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Action Mailer Basics
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====================
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This guide provides you with all you need to get started in sending and
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receiving emails from and to your application, and many internals of Action
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Mailer. It also covers how to test your mailers.
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Introduction
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------------
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Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes
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and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from
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Sending Emails
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--------------
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### Walkthrough to Generating a Mailer
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#### Create the Mailer
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```bash
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invoke erb
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```ruby
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content like HTML to send back to the client, a Mailer creates a message to be
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Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
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<h1>Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %></h1>
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<p>
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You have successfully signed up to example.com,
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your username is: <%= @user.login %>.<br>
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<p>
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To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
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<p>Thanks for joining and have a great day!</p>
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Let's also make a text part for this email. Not all clients prefer HTML emails,
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and so sending both is best practice. To do this, create a file called
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`welcome_email.text.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`:
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```erb
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Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %>
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===============================================
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You have successfully signed up to example.com,
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your username is: <%= @user.login %>.
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Thanks for joining and have a great day!
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```
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When you call the `mail` method now, Action Mailer will detect the two templates
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(text and HTML) and automatically generate a `multipart/alternative` email.
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#### Calling the Mailer
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Mailers are really just another way to render a view. Instead of rendering a
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view and sending out the HTTP protocol, they are just sending it out through the
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email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
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controller tell the Mailer to send an email when a user is successfully created.
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Setting this up is painfully simple.
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First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
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Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
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`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver
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an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
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call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved.
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Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside
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of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it:
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```ruby
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class UsersController < ApplicationController
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# POST /users
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def create
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if @user.save
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# Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
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UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later
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format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
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format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
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else
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```
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NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use
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`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending
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them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing
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backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc).
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If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call
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`deliver_now`:
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```ruby
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class SendWeeklySummary
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def run
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User.find_each do |user|
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UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now
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end
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end
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end
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```
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The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which
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can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The
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`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If
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you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can
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access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object.
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### Auto encoding header values
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Action Mailer handles the auto encoding of multibyte characters inside of
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headers and bodies.
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For more complex examples such as defining alternate character sets or
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self-encoding text first, please refer to the
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[Mail](https://github.com/mikel/mail) library.
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|
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### Complete List of Action Mailer Methods
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There are just three methods that you need to send pretty much any email
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message:
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* `headers` - Specifies any header on the email you want. You can pass a hash of
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header field names and value pairs, or you can call `headers[:field_name] =
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'value'`.
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|
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* `attachments` - Allows you to add attachments to your email. For example,
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`attachments['file-name.jpg'] = File.read('file-name.jpg')`.
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|
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* `mail` - Sends the actual email itself. You can pass in headers as a hash to
|
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|
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the mail method as a parameter, mail will then create an email, either plain
|
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|
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text, or multipart, depending on what email templates you have defined.
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|
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|
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#### Adding Attachments
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|
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|
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Action Mailer makes it very easy to add attachments.
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|
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|
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|
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* Pass the file name and content and Action Mailer and the
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|
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[Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail) will automatically guess the
|
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|
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mime_type, set the encoding and create the attachment.
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|
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```ruby
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|
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attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
|
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|
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```
|
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|
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|
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|
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When the `mail` method will be triggered, it will send a multipart email with
|
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|
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an attachment, properly nested with the top level being `multipart/mixed` and
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the first part being a `multipart/alternative` containing the plain text and
|
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|
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HTML email messages.
|
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|
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|
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|
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NOTE: Mail will automatically Base64 encode an attachment. If you want something
|
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|
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different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
|
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|
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`Hash` to the `attachments` method.
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|
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* Pass the file name and specify headers and content and Action Mailer and Mail
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|
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will use the settings you pass in.
|
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|
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|
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|
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```ruby
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encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
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|
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attachments['filename.jpg'] = {
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mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
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encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
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content: encoded_content
|
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|
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}
|
|
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|
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```
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
|
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|
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encoded and not try to Base64 encode it.
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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#### Making Inline Attachments
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|
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|
|
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|
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Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in pre 3.0 versions, much simpler and trivial as they should be.
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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* First, to tell Mail to turn an attachment into an inline attachment, you just call `#inline` on the attachments method within your Mailer:
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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```ruby
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|
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|
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def welcome
|
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|
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attachments.inline['image.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/image.jpg')
|
|
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|
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end
|
|
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|
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```
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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* Then in your view, you can just reference `attachments` as a hash and specify
|
|
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|
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which attachment you want to show, calling `url` on it and then passing the
|
|
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|
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result into the `image_tag` method:
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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```html+erb
|
|
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|
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<p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
|
|
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|
-
|
|
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|
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<%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url %>
|
|
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|
-
```
|
|
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|
-
|
|
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|
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* As this is a standard call to `image_tag` you can pass in an options hash
|
|
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|
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after the attachment URL as you could for any other image:
|
|
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|
-
|
|
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|
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```html+erb
|
|
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|
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<p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
|
|
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|
-
|
|
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|
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<%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', class: 'photos' %>
|
|
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|
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```
|
|
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|
-
|
|
319
|
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#### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
|
|
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|
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|
|
321
|
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It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (e.g.,
|
|
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|
-
informing all admins of a new signup) by setting the list of emails to the `:to`
|
|
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|
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key. The list of emails can be an array of email addresses or a single string
|
|
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|
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with the addresses separated by commas.
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
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```ruby
|
|
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|
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class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
|
|
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|
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default to: Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) },
|
|
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|
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from: 'notification@example.com'
|
|
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|
-
|
|
331
|
-
def new_registration(user)
|
|
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|
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@user = user
|
|
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|
-
mail(subject: "New User Signup: #{@user.email}")
|
|
334
|
-
end
|
|
335
|
-
end
|
|
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|
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```
|
|
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|
-
|
|
338
|
-
The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy
|
|
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|
-
(Bcc:) recipients, by using the `:cc` and `:bcc` keys respectively.
|
|
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|
-
|
|
341
|
-
#### Sending Email With Name
|
|
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|
-
|
|
343
|
-
Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email
|
|
344
|
-
address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the
|
|
345
|
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email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
|
|
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|
-
|
|
347
|
-
```ruby
|
|
348
|
-
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
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|
-
@user = user
|
|
350
|
-
email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>)
|
|
351
|
-
mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
|
|
352
|
-
end
|
|
353
|
-
```
|
|
354
|
-
|
|
355
|
-
### Mailer Views
|
|
356
|
-
|
|
357
|
-
Mailer views are located in the `app/views/name_of_mailer_class` directory. The
|
|
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|
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specific mailer view is known to the class because its name is the same as the
|
|
359
|
-
mailer method. In our example from above, our mailer view for the
|
|
360
|
-
`welcome_email` method will be in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb`
|
|
361
|
-
for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version.
|
|
362
|
-
|
|
363
|
-
To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like:
|
|
364
|
-
|
|
365
|
-
```ruby
|
|
366
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
367
|
-
default from: 'notifications@example.com'
|
|
368
|
-
|
|
369
|
-
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
370
|
-
@user = user
|
|
371
|
-
@url = 'http://example.com/login'
|
|
372
|
-
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
373
|
-
subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site',
|
|
374
|
-
template_path: 'notifications',
|
|
375
|
-
template_name: 'another')
|
|
376
|
-
end
|
|
377
|
-
end
|
|
378
|
-
```
|
|
379
|
-
|
|
380
|
-
In this case it will look for templates at `app/views/notifications` with name
|
|
381
|
-
`another`. You can also specify an array of paths for `template_path`, and they
|
|
382
|
-
will be searched in order.
|
|
383
|
-
|
|
384
|
-
If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific
|
|
385
|
-
templates or even render inline or text without using a template file:
|
|
386
|
-
|
|
387
|
-
```ruby
|
|
388
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
389
|
-
default from: 'notifications@example.com'
|
|
390
|
-
|
|
391
|
-
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
392
|
-
@user = user
|
|
393
|
-
@url = 'http://example.com/login'
|
|
394
|
-
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
395
|
-
subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') do |format|
|
|
396
|
-
format.html { render 'another_template' }
|
|
397
|
-
format.text { render text: 'Render text' }
|
|
398
|
-
end
|
|
399
|
-
end
|
|
400
|
-
end
|
|
401
|
-
```
|
|
402
|
-
|
|
403
|
-
This will render the template 'another_template.html.erb' for the HTML part and
|
|
404
|
-
use the rendered text for the text part. The render command is the same one used
|
|
405
|
-
inside of Action Controller, so you can use all the same options, such as
|
|
406
|
-
`:text`, `:inline` etc.
|
|
407
|
-
|
|
408
|
-
### Action Mailer Layouts
|
|
409
|
-
|
|
410
|
-
Just like controller views, you can also have mailer layouts. The layout name
|
|
411
|
-
needs to be the same as your mailer, such as `user_mailer.html.erb` and
|
|
412
|
-
`user_mailer.text.erb` to be automatically recognized by your mailer as a
|
|
413
|
-
layout.
|
|
414
|
-
|
|
415
|
-
In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer:
|
|
416
|
-
|
|
417
|
-
```ruby
|
|
418
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
419
|
-
layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout
|
|
420
|
-
end
|
|
421
|
-
```
|
|
422
|
-
|
|
423
|
-
Just like with controller views, use `yield` to render the view inside the
|
|
424
|
-
layout.
|
|
425
|
-
|
|
426
|
-
You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside
|
|
427
|
-
the format block to specify different layouts for different formats:
|
|
428
|
-
|
|
429
|
-
```ruby
|
|
430
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
431
|
-
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
432
|
-
mail(to: user.email) do |format|
|
|
433
|
-
format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' }
|
|
434
|
-
format.text
|
|
435
|
-
end
|
|
436
|
-
end
|
|
437
|
-
end
|
|
438
|
-
```
|
|
439
|
-
|
|
440
|
-
Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part
|
|
441
|
-
with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists.
|
|
442
|
-
|
|
443
|
-
### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views
|
|
444
|
-
|
|
445
|
-
Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
|
|
446
|
-
incoming request so you'll need to provide the `:host` parameter yourself.
|
|
447
|
-
|
|
448
|
-
As the `:host` usually is consistent across the application you can configure it
|
|
449
|
-
globally in `config/application.rb`:
|
|
450
|
-
|
|
451
|
-
```ruby
|
|
452
|
-
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
|
|
453
|
-
```
|
|
454
|
-
|
|
455
|
-
Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of
|
|
456
|
-
an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example
|
|
457
|
-
instead of using
|
|
458
|
-
|
|
459
|
-
```
|
|
460
|
-
<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %>
|
|
461
|
-
```
|
|
462
|
-
|
|
463
|
-
You will need to use:
|
|
464
|
-
|
|
465
|
-
```
|
|
466
|
-
<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %>
|
|
467
|
-
```
|
|
468
|
-
|
|
469
|
-
By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails.
|
|
470
|
-
|
|
471
|
-
#### generating URLs with `url_for`
|
|
472
|
-
|
|
473
|
-
You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
|
|
474
|
-
ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will,
|
|
475
|
-
by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly
|
|
476
|
-
provided.
|
|
477
|
-
|
|
478
|
-
```erb
|
|
479
|
-
<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome',
|
|
480
|
-
action: 'greeting',
|
|
481
|
-
only_path: false) %>
|
|
482
|
-
```
|
|
483
|
-
|
|
484
|
-
If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
|
|
485
|
-
`url_for`.
|
|
486
|
-
|
|
487
|
-
|
|
488
|
-
```erb
|
|
489
|
-
<%= url_for(host: 'example.com',
|
|
490
|
-
controller: 'welcome',
|
|
491
|
-
action: 'greeting') %>
|
|
492
|
-
```
|
|
493
|
-
|
|
494
|
-
NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute
|
|
495
|
-
URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`.
|
|
496
|
-
|
|
497
|
-
#### generating URLs with named routes
|
|
498
|
-
|
|
499
|
-
Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete
|
|
500
|
-
web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route
|
|
501
|
-
helpers.
|
|
502
|
-
|
|
503
|
-
If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to the
|
|
504
|
-
url helper.
|
|
505
|
-
|
|
506
|
-
```erb
|
|
507
|
-
<%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %>
|
|
508
|
-
```
|
|
509
|
-
|
|
510
|
-
NOTE: non-`GET` links require [jQuery UJS](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs)
|
|
511
|
-
and won't work in mailer templates. They will result in normal `GET` requests.
|
|
512
|
-
|
|
513
|
-
### Sending Multipart Emails
|
|
514
|
-
|
|
515
|
-
Action Mailer will automatically send multipart emails if you have different
|
|
516
|
-
templates for the same action. So, for our UserMailer example, if you have
|
|
517
|
-
`welcome_email.text.erb` and `welcome_email.html.erb` in
|
|
518
|
-
`app/views/user_mailer`, Action Mailer will automatically send a multipart email
|
|
519
|
-
with the HTML and text versions setup as different parts.
|
|
520
|
-
|
|
521
|
-
The order of the parts getting inserted is determined by the `:parts_order`
|
|
522
|
-
inside of the `ActionMailer::Base.default` method.
|
|
523
|
-
|
|
524
|
-
### Sending Emails with Dynamic Delivery Options
|
|
525
|
-
|
|
526
|
-
If you wish to override the default delivery options (e.g. SMTP credentials)
|
|
527
|
-
while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the
|
|
528
|
-
mailer action.
|
|
529
|
-
|
|
530
|
-
```ruby
|
|
531
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
532
|
-
def welcome_email(user, company)
|
|
533
|
-
@user = user
|
|
534
|
-
@url = user_url(@user)
|
|
535
|
-
delivery_options = { user_name: company.smtp_user,
|
|
536
|
-
password: company.smtp_password,
|
|
537
|
-
address: company.smtp_host }
|
|
538
|
-
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
539
|
-
subject: "Please see the Terms and Conditions attached",
|
|
540
|
-
delivery_method_options: delivery_options)
|
|
541
|
-
end
|
|
542
|
-
end
|
|
543
|
-
```
|
|
544
|
-
|
|
545
|
-
### Sending Emails without Template Rendering
|
|
546
|
-
|
|
547
|
-
There may be cases in which you want to skip the template rendering step and
|
|
548
|
-
supply the email body as a string. You can achieve this using the `:body`
|
|
549
|
-
option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails
|
|
550
|
-
will default to `text/plain` otherwise.
|
|
551
|
-
|
|
552
|
-
```ruby
|
|
553
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
554
|
-
def welcome_email(user, email_body)
|
|
555
|
-
mail(to: user.email,
|
|
556
|
-
body: email_body,
|
|
557
|
-
content_type: "text/html",
|
|
558
|
-
subject: "Already rendered!")
|
|
559
|
-
end
|
|
560
|
-
end
|
|
561
|
-
```
|
|
562
|
-
|
|
563
|
-
Receiving Emails
|
|
564
|
-
----------------
|
|
565
|
-
|
|
566
|
-
Receiving and parsing emails with Action Mailer can be a rather complex
|
|
567
|
-
endeavor. Before your email reaches your Rails app, you would have had to
|
|
568
|
-
configure your system to somehow forward emails to your app, which needs to be
|
|
569
|
-
listening for that. So, to receive emails in your Rails app you'll need to:
|
|
570
|
-
|
|
571
|
-
* Implement a `receive` method in your mailer.
|
|
572
|
-
|
|
573
|
-
* Configure your email server to forward emails from the address(es) you would
|
|
574
|
-
like your app to receive to `/path/to/app/bin/rails runner
|
|
575
|
-
'UserMailer.receive(STDIN.read)'`.
|
|
576
|
-
|
|
577
|
-
Once a method called `receive` is defined in any mailer, Action Mailer will
|
|
578
|
-
parse the raw incoming email into an email object, decode it, instantiate a new
|
|
579
|
-
mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
|
|
580
|
-
method. Here's an example:
|
|
581
|
-
|
|
582
|
-
```ruby
|
|
583
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
584
|
-
def receive(email)
|
|
585
|
-
page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
|
|
586
|
-
page.emails.create(
|
|
587
|
-
subject: email.subject,
|
|
588
|
-
body: email.body
|
|
589
|
-
)
|
|
590
|
-
|
|
591
|
-
if email.has_attachments?
|
|
592
|
-
email.attachments.each do |attachment|
|
|
593
|
-
page.attachments.create({
|
|
594
|
-
file: attachment,
|
|
595
|
-
description: email.subject
|
|
596
|
-
})
|
|
597
|
-
end
|
|
598
|
-
end
|
|
599
|
-
end
|
|
600
|
-
end
|
|
601
|
-
```
|
|
602
|
-
|
|
603
|
-
Action Mailer Callbacks
|
|
604
|
-
---------------------------
|
|
605
|
-
|
|
606
|
-
Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
|
|
607
|
-
`around_action`.
|
|
608
|
-
|
|
609
|
-
* Filters can be specified with a block or a symbol to a method in the mailer
|
|
610
|
-
class similar to controllers.
|
|
611
|
-
|
|
612
|
-
* You could use a `before_action` to populate the mail object with defaults,
|
|
613
|
-
delivery_method_options or insert default headers and attachments.
|
|
614
|
-
|
|
615
|
-
* You could use an `after_action` to do similar setup as a `before_action` but
|
|
616
|
-
using instance variables set in your mailer action.
|
|
617
|
-
|
|
618
|
-
```ruby
|
|
619
|
-
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
620
|
-
after_action :set_delivery_options,
|
|
621
|
-
:prevent_delivery_to_guests,
|
|
622
|
-
:set_business_headers
|
|
623
|
-
|
|
624
|
-
def feedback_message(business, user)
|
|
625
|
-
@business = business
|
|
626
|
-
@user = user
|
|
627
|
-
mail
|
|
628
|
-
end
|
|
629
|
-
|
|
630
|
-
def campaign_message(business, user)
|
|
631
|
-
@business = business
|
|
632
|
-
@user = user
|
|
633
|
-
end
|
|
634
|
-
|
|
635
|
-
private
|
|
636
|
-
|
|
637
|
-
def set_delivery_options
|
|
638
|
-
# You have access to the mail instance,
|
|
639
|
-
# @business and @user instance variables here
|
|
640
|
-
if @business && @business.has_smtp_settings?
|
|
641
|
-
mail.delivery_method.settings.merge!(@business.smtp_settings)
|
|
642
|
-
end
|
|
643
|
-
end
|
|
644
|
-
|
|
645
|
-
def prevent_delivery_to_guests
|
|
646
|
-
if @user && @user.guest?
|
|
647
|
-
mail.perform_deliveries = false
|
|
648
|
-
end
|
|
649
|
-
end
|
|
650
|
-
|
|
651
|
-
def set_business_headers
|
|
652
|
-
if @business
|
|
653
|
-
headers["X-SMTPAPI-CATEGORY"] = @business.code
|
|
654
|
-
end
|
|
655
|
-
end
|
|
656
|
-
end
|
|
657
|
-
```
|
|
658
|
-
|
|
659
|
-
* Mailer Filters abort further processing if body is set to a non-nil value.
|
|
660
|
-
|
|
661
|
-
Using Action Mailer Helpers
|
|
662
|
-
---------------------------
|
|
663
|
-
|
|
664
|
-
Action Mailer now just inherits from `AbstractController`, so you have access to
|
|
665
|
-
the same generic helpers as you do in Action Controller.
|
|
666
|
-
|
|
667
|
-
Action Mailer Configuration
|
|
668
|
-
---------------------------
|
|
669
|
-
|
|
670
|
-
The following configuration options are best made in one of the environment
|
|
671
|
-
files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
|
|
672
|
-
|
|
673
|
-
| Configuration | Description |
|
|
674
|
-
|---------------|-------------|
|
|
675
|
-
|`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
|
|
676
|
-
|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain` (will send the password in the clear), `:login` (will send password Base64 encoded) or `:cram_md5` (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts to use it. Defaults to `true`.</li><li>`:openssl_verify_mode` - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the constant (`OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE`, `OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER`, ...).</li></ul>|
|
|
677
|
-
|`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
|
|
678
|
-
|`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
|
|
679
|
-
|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
|
|
680
|
-
|`perform_deliveries`|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the `deliver` method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.|
|
|
681
|
-
|`deliveries`|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
|
|
682
|
-
|`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
|
|
683
|
-
|
|
684
|
-
For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
|
|
685
|
-
[Configuring Action Mailer](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
|
|
686
|
-
our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
|
|
687
|
-
|
|
688
|
-
### Example Action Mailer Configuration
|
|
689
|
-
|
|
690
|
-
An example would be adding the following to your appropriate
|
|
691
|
-
`config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
|
|
692
|
-
|
|
693
|
-
```ruby
|
|
694
|
-
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :sendmail
|
|
695
|
-
# Defaults to:
|
|
696
|
-
# config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings = {
|
|
697
|
-
# location: '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
|
|
698
|
-
# arguments: '-i -t'
|
|
699
|
-
# }
|
|
700
|
-
config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = true
|
|
701
|
-
config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
|
|
702
|
-
config.action_mailer.default_options = {from: 'no-reply@example.com'}
|
|
703
|
-
```
|
|
704
|
-
|
|
705
|
-
### Action Mailer Configuration for Gmail
|
|
706
|
-
|
|
707
|
-
As Action Mailer now uses the [Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail), this
|
|
708
|
-
becomes as simple as adding to your `config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
|
|
709
|
-
|
|
710
|
-
```ruby
|
|
711
|
-
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
|
|
712
|
-
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
|
|
713
|
-
address: 'smtp.gmail.com',
|
|
714
|
-
port: 587,
|
|
715
|
-
domain: 'example.com',
|
|
716
|
-
user_name: '<username>',
|
|
717
|
-
password: '<password>',
|
|
718
|
-
authentication: 'plain',
|
|
719
|
-
enable_starttls_auto: true }
|
|
720
|
-
```
|
|
721
|
-
|
|
722
|
-
Mailer Testing
|
|
723
|
-
--------------
|
|
724
|
-
|
|
725
|
-
You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
|
|
726
|
-
[testing guide](testing.html#testing-your-mailers).
|
|
727
|
-
|
|
728
|
-
Intercepting Emails
|
|
729
|
-
-------------------
|
|
730
|
-
|
|
731
|
-
There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
|
|
732
|
-
delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
|
|
733
|
-
email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
|
|
734
|
-
right before they are handed to the delivery agents.
|
|
735
|
-
|
|
736
|
-
```ruby
|
|
737
|
-
class SandboxEmailInterceptor
|
|
738
|
-
def self.delivering_email(message)
|
|
739
|
-
message.to = ['sandbox@example.com']
|
|
740
|
-
end
|
|
741
|
-
end
|
|
742
|
-
```
|
|
743
|
-
|
|
744
|
-
Before the interceptor can do its job you need to register it with the Action
|
|
745
|
-
Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
|
|
746
|
-
`config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb`
|
|
747
|
-
|
|
748
|
-
```ruby
|
|
749
|
-
if Rails.env.staging?
|
|
750
|
-
ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor)
|
|
751
|
-
end
|
|
752
|
-
```
|
|
753
|
-
|
|
754
|
-
NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
|
|
755
|
-
production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
|
|
756
|
-
[Creating Rails environments](configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
|
|
757
|
-
for more information about custom Rails environments.
|