rails 4.2.6.rc1 → 5.2.8.1

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  2. data/README.md +24 -12
  3. metadata +54 -248
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  5. data/guides/Rakefile +0 -79
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@@ -1,554 +0,0 @@
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- Active Model Basics
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- ===================
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-
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- This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model
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- classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with
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- plain Ruby objects. Active Model also helps build custom ORMs for use
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- outside of the Rails framework.
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-
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- After reading this guide, you will be able to add to plain Ruby objects:
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-
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- * The ability to behave like an Active Record model.
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- * Callbacks and validations like Active Record.
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- * Serializers.
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- * Integration with the Rails internationalization (i18n) framework.
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-
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- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
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- Introduction
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- ------------
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-
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- Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing
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- classes that need some features present on Active Record.
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- Some of these modules are explained below.
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-
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- ### Attribute Methods
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-
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- The `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` module can add custom prefixes and suffixes
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- on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and
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- which methods on the object will use them.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Person
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- include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
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-
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- attribute_method_prefix 'reset_'
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- attribute_method_suffix '_highest?'
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- define_attribute_methods 'age'
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-
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- attr_accessor :age
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-
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- private
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- def reset_attribute(attribute)
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- send("#{attribute}=", 0)
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- end
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-
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- def attribute_highest?(attribute)
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- send(attribute) > 100
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- end
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- end
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-
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- person = Person.new
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- person.age = 110
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- person.age_highest? # => true
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- person.reset_age # => 0
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- person.age_highest? # => false
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- ```
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-
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- ### Callbacks
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-
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- `ActiveModel::Callbacks` gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an
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- ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times.
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- After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around
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- custom methods.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Person
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- extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
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-
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- define_model_callbacks :update
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-
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- before_update :reset_me
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-
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- def update
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- run_callbacks(:update) do
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- # This method is called when update is called on an object.
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- end
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- end
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-
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- def reset_me
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- # This method is called when update is called on an object as a before_update callback is defined.
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- end
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- end
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- ```
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-
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- ### Conversion
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-
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- If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the
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- `ActiveModel::Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion
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- methods on objects of that class.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Person
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- include ActiveModel::Conversion
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-
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- def persisted?
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- false
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- end
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-
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- def id
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- nil
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- end
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- end
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-
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- person = Person.new
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- person.to_model == person # => true
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- person.to_key # => nil
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- person.to_param # => nil
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- ```
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-
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- ### Dirty
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-
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- An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its
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- attributes and has not been saved. `ActiveModel::Dirty` gives the ability to
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- check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based
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- accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name`
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- and `last_name`:
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Person
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- include ActiveModel::Dirty
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- define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
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-
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- def first_name
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- @first_name
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- end
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-
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- def first_name=(value)
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- first_name_will_change!
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- @first_name = value
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- end
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-
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- def last_name
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- @last_name
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- end
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-
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- def last_name=(value)
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- last_name_will_change!
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- @last_name = value
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- end
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-
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- def save
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- # do save work...
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- changes_applied
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- end
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- end
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- ```
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-
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- #### Querying object directly for its list of all changed attributes.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- person = Person.new
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- person.changed? # => false
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-
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- person.first_name = "First Name"
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- person.first_name # => "First Name"
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-
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- # returns if any attribute has changed.
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- person.changed? # => true
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-
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- # returns a list of attributes that have changed before saving.
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- person.changed # => ["first_name"]
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-
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- # returns a hash of the attributes that have changed with their original values.
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- person.changed_attributes # => {"first_name"=>nil}
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-
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- # returns a hash of changes, with the attribute names as the keys, and the values will be an array of the old and new value for that field.
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- person.changes # => {"first_name"=>[nil, "First Name"]}
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- ```
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-
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- #### Attribute based accessor methods
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-
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- Track whether the particular attribute has been changed or not.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- # attr_name_changed?
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- person.first_name # => "First Name"
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- person.first_name_changed? # => true
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- ```
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-
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- Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- # attr_name_was accessor
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- person.first_name_was # => nil
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- ```
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-
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- Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array
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- if changed, else returns nil.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- # attr_name_change
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- person.first_name_change # => [nil, "First Name"]
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- person.last_name_change # => nil
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- ```
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-
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- ### Validations
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-
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- `ActiveModel::Validations` module adds the ability to validate class objects
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- like in Active Record.
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-
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- ```ruby
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- class Person
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- include ActiveModel::Validations
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-
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- attr_accessor :name, :email, :token
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-
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- validates :name, presence: true
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- validates_format_of :email, with: /\A([^\s]+)((?:[-a-z0-9]\.)[a-z]{2,})\z/i
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- validates! :token, presence: true
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- end
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-
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- person = Person.new
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- person.token = "2b1f325"
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- person.valid? # => false
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- person.name = 'vishnu'
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- person.email = 'me'
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- person.valid? # => false
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- person.email = 'me@vishnuatrai.com'
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- person.valid? # => true
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- person.token = nil
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- person.valid? # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
222
- ```
223
-
224
- ### Naming
225
-
226
- `ActiveModel::Naming` adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
227
- easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
228
- will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
229
-
230
- ```ruby
231
- class Person
232
- extend ActiveModel::Naming
233
- end
234
-
235
- Person.model_name.name # => "Person"
236
- Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
237
- Person.model_name.plural # => "people"
238
- Person.model_name.element # => "person"
239
- Person.model_name.human # => "Person"
240
- Person.model_name.collection # => "people"
241
- Person.model_name.param_key # => "person"
242
- Person.model_name.i18n_key # => :person
243
- Person.model_name.route_key # => "people"
244
- Person.model_name.singular_route_key # => "person"
245
- ```
246
-
247
- ### Model
248
-
249
- `ActiveModel::Model` adds the ability to a class to work with Action Pack and
250
- Action View right out of the box.
251
-
252
- ```ruby
253
- class EmailContact
254
- include ActiveModel::Model
255
-
256
- attr_accessor :name, :email, :message
257
- validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true
258
-
259
- def deliver
260
- if valid?
261
- # deliver email
262
- end
263
- end
264
- end
265
- ```
266
-
267
- When including `ActiveModel::Model` you get some features like:
268
-
269
- - model name introspection
270
- - conversions
271
- - translations
272
- - validations
273
-
274
- It also gives you the ability to initialize an object with a hash of attributes,
275
- much like any Active Record object.
276
-
277
- ```ruby
278
- email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: 'David',
279
- email: 'david@example.com',
280
- message: 'Hello World')
281
- email_contact.name # => 'David'
282
- email_contact.email # => 'david@example.com'
283
- email_contact.valid? # => true
284
- email_contact.persisted? # => false
285
- ```
286
-
287
- Any class that includes `ActiveModel::Model` can be used with `form_for`,
288
- `render` and any other Action View helper methods, just like Active Record
289
- objects.
290
-
291
- ### Serialization
292
-
293
- `ActiveModel::Serialization` provides a basic serialization for your object.
294
- You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you want to
295
- serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
296
-
297
- ```ruby
298
- class Person
299
- include ActiveModel::Serialization
300
-
301
- attr_accessor :name
302
-
303
- def attributes
304
- {'name' => nil}
305
- end
306
- end
307
- ```
308
-
309
- Now you can access a serialized hash of your object using the `serializable_hash`.
310
-
311
- ```ruby
312
- person = Person.new
313
- person.serializable_hash # => {"name"=>nil}
314
- person.name = "Bob"
315
- person.serializable_hash # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
316
- ```
317
-
318
- #### ActiveModel::Serializers
319
-
320
- Rails provides two serializers `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` and
321
- `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`. Both of these modules automatically include
322
- the `ActiveModel::Serialization`.
323
-
324
- ##### ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
325
-
326
- To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` you only need to change from
327
- `ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON`.
328
-
329
- ```ruby
330
- class Person
331
- include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
332
-
333
- attr_accessor :name
334
-
335
- def attributes
336
- {'name' => nil}
337
- end
338
- end
339
- ```
340
-
341
- With the `as_json` you have a hash representing the model.
342
-
343
- ```ruby
344
- person = Person.new
345
- person.as_json # => {"name"=>nil}
346
- person.name = "Bob"
347
- person.as_json # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
348
- ```
349
-
350
- From a JSON string you define the attributes of the model.
351
- You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
352
-
353
- ```ruby
354
- class Person
355
- include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
356
-
357
- attr_accessor :name
358
-
359
- def attributes=(hash)
360
- hash.each do |key, value|
361
- send("#{key}=", value)
362
- end
363
- end
364
-
365
- def attributes
366
- {'name' => nil}
367
- end
368
- end
369
- ```
370
-
371
- Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_json`.
372
-
373
- ```ruby
374
- json = { name: 'Bob' }.to_json
375
- person = Person.new
376
- person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
377
- person.name # => "Bob"
378
- ```
379
-
380
- ##### ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
381
-
382
- To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` you only need to change from
383
- `ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`.
384
-
385
- ```ruby
386
- class Person
387
- include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
388
-
389
- attr_accessor :name
390
-
391
- def attributes
392
- {'name' => nil}
393
- end
394
- end
395
- ```
396
-
397
- With the `to_xml` you have a XML representing the model.
398
-
399
- ```ruby
400
- person = Person.new
401
- person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n <name nil=\"true\"/>\n</person>\n"
402
- person.name = "Bob"
403
- person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n <name>Bob</name>\n</person>\n"
404
- ```
405
-
406
- From a XML string you define the attributes of the model.
407
- You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
408
-
409
- ```ruby
410
- class Person
411
- include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
412
-
413
- attr_accessor :name
414
-
415
- def attributes=(hash)
416
- hash.each do |key, value|
417
- send("#{key}=", value)
418
- end
419
- end
420
-
421
- def attributes
422
- {'name' => nil}
423
- end
424
- end
425
- ```
426
-
427
- Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_xml`.
428
-
429
- ```ruby
430
- xml = { name: 'Bob' }.to_xml
431
- person = Person.new
432
- person.from_xml(xml) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
433
- person.name # => "Bob"
434
- ```
435
-
436
- ### Translation
437
-
438
- `ActiveModel::Translation` provides integration between your object and the Rails
439
- internationalization (i18n) framework.
440
-
441
- ```ruby
442
- class Person
443
- extend ActiveModel::Translation
444
- end
445
- ```
446
-
447
- With the `human_attribute_name` you can transform attribute names into a more
448
- human format. The human format is defined in your locale file.
449
-
450
- * config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml
451
-
452
- ```yml
453
- pt-BR:
454
- activemodel:
455
- attributes:
456
- person:
457
- name: 'Nome'
458
- ```
459
-
460
- ```ruby
461
- Person.human_attribute_name('name') # => "Nome"
462
- ```
463
-
464
- ### Lint Tests
465
-
466
- `ActiveModel::Lint::Tests` allow you to test whether an object is compliant with
467
- the Active Model API.
468
-
469
- * app/models/person.rb
470
-
471
- ```ruby
472
- class Person
473
- include ActiveModel::Model
474
-
475
- end
476
- ```
477
-
478
- * test/models/person_test.rb
479
-
480
- ```ruby
481
- require 'test_helper'
482
-
483
- class PersonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
484
- include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
485
-
486
- def setup
487
- @model = Person.new
488
- end
489
- end
490
- ```
491
-
492
- ```bash
493
- $ rake test
494
-
495
- Run options: --seed 14596
496
-
497
- # Running:
498
-
499
- ......
500
-
501
- Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s.
502
-
503
- 6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
504
- ```
505
-
506
- An object is not required to implement all APIs in order to work with
507
- Action Pack. This module only intends to provide guidance in case you want all
508
- features out of the box.
509
-
510
- ### SecurePassword
511
-
512
- `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` provides a way to securely store any
513
- password in an encrypted form. On including this module, a
514
- `has_secure_password` class method is provided which defines
515
- an accessor named `password` with certain validations on it.
516
-
517
- #### Requirements
518
-
519
- `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on the [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'),
520
- so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly.
521
- In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`.
522
- The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor:
523
-
524
- 1. Password should be present.
525
- 2. Password should be equal to its confirmation.
526
- 3. This maximum length of a password is 72 (required by `bcrypt` on which ActiveModel::SecurePassword depends)
527
-
528
- #### Examples
529
-
530
- ```ruby
531
- class Person
532
- include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
533
- has_secure_password
534
- attr_accessor :password_digest
535
- end
536
-
537
- person = Person.new
538
-
539
- # When password is blank.
540
- person.valid? # => false
541
-
542
- # When the confirmation doesn't match the password.
543
- person.password = 'aditya'
544
- person.password_confirmation = 'nomatch'
545
- person.valid? # => false
546
-
547
- # When the length of password, exceeds 72.
548
- person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'a' * 100
549
- person.valid? # => false
550
-
551
- # When all validations are passed.
552
- person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'aditya'
553
- person.valid? # => true
554
- ```