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more); it will enable you to create rich and dynamic Ajax applications with
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<h3 id="an-introduction-to-ajax">1 An Introduction to Ajax</h3><p>In order to understand Ajax, you must first understand what a web browser does
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normally.</p><p>When you type <code>http://localhost:3000</code> into your browser's address bar and hit
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show you the results. This is called the 'request response cycle.'</p><p>JavaScript can also make requests to the server, and parse the response. It
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also has the ability to update information on the page. Combining these two
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powers, a JavaScript writer can make a web page that can update just parts of
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itself, without needing to get the full page data from the server. This is a
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powerful technique that we call Ajax.</p><p>Rails ships with CoffeeScript by default, and so the rest of the examples
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in this guide will be in CoffeeScript. All of these lessons, of course, apply
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to vanilla JavaScript as well.</p><p>As an example, here's some CoffeeScript code that makes an Ajax request using
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<p>This code fetches data from "/test", and then appends the result to the <code>div</code>
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with an id of <code>results</code>.</p><p>Rails provides quite a bit of built-in support for building web pages with this
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technique. You rarely have to write this code yourself. The rest of this guide
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will show you how Rails can help you write websites in this way, but it's
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all built on top of this fairly simple technique.</p><h3 id="unobtrusive-javascript">2 Unobtrusive JavaScript</h3><p>Rails uses a technique called "Unobtrusive JavaScript" to handle attaching
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JavaScript to the DOM. This is generally considered to be a best-practice
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within the frontend community, but you may occasionally read tutorials that
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demonstrate other ways.</p><p>Here's the simplest way to write JavaScript. You may see it referred to as
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'inline JavaScript':</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<a href="#" onclick="this.style.backgroundColor='#990000'">Paint it red</a>
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<p>When clicked, the link background will become red. Here's the problem: what
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happens when we have lots of JavaScript we want to execute on a click?</p><div class="code_container">
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<p>Awkward, right? We could pull the function definition out of the click handler,
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and turn it into CoffeeScript:</p><div class="code_container">
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paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
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<p>And then on our page:</p><div class="code_container">
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<p>That's a little bit better, but what about multiple links that have the same
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effect?</p><div class="code_container">
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<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#990000')">Paint it red</a>
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<p>Not very DRY, eh? We can fix this by using events instead. We'll add a <code>data-*</code>
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attribute to our link, and then bind a handler to the click event of every link
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that has that attribute:</p><div class="code_container">
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<p>We call this 'unobtrusive' JavaScript because we're no longer mixing our
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JavaScript into our HTML. We've properly separated our concerns, making future
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change easy. We can easily add behavior to any link by adding the data
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attribute. We can run all of our JavaScript through a minimizer and
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concatenator. We can serve our entire JavaScript bundle on every page, which
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means that it'll get downloaded on the first page load and then be cached on
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every page after that. Lots of little benefits really add up.</p><p>The Rails team strongly encourages you to write your CoffeeScript (and
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JavaScript) in this style, and you can expect that many libraries will also
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follow this pattern.</p><h3 id="built-in-helpers">3 Built-in Helpers</h3><p>Rails provides a bunch of view helper methods written in Ruby to assist you
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in generating HTML. Sometimes, you want to add a little Ajax to those elements,
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and Rails has got your back in those cases.</p><p>Because of Unobtrusive JavaScript, the Rails "Ajax helpers" are actually in two
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parts: the JavaScript half and the Ruby half.</p><p><a href="https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/blob/master/src/rails.js">rails.js</a>
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provides the JavaScript half, and the regular Ruby view helpers add appropriate
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tags to your DOM. The CoffeeScript in rails.js then listens for these
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attributes, and attaches appropriate handlers.</p><h4 id="form_for">3.1 form_for</h4><p><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for"><code>form_for</code></a>
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is a helper that assists with writing forms. <code>form_for</code> takes a <code>:remote</code>
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option. It works like this:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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...
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<p>This will generate the following HTML:</p><div class="code_container">
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<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" class="new_article" data-remote="true" id="new_article" method="post">
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<p>Note the <code>data-remote="true"</code>. Now, the form will be submitted by Ajax rather
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than by the browser's normal submit mechanism.</p><p>You probably don't want to just sit there with a filled out <code><form></code>, though.
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You probably want to do something upon a successful submission. To do that,
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bind to the <code>ajax:success</code> event. On failure, use <code>ajax:error</code>. Check it out:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$(document).ready ->
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$("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
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$("#new_article").append xhr.responseText
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).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
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$("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
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start. You can see more about the events <a href="https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax">in the jquery-ujs wiki</a>.</p><h4 id="form_tag">3.2 form_tag</h4><p><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag"><code>form_tag</code></a>
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is very similar to <code>form_for</code>. It has a <code>:remote</code> option that you can use like
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this:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<%= form_tag('/articles', remote: true) do %>
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...
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<% end %>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>This will generate the following HTML:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" data-remote="true" method="post">
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...
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</form>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Everything else is the same as <code>form_for</code>. See its documentation for full
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details.</p><h4 id="link_to">3.3 link_to</h4><p><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to"><code>link_to</code></a>
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is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a <code>:remote</code> option you
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can use like this:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<%= link_to "an article", @article, remote: true %>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>which generates</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<a href="/articles/1" data-remote="true">an article</a>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>You can bind to the same Ajax events as <code>form_for</code>. Here's an example. Let's
|
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assume that we have a list of articles that can be deleted with just one
|
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click. We would generate some HTML like this:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<%= link_to "Delete article", @article, remote: true, method: :delete %>
|
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|
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</pre>
|
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</div>
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<p>and write some CoffeeScript like this:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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$ ->
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$("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
|
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alert "The article was deleted."
|
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
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<h4 id="button_to">3.4 button_to</h4><p><a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to"><code>button_to</code></a> is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a <code>:remote</code> option that you can call like this:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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<%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
|
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>this generates</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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<form action="/articles/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
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<div><input type="submit" value="An article"></div>
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</form>
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Since it's just a <code><form></code>, all of the information on <code>form_for</code> also applies.</p><h3 id="server-side-concerns">4 Server-Side Concerns</h3><p>Ajax isn't just client-side, you also need to do some work on the server
|
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side to support it. Often, people like their Ajax requests to return JSON
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rather than HTML. Let's discuss what it takes to make that happen.</p><h4 id="a-simple-example">4.1 A Simple Example</h4><p>Imagine you have a series of users that you would like to display and provide a
|
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form on that same page to create a new user. The index action of your
|
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controller looks like this:</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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class UsersController < ApplicationController
|
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def index
|
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|
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@users = User.all
|
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@user = User.new
|
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|
+
end
|
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# ...
|
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|
+
|
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|
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</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<p>The index view (<code>app/views/users/index.html.erb</code>) contains:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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|
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<b>Users</b>
|
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|
+
|
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|
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<ul id="users">
|
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|
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<%= render @users %>
|
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</ul>
|
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|
+
|
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|
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<br>
|
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|
+
|
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|
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<%= form_for(@user, remote: true) do |f| %>
|
|
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|
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<%= f.label :name %><br>
|
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|
+
<%= f.text_field :name %>
|
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|
+
<%= f.submit %>
|
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|
+
<% end %>
|
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|
+
|
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|
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</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<p>The <code>app/views/users/_user.html.erb</code> partial contains the following:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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|
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<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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|
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<li><%= user.name %></li>
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
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|
+
</div>
|
|
458
|
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<p>The top portion of the index page displays the users. The bottom portion
|
|
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|
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provides a form to create a new user.</p><p>The bottom form will call the <code>create</code> action on the <code>UsersController</code>. Because
|
|
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|
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the form's remote option is set to true, the request will be posted to the
|
|
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|
+
<code>UsersController</code> as an Ajax request, looking for JavaScript. In order to
|
|
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|
+
serve that request, the <code>create</code> action of your controller would look like
|
|
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|
+
this:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
|
|
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|
+
# ......
|
|
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|
+
def create
|
|
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|
+
@user = User.new(params[:user])
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
respond_to do |format|
|
|
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|
+
if @user.save
|
|
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|
+
format.html { redirect_to @user, notice: 'User was successfully created.' }
|
|
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|
+
format.js {}
|
|
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|
+
format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
|
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|
+
else
|
|
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|
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format.html { render action: "new" }
|
|
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|
+
format.json { render json: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
|
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|
+
end
|
|
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|
+
end
|
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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<p>Notice the format.js in the <code>respond_to</code> block; that allows the controller to
|
|
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|
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respond to your Ajax request. You then have a corresponding
|
|
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|
+
<code>app/views/users/create.js.erb</code> view file that generates the actual JavaScript
|
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|
+
code that will be sent and executed on the client side.</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; html-script: true; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
$("<%= escape_javascript(render @user) %>").appendTo("#users");
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
+
</div>
|
|
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|
+
<h3 id="turbolinks">5 Turbolinks</h3><p>Rails 4 ships with the <a href="https://github.com/rails/turbolinks">Turbolinks gem</a>.
|
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|
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This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications.</p><h4 id="how-turbolinks-works">5.1 How Turbolinks Works</h4><p>Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all <code><a></code> on the page. If your browser
|
|
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|
+
supports
|
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|
+
[PushState](<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(%5C).C2.A0method">https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method</a>),
|
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+
Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and
|
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|
+
replace the entire <code><body></code> of the page with the <code><body></code> of the response. It
|
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|
+
will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving
|
|
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|
+
refresh semantics and giving you pretty URLs.</p><p>The only thing you have to do to enable Turbolinks is have it in your Gemfile,
|
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501
|
+
and put <code>//= require turbolinks</code> in your CoffeeScript manifest, which is usually
|
|
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|
+
<code>app/assets/javascripts/application.js</code>.</p><p>If you want to disable Turbolinks for certain links, add a <code>data-no-turbolink</code>
|
|
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|
+
attribute to the tag:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: xml; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
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|
+
<a href="..." data-no-turbolink>No turbolinks here</a>.
|
|
506
|
+
|
|
507
|
+
</pre>
|
|
508
|
+
</div>
|
|
509
|
+
<h4 id="page-change-events">5.2 Page Change Events</h4><p>When writing CoffeeScript, you'll often want to do some sort of processing upon
|
|
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|
+
page load. With jQuery, you'd write something like this:</p><div class="code_container">
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
$(document).ready ->
|
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|
+
alert "page has loaded!"
|
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514
|
+
|
|
515
|
+
</pre>
|
|
516
|
+
</div>
|
|
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|
+
<p>However, because Turbolinks overrides the normal page loading process, the
|
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+
event that this relies on will not be fired. If you have code that looks like
|
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|
+
this, you must change your code to do this instead:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
$(document).on "page:change", ->
|
|
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|
+
alert "page has loaded!"
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
+
</div>
|
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|
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<p>For more details, including other events you can bind to, check out <a href="https://github.com/rails/turbolinks/blob/master/README.md">the
|
|
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|
+
Turbolinks
|
|
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|
+
README</a>.</p><h3 id="other-resources">6 Other Resources</h3><p>Here are some helpful links to help you learn even more:</p>
|
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|
+
<ul>
|
|
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|
+
<li><a href="https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki">jquery-ujs wiki</a></li>
|
|
531
|
+
<li><a href="https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/External-articles">jquery-ujs list of external articles</a></li>
|
|
532
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.alfajango.com/blog/rails-3-remote-links-and-forms/">Rails 3 Remote Links and Forms: A Definitive Guide</a></li>
|
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|
+
<li><a href="http://railscasts.com/episodes/205-unobtrusive-javascript">Railscasts: Unobtrusive JavaScript</a></li>
|
|
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|
+
<li><a href="http://railscasts.com/episodes/390-turbolinks">Railscasts: Turbolinks</a></li>
|
|
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|
+
</ul>
|
|
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|
+
|
|
537
|
+
|
|
538
|
+
<h3>Feedback</h3>
|
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+
<p>
|
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|
+
You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
|
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+
</p>
|
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|
+
<p>
|
|
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|
+
Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
|
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|
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To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
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</p>
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<p>
|
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You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
|
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+
Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
|
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+
<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
|
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|
+
if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
|
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|
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Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
|
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+
for style and conventions.
|
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|
+
</p>
|
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|
+
<p>
|
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|
+
If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
|
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<a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
|
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|
+
</p>
|
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|
+
<p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
|
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+
documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr class="hide" />
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<div id="footer">
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<div class="wrapper">
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<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
|
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<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/jquery.min.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/guides.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript">
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SyntaxHighlighter.all();
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$(guidesIndex.bind);
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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