestDistanceOnRoute(route, position, previousDistance = 0) {
-  if (!route?.segments?.length) return 0;
-  let best = null;
-  const backtrackAllowance = metersToSimUnits(90);
-
-  route.segments.forEach((segment) => {
-    if (segment.endDistance < previousDistance - backtrackAllowance) return;
-    const projected = projectPositionToSegment(position, segment);
-    if (!best || projected.distanceSquared < best.distanceSquared) best = projected;
-  });
-
-  return clamp(best?.distanceAlong ?? previousDistance, 0, route.length);
-}
-
-function createPitApproachPoints(track, car, pitLane, entryRaceDistance) {
-  const currentDistance = car.raceDistance ?? entryRaceDistance - PIT_ENTRY_APPROACH_DISTANCE;
-  const remaining = Math.max(0, entryRaceDistance - currentDistance);
-  const currentState = nearestTrackState(track, car, car.progress);
-  const startOffset = currentState.inPitLane ? 0 : currentState.signedOffset ?? 0;
-  const entryConnectState = nearestTrackState(track, pitLane.entry.trackConnectPoint, pitLane.entry.trackDistance);
-  const targetOffset = entryConnectState.signedOffset ?? 0;
-  const points = [routePoint(car, car.heading)];
-  const straightDistance = remaining > metersToSimUnits(14)
-    ? Math.min(remaining * 0.22, metersToSimUnits(42))
-    : 0;
-  if (straightDistance > metersToSimUnits(1)) {
-    points.push(routePoint({
-      x: car.x + Math.cos(car.heading) * straightDistance,
-      y: car.y + Math.sin(car.heading) * straightDistance,
-    }, car.heading));
-  }
-
-  const transitionDistance = Math.max(0, remaining - straightDistance);
-  const steps = Math.max(4, Math.ceil(Math.max(transitionDistance, PIT_ENTRY_APPROACH_DISTANCE * 0.45) / metersToSimUnits(74)));
-  for (let index = 1; index <= steps; index += 1) {
-    const amount = index / steps;
-    const distance = currentDistance + straightDistance + transitionDistance * amount;
-    const trackPoint = pointAt(track, distance);
-    const lateralAmount = easeInOut(amount);
-    const offset = startOffset + (targetOffset - startOffset) * lateralAmount;
-    const point = offsetTrackPoint(trackPoint, offset);
-    points.push(routePoint(point, trackPoint.heading));
-  }
-
-  points.push(routePoint(pitLane.entry.trackConnectPoint, pitLane.entry.trackPoint?.heading));
-  return points;
-}
-
-function firstDifferentCompound(currentTire, compounds) {
-  const available = Array.isArray(compounds) && compounds.length ? compounds : ['S', 'M', 'H'];
-  return available.find((compound) => compound !== currentTire) ?? currentTire;
-}
-
-function normalizePitCompound(value, compounds) {
-  if (value == null || value === '') return null;
-  const available = Array.isArray(compounds) && compounds.length ? compounds : ['S', 'M', 'H'];
-  return available.includes(value) ? value : null;
-}
-
-function normalizePitIntent(value) {
-  const number = Number(value);
-  if (!Number.isInteger(number) || number < PIT_INTENT_NONE || number > PIT_INTENT_COMMITTED) return null;
-  return number;
-}
-
-function normalizePitCrewStats(value) {
-  const source = value && typeof value === 'object' ? value : {};
-  const rating = (entry) => {
-    const numeric = Number(entry);
-    return Number.isFinite(numeric) ? clamp(numeric, 0, 1) : 0.5;
-  };
-  return {
-    speed: rating(source.speed ?? source.pace),
-    consistency: rating(source.consistency),
-    reliability: rating(source.reliability),
-  };
-}
-
-function pitLaneStatusSnapshot(raceControl, pitLane, pitStops) {
-  const enabled = Boolean(pitLane?.enabled && pitStops?.enabled);
-  const redFlag = Boolean(raceControl.redFlag);
-  const open = enabled && Boolean(raceControl.pitLaneOpen) && !redFlag;
-  return {
-    enabled,
-    open,
-    reason: !enabled ? 'unavailable' : redFlag ? 'red-flag' : open ? 'open' : 'closed',
-    color: open ? 'green' : redFlag ? 'yellow' : 'red',
-    light: open ? '#22c55e' : redFlag ? '#facc15' : '#ef4444',
-  };
-}
-
-function serializePitStop(pitStop) {
-  if (!pitStop) return null;
-  return {
-    status: pitStop.status,
-    intent: normalizePitIntent(pitStop.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE,
-    phase: pitStop.phase ?? null,
-    boxIndex: pitStop.boxIndex,
-    boxId: pitStop.boxId,
-    garageBoxIndex: pitStop.garageBoxIndex ?? null,
-    garageBoxId: pitStop.garageBoxId ?? null,
-    teamId: pitStop.teamId ?? null,
-    teamColor: pitStop.teamColor ?? null,
-    stopsCompleted: pitStop.stopsCompleted ?? 0,
-    queueingForService: Boolean(pitStop.queueingForService),
-    plannedRaceDistance: finiteOrNull(pitStop.plannedRaceDistance),
-    entryRaceDistance: finiteOrNull(pitStop.entryRaceDistance),
-    serviceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.serviceRemaining),
-    penaltyServiceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.penaltyServiceRemaining),
-    penaltyServiceTotalSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.penaltyServiceTotal),
-    servingPenaltyIds: [...(pitStop.servingPenaltyIds ?? [])],
-    targetTire: pitStop.targetTire ?? null,
-    serviceProfile: pitStop.serviceProfile ? { ...pitStop.serviceProfile } : null,
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeWheels(wheels = []) {
-  return wheels.map((wheel) => ({
-    id: wheel.id,
-    x: wheel.x,
-    y: wheel.y,
-    signedOffset: wheel.signedOffset,
-    crossTrackError: wheel.crossTrackError,
-    surface: wheel.surface,
-    onTrack: Boolean(wheel.onTrack),
-    inPitLane: Boolean(wheel.inPitLane),
-    fullyOutsideWhiteLine: Boolean(wheel.fullyOutsideWhiteLine),
-  }));
-}
-
-function serializeCar(car, rank, penaltySeconds = 0) {
-  const finishTime = car.finishTime ?? null;
-  const raceStatus = car.finished ? 'waved-flag' : 'racing';
-  return {
-    id: car.id,
-    code: car.code,
-    timingCode: car.timingCode,
-    driverNumber: car.driverNumber,
-    icon: car.icon,
-    raceName: car.raceName,
-    name: car.name,
-    color: car.color,
-    team: car.team ? { ...car.team } : null,
-    tire: car.tire,
-    personality: { ...car.personality },
-    aggression: car.aggression,
-    aggressionPercent: Math.round((car.aggression ?? 0) * 100),
-    setup: {
-      vehicleId: car.vehicleId,
-      vehicleName: car.vehicleName,
-      vehicleRatings: car.vehicleRatings ? { ...car.vehicleRatings } : null,
-      maxSpeedKph: simSpeedToKph(VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed),
-      powerUnitKn: car.powerNewtons / 1000,
-      brakeSystemKn: car.brakeNewtons / 1000,
-      dragCoefficient: car.dragCoefficient,
-      downforceCoefficient: car.downforceCoefficient,
-      tireGrip: car.tireGrip,
-      tireCare: car.tireCare,
-      massKg: car.mass,
-      pace: car.pace,
-      racecraft: car.racecraft,
-    },
-    rank,
-    classifiedRank: car.classifiedRank ?? rank,
-    finishRank: car.finishRank ?? null,
-    status: raceStatus,
-    raceStatus,
-    wavedFlag: Boolean(car.finished),
-    finished: Boolean(car.finished),
-    finishTime,
-    penaltySeconds,
-    adjustedFinishTime: finishTime == null ? null : finishTime + penaltySeconds,
-    previousX: car.previousX ?? car.x,
-    previousY: car.previousY ?? car.y,
-    x: car.x,
-    y: car.y,
-    previousHeading: car.previousHeading ?? car.heading,
-    heading: car.heading,
-    steeringAngle: car.steeringAngle,
-    yawRate: car.yawRate,
-    turnRadius: car.turnRadius,
-    speed: car.speed,
-    speedKph: simSpeedToKph(car.speed),
-    throttle: car.throttle,
-    brake: car.brake,
-    lateralAcceleration: car.lateralAcceleration,
-    progress: car.progress,
-    raceDistance: car.raceDistance,
-    distanceMeters: simUnitsToMeters(car.raceDistance),
-    lap: car.lap,
-    lapTelemetry: serializeLapTelemetry(car.lapTelemetry ?? createLapTelemetry({ length: 1 }, 0, 0)),
-    gapAhead: car.gapAhead,
-    gapAheadMeters: Number.isFinite(car.gapAhead) ? simUnitsToMeters(car.gapAhead) : Infinity,
-    gapAheadSeconds: car.gapAheadSeconds,
-    intervalAheadSeconds: car.intervalAheadSeconds,
-    leaderGapSeconds: car.leaderGapSeconds,
-    gapAheadLaps: car.gapAheadLaps ?? 0,
-    intervalAheadLaps: car.intervalAheadLaps ?? car.gapAheadLaps ?? 0,
-    leaderGapLaps: car.leaderGapLaps ?? 0,
-    drsEligible: car.drsEligible,
-    drsActive: car.drsActive,
-    drsZoneId: car.drsZoneId,
-    drsZoneEnabled: car.drsZoneEnabled,
-    canAttack: car.canAttack,
-    signedOffset: car.trackState?.signedOffset ?? 0,
-    crossTrackError: car.trackState?.crossTrackError ?? 0,
-    surface: car.trackState?.surface ?? 'track',
-    wheels: serializeWheels(car.wheelStates),
-    inPitLane: Boolean(car.trackState?.inPitLane),
-    pitLanePart: car.trackState?.pitLanePart ?? null,
-    pitBoxId: car.trackState?.pitBoxId ?? null,
-    pitLaneCrossTrackError: car.trackState?.pitLaneCrossTrackError ?? null,
-    contactCooldown: car.contactCooldown,
-    tireEnergy: car.tireEnergy,
-    usedTireCompounds: [...(car.usedTireCompounds ?? [])],
-    pitIntent: normalizePitIntent(car.pitStop?.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE,
-    pitStop: serializePitStop(car.pitStop),
-    positionSource: 'integrated-vehicle',
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeRenderPitStop(pitStop) {
-  if (!pitStop) return null;
-  return {
-    phase: pitStop.phase ?? null,
-    serviceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.serviceRemaining),
-    penaltyServiceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.penaltyServiceRemaining),
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeRenderCar(car) {
-  return {
-    id: car.id,
-    color: car.color,
-    previousX: car.previousX ?? car.x,
-    previousY: car.previousY ?? car.y,
-    x: car.x,
-    y: car.y,
-    previousHeading: car.previousHeading ?? car.heading,
-    heading: car.heading,
-    drsActive: Boolean(car.drsActive),
-    pitStop: serializeRenderPitStop(car.pitStop),
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeObservationPitStop(pitStop) {
-  if (!pitStop) return null;
-  return {
-    status: pitStop.status,
-    intent: normalizePitIntent(pitStop.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE,
-    phase: pitStop.phase ?? null,
-    targetTire: pitStop.targetTire ?? null,
-    serviceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.serviceRemaining),
-    penaltyServiceRemainingSeconds: finiteOrNull(pitStop.penaltyServiceRemaining),
-    stopsCompleted: pitStop.stopsCompleted ?? 0,
-  };
-}
-
-function serializeObservationCar(car, rank) {
-  return {
-    id: car.id,
-    rank,
-    previousX: car.previousX ?? car.x,
-    previousY: car.previousY ?? car.y,
-    x: car.x,
-    y: car.y,
-    previousHeading: car.previousHeading ?? car.heading,
-    heading: car.heading,
-    steeringAngle: car.steeringAngle,
-    yawRate: car.yawRate,
-    speed: car.speed,
-    speedKph: simSpeedToKph(car.speed),
-    throttle: car.throttle,
-    brake: car.brake,
-    progress: car.progress,
-    raceDistance: car.raceDistance,
-    lap: car.lap,
-    lapTelemetry: serializeLapTelemetry(car.lapTelemetry ?? createLapTelemetry({ length: 1 }, 0, 0)),
-    signedOffset: car.trackState?.signedOffset ?? 0,
-    crossTrackError: car.trackState?.crossTrackError ?? 0,
-    surface: car.trackState?.surface ?? 'track',
-    trackHeadingError: car.trackHeadingError,
-    trackState: car.trackState ? {
-      distance: car.trackState.distance,
-      signedOffset: car.trackState.signedOffset,
-      crossTrackError: car.trackState.crossTrackError,
-      surface: car.trackState.surface,
-      inPitLane: Boolean(car.trackState.inPitLane),
-      pitLanePart: car.trackState.pitLanePart ?? null,
-      pitBoxId: car.trackState.pitBoxId ?? null,
-      curvature: car.trackState.curvature ?? 0,
-    } : null,
-    wheels: serializeWheels(car.wheelStates),
-    inPitLane: Boolean(car.trackState?.inPitLane),
-    pitLanePart: car.trackState?.pitLanePart ?? null,
-    pitBoxId: car.trackState?.pitBoxId ?? null,
-    tireEnergy: car.tireEnergy ?? null,
-    pitIntent: normalizePitIntent(car.pitStop?.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE,
-    pitStop: serializeObservationPitStop(car.pitStop),
-  };
-}
-
-function createEmptyPenaltyStats() {
-  return {
-    seconds: 0,
-    positionDrop: 0,
-    disqualified: false,
-  };
-}
-
-function getPenaltyStats(statsByDriver, driverId) {
-  return statsByDriver.get(driverId) ?? createEmptyPenaltyStats();
-}
-
-function buildPenaltyStatsByDriver(penalties = []) {
-  const byDriver = new Map();
-  penalties.forEach((penalty) => {
-    if (!penalty?.driverId || !isPenaltyActive(penalty)) return;
-    const stats = byDriver.get(penalty.driverId) ?? createEmptyPenaltyStats();
-    stats.seconds += Number(penalty.penaltySeconds) || 0;
-    stats.positionDrop += Number(penalty.positionDrop) || 0;
-    stats.disqualified = stats.disqualified || Boolean(penalty.disqualified);
-    byDriver.set(penalty.driverId, stats);
-  });
-  return byDriver;
-}
-
-function isLegallyInsidePitLaneForTrackLimits(car) {
-  if (!car.trackState?.inPitLane) return false;
-  const wheels = car.wheelStates ?? [];
-  return wheels.length > 0 && wheels.some((wheel) => wheel.inPitLane);
-}
-
 export class F1RaceSimulation {
-  constructor({ seed = 1, drivers = [], totalLaps = DEFAULT_TOTAL_LAPS, rules = {}, track = null, trackSeed = null } = {}) {
-    this.seed = seed;
-    this.random = createMulberry32(seed);
-    const trackDefinition = track ?? (trackSeed == null ? TRACK : createProceduralTrack(trackSeed));
-    const builtTrack = buildTrackModel(trackDefinition);
-    this.track = {
-      ...builtTrack,
-      pitLane: clonePitLaneModel(builtTrack.pitLane),
-    };
-    this.track.timingLines = createTimingLines(this.track);
-    this.trackSeed = this.track.seed ?? trackSeed;
-    this.rules = normalizeRaceRules(rules);
-    this.startLightsOutAt = this.rules.startLightCount * this.rules.startLightInterval + this.rules.startLightsOutHold;
-    this.totalLaps = normalizeTotalLaps(totalLaps);
-    this.time = 0;
-    this.events = [];
-    this.penalties = [];
-    this.nextPenaltyId = 1;
-    this.stewardState = {
-      trackLimits: Object.create(null),
-      pitLaneSpeeding: Object.create(null),
-      tireRequirement: Object.create(null),
-    };
-    this.raceControl = {
-      mode: this.rules.standingStart === false ? 'green' : 'pre-start',
-      frozenOrder: null,
-      redFlag: false,
-      pitLaneOpen: true,
-      finished: false,
-      finishedAt: null,
-      winnerId: null,
-      classification: [],
-      finishOrder: [],
-      start: {
-        lightCount: this.rules.startLightCount,
-        lightsLit: 0,
-        lightsOutAt: this.startLightsOutAt,
-        released: this.rules.standingStart === false,
-        releasedAt: this.rules.standingStart === false ? 0 : null,
-      },
-    };
-    const safetyCarStart = pointAt(this.track, this.rules.safetyCarLeadDistance);
-    this.safetyCar = {
-      deployed: false,
-      progress: this.rules.safetyCarLeadDistance,
-      speed: this.rules.safetyCarSpeed,
-      previousX: safetyCarStart.x,
-      previousY: safetyCarStart.y,
-      previousHeading: safetyCarStart.heading,
-      x: safetyCarStart.x,
-      y: safetyCarStart.y,
-      heading: safetyCarStart.heading,
-    };
-    this.cars = drivers.map((driver, index) => createCar(driver, index, this.random, this.track, {
-      standingStart: this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start',
-    }));
-    this.assignPitLaneTeams();
-    this.initializePitStops();
-    this.recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs: false });
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => resetTimingHistory(car, this.time));
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => resetTimingLineCrossings(car, this.time));
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => resetLapTelemetry(car, this.time, this.track, this.totalLaps));
+  constructor(options = {}) {
+    initializeRaceSimulation(this, options);
   }
 
   assignPitLaneTeams() {
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    if (!pitLane?.enabled || !Array.isArray(pitLane.boxes)) return;
-    const boxesPerTeam = pitLane.boxesPerTeam ?? 2;
-    const teamCount = pitLane.teamCount ?? Math.ceil(pitLane.boxes.length / boxesPerTeam);
-
-    pitLane.teams = Array.from({ length: teamCount }, (_, teamIndex) => {
-      const primary = this.cars[teamIndex * boxesPerTeam] ?? this.cars[teamIndex] ?? null;
-      const secondary = this.cars[teamIndex * boxesPerTeam + 1] ?? null;
-      const team = primary?.team ?? secondary?.team ?? null;
-      const id = team?.id ?? `team-${teamIndex + 1}`;
-      const name = team?.name ?? (primary ? `${primary.name} Team` : `Team ${teamIndex + 1}`);
-      const color = team?.color ?? primary?.color ?? secondary?.color ?? '#f8fafc';
-      const pitCrew = normalizePitCrewStats(
-        team?.pitCrew ?? team?.pitCrewStats ?? primary?.team?.pitCrew ?? secondary?.team?.pitCrew,
-      );
-      const boxIds = pitLane.boxes
-        .filter((box) => box.teamIndex === teamIndex)
-        .map((box) => box.id);
-
-      pitLane.boxes
-        .filter((box) => box.teamIndex === teamIndex)
-        .forEach((box) => {
-          box.teamId = id;
-          box.teamName = name;
-          box.teamColor = color;
-        });
-      const serviceArea = pitLane.serviceAreas?.[teamIndex] ?? null;
-      if (serviceArea) {
-        serviceArea.teamId = id;
-        serviceArea.teamName = name;
-        serviceArea.teamColor = color;
-        serviceArea.pitCrew = pitCrew;
-      }
-
-      return {
-        id,
-        name,
-        color,
-        index: teamIndex,
-        boxIds,
-        serviceAreaId: serviceArea?.id ?? null,
-        pitCrew,
-      };
-    });
+    assignPitLaneTeamsState({ cars: this.cars, pitLane: this.track.pitLane });
   }
 
   initializePitStops() {
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops;
-    if (!pitStops?.enabled || !pitLane?.enabled || !Array.isArray(pitLane.boxes) || this.totalLaps < 2) return;
-    const boxesPerTeam = pitLane.boxesPerTeam ?? 2;
-    const maxConcurrentPitLaneCars = Math.max(1, Math.floor(pitStops.maxConcurrentPitLaneCars ?? 3));
-    const pitWindowLapCount = Math.max(1, Math.min(
-      this.totalLaps - 1,
-      Math.ceil(this.cars.length / maxConcurrentPitLaneCars),
-    ));
-
-    this.cars.forEach((car, index) => {
-      const stopLapBase = this.track.length * (1 + (index % pitWindowLapCount));
-      const trainPosition = Math.floor(index / pitWindowLapCount);
-      const teamIndex = Math.floor(index / boxesPerTeam);
-      const teamBoxIndex = index % boxesPerTeam;
-      const garageBoxIndex = Math.min(pitLane.boxes.length - 1, teamIndex * boxesPerTeam + teamBoxIndex);
-      const garageBox = pitLane.boxes[garageBoxIndex] ?? pitLane.boxes[index % pitLane.boxes.length];
-      const serviceArea = pitLane.serviceAreas?.[teamIndex] ??
-        pitLane.serviceAreas?.[index % pitLane.serviceAreas.length] ??
-        garageBox;
-      car.pitStop = {
-        status: 'pending',
-        phase: null,
-        boxIndex: serviceArea.index,
-        boxId: serviceArea.id,
-        garageBoxIndex,
-        garageBoxId: garageBox.id,
-        teamId: serviceArea.teamId ?? garageBox.teamId ?? null,
-        teamColor: serviceArea.teamColor ?? garageBox.teamColor ?? null,
-        stopsCompleted: 0,
-        entryRaceDistance: stopLapBase + pitLane.entry.distanceFromStart,
-        plannedRaceDistance: stopLapBase + pitLane.entry.distanceFromStart -
-          PIT_ENTRY_APPROACH_DISTANCE,
-        trainPosition,
-        lapBase: stopLapBase,
-        serviceRemaining: 0,
-        penaltyServiceRemaining: 0,
-        penaltyServiceTotal: 0,
-        servingPenaltyIds: [],
-        serviceProfile: null,
-        queueingForService: false,
-        route: null,
-        routeProgress: 0,
-        routeStartRaceDistance: null,
-        routeEndRaceDistance: null,
-        targetTire: firstDifferentCompound(car.tire, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds),
-        intent: PIT_INTENT_NONE,
-      };
+    initializePitStopsState({
+      cars: this.cars,
+      pitLane: this.track.pitLane,
+      pitStops: this.rules.modules?.pitStops,
+      totalLaps: this.totalLaps,
+      trackLength: this.track.length,
+      tireCompounds: this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds,
+      PIT_INTENT_NONE,
     });
   }
 
   setSafetyCar(deployed) {
-    const next = Boolean(deployed);
-    if (this.raceControl.finished) return;
-    if (next && this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start') return;
-    if (this.raceControl.redFlag) return;
-    if (next === this.safetyCar.deployed) return;
-    const ordered = this.orderedCars();
-    this.safetyCar.deployed = next;
-    this.raceControl.mode = next ? 'safety-car' : 'green';
-    this.raceControl.frozenOrder = next ? ordered.map((car) => car.id) : null;
-    if (next) {
-      const leader = ordered[0];
-      const safetyCarProgress = (leader?.raceDistance ?? 0) + this.rules.safetyCarLeadDistance;
-      if (this.safetyCar.progress < safetyCarProgress) {
-        this.moveSafetyCarTo(safetyCarProgress);
-      }
-      this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-        car.desiredOffset = 0;
-        car.drsActive = false;
-        car.drsEligible = false;
-        car.drsZoneId = null;
-        car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-      });
-    }
-    this.events.unshift({ type: next ? 'safety-car' : 'green-flag', at: this.time });
+    setSafetyCarState(this, deployed);
   }
 
   setRedFlag(deployed) {
-    const next = Boolean(deployed);
-    if (this.raceControl.finished) return;
-    if (next && this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start') return;
-    if (next === Boolean(this.raceControl.redFlag)) return;
-    this.raceControl.redFlag = next;
-    if (next) {
-      this.safetyCar.deployed = false;
-      this.raceControl.mode = 'red-flag';
-      this.raceControl.frozenOrder = this.orderedCars().map((car) => car.id);
-      this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-        car.speed = 0;
-        car.throttle = 0;
-        car.brake = 1;
-        car.drsActive = false;
-        car.drsEligible = false;
-        car.drsZoneId = null;
-        car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-        car.canAttack = false;
-      });
-    } else {
-      this.raceControl.mode = this.safetyCar.deployed ? 'safety-car' : 'green';
-      this.raceControl.frozenOrder = this.safetyCar.deployed
-        ? this.orderedCars().map((car) => car.id)
-        : null;
-      this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-        if (!car.finished) {
-          car.speed = Math.max(car.speed, kphToSimSpeed(60));
-          car.brake = 0;
-          car.throttle = Math.max(car.throttle ?? 0, 0.35);
-        }
-      });
-    }
-    this.events.unshift({ type: next ? 'red-flag' : 'green-flag', at: this.time });
+    setRedFlagState(this, deployed);
   }
 
   setPitLaneOpen(open) {
-    const next = Boolean(open);
-    if (next === Boolean(this.raceControl.pitLaneOpen)) return;
-    this.raceControl.pitLaneOpen = next;
-    this.events.unshift({ type: next ? 'pit-lane-open' : 'pit-lane-closed', at: this.time });
+    setPitLaneOpenState(this, open);
   }
 
   setCarState(id, partial) {
-    const car = this.cars.find((item) => item.id === id);
-    if (!car) return;
-    const hasExplicitRaceDistance = partial.raceDistance != null;
-    Object.assign(car, partial);
-    if (
-      partial.x != null ||
-      partial.y != null ||
-      partial.progress != null ||
-      partial.raceDistance != null
-    ) {
-      car.gridLocked = false;
-      if (this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start' && this.cars.every((item) => !item.gridLocked)) {
-        this.releaseRaceStart();
-      }
-    }
-    car.speed = clamp(car.speed, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-    car.heading = normalizeAngle(car.heading);
-    const centerState = nearestTrackState(this.track, car, car.progress ?? car.raceDistance);
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track, { centerState });
-    if (
-      partial.desiredOffset == null &&
-      (partial.x != null || partial.y != null || partial.progress != null || partial.raceDistance != null)
-    ) {
-      car.desiredOffset = centerState.signedOffset ?? 0;
-    }
-    if ((partial.x != null || partial.y != null) && car.pitStop?.route) {
-      car.pitStop.routeProgress = nearestDistanceOnRoute(car.pitStop.route, car, car.pitStop.routeProgress ?? 0);
-    }
-    if (!hasExplicitRaceDistance) {
-      const delta = progressDelta(car.trackState.distance, car.progress ?? car.trackState.distance, this.track.length);
-      car.raceDistance = (car.raceDistance ?? car.trackState.distance) + delta;
-    }
-    car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-    car.lap = this.computeLap(car.raceDistance);
-    car.drsZoneId = null;
-    car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-    car.drsActive = false;
-    car.drsEligible = false;
-    car.drsDetection = {};
-    resetTimingHistory(car, this.time);
-    resetTimingLineCrossings(car, this.time);
-    resetLapTelemetry(car, this.time, this.track, this.totalLaps);
+    this.setCarStates({ [id]: partial });
+  }
+
+  setCarStates(partialsById = {}) {
+    const context = {
+      cars: this.cars,
+      computeLap: (raceDistance) => this.computeLap(raceDistance),
+      nearestDistanceOnRoute,
+      physicsMode: this.physicsMode,
+      progressDelta,
+      raceControl: this.raceControl,
+      releaseRaceStart: () => this.releaseRaceStart(),
+      resetLapTelemetry,
+      resetTimingHistory,
+      resetTimingLineCrossings,
+      time: this.time,
+      totalLaps: this.totalLaps,
+      track: this.track,
+    };
+    let applied = false;
+    Object.entries(partialsById).forEach(([id, partial]) => {
+      const car = this.cars.find((item) => item.id === id);
+      if (!car) return;
+      applyExternalCarState(car, partial, context);
+      applied = true;
+    });
+    if (!applied) return;
     this.recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs: false });
     this.evaluateRaceFinish();
   }
@@ -1563,7 +195,7 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
 
   getPitIntent(id) {
     const car = this.cars.find((item) => item.id === id);
-    return normalizePitIntent(car?.pitStop?.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE;
+    return normalizePitIntentForRace(car);
   }
 
   getPitTargetCompound(id) {
@@ -1572,749 +204,115 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
   }
 
   setPitIntent(id, intent, targetCompound = undefined) {
-    const request = intent && typeof intent === 'object'
-      ? intent
-      : { intent, targetCompound };
-    const nextIntent = normalizePitIntent(request.intent ?? request.pitIntent);
-    if (nextIntent == null) return false;
-    const car = this.cars.find((item) => item.id === id);
-    const stop = car?.pitStop;
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops;
-    if (!car || !stop || !pitStops?.enabled || !this.track.pitLane?.enabled) return false;
-    if (this.isCarInActivePitStop(car)) return false;
-
-    const compoundRequest = request.targetCompound ??
-      request.compound ??
-      request.pitCompound ??
-      request.pitTargetCompound ??
-      request.targetTire;
-    const hasCompoundRequest = compoundRequest != null && compoundRequest !== '';
-    if (hasCompoundRequest) {
-      const targetTire = normalizePitCompound(compoundRequest, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds);
-      if (!targetTire) return false;
-      stop.targetTire = targetTire;
-    } else if (nextIntent !== PIT_INTENT_NONE && (!stop.targetTire || stop.status === 'completed')) {
-      stop.targetTire = firstDifferentCompound(car.tire, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds);
-    } else if (nextIntent === PIT_INTENT_NONE) {
-      stop.targetTire = firstDifferentCompound(car.tire, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds);
-    }
-
-    stop.intent = nextIntent;
-    if (stop.status === 'pending' && nextIntent !== PIT_INTENT_NONE) {
-      this.schedulePitStopAtNextEntry(car, stop);
-    } else if (stop.status === 'completed' && nextIntent !== PIT_INTENT_NONE) {
-      this.rearmCompletedPitStop(car, stop);
-    }
-    return true;
+    return setPitIntentForSimulation(this, id, intent, targetCompound);
   }
 
   isCarInActivePitStop(car) {
-    return Boolean(car.pitStop && car.pitStop.status !== 'pending' && car.pitStop.status !== 'completed');
+    return isCarInActivePitStopForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   schedulePitStopAtNextEntry(car, stop) {
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    if (!stop || !pitLane?.entry || !Number.isFinite(this.track.length) || this.track.length <= 0) return false;
-    const raceDistance = car.raceDistance ?? 0;
-    const entryOffset = pitLane.entry.distanceFromStart ?? 0;
-    let lapBase = Math.floor((raceDistance - entryOffset) / this.track.length) * this.track.length;
-    let entryRaceDistance = lapBase + entryOffset;
-
-    while (raceDistance > entryRaceDistance + metersToSimUnits(90)) {
-      lapBase += this.track.length;
-      entryRaceDistance = lapBase + entryOffset;
-    }
-
-    stop.lapBase = lapBase;
-    stop.entryRaceDistance = entryRaceDistance;
-    stop.plannedRaceDistance = entryRaceDistance - PIT_ENTRY_APPROACH_DISTANCE;
-    return true;
+    return schedulePitStopAtNextEntryForSimulation(this, car, stop);
   }
 
   rearmCompletedPitStop(car, stop) {
-    if (!stop || stop.status !== 'completed') return false;
-    stop.status = 'pending';
-    stop.phase = null;
-    stop.route = null;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.routeStartRaceDistance = null;
-    stop.routeEndRaceDistance = null;
-    stop.serviceRemaining = 0;
-    stop.penaltyServiceRemaining = 0;
-    stop.penaltyServiceTotal = 0;
-    stop.servingPenaltyIds = [];
-    stop.queueingForService = false;
-    stop.serviceProfile = null;
-    stop.targetTire = stop.targetTire ?? firstDifferentCompound(car.tire, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds);
-    return this.schedulePitStopAtNextEntry(car, stop);
+    return rearmCompletedPitStopForSimulation(this, car, stop);
   }
 
   canStartPitStop(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops;
-    if (!stop || !pitStops?.enabled) return false;
-    const active = this.cars.filter((candidate) => candidate !== car && this.isCarInActivePitStop(candidate));
-    const maxConcurrentPitLaneCars = Math.max(1, Math.floor(pitStops.maxConcurrentPitLaneCars ?? 3));
-    if (active.length >= maxConcurrentPitLaneCars) return false;
-
-    if (!pitStops.doubleStacking && stop.teamId) {
-      const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-      if (this.isPitServiceQueueOccupied(car, box)) return false;
-    }
-
-    const minimumGap = Math.max(0, pitStops.minimumPitLaneGap ?? 0);
-    const candidateDistance = car.raceDistance ?? 0;
-    return active.every((candidate) => {
-      const gap = (candidate.raceDistance ?? 0) - candidateDistance;
-      return gap < 0 || gap >= minimumGap;
-    });
+    return canStartPitStopForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   shouldStartPitStop(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop || stop.status !== 'pending' || car.finished) return false;
-    if (!pitLaneStatusSnapshot(this.raceControl, this.track.pitLane, this.rules.modules?.pitStops).open) return false;
-    const intent = normalizePitIntent(stop.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE;
-    if (intent === PIT_INTENT_NONE) return false;
-    const raceDistance = car.raceDistance ?? 0;
-    if (raceDistance > stop.entryRaceDistance + metersToSimUnits(90)) {
-      this.schedulePitStopAtNextEntry(car, stop);
-      return false;
-    }
-    return raceDistance >= stop.plannedRaceDistance &&
-      (intent === PIT_INTENT_COMMITTED || this.canStartPitStop(car));
+    return shouldStartPitStopForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   updateAutomaticPitIntent(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops;
-    if (!stop || !['pending', 'completed'].includes(stop.status) || !pitStops?.enabled || car.finished) return;
-    if (car.automaticPitIntentEnabled === false) return;
-    const tireEnergy = Number(car.tireEnergy ?? 100);
-    const requestThreshold = Number(pitStops.tirePitRequestThresholdPercent ?? 50);
-    const commitThreshold = Number(pitStops.tirePitCommitThresholdPercent ?? 30);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(tireEnergy)) return;
+    return updateAutomaticPitIntentForSimulation(this, car);
+  }
 
-    let nextIntent = PIT_INTENT_NONE;
-    if (tireEnergy < commitThreshold) nextIntent = PIT_INTENT_COMMITTED;
-    else if (tireEnergy < requestThreshold) nextIntent = PIT_INTENT_IF_FREE;
-    if (nextIntent === PIT_INTENT_NONE || nextIntent <= (normalizePitIntent(stop.intent) ?? PIT_INTENT_NONE)) return;
+  isPitLaneOpenForStops() {
+    return isPitLaneOpenForStopsForSimulation(this);
+  }
 
-    stop.intent = nextIntent;
-    if (stop.status === 'completed') this.rearmCompletedPitStop(car, stop);
-    else this.schedulePitStopAtNextEntry(car, stop);
+  pitEntryLateThresholdDistance() {
+    return pitEntryLateThresholdDistanceForSimulation();
   }
 
   getPitStopBox(stop) {
-    return this.track.pitLane?.serviceAreas?.find((box) => box.id === stop?.boxId) ??
-      this.track.pitLane?.boxes?.find((box) => box.id === stop?.boxId) ??
-      null;
+    return getPitStopBoxForSimulation(this, stop);
   }
 
   isPitServiceBusy(car, box) {
-    return this.cars.some((candidate) => (
-      candidate !== car &&
-      candidate.pitStop?.boxId === box?.id &&
-      this.isPitServiceAreaOccupied(candidate, box)
-    ));
+    return isPitServiceBusyForSimulation(this, car, box);
   }
 
   isPitServiceAreaOccupied(candidate, box) {
-    const status = candidate?.pitStop?.status;
-    const phase = candidate?.pitStop?.phase;
-    if (!status || !box) return false;
-    if (status === 'servicing') return true;
-    if (status === 'entering' && phase === 'queue-release') return true;
-    if (status === 'exiting') return pointDistance(candidate, box.center) < PIT_SERVICE_CLEAR_DISTANCE;
-    return false;
+    return isPitServiceAreaOccupiedForSimulation(this, candidate, box);
   }
 
   isPitServiceQueueOccupied(car, box) {
-    return this.cars.some((candidate) => (
-      candidate !== car &&
-      candidate.pitStop?.boxId === box?.id &&
-      (
-        candidate.pitStop?.status === 'queued' ||
-        Boolean(candidate.pitStop?.queueingForService)
-      )
-    ));
+    return isPitServiceQueueOccupiedForSimulation(this, car, box);
   }
 
   getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, box) {
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    const amount = pitLane?.mainLane?.length > 0 ? box.distanceAlongLane / pitLane.mainLane.length : 0;
-    return stop.lapBase + pitLane.entry.distanceFromStart +
-      (pitLane.exit.distanceFromStart - pitLane.entry.distanceFromStart) * amount;
+    return getPitBoxRaceDistanceForSimulation(this, stop, box);
   }
 
   startPitStop(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    if (!stop || !box || !pitLane?.enabled) return false;
-
-    car.gridLocked = false;
-    car.drsActive = false;
-    car.drsEligible = false;
-    car.drsZoneId = null;
-    car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-    car.canAttack = false;
-    stop.targetTire = stop.targetTire ?? firstDifferentCompound(car.tire, this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy?.compounds);
-
-    const currentState = applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track).representativeState;
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-entry',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      boxId: box.id,
-      teamId: box.teamId ?? null,
-    });
-
-    if (currentState.surface === 'pit-box' && currentState.pitBoxId === box.id) {
-      this.beginPitService(car, box);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    const hasServiceQueue = Boolean(box.queuePoint);
-    const shouldStageForService = hasServiceQueue;
-    const queueDistanceAlongLane = box.queueDistanceAlongLane ??
-      Math.max(0, box.distanceAlongLane - PIT_SERVICE_QUEUE_FALLBACK_GAP);
-    const stopDistanceAlongLane = shouldStageForService
-      ? queueDistanceAlongLane
-      : box.distanceAlongLane;
-    const serviceTarget = shouldStageForService ? box.queuePoint : box.center;
-    const driveLaneOffset = pitDriveLaneOffset(pitLane);
-    const boxApproachDistance = Math.max(
-      0,
-      (hasServiceQueue ? queueDistanceAlongLane : stopDistanceAlongLane) - PIT_BOX_APPROACH_DISTANCE,
-    );
-    const route = createRoute([
-      ...createPitApproachPoints(this.track, car, pitLane, stop.entryRaceDistance),
-      ...(pitLane.entry.roadCenterline ?? []).map((point) => routePoint(point)),
-      routePoint(pitMainLanePointAt(pitLane, 0, driveLaneOffset), pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(pitMainLanePointAt(pitLane, boxApproachDistance, driveLaneOffset), pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(serviceTarget, pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-    ]);
-    stop.status = 'entering';
-    stop.phase = 'entry';
-    stop.queueingForService = shouldStageForService;
-    stop.route = route;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.routeStartRaceDistance = car.raceDistance ?? stop.plannedRaceDistance;
-    stop.routeEndRaceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, {
-      ...box,
-      distanceAlongLane: stopDistanceAlongLane,
-    });
-    return true;
+    return startPitStopForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   beginPitQueue(car, box) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop || !box?.queuePoint) return false;
-    stop.status = 'queued';
-    stop.phase = 'queue';
-    stop.route = null;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.queueingForService = false;
-    car.x = box.queuePoint.x;
-    car.y = box.queuePoint.y;
-    car.heading = this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading;
-    car.speed = 0;
-    car.throttle = 0;
-    car.brake = 1;
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-    car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-    car.raceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, {
-      ...box,
-      distanceAlongLane: box.queueDistanceAlongLane ?? box.distanceAlongLane,
-    });
-    return true;
+    return beginPitQueueForSimulation(this, car, box);
   }
 
   releasePitQueue(car, box, { fromCurrent = false } = {}) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop || !box?.center) return false;
-    const route = createRoute([
-      ...(fromCurrent ? [routePoint(car, car.heading, { limiterActive: true })] : []),
-      routePoint(box.queuePoint, this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(box.center, this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-    ]);
-    stop.status = 'entering';
-    stop.phase = 'queue-release';
-    stop.queueingForService = false;
-    stop.route = route;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.routeStartRaceDistance = fromCurrent
-      ? car.raceDistance ?? this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, {
-          ...box,
-          distanceAlongLane: box.queueDistanceAlongLane ?? box.distanceAlongLane,
-        })
-      : this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, {
-          ...box,
-          distanceAlongLane: box.queueDistanceAlongLane ?? box.distanceAlongLane,
-        });
-    stop.routeEndRaceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, box);
-    return true;
+    return releasePitQueueForSimulation(this, car, box, { fromCurrent });
   }
 
   beginPitService(car, box) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    stop.status = 'servicing';
-    stop.route = null;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    car.x = box.center.x;
-    car.y = box.center.y;
-    car.heading = this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading;
-    car.speed = 0;
-    car.throttle = 0;
-    car.brake = 1;
-    car.steeringAngle = 0;
-    car.yawRate = 0;
-    car.turnRadius = Infinity;
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-    car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-    car.raceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, box);
-
-    if (this.beginPitPenaltyService(car)) return;
-    this.beginTireService(car);
+    return beginPitServiceForSimulation(this, car, box);
   }
 
   beginPitPenaltyService(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    const penalties = this.getPitServicePenalties(car.id);
-    if (!stop || !penalties.length) return false;
-
-    const totalSeconds = penalties.reduce((total, penalty) => (
-      total + getPitServicePenaltySeconds(penalty)
-    ), 0);
-    stop.servingPenaltyIds = penalties.map((penalty) => penalty.id);
-    stop.penaltyServiceTotal = totalSeconds;
-    stop.penaltyServiceRemaining = totalSeconds;
-
-    if (totalSeconds <= 0) {
-      this.completePitPenaltyService(car);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    stop.phase = 'penalty';
-    stop.serviceRemaining = totalSeconds;
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-penalty-service-start',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      penaltyIds: [...stop.servingPenaltyIds],
-      penaltyServiceSeconds: totalSeconds,
-    });
-    return true;
+    return beginPitPenaltyServiceForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   calculatePitServiceProfile(car) {
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops ?? {};
-    const variability = pitStops.variability ?? {};
-    const baseSeconds = Math.max(0, Number(pitStops.defaultStopSeconds) || 2.8);
-    const box = this.getPitStopBox(car?.pitStop);
-    const team = this.track.pitLane?.teams?.find((entry) => entry.id === car?.pitStop?.teamId);
-    const pitCrew = normalizePitCrewStats(
-      box?.pitCrew ?? team?.pitCrew ?? car?.team?.pitCrew ?? car?.team?.pitCrewStats,
-    );
-    const profile = {
-      baseSeconds,
-      seconds: baseSeconds,
-      perfect: Boolean(variability.perfect),
-      variabilityEnabled: Boolean(variability.enabled),
-      teamId: car?.pitStop?.teamId ?? box?.teamId ?? null,
-      pitCrew,
-      speedDeltaSeconds: 0,
-      consistencyDeltaSeconds: 0,
-      issueDelaySeconds: 0,
-      issue: null,
-    };
-
-    if (!variability.enabled || variability.perfect) return profile;
-
-    const speedImpact = Math.max(0, Number(variability.speedImpactSeconds) || 0);
-    const jitterImpact = Math.max(0, Number(variability.consistencyJitterSeconds) || 0);
-    const issueChance = clamp(Number(variability.issueChance) || 0, 0, 1);
-    const issueMaxDelay = Math.max(0, Number(variability.issueMaxDelaySeconds) || 0);
-    profile.speedDeltaSeconds = (0.5 - pitCrew.speed) * speedImpact;
-    profile.consistencyDeltaSeconds = (this.random() - 0.5) * (1 - pitCrew.consistency) * jitterImpact;
-    const effectiveIssueChance = issueChance * (1 - pitCrew.reliability);
-    if (this.random() < effectiveIssueChance) {
-      profile.issueDelaySeconds = 0.35 + this.random() * issueMaxDelay * (1 - pitCrew.reliability);
-      profile.issue = 'slow-stop';
-    }
-    profile.seconds = Math.max(
-      Math.min(1.6, baseSeconds),
-      baseSeconds + profile.speedDeltaSeconds + profile.consistencyDeltaSeconds + profile.issueDelaySeconds,
-    );
-    return profile;
+    return calculatePitServiceProfileForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   beginTireService(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop) return;
-    const serviceProfile = this.calculatePitServiceProfile(car);
-    stop.phase = 'service';
-    stop.penaltyServiceRemaining = 0;
-    stop.serviceProfile = serviceProfile;
-    stop.serviceRemaining = serviceProfile.seconds;
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-stop-start',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      boxId: stop.boxId,
-      teamId: stop.teamId ?? null,
-      targetTire: stop.targetTire,
-      serviceSeconds: serviceProfile.seconds,
-      serviceIssue: serviceProfile.issue,
-    });
+    return beginTireServiceForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   completePitPenaltyService(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop) return;
-    const servedIds = [...(stop.servingPenaltyIds ?? [])];
-    servedIds.forEach((penaltyId) => {
-      const penalty = this.penalties.find((entry) => entry.id === penaltyId);
-      const beforeStatus = penalty?.status;
-      const result = servePitPenaltyRecord(penalty, this.time);
-      if (result && beforeStatus !== result.status) {
-        this.events.unshift({
-          type: 'penalty-served',
-          at: this.time,
-          penaltyId: result.id,
-          driverId: result.driverId,
-          serviceType: result.serviceType,
-          serviceContext: 'pit-stop',
-        });
-      }
-    });
-    stop.penaltyServiceRemaining = 0;
-    stop.serviceRemaining = 0;
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-penalty-service-complete',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      penaltyIds: servedIds,
-    });
-    this.beginTireService(car);
+    return completePitPenaltyServiceForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   getPitServicePenalties(driverId) {
-    return this.penalties.filter((penalty) => (
-      penalty.driverId === driverId && isPenaltyPitServiceable(penalty)
-    ));
+    return getPitServicePenaltiesForSimulation(this, driverId);
   }
 
   completePitService(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-    const pitLane = this.track.pitLane;
-    if (!stop || !box || !pitLane?.enabled) return;
-
-    car.tire = stop.targetTire ?? car.tire;
-    car.tireEnergy = 100;
-    if (car.tire && !car.usedTireCompounds.includes(car.tire)) car.usedTireCompounds.push(car.tire);
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-stop-complete',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      boxId: box.id,
-      teamId: box.teamId ?? null,
-      tire: car.tire,
-    });
-
-    const driveLaneOffset = pitDriveLaneOffset(pitLane);
-    const boxReleaseDistance = Math.min(pitLane.mainLane.length, box.distanceAlongLane + PIT_BOX_APPROACH_DISTANCE);
-    const route = createRoute([
-      routePoint(box.center, pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(box.laneTarget, pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(pitMainLanePointAt(pitLane, boxReleaseDistance, driveLaneOffset), pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      routePoint(pitMainLanePointAt(pitLane, pitLane.mainLane.length, driveLaneOffset), pitLane.mainLane.heading, { limiterActive: true }),
-      ...(pitLane.exit.roadCenterline ?? []).map((point) => routePoint(point)),
-    ]);
-    stop.status = 'exiting';
-    stop.phase = 'exit';
-    stop.route = route;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.routeStartRaceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, box);
-    stop.routeEndRaceDistance = stop.lapBase + pitLane.exit.distanceFromStart;
+    return completePitServiceForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   finishPitExit(car) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop) return;
-    stop.status = 'completed';
-    stop.phase = null;
-    stop.route = null;
-    stop.routeProgress = 0;
-    stop.serviceRemaining = 0;
-    stop.queueingForService = false;
-    stop.stopsCompleted = (stop.stopsCompleted ?? 0) + 1;
-    stop.intent = PIT_INTENT_NONE;
-    car.speed = Math.max(car.speed, kphToSimSpeed(PIT_EXIT_RELEASE_SPEED_KPH));
-    car.throttle = 0.55;
-    car.brake = 0;
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-    car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-    car.raceDistance = Math.max(car.raceDistance ?? 0, stop.routeEndRaceDistance ?? car.raceDistance ?? 0);
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'pit-exit',
-      at: this.time,
-      carId: car.id,
-      boxId: stop.boxId,
-      teamId: stop.teamId ?? null,
-    });
+    return finishPitExitForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   applyPitRoutePosition(car, delta) {
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!stop?.route) return false;
-    const speedLimit = kphToSimSpeed(this.rules.modules?.pitStops?.pitLaneSpeedLimitKph ?? 80);
-    const route = stop.route;
-    if (stop.phase === 'queue-release') {
-      const nextProgress = Math.min(route.length, (stop.routeProgress ?? 0) + PIT_QUEUE_RELEASE_SPEED * delta);
-      const point = sampleRoute(route, nextProgress);
-      if (!point) return false;
-      const previousHeading = car.heading;
-      car.previousX = car.x;
-      car.previousY = car.y;
-      car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-      car.x = point.x;
-      car.y = point.y;
-      car.heading = point.heading ?? this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading;
-      car.speed = PIT_QUEUE_RELEASE_SPEED;
-      car.throttle = 0.32;
-      car.brake = 0;
-      car.yawRate = normalizeAngle(car.heading - previousHeading) / Math.max(delta, 1e-6);
-      car.steeringAngle = clamp(
-        Math.atan((car.yawRate * VEHICLE_LIMITS.wheelbase) / Math.max(car.speed, 1)),
-        -VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSteer,
-        VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSteer,
-      );
-      car.turnRadius = Math.abs(car.yawRate) < 0.001 ? Infinity : car.speed / Math.abs(car.yawRate);
-      stop.routeProgress = nextProgress;
-      const routeAmount = route.length > 0 ? stop.routeProgress / route.length : 1;
-      car.raceDistance = stop.routeStartRaceDistance +
-        (stop.routeEndRaceDistance - stop.routeStartRaceDistance) * routeAmount;
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-      car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-      car.lap = this.computeLap(car.raceDistance);
-      return route.length - stop.routeProgress <= PIT_QUEUE_RELEASE_FINISH_DISTANCE;
-    }
-    stop.routeProgress = clamp(stop.routeProgress ?? nearestDistanceOnRoute(route, car, 0), 0, route.length);
-    const routeEnd = route.points.at(-1);
-    const limiterActive = routeLimiterActiveAt(route, stop.routeProgress);
-    let targetSpeed = limiterActive
-      ? Math.min(speedLimit, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed)
-      : Math.min(kphToSimSpeed(150), VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-    if (!limiterActive && stop.status === 'entering') {
-      targetSpeed = Math.min(targetSpeed, speedLimit + kphToSimSpeed(PIT_ENTRY_CONNECTOR_OVERSPEED_KPH));
-      const distanceToLimiter = distanceToNextLimiterSegment(route, stop.routeProgress);
-      if (distanceToLimiter < PIT_LIMITER_BRAKE_DISTANCE) {
-        targetSpeed = Math.min(
-          targetSpeed,
-          speedLimit + Math.max(0, distanceToLimiter * PIT_LIMITER_APPROACH_SPEED_SLOPE),
-        );
-      }
-    }
-    if (stop.status === 'entering') {
-      const remainingBefore = Math.max(0, route.length - stop.routeProgress);
-      const captureDistance = stop.queueingForService ? PIT_QUEUE_CAPTURE_DISTANCE : PIT_ENTRY_BOX_CAPTURE_DISTANCE;
-      const brakeZone = stop.queueingForService ? metersToSimUnits(25) : metersToSimUnits(80);
-      if (remainingBefore < brakeZone) {
-        const brakingSlope = stop.queueingForService ? kphToSimSpeed(62) / metersToSimUnits(100) : kphToSimSpeed(24) / metersToSimUnits(100);
-        const captureSpeedFloor = stop.queueingForService ? kphToSimSpeed(42) : kphToSimSpeed(28);
-        const approachSpeed = remainingBefore > captureDistance
-          ? Math.max(captureSpeedFloor, remainingBefore * brakingSlope)
-          : remainingBefore * brakingSlope;
-        targetSpeed = Math.min(targetSpeed, clamp(approachSpeed, 0, speedLimit * 0.78));
-      }
-    }
-
-    const nextProgress = Math.min(route.length, stop.routeProgress + Math.max(0, targetSpeed) * delta);
-    const point = sampleRoute(route, nextProgress);
-    if (!point) return false;
-    const previousSpeed = car.speed;
-    const previousHeading = car.heading;
-    car.previousX = car.x;
-    car.previousY = car.y;
-    car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-    car.x = point.x;
-    car.y = point.y;
-    car.heading = point.heading ?? car.heading;
-    car.speed = targetSpeed;
-    car.throttle = limiterActive ? 0.28 : 0.46;
-    car.brake = targetSpeed < previousSpeed ? 0.4 : 0;
-    car.yawRate = normalizeAngle(car.heading - previousHeading) / Math.max(delta, 1e-6);
-    car.steeringAngle = clamp(
-      Math.atan((car.yawRate * VEHICLE_LIMITS.wheelbase) / Math.max(car.speed, 1)),
-      -VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSteer,
-      VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSteer,
-    );
-    car.turnRadius = Math.abs(car.yawRate) < 0.001 ? Infinity : car.speed / Math.abs(car.yawRate);
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-    stop.routeProgress = nextProgress;
-    const routeAmount = route.length > 0 ? stop.routeProgress / route.length : 1;
-    car.raceDistance = stop.routeStartRaceDistance +
-      (stop.routeEndRaceDistance - stop.routeStartRaceDistance) * routeAmount;
-    car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-    car.lap = this.computeLap(car.raceDistance);
-    const remainingAfter = Math.max(0, route.length - stop.routeProgress);
-    if (stop.status === 'entering') {
-      const captureDistance = stop.queueingForService ? PIT_QUEUE_CAPTURE_DISTANCE : PIT_ENTRY_BOX_CAPTURE_DISTANCE;
-      const captureSpeed = stop.queueingForService ? PIT_QUEUE_CAPTURE_SPEED : PIT_BOX_STOP_SPEED;
-      return remainingAfter <= captureDistance &&
-        pointDistance(car, routeEnd) <= captureDistance &&
-        car.speed <= captureSpeed;
-    }
-    return remainingAfter <= PIT_ROUTE_FINISH_DISTANCE;
+    return applyPitRoutePositionForSimulation(this, car, delta);
   }
 
   advancePitStopCar(car, delta) {
-    const pitStops = this.rules.modules?.pitStops;
-    const stop = car.pitStop;
-    if (!pitStops?.enabled || !stop) return false;
-    if (stop.status === 'pending' || stop.status === 'completed') this.updateAutomaticPitIntent(car);
-    if (stop.status === 'completed') return false;
-    if (stop.status === 'pending' && !this.shouldStartPitStop(car)) return false;
-    if (stop.status === 'pending') this.startPitStop(car);
-
-    if (stop.status === 'entering') {
-      const finishedRoute = this.applyPitRoutePosition(car, delta);
-      const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-      if (finishedRoute && box) {
-        if (stop.queueingForService) {
-          if (!this.isPitServiceBusy(car, box) && !this.isPitServiceQueueOccupied(car, box)) {
-            this.releasePitQueue(car, box, { fromCurrent: true });
-          } else {
-            this.beginPitQueue(car, box);
-          }
-        }
-        else this.beginPitService(car, box);
-      }
-      car.contactCooldown = Math.max(0, car.contactCooldown - delta);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    if (stop.status === 'queued') {
-      const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-      if (!box) return true;
-      car.previousX = car.x;
-      car.previousY = car.y;
-      car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-      car.x = box.queuePoint.x;
-      car.y = box.queuePoint.y;
-      car.heading = this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading;
-      car.speed = 0;
-      car.throttle = 0;
-      car.brake = 1;
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-      car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-      car.raceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, {
-        ...box,
-        distanceAlongLane: box.queueDistanceAlongLane ?? box.distanceAlongLane,
-      });
-      if (!this.isPitServiceBusy(car, box)) this.releasePitQueue(car, box);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    if (stop.status === 'servicing') {
-      const box = this.getPitStopBox(stop);
-      if (!box) return true;
-      if (stop.phase === 'penalty') {
-        stop.penaltyServiceRemaining = Math.max(0, (stop.penaltyServiceRemaining ?? 0) - delta);
-        stop.serviceRemaining = stop.penaltyServiceRemaining;
-      } else {
-        stop.serviceRemaining = Math.max(0, (stop.serviceRemaining ?? 0) - delta);
-      }
-      car.previousX = car.x;
-      car.previousY = car.y;
-      car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-      car.x = box.center.x;
-      car.y = box.center.y;
-      car.heading = this.track.pitLane.mainLane.heading;
-      car.speed = 0;
-      car.throttle = 0;
-      car.brake = 1;
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-      car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-      car.raceDistance = this.getPitBoxRaceDistance(stop, box);
-      if (stop.phase === 'penalty' && stop.penaltyServiceRemaining <= 0) {
-        this.completePitPenaltyService(car);
-      } else if (stop.serviceRemaining <= 0) {
-        this.completePitService(car);
-      }
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    if (stop.status === 'exiting') {
-      const finishedRoute = this.applyPitRoutePosition(car, delta);
-      if (finishedRoute) this.finishPitExit(car);
-      car.contactCooldown = Math.max(0, car.contactCooldown - delta);
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    return false;
+    return advancePitStopCarForSimulation(this, car, delta);
   }
 
   step(dt) {
-    const delta = clamp(dt, 0, 1 / 20);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(delta) || delta <= 0) return;
-
-    this.time += delta;
-    this.events = [];
-    this.updateStartSequence();
-    this.recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs: false });
-
-    if (this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start' && this.cars.every((car) => car.gridLocked)) {
-      this.holdGridCars();
-      this.recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs: false });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (this.raceControl.redFlag) {
-      this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-        car.previousX = car.x;
-        car.previousY = car.y;
-        car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-        car.speed = 0;
-        car.throttle = 0;
-        car.brake = 1;
-        car.drsActive = false;
-        car.drsEligible = false;
-        car.drsZoneId = null;
-        car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-        car.canAttack = false;
-      });
-      this.recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs: false });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    this.updateSafetyCar(delta);
-
-    const orderedCars = this.orderedCars();
-    const raceContext = this.driverRaceContext(orderedCars);
-    orderedCars.forEach((car, index) => {
-      car.previousX = car.x;
-      car.previousY = car.y;
-      car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-      car.previousProgress = car.progress;
-      if (this.advancePitStopCar(car, delta)) return;
-      const controls = decideDriverControls({
-        car,
-        orderIndex: index,
-        race: raceContext,
-      });
-      integrateVehiclePhysics(car, controls, delta);
-      this.applyRunoffResponse(car);
-      car.contactCooldown = Math.max(0, car.contactCooldown - delta);
-    });
-
-    this.resolveCollisions();
-    this.recalculateRaceState();
-    this.reviewTrackLimits();
-    this.reviewPitLaneSpeeding();
+    runRaceStep(this, dt);
   }
 
   recordPenalty(penalty) {
@@ -2338,13 +336,7 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
     const penalty = this.penalties.find((entry) => entry.id === penaltyId);
     const result = servePenaltyRecord(penalty, this.time);
     if (result) {
-      this.events.unshift({
-        type: 'penalty-served',
-        at: this.time,
-        penaltyId: result.id,
-        driverId: result.driverId,
-        serviceType: result.serviceType,
-      });
+      this.events.unshift(createPenaltyServedEvent(result, this.time));
     }
     return result;
   }
@@ -2353,12 +345,7 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
     const penalty = this.penalties.find((entry) => entry.id === penaltyId);
     const result = cancelPenaltyRecord(penalty, this.time);
     if (result) {
-      this.events.unshift({
-        type: 'penalty-cancelled',
-        at: this.time,
-        penaltyId: result.id,
-        driverId: result.driverId,
-      });
+      this.events.unshift(createPenaltyCancelledEvent(result, this.time));
     }
     return result;
   }
@@ -2380,175 +367,45 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
   }
 
   applyGridDrop(driverId, positions) {
-    const drop = Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(positions) || 0));
-    if (drop <= 0) return;
-
-    const ordered = [...this.cars].sort((left, right) => {
-      const delta = right.gridDistance - left.gridDistance;
-      return delta === 0 ? left.index - right.index : delta;
-    });
-    const currentIndex = ordered.findIndex((car) => car.id === driverId);
-    if (currentIndex < 0) return;
-    const [car] = ordered.splice(currentIndex, 1);
-    ordered.splice(Math.min(ordered.length, currentIndex + drop), 0, car);
-
-    ordered.forEach((entry, index) => {
-      const { gridDistance, gridOffset } = getStartGridSlot(index, { standingStart: true });
-      const gridPoint = pointAt(this.track, gridDistance);
-      const position = offsetTrackPoint(gridPoint, gridOffset);
-      entry.gridDistance = gridDistance;
-      entry.gridOffset = gridOffset;
-      entry.rank = index + 1;
-      if (entry.gridLocked) {
-        entry.x = position.x;
-        entry.y = position.y;
-        entry.previousX = position.x;
-        entry.previousY = position.y;
-        entry.heading = gridPoint.heading;
-        entry.previousHeading = gridPoint.heading;
-        entry.progress = gridPoint.distance;
-        entry.raceDistance = gridDistance;
-        applyWheelSurfaceState(entry, this.track);
-      }
-    });
+    applyGridDropForSimulation(this, driverId, positions);
   }
 
   reviewCollision(first, second, collision) {
-    const rule = getPenaltyRule(this.rules, 'collision');
-    calculateCollisionPenalties({ first, second, collision, rule })
-      .forEach((penalty) => this.recordPenalty(penalty));
+    reviewCollisionForSimulation(this, first, second, collision);
   }
 
   reviewTireRequirement(car) {
     if (this.stewardState.tireRequirement[car.id]) return;
-    const rule = getPenaltyRule(this.rules, 'tireRequirement');
-    const penalty = calculateTireRequirementPenalty({
-      car,
-      tireStrategy: this.rules.modules?.tireStrategy,
-      rule,
-    });
     this.stewardState.tireRequirement[car.id] = true;
-    if (penalty) this.recordPenalty(penalty);
+    reviewTireRequirementForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   reviewTrackLimits() {
-    const rule = getPenaltyRule(this.rules, 'trackLimits');
-    if (!rule) return;
-
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      const currentState = this.stewardState.trackLimits[car.id];
-      if (isLegallyInsidePitLaneForTrackLimits(car) && !currentState?.active) {
-        return;
-      }
-      const review = calculateTrackLimitReview({
-        car,
-        rule,
-        track: this.track,
-        stewardState: currentState,
-      });
-      this.stewardState.trackLimits[car.id] = review.nextState;
-      if (review.event) this.events.unshift({ ...review.event, at: this.time });
-      if (review.penalty) this.recordPenalty(review.penalty);
-    });
+    reviewTrackLimitsForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   reviewPitLaneSpeeding() {
-    const rule = getPenaltyRule(this.rules, 'pitLaneSpeeding');
-    if (!rule) return;
-
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      const currentState = this.stewardState.pitLaneSpeeding[car.id];
-      const review = calculatePitLaneSpeedingReview({
-        car: {
-          ...car,
-          speedKph: simSpeedToKph(car.speed),
-        },
-        rule,
-        stewardState: currentState,
-      });
-      this.stewardState.pitLaneSpeeding[car.id] = review.nextState;
-      if (review.event) this.events.unshift({ ...review.event, at: this.time });
-      if (review.penalty) this.recordPenalty(review.penalty);
-    });
+    reviewPitLaneSpeedingForSimulation(this);
+  }
+
+  vehicleSnapshotDependencies() {
+    return createVehicleSnapshotDependencies(this);
   }
 
   snapshot() {
-    const ordered = this.orderedCars();
-    const pitLaneStatus = pitLaneStatusSnapshot(this.raceControl, this.track.pitLane, this.rules.modules?.pitStops);
-    const penaltyStats = this.getPenaltyStatsByDriver();
-    return {
-      time: this.time,
-      world: WORLD,
-      track: this.track,
-      totalLaps: this.totalLaps,
-      raceControl: {
-        mode: this.raceControl.mode,
-        redFlag: Boolean(this.raceControl.redFlag),
-        pitLaneOpen: pitLaneStatus.open,
-        pitLaneStatus,
-        finished: this.raceControl.finished,
-        finishedAt: this.raceControl.finishedAt,
-        winner: this.getRaceWinnerSnapshot(),
-        classification: this.raceControl.classification.map((entry) => ({ ...entry })),
-        start: {
-          ...this.raceControl.start,
-          visible: this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start' ||
-            (this.raceControl.start.releasedAt != null && this.time - this.raceControl.start.releasedAt < 1.45),
-        },
-      },
-      pitLaneStatus,
-      safetyCar: { ...this.safetyCar },
-      rules: this.rules,
-      events: [...this.events],
-      penalties: this.penalties.map(serializePenalty),
-      cars: ordered.map((car, index) => serializeCar(car, index + 1, getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, car.id).seconds)),
-    };
+    return snapshotRace(this);
   }
 
   snapshotRender() {
-    const pitLaneStatus = pitLaneStatusSnapshot(this.raceControl, this.track.pitLane, this.rules.modules?.pitStops);
-    return {
-      time: this.time,
-      world: WORLD,
-      track: this.track,
-      totalLaps: this.totalLaps,
-      raceControl: {
-        mode: this.raceControl.mode,
-        redFlag: Boolean(this.raceControl.redFlag),
-        pitLaneOpen: pitLaneStatus.open,
-        pitLaneStatus,
-        finished: this.raceControl.finished,
-        start: {
-          ...this.raceControl.start,
-          visible: this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start' ||
-            (this.raceControl.start.releasedAt != null && this.time - this.raceControl.start.releasedAt < 1.45),
-        },
-      },
-      pitLaneStatus,
-      safetyCar: { ...this.safetyCar },
-      cars: this.orderedCars().map(serializeRenderCar),
-    };
+    return snapshotRaceRender(this);
   }
 
   snapshotObservation() {
-    const pitLaneStatus = pitLaneStatusSnapshot(this.raceControl, this.track.pitLane, this.rules.modules?.pitStops);
-    return {
-      time: this.time,
-      world: WORLD,
-      track: this.track,
-      totalLaps: this.totalLaps,
-      raceControl: {
-        mode: this.raceControl.mode,
-        redFlag: Boolean(this.raceControl.redFlag),
-        pitLaneOpen: pitLaneStatus.open,
-        pitLaneStatus,
-        finished: this.raceControl.finished,
-      },
-      pitLaneStatus,
-      safetyCar: { ...this.safetyCar },
-      events: [...this.events],
-      cars: this.orderedCars().map((car, index) => serializeObservationCar(car, index + 1)),
-    };
+    return snapshotRaceObservation(this);
+  }
+
+  snapshotTraining() {
+    return snapshotRaceTraining(this);
   }
 
   consumeStepEvents() {
@@ -2556,552 +413,109 @@ export class F1RaceSimulation {
   }
 
   orderedCars() {
-    const sortLive = (cars) => [...cars].sort((a, b) => {
-      const delta = b.raceDistance - a.raceDistance;
-      return delta === 0 ? a.index - b.index : delta;
-    });
-    const byId = new Map(this.cars.map((car) => [car.id, car]));
-
-    if (this.raceControl.finished && this.raceControl.classification?.length) {
-      const classified = this.raceControl.classification.map((entry) => byId.get(entry.id)).filter(Boolean);
-      const classifiedIds = new Set(classified.map((car) => car.id));
-      return [
-        ...classified,
-        ...sortLive(this.cars.filter((car) => !classifiedIds.has(car.id))),
-      ];
-    }
-
-    if (this.raceControl.finishOrder?.length) {
-      const finished = this.raceControl.finishOrder.map((id) => byId.get(id)).filter(Boolean);
-      const finishedIds = new Set(finished.map((car) => car.id));
-      const missedFinished = this.cars
-        .filter((car) => car.finished && !finishedIds.has(car.id))
-        .sort((a, b) => {
-          const delta = (a.finishRank ?? Infinity) - (b.finishRank ?? Infinity);
-          return delta === 0 ? a.index - b.index : delta;
-        });
-      const running = sortLive(this.cars.filter((car) => !finishedIds.has(car.id) && !car.finished));
-      return [...finished, ...missedFinished, ...running];
-    }
-
-    if (this.safetyCar.deployed && this.raceControl.frozenOrder?.length) {
-      return this.raceControl.frozenOrder.map((id) => byId.get(id)).filter(Boolean);
-    }
-
-    return sortLive(this.cars);
+    return orderedCarsForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   driverRaceContext(orderedCars = this.orderedCars()) {
-    return {
-      track: this.track,
-      cars: this.cars,
-      orderedCars,
-      safetyCar: this.safetyCar,
-      rules: this.rules,
-    };
+    return driverRaceContextForSimulation(this, orderedCars);
   }
 
   computeAggression(car, orderIndex = Math.max(0, (car.rank ?? 1) - 1)) {
-    const personality = car.personality ?? { baseAggression: 0.5, riskTolerance: 0.5, patience: 0.5 };
-    if (this.safetyCar.deployed || car.canAttack === false) {
-      return clamp(personality.baseAggression * 0.62, 0.08, 0.62);
-    }
-
-    const fieldDepth = Math.max(1, this.cars.length - 1);
-    const positionPressure = clamp(orderIndex / fieldDepth, 0, 1);
-    const gapPressure = Number.isFinite(car.gapAhead) ? clamp((230 - car.gapAhead) / 230, 0, 1) : 0;
-    const tireConfidence = clamp(((car.tireEnergy ?? 100) - 42) / 58, 0, 1);
-    const patienceDamping = (1 - gapPressure) * personality.patience * 0.08;
-
-    return clamp(
-      personality.baseAggression
-        + positionPressure * 0.26
-        + gapPressure * (0.1 + personality.riskTolerance * 0.08)
-        - (1 - tireConfidence) * 0.1
-        - patienceDamping,
-      0.08,
-      1,
-    );
+    return computeAggressionForSimulation(this, car, orderIndex);
   }
 
   updateStartSequence() {
-    const start = this.raceControl.start;
-    if (this.raceControl.mode !== 'pre-start' || !start || start.released) return;
-
-    if (this.time >= start.lightsOutAt) {
-      this.releaseRaceStart();
-      this.events.unshift({ type: 'start-lights-out', at: this.time });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    start.lightsLit = clamp(
-      Math.floor((this.time + Number.EPSILON) / this.rules.startLightInterval),
-      0,
-      start.lightCount,
-    );
+    return updateStartSequenceForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   releaseRaceStart() {
-    const start = this.raceControl.start;
-    this.raceControl.mode = 'green';
-    start.lightsLit = 0;
-    start.released = true;
-    start.releasedAt = this.time;
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      const wasGridLocked = car.gridLocked;
-      car.gridLocked = false;
-      const state = nearestTrackState(this.track, car, car.gridDistance);
-      car.progress = state.distance;
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-      if (wasGridLocked) car.raceDistance = car.gridDistance;
-      if (wasGridLocked) car.desiredOffset = 0;
-      car.previousX = car.x;
-      car.previousY = car.y;
-      car.previousHeading = car.heading;
-    });
+    return releaseRaceStartForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   holdGridCars() {
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      if (!car.gridLocked) return;
-      const gridPoint = pointAt(this.track, car.gridDistance);
-      const position = offsetTrackPoint(gridPoint, car.gridOffset);
-      car.previousX = position.x;
-      car.previousY = position.y;
-      car.previousHeading = gridPoint.heading;
-      car.x = position.x;
-      car.y = position.y;
-      car.heading = gridPoint.heading;
-      car.speed = 0;
-      car.throttle = 0;
-      car.brake = 1;
-      car.steeringAngle = 0;
-      car.yawRate = 0;
-      car.turnRadius = Infinity;
-      car.progress = gridPoint.distance;
-      car.raceDistance = car.gridDistance;
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-    });
+    return holdGridCarsForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   updateSafetyCar(dt) {
-    if (!this.safetyCar.deployed) return;
-    const leader = this.orderedCars()[0];
-    const targetProgress = (leader?.raceDistance ?? 0) + this.rules.safetyCarLeadDistance;
-    const progress = this.safetyCar.progress < targetProgress
-      ? Math.min(this.safetyCar.progress + this.safetyCar.speed * dt, targetProgress)
-      : targetProgress;
-    this.moveSafetyCarTo(progress);
+    updateSafetyCarState(this, dt);
   }
 
   moveSafetyCarTo(progress) {
-    const point = pointAt(this.track, progress);
-    this.safetyCar.previousX = this.safetyCar.x;
-    this.safetyCar.previousY = this.safetyCar.y;
-    this.safetyCar.previousHeading = this.safetyCar.heading;
-    this.safetyCar.progress = progress;
-    this.safetyCar.x = point.x;
-    this.safetyCar.y = point.y;
-    this.safetyCar.heading = point.heading;
+    moveSafetyCarToState(this, progress);
   }
 
   applyRunoffResponse(car) {
-    const state = nearestTrackState(this.track, car, car.progress);
-    if (state.inPitLane) {
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track, { centerState: state });
-      return;
-    }
-    const signedLimit = this.track.width / 2 + this.track.gravelWidth + this.track.runoffWidth;
-    const overshoot = Math.abs(state.signedOffset) - signedLimit;
-    if (overshoot <= 0) {
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track, { centerState: state });
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const side = Math.sign(state.signedOffset) || 1;
-    car.x -= state.normalX * side * overshoot;
-    car.y -= state.normalY * side * overshoot;
-    car.speed = clamp(car.speed * clamp(1 - overshoot * 0.012, 0.22, 0.86), 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-    car.heading = normalizeAngle(car.heading - side * clamp(overshoot * 0.0028, 0.018, 0.08));
-    applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
+    applyRunoffResponseForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   recalculateRaceState({ updateDrs = true } = {}) {
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      const previousRaceDistance = car.raceDistance;
-      if (car.gridLocked) {
-        const gridPoint = pointAt(this.track, car.gridDistance);
-        applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-        car.progress = gridPoint.distance;
-        car.raceDistance = car.gridDistance;
-        car.lap = 1;
-        resetLapTelemetry(car, this.time, this.track, this.totalLaps);
-        return;
-      }
-
-      applyWheelSurfaceState(car, this.track);
-      const previousProgress = car.progress ?? car.trackState.distance;
-      const delta = progressDelta(car.trackState.distance, previousProgress, this.track.length);
-      car.raceDistance = (car.raceDistance ?? previousProgress) + delta;
-      car.progress = car.trackState.distance;
-      car.lap = this.computeLap(car.raceDistance);
-      updateLapTelemetry(car, previousRaceDistance, this.time, this.track, this.totalLaps);
-    });
-
-    updateSectorPerformance(this.cars);
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      recordTimingSample(car, this.time);
-      recordTimingLineCrossings(car, car.previousRaceDistanceForTiming, this.time, this.track);
-      car.previousRaceDistanceForTiming = car.raceDistance;
-    });
-
-    const ordered = this.orderedCars();
-    const leader = ordered[0];
-    ordered.forEach((car, index) => {
-      const ahead = ordered[index - 1];
-      const drsReference = this.getDrsReferenceCar(car);
-      const gap = ahead ? ahead.raceDistance - car.raceDistance : Infinity;
-      const intervalAheadLaps = ahead ? wholeLapGap(ahead.raceDistance, car.raceDistance, this.track.length) : 0;
-      const leaderGapLaps = leader ? wholeLapGap(leader.raceDistance, car.raceDistance, this.track.length) : 0;
-      const activePitStop = this.isCarInActivePitStop(car);
-      car.rank = index + 1;
-      car.gapAhead = gap;
-      car.gapAheadLaps = intervalAheadLaps;
-      car.intervalAheadLaps = intervalAheadLaps;
-      car.leaderGapLaps = leaderGapLaps;
-      car.gapAheadSeconds = Number.isFinite(gap) && intervalAheadLaps === 0
-        ? estimateGapAheadSeconds(ahead, car, this.time, this.track)
-        : Infinity;
-      car.intervalAheadSeconds = car.gapAheadSeconds;
-      car.leaderGapSeconds = leaderGapLaps > 0
-        ? Infinity
-        : (leader && leader !== car ? estimateGapAheadSeconds(leader, car, this.time, this.track) : 0);
-      car.canAttack = !this.safetyCar.deployed && !car.finished && !activePitStop;
-      car.aggression = this.computeAggression(car, index);
-      if (activePitStop) {
-        car.drsEligible = false;
-        car.drsActive = false;
-        car.drsZoneId = null;
-        car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-      } else if (updateDrs) this.updateDrsLatch(car, drsReference, Boolean(drsReference));
-    });
-    this.evaluateRaceFinish();
+    return recalculateRaceStateForSimulation(this, { updateDrs });
   }
 
   evaluateRaceFinish() {
-    if (this.raceControl.finished) return;
-    if (this.raceControl.mode === 'pre-start') return;
-
-    const ordered = this.orderedCars();
-    const newlyFinished = ordered.filter((car) => !car.finished && car.raceDistance >= this.finishDistance);
-    if (newlyFinished.length === 0) return;
-
-    newlyFinished.forEach((car) => {
-      car.finished = true;
-      car.finishTime = this.time;
-      car.finishRank = this.raceControl.finishOrder.length + 1;
-      car.classifiedRank = car.finishRank;
-      this.raceControl.finishOrder.push(car.id);
-      if (!this.raceControl.winnerId) this.raceControl.winnerId = car.id;
-      car.drsActive = false;
-      car.drsEligible = false;
-      car.drsZoneId = null;
-      car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-      car.canAttack = false;
-      this.events.unshift({
-        type: 'car-finish',
-        at: this.time,
-        carId: car.id,
-        rank: car.finishRank,
-        winnerId: this.raceControl.winnerId,
-      });
-      this.reviewTireRequirement(car);
-    });
-
-    if (!this.cars.every((car) => car.finished)) return;
-
-    this.applyOutstandingServicePenalties();
-    const classification = this.buildClassificationFromFinishOrder();
-    this.raceControl.winnerId = classification[0]?.id ?? this.raceControl.winnerId;
-    this.raceControl.mode = 'safety-car';
-    this.raceControl.finished = true;
-    this.raceControl.finishedAt = this.time;
-    this.raceControl.classification = classification;
-    this.raceControl.frozenOrder = classification.map((entry) => entry.id);
-    this.safetyCar.deployed = true;
-    const leader = this.cars.find((car) => car.id === this.raceControl.winnerId) ?? ordered[0];
-    const safetyCarProgress = (leader?.raceDistance ?? 0) + this.rules.safetyCarLeadDistance;
-    if (this.safetyCar.progress < safetyCarProgress) {
-      this.moveSafetyCarTo(safetyCarProgress);
-    }
-    this.cars.forEach((car) => {
-      const classified = classification.find((entry) => entry.id === car.id);
-      car.classifiedRank = classified?.rank ?? car.rank;
-      car.desiredOffset = 0;
-      car.drsActive = false;
-      car.drsEligible = false;
-      car.drsZoneId = null;
-      car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-      car.canAttack = false;
-    });
-    this.events.unshift({
-      type: 'race-finish',
-      at: this.time,
-      winnerId: this.raceControl.winnerId,
-      classification: classification.map((entry) => ({ id: entry.id, rank: entry.rank })),
-    });
+    evaluateRaceFinishForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   applyOutstandingServicePenalties() {
-    this.penalties.forEach((penalty) => {
-      const beforeStatus = penalty.status;
-      applyUnservedServicePenalty(penalty, this.time);
-      if (beforeStatus !== penalty.status && penalty.unserved) {
-        this.events.unshift({
-          type: 'penalty-applied',
-          at: this.time,
-          penaltyId: penalty.id,
-          driverId: penalty.driverId,
-          serviceType: penalty.serviceType,
-          penaltySeconds: penalty.penaltySeconds,
-        });
-      }
-    });
+    applyOutstandingServicePenaltiesState(this, applyUnservedServicePenalty);
   }
 
   buildClassificationFromFinishOrder() {
-    const byId = new Map(this.cars.map((car) => [car.id, car]));
-    const penaltyStats = this.getPenaltyStatsByDriver();
-    const orderedByAdjustedTime = this.raceControl.finishOrder
-      .map((id, finishOrderIndex) => ({ car: byId.get(id), finishOrderIndex }))
-      .filter((entry) => Boolean(entry.car))
-      .sort((left, right) => {
-        const leftTime = (left.car.finishTime ?? Infinity) + getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, left.car.id).seconds;
-        const rightTime = (right.car.finishTime ?? Infinity) + getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, right.car.id).seconds;
-        return leftTime === rightTime ? left.finishOrderIndex - right.finishOrderIndex : leftTime - rightTime;
-      })
-      .map((entry) => entry.car);
-    const ordered = this.applyClassificationConsequences(orderedByAdjustedTime, penaltyStats);
-    return this.buildClassification(ordered, penaltyStats);
+    return buildClassificationFromFinishOrderState(this);
   }
 
   applyClassificationConsequences(ordered, penaltyStats = this.getPenaltyStatsByDriver()) {
-    const classified = ordered.filter((car) => !getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, car.id).disqualified);
-    ordered.forEach((car) => {
-      const stats = getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, car.id);
-      if (stats.disqualified) return;
-      const drop = stats.positionDrop;
-      if (drop <= 0) return;
-      const currentIndex = classified.findIndex((entry) => entry.id === car.id);
-      if (currentIndex < 0) return;
-      const [entry] = classified.splice(currentIndex, 1);
-      classified.splice(Math.min(classified.length, currentIndex + drop), 0, entry);
-    });
-    return [
-      ...classified,
-      ...ordered.filter((car) => getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, car.id).disqualified),
-    ];
+    return applyClassificationConsequencesState(this, ordered, penaltyStats);
   }
 
   buildClassification(ordered = this.orderedCars(), penaltyStats = this.getPenaltyStatsByDriver()) {
-    const leaderDistance = ordered[0]?.raceDistance ?? 0;
-    return ordered.map((car, index) => {
-      const finishTime = car.finishTime ?? (car.raceDistance >= this.finishDistance ? this.time : null);
-      const stats = getPenaltyStats(penaltyStats, car.id);
-      const penaltySeconds = stats.seconds;
-      const positionDrop = stats.positionDrop;
-      const disqualified = stats.disqualified;
-      return {
-        id: car.id,
-        code: car.code,
-        timingCode: car.timingCode,
-        name: car.name,
-        rank: index + 1,
-        raceDistance: car.raceDistance,
-        distanceMeters: simUnitsToMeters(car.raceDistance),
-        lap: this.computeLap(car.raceDistance),
-        lapsCompleted: clamp(Math.floor(Math.max(0, car.raceDistance) / this.track.length), 0, this.totalLaps),
-        gapMeters: simUnitsToMeters(Math.max(0, leaderDistance - car.raceDistance)),
-        gapSeconds: index === 0 ? 0 : car.leaderGapSeconds,
-        intervalSeconds: index === 0 ? 0 : car.intervalAheadSeconds,
-        gapLaps: index === 0 ? 0 : car.leaderGapLaps,
-        intervalLaps: index === 0 ? 0 : car.intervalAheadLaps,
-        finished: car.raceDistance >= this.finishDistance,
-        finishTime,
-        penaltySeconds,
-        adjustedFinishTime: finishTime == null ? null : finishTime + penaltySeconds,
-        positionDrop,
-        disqualified,
-      };
-    });
+    return buildClassificationState(this, ordered, penaltyStats);
   }
 
   getRaceWinnerSnapshot() {
-    if (!this.raceControl.winnerId) return null;
-    const car = this.cars.find((item) => item.id === this.raceControl.winnerId);
-    if (!car) return null;
-    const rank = car.classifiedRank ?? car.rank ?? 1;
-    return serializeCar(car, rank, getPenaltyStats(this.getPenaltyStatsByDriver(), car.id).seconds);
+    return getRaceWinnerSnapshotForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   getDrsReferenceCar(car) {
-    let closest = null;
-    this.cars.forEach((candidate) => {
-      if (candidate === car || candidate.finished || this.isCarInActivePitStop(candidate)) return;
-      const delta = distanceForward(car.progress ?? car.raceDistance ?? 0, candidate.progress ?? candidate.raceDistance ?? 0, this.track.length);
-      if (delta <= 0 || delta > this.track.length / 2) return;
-      if (!closest || delta < closest.delta) closest = { car: candidate, delta };
-    });
-    return closest?.car ?? null;
+    return getDrsReferenceCarForSimulation(this, car);
   }
 
   updateDrsLatch(car, ahead, hasReference = Boolean(ahead)) {
-    if (this.safetyCar.deployed || car.finished) {
-      car.drsEligible = false;
-      car.drsActive = false;
-      car.drsZoneId = null;
-      car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const previousProgress = car.previousProgress ?? car.progress;
-    const currentZone = car.drsZoneId
-      ? this.track.drsZones.find((zone) => zone.id === car.drsZoneId)
-      : null;
-
-    if (currentZone && !isProgressInZone(this.track, car.progress, currentZone)) {
-      car.drsZoneId = null;
-      car.drsZoneEnabled = false;
-    }
-
-    if (!car.drsZoneId) {
-      const crossedZone = this.track.drsZones.find((zone) => (
-        crossesDistance(previousProgress, car.progress, zone.start, this.track.length)
-      ));
-      if (crossedZone) {
-        car.drsZoneId = crossedZone.id;
-        const crossing = recordDrsDetection(car, crossedZone.id, this.time);
-        const aheadCrossing = ahead?.drsDetection?.[crossedZone.id];
-        car.drsZoneEnabled = Boolean(
-          hasReference &&
-          aheadCrossing &&
-          aheadCrossing.passage === crossing.passage &&
-          crossing.time >= aheadCrossing.time &&
-          crossing.time - aheadCrossing.time <= this.rules.drsDetectionSeconds + 1e-6
-        );
-      }
-    }
-
-    const activeZone = car.drsZoneId
-      ? this.track.drsZones.find((zone) => zone.id === car.drsZoneId)
-      : null;
-    const inLatchedZone = activeZone ? isProgressInZone(this.track, car.progress, activeZone) : false;
-    car.drsEligible = Boolean(car.drsZoneEnabled && inLatchedZone);
-    car.drsActive = car.drsEligible;
+    updateDrsLatchState(car, ahead, {
+      hasReference,
+      safetyCarDeployed: this.safetyCar.deployed,
+      time: this.time,
+      track: this.track,
+      rules: this.rules,
+    });
   }
 
   resolveCollisions() {
-    const reportedContacts = new Set();
-
-    for (let pass = 0; pass < 3; pass += 1) {
-      const candidates = buildCollisionCandidatePairs(this.cars, { trackLength: this.track.length });
-      for (const [first, second] of candidates) {
-        const collision = detectVehicleCollision(first, second);
-        if (!collision) continue;
-        const firstPitControlled = isPitPositionControlledCar(first);
-        const secondPitControlled = isPitPositionControlledCar(second);
-        if (firstPitControlled && secondPitControlled) continue;
-        const stewardCollision = createCollisionStewardContext(first, second, {
-          ...collision,
-          trackLength: this.track.length,
-        });
-        const oneCarFixed = firstPitControlled || secondPitControlled;
-
-        const correction = Math.min(
-          (oneCarFixed ? collision.depth : collision.depth / 2) + 0.65,
-          MAX_COLLISION_CORRECTION,
-        );
-        const firstCorrectionX = firstPitControlled ? 0 : -collision.axis.x * correction;
-        const firstCorrectionY = firstPitControlled ? 0 : -collision.axis.y * correction;
-        const secondCorrectionX = secondPitControlled ? 0 : collision.axis.x * correction;
-        const secondCorrectionY = secondPitControlled ? 0 : collision.axis.y * correction;
-        if (!firstPitControlled) {
-          first.x += firstCorrectionX;
-          first.y += firstCorrectionY;
-        }
-        if (!secondPitControlled) {
-          second.x += secondCorrectionX;
-          second.y += secondCorrectionY;
-        }
-
-        if (oneCarFixed) {
-          if (!firstPitControlled) first.speed = clamp(first.speed * 0.985, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-          if (!secondPitControlled) second.speed = clamp(second.speed * 0.985, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-        } else {
-          this.applyContactVelocityResponse(first, second, collision.axis);
-        }
-
-        const yawNudge = clamp(collision.depth * 0.0025, 0.008, 0.035);
-        const freshContact = first.contactCooldown <= 0 && second.contactCooldown <= 0;
-        const firstHeadingCorrection = firstPitControlled ? 0 : -collision.axis.y * yawNudge;
-        const secondHeadingCorrection = secondPitControlled ? 0 : collision.axis.y * yawNudge;
-        if (!firstPitControlled) {
-          first.heading = normalizeAngle(first.heading + firstHeadingCorrection);
-          shiftPreviousRenderPose(first, firstCorrectionX, firstCorrectionY, firstHeadingCorrection);
-        }
-        if (!secondPitControlled) {
-          second.heading = normalizeAngle(second.heading + secondHeadingCorrection);
-          shiftPreviousRenderPose(second, secondCorrectionX, secondCorrectionY, secondHeadingCorrection);
-        }
-        first.contactCooldown = 1;
-        second.contactCooldown = 1;
-
-        const contactKey = `${first.id}:${second.id}`;
-        if (freshContact && pass === 0 && !reportedContacts.has(contactKey)) {
-          reportedContacts.add(contactKey);
-          this.events.unshift({
-            type: 'contact',
-            at: this.time,
-            carId: first.id,
-            otherCarId: second.id,
-            firstShapeId: collision.firstShapeId,
-            secondShapeId: collision.secondShapeId,
-            contactType: collision.contactType,
-            depth: collision.depth,
-            timeOfImpact: collision.timeOfImpact,
-          });
-          this.reviewCollision(first, second, stewardCollision);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    resolveCollisionsForSimulation(this);
   }
 
   applyContactVelocityResponse(first, second, axis) {
-    const firstForward = forwardVector(first);
-    const secondForward = forwardVector(second);
-    const firstNormal = dot(firstForward, axis);
-    const secondNormal = dot(secondForward, axis);
-    const relativeNormalVelocity = second.speed * secondNormal - first.speed * firstNormal;
-
-    if (relativeNormalVelocity < 0) {
-      const impulse = clamp(-relativeNormalVelocity * (0.34 + this.rules.collisionRestitution), 0, 16);
-      if (firstNormal > 0) first.speed = clamp(first.speed - impulse * firstNormal, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-      if (secondNormal < 0) second.speed = clamp(second.speed + impulse * secondNormal, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-    }
-
-    first.speed = clamp(first.speed * 0.997, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
-    second.speed = clamp(second.speed * 0.997, 0, VEHICLE_LIMITS.maxSpeed);
+    applyContactVelocityResponseForSimulation(this, first, second, axis);
   }
 
   computeLap(raceDistance) {
-    return clamp(Math.floor(Math.max(0, raceDistance) / this.track.length) + 1, 1, this.totalLaps);
+    return computeLapForDistance(raceDistance, this.track.length, this.totalLaps);
   }
 
   get finishDistance() {
-    return this.track.length * this.totalLaps;
+    return finishDistanceForRace(this.track.length, this.totalLaps);
   }
 }
 
 export function createRaceSimulation(options = {}) {
-  return new F1RaceSimulation(options);
+  const resolvedOptions = withWarmupSurfaceOptions(options, options?.warmup?.surface ?? 'simulation');
+  runWarmupWithGuard({
+    options: resolvedOptions,
+    surface: resolvedOptions.warmup.surface,
+    execute: ({ warmup }) => {
+      const warmupSimulation = new F1RaceSimulation(disableWarmupOptions(resolvedOptions, warmup.surface));
+      for (let index = 0; index < warmup.steps; index += 1) warmupSimulation.step(FIXED_STEP);
+    },
+  });
+  return new F1RaceSimulation(resolvedOptions);
 }