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@@ -1,374 +0,0 @@
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- Active Record Basics
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- ====================
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-
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- This guide is an introduction to Active Record.
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-
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- After reading this guide, you will know:
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-
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- * What Object Relational Mapping and Active Record are and how they are used in
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- Rails.
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- * How Active Record fits into the Model-View-Controller paradigm.
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- * How to use Active Record models to manipulate data stored in a relational
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- database.
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- * Active Record schema naming conventions.
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- * The concepts of database migrations, validations and callbacks.
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-
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- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
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- What is Active Record?
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- ----------------------
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-
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- Active Record is the M in [MVC](getting_started.html#the-mvc-architecture) - the
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- model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business
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- data and logic. Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business
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- objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database. It is an
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- implementation of the Active Record pattern which itself is a description of an
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- Object Relational Mapping system.
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-
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- ### The Active Record Pattern
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-
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- [Active Record was described by Martin Fowler](http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/activeRecord.html)
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- in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
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- Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
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- operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
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- data access logic as part of the object will educate users of that
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- object on how to write to and read from the database.
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-
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- ### Object Relational Mapping
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-
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- Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is
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- a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in
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- a relational database management system. Using ORM, the properties and
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- relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and
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- retrieved from a database without writing SQL statements directly and with less
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- overall database access code.
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-
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- ### Active Record as an ORM Framework
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-
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- Active Record gives us several mechanisms, the most important being the ability
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- to:
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-
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- * Represent models and their data.
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- * Represent associations between these models.
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- * Represent inheritance hierarchies through related models.
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- * Validate models before they get persisted to the database.
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- * Perform database operations in an object-oriented fashion.
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-
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- Convention over Configuration in Active Record
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- ----------------------------------------------
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-
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- When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it
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- may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true
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- for ORM frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by
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- Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some case no
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- configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if
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- you configure your applications in the very same way most of the time then this
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- should be the default way. Thus, explicit configuration would be needed
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- only in those cases where you can't follow the standard convention.
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-
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- ### Naming Conventions
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-
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- By default, Active Record uses some naming conventions to find out how the
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- mapping between models and database tables should be created. Rails will
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- pluralize your class names to find the respective database table. So, for
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- a class `Book`, you should have a database table called **books**. The Rails
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- pluralization mechanisms are very powerful, being capable to pluralize (and
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- singularize) both regular and irregular words. When using class names composed
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- of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions,
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- using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated
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- by underscores. Examples:
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-
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- * Database Table - Plural with underscores separating words (e.g., `book_clubs`).
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- * Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
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- `BookClub`).
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-
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- | Model / Class | Table / Schema |
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- | ---------------- | -------------- |
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- | `Article` | `articles` |
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- | `LineItem` | `line_items` |
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- | `Deer` | `deers` |
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- | `Mouse` | `mice` |
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- | `Person` | `people` |
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-
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-
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- ### Schema Conventions
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-
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- Active Record uses naming conventions for the columns in database tables,
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- depending on the purpose of these columns.
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-
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- * **Foreign keys** - These fields should be named following the pattern
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- `singularized_table_name_id` (e.g., `item_id`, `order_id`). These are the
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- fields that Active Record will look for when you create associations between
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- your models.
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- * **Primary keys** - By default, Active Record will use an integer column named
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- `id` as the table's primary key. When using [Active Record
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- Migrations](migrations.html) to create your tables, this column will be
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- automatically created.
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-
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- There are also some optional column names that will add additional features
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- to Active Record instances:
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-
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- * `created_at` - Automatically gets set to the current date and time when the
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- record is first created.
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- * `updated_at` - Automatically gets set to the current date and time whenever
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- the record is updated.
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- * `lock_version` - Adds [optimistic
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- locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
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- a model.
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- * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
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- Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
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- * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
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- [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
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- * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
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- associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that
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- has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
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- for each article.
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-
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- NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
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-
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- Creating Active Record Models
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- -----------------------------
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-
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- It is very easy to create Active Record models. All you have to do is to
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- subclass the `ActiveRecord::Base` class and you're good to go:
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
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- end
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- ```
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-
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- This will create a `Product` model, mapped to a `products` table at the
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- database. By doing this you'll also have the ability to map the columns of each
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- row in that table with the attributes of the instances of your model. Suppose
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- that the `products` table was created using an SQL sentence like:
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-
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- ```sql
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- CREATE TABLE products (
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- id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
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- name varchar(255),
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- PRIMARY KEY (id)
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- );
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- ```
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-
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- Following the table schema above, you would be able to write code like the
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- following:
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-
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- ```ruby
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- p = Product.new
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- p.name = "Some Book"
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- puts p.name # "Some Book"
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- ```
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-
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- Overriding the Naming Conventions
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- ---------------------------------
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-
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- What if you need to follow a different naming convention or need to use your
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- Rails application with a legacy database? No problem, you can easily override
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- the default conventions.
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-
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- You can use the `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name=` method to specify the table
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- name that should be used:
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-
172
- ```ruby
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- class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
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- self.table_name = "my_products"
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- end
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- ```
177
-
178
- If you do so, you will have to define manually the class name that is hosting
179
- the fixtures (my_products.yml) using the `set_fixture_class` method in your test
180
- definition:
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class ProductTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
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- set_fixture_class my_products: Product
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- fixtures :my_products
186
- ...
187
- end
188
- ```
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-
190
- It's also possible to override the column that should be used as the table's
191
- primary key using the `ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key=` method:
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-
193
- ```ruby
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- class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
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- self.primary_key = "product_id"
196
- end
197
- ```
198
-
199
- CRUD: Reading and Writing Data
200
- ------------------------------
201
-
202
- CRUD is an acronym for the four verbs we use to operate on data: **C**reate,
203
- **R**ead, **U**pdate and **D**elete. Active Record automatically creates methods
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- to allow an application to read and manipulate data stored within its tables.
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-
206
- ### Create
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-
208
- Active Record objects can be created from a hash, a block or have their
209
- attributes manually set after creation. The `new` method will return a new
210
- object while `create` will return the object and save it to the database.
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-
212
- For example, given a model `User` with attributes of `name` and `occupation`,
213
- the `create` method call will create and save a new record into the database:
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-
215
- ```ruby
216
- user = User.create(name: "David", occupation: "Code Artist")
217
- ```
218
-
219
- Using the `new` method, an object can be instantiated without being saved:
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-
221
- ```ruby
222
- user = User.new
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- user.name = "David"
224
- user.occupation = "Code Artist"
225
- ```
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-
227
- A call to `user.save` will commit the record to the database.
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-
229
- Finally, if a block is provided, both `create` and `new` will yield the new
230
- object to that block for initialization:
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-
232
- ```ruby
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- user = User.new do |u|
234
- u.name = "David"
235
- u.occupation = "Code Artist"
236
- end
237
- ```
238
-
239
- ### Read
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-
241
- Active Record provides a rich API for accessing data within a database. Below
242
- are a few examples of different data access methods provided by Active Record.
243
-
244
- ```ruby
245
- # return a collection with all users
246
- users = User.all
247
- ```
248
-
249
- ```ruby
250
- # return the first user
251
- user = User.first
252
- ```
253
-
254
- ```ruby
255
- # return the first user named David
256
- david = User.find_by(name: 'David')
257
- ```
258
-
259
- ```ruby
260
- # find all users named David who are Code Artists and sort by created_at in reverse chronological order
261
- users = User.where(name: 'David', occupation: 'Code Artist').order(created_at: :desc)
262
- ```
263
-
264
- You can learn more about querying an Active Record model in the [Active Record
265
- Query Interface](active_record_querying.html) guide.
266
-
267
- ### Update
268
-
269
- Once an Active Record object has been retrieved, its attributes can be modified
270
- and it can be saved to the database.
271
-
272
- ```ruby
273
- user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
274
- user.name = 'Dave'
275
- user.save
276
- ```
277
-
278
- A shorthand for this is to use a hash mapping attribute names to the desired
279
- value, like so:
280
-
281
- ```ruby
282
- user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
283
- user.update(name: 'Dave')
284
- ```
285
-
286
- This is most useful when updating several attributes at once. If, on the other
287
- hand, you'd like to update several records in bulk, you may find the
288
- `update_all` class method useful:
289
-
290
- ```ruby
291
- User.update_all "max_login_attempts = 3, must_change_password = 'true'"
292
- ```
293
-
294
- ### Delete
295
-
296
- Likewise, once retrieved an Active Record object can be destroyed which removes
297
- it from the database.
298
-
299
- ```ruby
300
- user = User.find_by(name: 'David')
301
- user.destroy
302
- ```
303
-
304
- Validations
305
- -----------
306
-
307
- Active Record allows you to validate the state of a model before it gets written
308
- into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
309
- models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
310
- already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
311
-
312
- Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so
313
- the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when
314
- running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
315
- perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
316
- is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
317
- they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
318
- A quick example to illustrate:
319
-
320
- ```ruby
321
- class User < ActiveRecord::Base
322
- validates :name, presence: true
323
- end
324
-
325
- user = User.new
326
- user.save # => false
327
- user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
328
- ```
329
-
330
- You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
331
- guide](active_record_validations.html).
332
-
333
- Callbacks
334
- ---------
335
-
336
- Active Record callbacks allow you to attach code to certain events in the
337
- life-cycle of your models. This enables you to add behavior to your models by
338
- transparently executing code when those events occur, like when you create a new
339
- record, update it, destroy it and so on. You can learn more about callbacks in
340
- the [Active Record Callbacks guide](active_record_callbacks.html).
341
-
342
- Migrations
343
- ----------
344
-
345
- Rails provides a domain-specific language for managing a database schema called
346
- migrations. Migrations are stored in files which are executed against any
347
- database that Active Record supports using `rake`. Here's a migration that
348
- creates a table:
349
-
350
- ```ruby
351
- class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
352
- def change
353
- create_table :publications do |t|
354
- t.string :title
355
- t.text :description
356
- t.references :publication_type
357
- t.integer :publisher_id
358
- t.string :publisher_type
359
- t.boolean :single_issue
360
-
361
- t.timestamps null: false
362
- end
363
- add_index :publications, :publication_type_id
364
- end
365
- end
366
- ```
367
-
368
- Rails keeps track of which files have been committed to the database and
369
- provides rollback features. To actually create the table, you'd run `rake db:migrate`
370
- and to roll it back, `rake db:rollback`.
371
-
372
- Note that the above code is database-agnostic: it will run in MySQL,
373
- PostgreSQL, Oracle and others. You can learn more about migrations in the
374
- [Active Record Migrations guide](migrations.html).