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<h3 id="migration-overview">1 Migration Overview</h3>
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<p>Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
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consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
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SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.</p>
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<p>You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
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schema along this timeline, bringing it from whatever point it is in the
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history to the latest version. Active Record will also update your
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<code>db/schema.rb</code> file to match the up-to-date structure of your database.</p>
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<p>Here's an example of a migration:</p>
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class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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create_table :products do |t|
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t.string :name
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t.text :description
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t.timestamps
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</pre>
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<p>This migration adds a table called <code>products</code> with a string column called
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<code>name</code> and a text column called <code>description</code>. A primary key column called <code>id</code>
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will also be added implicitly, as it's the default primary key for all Active
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Record models. The <code>timestamps</code> macro adds two columns, <code>created_at</code> and
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<code>updated_at</code>. These special columns are automatically managed by Active Record
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if they exist.</p>
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<p>Note that we define the change that we want to happen moving forward in time.
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Before this migration is run, there will be no table. After, the table will
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exist. Active Record knows how to reverse this migration as well: if we roll
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this migration back, it will remove the table.</p>
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<p>On databases that support transactions with statements that change the schema,
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migrations are wrapped in a transaction. If the database does not support this
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then when a migration fails the parts of it that succeeded will not be rolled
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back. You will have to rollback the changes that were made by hand.</p>
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<div class="note"><p>There are certain queries that can't run inside a transaction. If your
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adapter supports DDL transactions you can use <code>disable_ddl_transaction!</code> to
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disable them for a single migration.</p></div>
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<p>If you wish for a migration to do something that Active Record doesn't know how
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to reverse, you can use <code>reversible</code>:</p>
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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reversible do |dir|
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change_table :products do |t|
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dir.up { t.change :price, :string }
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dir.down { t.change :price, :integer }
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end
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end
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</pre>
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<p>Alternatively, you can use <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> instead of <code>change</code>:</p>
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class ChangeProductsPrice < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def up
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change_table :products do |t|
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t.change :price, :string
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end
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end
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def down
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change_table :products do |t|
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t.change :price, :integer
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</pre>
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</div>
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<h3 id="creating-a-migration">2 Creating a Migration</h3>
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<h4 id="creating-a-standalone-migration">2.1 Creating a Standalone Migration</h4>
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<p>Migrations are stored as files in the <code>db/migrate</code> directory, one for each
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migration class. The name of the file is of the form
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<code>YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_products.rb</code>, that is to say a UTC timestamp
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identifying the migration followed by an underscore followed by the name
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of the migration. The name of the migration class (CamelCased version)
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should match the latter part of the file name. For example
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<code>20080906120000_create_products.rb</code> should define class <code>CreateProducts</code> and
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<code>20080906120001_add_details_to_products.rb</code> should define
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<code>AddDetailsToProducts</code>. Rails uses this timestamp to determine which migration
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should be run and in what order, so if you're copying a migration from another
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application or generate a file yourself, be aware of its position in the order.</p>
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<p>Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
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generator to handle making it for you:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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end
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If the migration name is of the form "AddXXXToYYY" or "RemoveXXXFromYYY" and is
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followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
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appropriate <code>add_column</code> and <code>remove_column</code> statements will be created.</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>will generate</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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add_column :products, :part_number, :string
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end
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>will generate</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class AddPartNumberToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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add_column :products, :part_number, :string
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add_index :products, :part_number
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end
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>generates</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class RemovePartNumberFromProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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def change
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remove_column :products, :part_number, :string
|
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|
+
end
|
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end
|
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+
|
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</pre>
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|
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</div>
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<p>You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
|
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+
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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<p>generates</p>
|
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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+
def change
|
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add_column :products, :part_number, :string
|
|
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|
+
add_column :products, :price, :decimal
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
+
</div>
|
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|
+
<p>If the migration name is of the form "CreateXXX" and is
|
|
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|
+
followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
|
|
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|
+
XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:</p>
|
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|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
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+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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|
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$ rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
+
</div>
|
|
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|
+
<p>generates</p>
|
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|
+
<div class="code_container">
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+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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|
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class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
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|
+
def change
|
|
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|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
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|
+
t.string :name
|
|
442
|
+
t.string :part_number
|
|
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|
+
end
|
|
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|
+
end
|
|
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|
+
end
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
</pre>
|
|
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|
+
</div>
|
|
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|
+
<p>As always, what has been generated for you is just a starting point. You can add
|
|
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|
+
or remove from it as you see fit by editing the
|
|
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|
+
<code>db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_add_details_to_products.rb</code> file.</p>
|
|
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|
+
<p>Also, the generator accepts column type as <code>references</code>(also available as
|
|
453
|
+
<code>belongs_to</code>). For instance:</p>
|
|
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|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
|
|
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|
+
|
|
458
|
+
</pre>
|
|
459
|
+
</div>
|
|
460
|
+
<p>generates</p>
|
|
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|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
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|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
class AddUserRefToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
464
|
+
def change
|
|
465
|
+
add_reference :products, :user, index: true
|
|
466
|
+
end
|
|
467
|
+
end
|
|
468
|
+
|
|
469
|
+
</pre>
|
|
470
|
+
</div>
|
|
471
|
+
<p>This migration will create a <code>user_id</code> column and appropriate index.</p>
|
|
472
|
+
<p>There is also a generator which will produce join tables if <code>JoinTable</code> is part of the name:</p>
|
|
473
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
474
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
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|
+
rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
|
|
476
|
+
|
|
477
|
+
</pre>
|
|
478
|
+
</div>
|
|
479
|
+
<p>will produce the following migration:</p>
|
|
480
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
481
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
482
|
+
class CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
483
|
+
def change
|
|
484
|
+
create_join_table :customers, :products do |t|
|
|
485
|
+
# t.index [:customer_id, :product_id]
|
|
486
|
+
# t.index [:product_id, :customer_id]
|
|
487
|
+
end
|
|
488
|
+
end
|
|
489
|
+
end
|
|
490
|
+
|
|
491
|
+
</pre>
|
|
492
|
+
</div>
|
|
493
|
+
<h4 id="model-generators">2.2 Model Generators</h4>
|
|
494
|
+
<p>The model and scaffold generators will create migrations appropriate for adding
|
|
495
|
+
a new model. This migration will already contain instructions for creating the
|
|
496
|
+
relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
|
|
497
|
+
adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:</p>
|
|
498
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
499
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
500
|
+
$ rails generate model Product name:string description:text
|
|
501
|
+
|
|
502
|
+
</pre>
|
|
503
|
+
</div>
|
|
504
|
+
<p>will create a migration that looks like this</p>
|
|
505
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
506
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
507
|
+
class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
508
|
+
def change
|
|
509
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
510
|
+
t.string :name
|
|
511
|
+
t.text :description
|
|
512
|
+
|
|
513
|
+
t.timestamps
|
|
514
|
+
end
|
|
515
|
+
end
|
|
516
|
+
end
|
|
517
|
+
|
|
518
|
+
</pre>
|
|
519
|
+
</div>
|
|
520
|
+
<p>You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.</p>
|
|
521
|
+
<h4 id="supported-type-modifiers">2.3 Supported Type Modifiers</h4>
|
|
522
|
+
<p>You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
|
|
523
|
+
braces. You can use the following modifiers:</p>
|
|
524
|
+
<ul>
|
|
525
|
+
<li>
|
|
526
|
+
<code>limit</code> Sets the maximum size of the <code>string/text/binary/integer</code> fields</li>
|
|
527
|
+
<li>
|
|
528
|
+
<code>precision</code> Defines the precision for the <code>decimal</code> fields</li>
|
|
529
|
+
<li>
|
|
530
|
+
<code>scale</code> Defines the scale for the <code>decimal</code> fields</li>
|
|
531
|
+
<li>
|
|
532
|
+
<code>polymorphic</code> Adds a <code>type</code> column for <code>belongs_to</code> associations</li>
|
|
533
|
+
<li>
|
|
534
|
+
<code>null</code> Allows or disallows <code>NULL</code> values in the column.</li>
|
|
535
|
+
</ul>
|
|
536
|
+
<p>For instance, running:</p>
|
|
537
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
538
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
539
|
+
$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
|
|
540
|
+
|
|
541
|
+
</pre>
|
|
542
|
+
</div>
|
|
543
|
+
<p>will produce a migration that looks like this</p>
|
|
544
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
545
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
546
|
+
class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
547
|
+
def change
|
|
548
|
+
add_column :products, :price, :decimal, precision: 5, scale: 2
|
|
549
|
+
add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
|
|
550
|
+
end
|
|
551
|
+
end
|
|
552
|
+
|
|
553
|
+
</pre>
|
|
554
|
+
</div>
|
|
555
|
+
<h3 id="writing-a-migration">3 Writing a Migration</h3>
|
|
556
|
+
<p>Once you have created your migration using one of the generators it's time to
|
|
557
|
+
get to work!</p>
|
|
558
|
+
<h4 id="creating-a-table">3.1 Creating a Table</h4>
|
|
559
|
+
<p>The <code>create_table</code> method is one of the most fundamental, but most of the time,
|
|
560
|
+
will be generated for you from using a model or scaffold generator. A typical
|
|
561
|
+
use would be</p>
|
|
562
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
563
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
564
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
565
|
+
t.string :name
|
|
566
|
+
end
|
|
567
|
+
|
|
568
|
+
</pre>
|
|
569
|
+
</div>
|
|
570
|
+
<p>which creates a <code>products</code> table with a column called <code>name</code> (and as discussed
|
|
571
|
+
below, an implicit <code>id</code> column).</p>
|
|
572
|
+
<p>By default, <code>create_table</code> will create a primary key called <code>id</code>. You can change
|
|
573
|
+
the name of the primary key with the <code>:primary_key</code> option (don't forget to
|
|
574
|
+
update the corresponding model) or, if you don't want a primary key at all, you
|
|
575
|
+
can pass the option <code>id: false</code>. If you need to pass database specific options
|
|
576
|
+
you can place an SQL fragment in the <code>:options</code> option. For example:</p>
|
|
577
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
578
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
579
|
+
create_table :products, options: "ENGINE=BLACKHOLE" do |t|
|
|
580
|
+
t.string :name, null: false
|
|
581
|
+
end
|
|
582
|
+
|
|
583
|
+
</pre>
|
|
584
|
+
</div>
|
|
585
|
+
<p>will append <code>ENGINE=BLACKHOLE</code> to the SQL statement used to create the table
|
|
586
|
+
(when using MySQL, the default is <code>ENGINE=InnoDB</code>).</p>
|
|
587
|
+
<h4 id="creating-a-join-table">3.2 Creating a Join Table</h4>
|
|
588
|
+
<p>Migration method <code>create_join_table</code> creates a HABTM join table. A typical use
|
|
589
|
+
would be:</p>
|
|
590
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
591
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
592
|
+
create_join_table :products, :categories
|
|
593
|
+
|
|
594
|
+
</pre>
|
|
595
|
+
</div>
|
|
596
|
+
<p>which creates a <code>categories_products</code> table with two columns called
|
|
597
|
+
<code>category_id</code> and <code>product_id</code>. These columns have the option <code>:null</code> set to
|
|
598
|
+
<code>false</code> by default. This can be overridden by specifying the <code>:column_options</code>
|
|
599
|
+
option.</p>
|
|
600
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
601
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
602
|
+
create_join_table :products, :categories, column_options: {null: true}
|
|
603
|
+
|
|
604
|
+
</pre>
|
|
605
|
+
</div>
|
|
606
|
+
<p>will create the <code>product_id</code> and <code>category_id</code> with the <code>:null</code> option as
|
|
607
|
+
<code>true</code>.</p>
|
|
608
|
+
<p>You can pass the option <code>:table_name</code> when you want to customize the table
|
|
609
|
+
name. For example:</p>
|
|
610
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
611
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
612
|
+
create_join_table :products, :categories, table_name: :categorization
|
|
613
|
+
|
|
614
|
+
</pre>
|
|
615
|
+
</div>
|
|
616
|
+
<p>will create a <code>categorization</code> table.</p>
|
|
617
|
+
<p><code>create_join_table</code> also accepts a block, which you can use to add indices
|
|
618
|
+
(which are not created by default) or additional columns:</p>
|
|
619
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
620
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
621
|
+
create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
|
|
622
|
+
t.index :product_id
|
|
623
|
+
t.index :category_id
|
|
624
|
+
end
|
|
625
|
+
|
|
626
|
+
</pre>
|
|
627
|
+
</div>
|
|
628
|
+
<h4 id="changing-tables">3.3 Changing Tables</h4>
|
|
629
|
+
<p>A close cousin of <code>create_table</code> is <code>change_table</code>, used for changing existing
|
|
630
|
+
tables. It is used in a similar fashion to <code>create_table</code> but the object
|
|
631
|
+
yielded to the block knows more tricks. For example:</p>
|
|
632
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
633
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
634
|
+
change_table :products do |t|
|
|
635
|
+
t.remove :description, :name
|
|
636
|
+
t.string :part_number
|
|
637
|
+
t.index :part_number
|
|
638
|
+
t.rename :upccode, :upc_code
|
|
639
|
+
end
|
|
640
|
+
|
|
641
|
+
</pre>
|
|
642
|
+
</div>
|
|
643
|
+
<p>removes the <code>description</code> and <code>name</code> columns, creates a <code>part_number</code> string
|
|
644
|
+
column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the <code>upccode</code> column.</p>
|
|
645
|
+
<h4 id="when-helpers-aren-t-enough">3.4 When Helpers aren't Enough</h4>
|
|
646
|
+
<p>If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the <code>execute</code>
|
|
647
|
+
method to execute arbitrary SQL:</p>
|
|
648
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
649
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
650
|
+
Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
|
|
651
|
+
|
|
652
|
+
</pre>
|
|
653
|
+
</div>
|
|
654
|
+
<p>For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
|
|
655
|
+
In particular the documentation for
|
|
656
|
+
<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements</code></a>
|
|
657
|
+
(which provides the methods available in the <code>change</code>, <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods),
|
|
658
|
+
<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition</code></a>
|
|
659
|
+
(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by <code>create_table</code>)
|
|
660
|
+
and
|
|
661
|
+
<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table</code></a>
|
|
662
|
+
(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by <code>change_table</code>).</p>
|
|
663
|
+
<h4 id="using-the-change-method">3.5 Using the <code>change</code> Method</h4>
|
|
664
|
+
<p>The <code>change</code> method is the primary way of writing migrations. It works for the
|
|
665
|
+
majority of cases, where Active Record knows how to reverse the migration
|
|
666
|
+
automatically. Currently, the <code>change</code> method supports only these migration
|
|
667
|
+
definitions:</p>
|
|
668
|
+
<ul>
|
|
669
|
+
<li><code>add_column</code></li>
|
|
670
|
+
<li><code>add_index</code></li>
|
|
671
|
+
<li><code>add_reference</code></li>
|
|
672
|
+
<li><code>add_timestamps</code></li>
|
|
673
|
+
<li><code>create_table</code></li>
|
|
674
|
+
<li><code>create_join_table</code></li>
|
|
675
|
+
<li>
|
|
676
|
+
<code>drop_table</code> (must supply a block)</li>
|
|
677
|
+
<li>
|
|
678
|
+
<code>drop_join_table</code> (must supply a block)</li>
|
|
679
|
+
<li><code>remove_timestamps</code></li>
|
|
680
|
+
<li><code>rename_column</code></li>
|
|
681
|
+
<li><code>rename_index</code></li>
|
|
682
|
+
<li><code>remove_reference</code></li>
|
|
683
|
+
<li><code>rename_table</code></li>
|
|
684
|
+
</ul>
|
|
685
|
+
<p><code>change_table</code> is also reversible, as long as the block does not call <code>change</code>,
|
|
686
|
+
<code>change_default</code> or <code>remove</code>.</p>
|
|
687
|
+
<p>If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use <code>reversible</code>
|
|
688
|
+
or write the <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods instead of using the <code>change</code> method.</p>
|
|
689
|
+
<h4 id="using-reversible">3.6 Using <code>reversible</code>
|
|
690
|
+
</h4>
|
|
691
|
+
<p>Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how
|
|
692
|
+
to reverse. You can use <code>reversible</code> to specify what to do when running a
|
|
693
|
+
migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:</p>
|
|
694
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
695
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
696
|
+
class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
697
|
+
def change
|
|
698
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
699
|
+
t.references :category
|
|
700
|
+
end
|
|
701
|
+
|
|
702
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
703
|
+
dir.up do
|
|
704
|
+
#add a foreign key
|
|
705
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
706
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
707
|
+
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
|
|
708
|
+
FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
|
|
709
|
+
REFERENCES categories(id)
|
|
710
|
+
SQL
|
|
711
|
+
end
|
|
712
|
+
dir.down do
|
|
713
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
714
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
715
|
+
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
|
|
716
|
+
SQL
|
|
717
|
+
end
|
|
718
|
+
end
|
|
719
|
+
|
|
720
|
+
add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
|
|
721
|
+
rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
|
|
722
|
+
end
|
|
723
|
+
|
|
724
|
+
</pre>
|
|
725
|
+
</div>
|
|
726
|
+
<p>Using <code>reversible</code> will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
|
|
727
|
+
right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
|
|
728
|
+
the <code>down</code> block will be run after the <code>home_page_url</code> column is removed and
|
|
729
|
+
right before the table <code>products</code> is dropped.</p>
|
|
730
|
+
<p>Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
|
|
731
|
+
example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
|
|
732
|
+
<code>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</code> in your <code>down</code> block. If someone tries
|
|
733
|
+
to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
|
|
734
|
+
can't be done.</p>
|
|
735
|
+
<h4 id="using-the-up-down-methods">3.7 Using the <code>up</code>/<code>down</code> Methods</h4>
|
|
736
|
+
<p>You can also use the old style of migration using <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods
|
|
737
|
+
instead of the <code>change</code> method.
|
|
738
|
+
The <code>up</code> method should describe the transformation you'd like to make to your
|
|
739
|
+
schema, and the <code>down</code> method of your migration should revert the
|
|
740
|
+
transformations done by the <code>up</code> method. In other words, the database schema
|
|
741
|
+
should be unchanged if you do an <code>up</code> followed by a <code>down</code>. For example, if you
|
|
742
|
+
create a table in the <code>up</code> method, you should drop it in the <code>down</code> method. It
|
|
743
|
+
is wise to reverse the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were
|
|
744
|
+
made in the <code>up</code> method. The example in the <code>reversible</code> section is equivalent to:</p>
|
|
745
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
746
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
747
|
+
class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
748
|
+
def up
|
|
749
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
750
|
+
t.references :category
|
|
751
|
+
end
|
|
752
|
+
|
|
753
|
+
# add a foreign key
|
|
754
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
755
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
756
|
+
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
|
|
757
|
+
FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
|
|
758
|
+
REFERENCES categories(id)
|
|
759
|
+
SQL
|
|
760
|
+
|
|
761
|
+
add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
|
|
762
|
+
rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
|
|
763
|
+
end
|
|
764
|
+
|
|
765
|
+
def down
|
|
766
|
+
rename_column :users, :email_address, :email
|
|
767
|
+
remove_column :users, :home_page_url
|
|
768
|
+
|
|
769
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
770
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
771
|
+
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
|
|
772
|
+
SQL
|
|
773
|
+
|
|
774
|
+
drop_table :products
|
|
775
|
+
end
|
|
776
|
+
end
|
|
777
|
+
|
|
778
|
+
</pre>
|
|
779
|
+
</div>
|
|
780
|
+
<p>If your migration is irreversible, you should raise
|
|
781
|
+
<code>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</code> from your <code>down</code> method. If someone tries
|
|
782
|
+
to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
|
|
783
|
+
can't be done.</p>
|
|
784
|
+
<h4 id="reverting-previous-migrations">3.8 Reverting Previous Migrations</h4>
|
|
785
|
+
<p>You can use Active Record's ability to rollback migrations using the <code>revert</code> method:</p>
|
|
786
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
787
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
788
|
+
require_relative '2012121212_example_migration'
|
|
789
|
+
|
|
790
|
+
class FixupExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
791
|
+
def change
|
|
792
|
+
revert ExampleMigration
|
|
793
|
+
|
|
794
|
+
create_table(:apples) do |t|
|
|
795
|
+
t.string :variety
|
|
796
|
+
end
|
|
797
|
+
end
|
|
798
|
+
end
|
|
799
|
+
|
|
800
|
+
</pre>
|
|
801
|
+
</div>
|
|
802
|
+
<p>The <code>revert</code> method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
|
|
803
|
+
This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
|
|
804
|
+
For example, let's imagine that <code>ExampleMigration</code> is committed and it
|
|
805
|
+
is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
|
|
806
|
+
One could write:</p>
|
|
807
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
808
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
809
|
+
class SerializeProductListMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
810
|
+
def change
|
|
811
|
+
add_column :categories, :product_list
|
|
812
|
+
|
|
813
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
814
|
+
dir.up do
|
|
815
|
+
# transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
|
|
816
|
+
end
|
|
817
|
+
dir.down do
|
|
818
|
+
# create Products from Category#product_list
|
|
819
|
+
end
|
|
820
|
+
end
|
|
821
|
+
|
|
822
|
+
revert do
|
|
823
|
+
# copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
|
|
824
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
825
|
+
t.references :category
|
|
826
|
+
end
|
|
827
|
+
|
|
828
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
829
|
+
dir.up do
|
|
830
|
+
#add a foreign key
|
|
831
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
832
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
833
|
+
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
|
|
834
|
+
FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
|
|
835
|
+
REFERENCES categories(id)
|
|
836
|
+
SQL
|
|
837
|
+
end
|
|
838
|
+
dir.down do
|
|
839
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
840
|
+
ALTER TABLE products
|
|
841
|
+
DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
|
|
842
|
+
SQL
|
|
843
|
+
end
|
|
844
|
+
end
|
|
845
|
+
|
|
846
|
+
# The rest of the migration was ok
|
|
847
|
+
end
|
|
848
|
+
end
|
|
849
|
+
end
|
|
850
|
+
|
|
851
|
+
</pre>
|
|
852
|
+
</div>
|
|
853
|
+
<p>The same migration could also have been written without using <code>revert</code>
|
|
854
|
+
but this would have involved a few more steps: reversing the order
|
|
855
|
+
of <code>create_table</code> and <code>reversible</code>, replacing <code>create_table</code>
|
|
856
|
+
by <code>drop_table</code>, and finally replacing <code>up</code> by <code>down</code> and vice-versa.
|
|
857
|
+
This is all taken care of by <code>revert</code>.</p>
|
|
858
|
+
<h3 id="running-migrations">4 Running Migrations</h3>
|
|
859
|
+
<p>Rails provides a set of Rake tasks to run certain sets of migrations.</p>
|
|
860
|
+
<p>The very first migration related Rake task you will use will probably be
|
|
861
|
+
<code>rake db:migrate</code>. In its most basic form it just runs the <code>change</code> or <code>up</code>
|
|
862
|
+
method for all the migrations that have not yet been run. If there are
|
|
863
|
+
no such migrations, it exits. It will run these migrations in order based
|
|
864
|
+
on the date of the migration.</p>
|
|
865
|
+
<p>Note that running the <code>db:migrate</code> also invokes the <code>db:schema:dump</code> task, which
|
|
866
|
+
will update your <code>db/schema.rb</code> file to match the structure of your database.</p>
|
|
867
|
+
<p>If you specify a target version, Active Record will run the required migrations
|
|
868
|
+
(change, up, down) until it has reached the specified version. The version
|
|
869
|
+
is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
|
|
870
|
+
to version 20080906120000 run:</p>
|
|
871
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
872
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
873
|
+
$ rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
|
|
874
|
+
|
|
875
|
+
</pre>
|
|
876
|
+
</div>
|
|
877
|
+
<p>If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
|
|
878
|
+
migrating upwards), this will run the <code>change</code> (or <code>up</code>) method
|
|
879
|
+
on all migrations up to and
|
|
880
|
+
including 20080906120000, and will not execute any later migrations. If
|
|
881
|
+
migrating downwards, this will run the <code>down</code> method on all the migrations
|
|
882
|
+
down to, but not including, 20080906120000.</p>
|
|
883
|
+
<h4 id="rolling-back">4.1 Rolling Back</h4>
|
|
884
|
+
<p>A common task is to rollback the last migration. For example, if you made a
|
|
885
|
+
mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
|
|
886
|
+
number associated with the previous migration you can run:</p>
|
|
887
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
888
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
889
|
+
$ rake db:rollback
|
|
890
|
+
|
|
891
|
+
</pre>
|
|
892
|
+
</div>
|
|
893
|
+
<p>This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the <code>change</code>
|
|
894
|
+
method or by running the <code>down</code> method. If you need to undo
|
|
895
|
+
several migrations you can provide a <code>STEP</code> parameter:</p>
|
|
896
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
897
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
898
|
+
$ rake db:rollback STEP=3
|
|
899
|
+
|
|
900
|
+
</pre>
|
|
901
|
+
</div>
|
|
902
|
+
<p>will revert the last 3 migrations.</p>
|
|
903
|
+
<p>The <code>db:migrate:redo</code> task is a shortcut for doing a rollback and then migrating
|
|
904
|
+
back up again. As with the <code>db:rollback</code> task, you can use the <code>STEP</code> parameter
|
|
905
|
+
if you need to go more than one version back, for example:</p>
|
|
906
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
907
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
908
|
+
$ rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
|
|
909
|
+
|
|
910
|
+
</pre>
|
|
911
|
+
</div>
|
|
912
|
+
<p>Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with <code>db:migrate</code>. They
|
|
913
|
+
are simply more convenient, since you do not need to explicitly specify the
|
|
914
|
+
version to migrate to.</p>
|
|
915
|
+
<h4 id="setup-the-database">4.2 Setup the Database</h4>
|
|
916
|
+
<p>The <code>rake db:setup</code> task will create the database, load the schema and initialize
|
|
917
|
+
it with the seed data.</p>
|
|
918
|
+
<h4 id="resetting-the-database">4.3 Resetting the Database</h4>
|
|
919
|
+
<p>The <code>rake db:reset</code> task will drop the database and set it up again. This is
|
|
920
|
+
functionally equivalent to <code>rake db:drop db:setup</code>.</p>
|
|
921
|
+
<div class="note"><p>This is not the same as running all the migrations. It will only use the
|
|
922
|
+
contents of the current <code>schema.rb</code> file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
|
|
923
|
+
<code>rake db:reset</code> may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
|
|
924
|
+
<a href="#schema-dumping-and-you">Schema Dumping and You</a> section.</p></div>
|
|
925
|
+
<h4 id="running-specific-migrations">4.4 Running Specific Migrations</h4>
|
|
926
|
+
<p>If you need to run a specific migration up or down, the <code>db:migrate:up</code> and
|
|
927
|
+
<code>db:migrate:down</code> tasks will do that. Just specify the appropriate version and
|
|
928
|
+
the corresponding migration will have its <code>change</code>, <code>up</code> or <code>down</code> method
|
|
929
|
+
invoked, for example:</p>
|
|
930
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
931
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
932
|
+
$ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
|
|
933
|
+
|
|
934
|
+
</pre>
|
|
935
|
+
</div>
|
|
936
|
+
<p>will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the <code>change</code> method (or the
|
|
937
|
+
<code>up</code> method). This task will
|
|
938
|
+
first check whether the migration is already performed and will do nothing if
|
|
939
|
+
Active Record believes that it has already been run.</p>
|
|
940
|
+
<h4 id="running-migrations-in-different-environments">4.5 Running Migrations in Different Environments</h4>
|
|
941
|
+
<p>By default running <code>rake db:migrate</code> will run in the <code>development</code> environment.
|
|
942
|
+
To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
|
|
943
|
+
<code>RAILS_ENV</code> environment variable while running the command. For example to run
|
|
944
|
+
migrations against the <code>test</code> environment you could run:</p>
|
|
945
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
946
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
947
|
+
$ rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
|
|
948
|
+
|
|
949
|
+
</pre>
|
|
950
|
+
</div>
|
|
951
|
+
<h4 id="changing-the-output-of-running-migrations">4.6 Changing the Output of Running Migrations</h4>
|
|
952
|
+
<p>By default migrations tell you exactly what they're doing and how long it took.
|
|
953
|
+
A migration creating a table and adding an index might produce output like this</p>
|
|
954
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
955
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
956
|
+
== CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
|
|
957
|
+
-- create_table(:products)
|
|
958
|
+
-> 0.0028s
|
|
959
|
+
== CreateProducts: migrated (0.0028s) ========================================
|
|
960
|
+
|
|
961
|
+
</pre>
|
|
962
|
+
</div>
|
|
963
|
+
<p>Several methods are provided in migrations that allow you to control all this:</p>
|
|
964
|
+
<table>
|
|
965
|
+
<thead>
|
|
966
|
+
<tr>
|
|
967
|
+
<th>Method</th>
|
|
968
|
+
<th>Purpose</th>
|
|
969
|
+
</tr>
|
|
970
|
+
</thead>
|
|
971
|
+
<tbody>
|
|
972
|
+
<tr>
|
|
973
|
+
<td>suppress_messages</td>
|
|
974
|
+
<td>Takes a block as an argument and suppresses any output generated by the block.</td>
|
|
975
|
+
</tr>
|
|
976
|
+
<tr>
|
|
977
|
+
<td>say</td>
|
|
978
|
+
<td>Takes a message argument and outputs it as is. A second boolean argument can be passed to specify whether to indent or not.</td>
|
|
979
|
+
</tr>
|
|
980
|
+
<tr>
|
|
981
|
+
<td>say_with_time</td>
|
|
982
|
+
<td>Outputs text along with how long it took to run its block. If the block returns an integer it assumes it is the number of rows affected.</td>
|
|
983
|
+
</tr>
|
|
984
|
+
</tbody>
|
|
985
|
+
</table>
|
|
986
|
+
<p>For example, this migration:</p>
|
|
987
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
988
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
989
|
+
class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
990
|
+
def change
|
|
991
|
+
suppress_messages do
|
|
992
|
+
create_table :products do |t|
|
|
993
|
+
t.string :name
|
|
994
|
+
t.text :description
|
|
995
|
+
t.timestamps
|
|
996
|
+
end
|
|
997
|
+
end
|
|
998
|
+
|
|
999
|
+
say "Created a table"
|
|
1000
|
+
|
|
1001
|
+
suppress_messages {add_index :products, :name}
|
|
1002
|
+
say "and an index!", true
|
|
1003
|
+
|
|
1004
|
+
say_with_time 'Waiting for a while' do
|
|
1005
|
+
sleep 10
|
|
1006
|
+
250
|
|
1007
|
+
end
|
|
1008
|
+
end
|
|
1009
|
+
end
|
|
1010
|
+
|
|
1011
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1012
|
+
</div>
|
|
1013
|
+
<p>generates the following output</p>
|
|
1014
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1015
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1016
|
+
== CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
|
|
1017
|
+
-- Created a table
|
|
1018
|
+
-> and an index!
|
|
1019
|
+
-- Waiting for a while
|
|
1020
|
+
-> 10.0013s
|
|
1021
|
+
-> 250 rows
|
|
1022
|
+
== CreateProducts: migrated (10.0054s) =======================================
|
|
1023
|
+
|
|
1024
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1025
|
+
</div>
|
|
1026
|
+
<p>If you want Active Record to not output anything, then running <code>rake db:migrate
|
|
1027
|
+
VERBOSE=false</code> will suppress all output.</p>
|
|
1028
|
+
<h3 id="changing-existing-migrations">5 Changing Existing Migrations</h3>
|
|
1029
|
+
<p>Occasionally you will make a mistake when writing a migration. If you have
|
|
1030
|
+
already run the migration then you cannot just edit the migration and run the
|
|
1031
|
+
migration again: Rails thinks it has already run the migration and so will do
|
|
1032
|
+
nothing when you run <code>rake db:migrate</code>. You must rollback the migration (for
|
|
1033
|
+
example with <code>rake db:rollback</code>), edit your migration and then run
|
|
1034
|
+
<code>rake db:migrate</code> to run the corrected version.</p>
|
|
1035
|
+
<p>In general, editing existing migrations is not a good idea. You will be
|
|
1036
|
+
creating extra work for yourself and your co-workers and cause major headaches
|
|
1037
|
+
if the existing version of the migration has already been run on production
|
|
1038
|
+
machines. Instead, you should write a new migration that performs the changes
|
|
1039
|
+
you require. Editing a freshly generated migration that has not yet been
|
|
1040
|
+
committed to source control (or, more generally, which has not been propagated
|
|
1041
|
+
beyond your development machine) is relatively harmless.</p>
|
|
1042
|
+
<p>The <code>revert</code> method can be helpful when writing a new migration to undo
|
|
1043
|
+
previous migrations in whole or in part
|
|
1044
|
+
(see <a href="#reverting-previous-migrations">Reverting Previous Migrations</a> above).</p>
|
|
1045
|
+
<h3 id="using-models-in-your-migrations">6 Using Models in Your Migrations</h3>
|
|
1046
|
+
<p>When creating or updating data in a migration it is often tempting to use one
|
|
1047
|
+
of your models. After all, they exist to provide easy access to the underlying
|
|
1048
|
+
data. This can be done, but some caution should be observed.</p>
|
|
1049
|
+
<p>For example, problems occur when the model uses database columns which are (1)
|
|
1050
|
+
not currently in the database and (2) will be created by this or a subsequent
|
|
1051
|
+
migration.</p>
|
|
1052
|
+
<p>Consider this example, where Alice and Bob are working on the same code base
|
|
1053
|
+
which contains a <code>Product</code> model:</p>
|
|
1054
|
+
<p>Bob goes on vacation.</p>
|
|
1055
|
+
<p>Alice creates a migration for the <code>products</code> table which adds a new column and
|
|
1056
|
+
initializes it:</p>
|
|
1057
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1058
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1059
|
+
# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
|
|
1060
|
+
|
|
1061
|
+
class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
1062
|
+
def change
|
|
1063
|
+
add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
|
|
1064
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
1065
|
+
dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
|
|
1066
|
+
end
|
|
1067
|
+
end
|
|
1068
|
+
end
|
|
1069
|
+
|
|
1070
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1071
|
+
</div>
|
|
1072
|
+
<p>She also adds a validation to the <code>Product</code> model for the new column:</p>
|
|
1073
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1074
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1075
|
+
# app/models/product.rb
|
|
1076
|
+
|
|
1077
|
+
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
1078
|
+
validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
|
|
1079
|
+
end
|
|
1080
|
+
|
|
1081
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1082
|
+
</div>
|
|
1083
|
+
<p>Alice adds a second migration which adds another column to the <code>products</code>
|
|
1084
|
+
table and initializes it:</p>
|
|
1085
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1086
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1087
|
+
# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
|
|
1088
|
+
|
|
1089
|
+
class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
1090
|
+
def change
|
|
1091
|
+
add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
|
|
1092
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
1093
|
+
dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
|
|
1094
|
+
end
|
|
1095
|
+
end
|
|
1096
|
+
end
|
|
1097
|
+
|
|
1098
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1099
|
+
</div>
|
|
1100
|
+
<p>She also adds a validation to the <code>Product</code> model for the new column:</p>
|
|
1101
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1102
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1103
|
+
# app/models/product.rb
|
|
1104
|
+
|
|
1105
|
+
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
1106
|
+
validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
|
|
1107
|
+
validates :fuzz, presence: true
|
|
1108
|
+
end
|
|
1109
|
+
|
|
1110
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1111
|
+
</div>
|
|
1112
|
+
<p>Both migrations work for Alice.</p>
|
|
1113
|
+
<p>Bob comes back from vacation and:</p>
|
|
1114
|
+
<ul>
|
|
1115
|
+
<li> Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version
|
|
1116
|
+
of the Product model.</li>
|
|
1117
|
+
<li> Runs outstanding migrations with <code>rake db:migrate</code>, which
|
|
1118
|
+
includes the one that updates the <code>Product</code> model.</li>
|
|
1119
|
+
</ul>
|
|
1120
|
+
<p>The migration crashes because when the model attempts to save, it tries to
|
|
1121
|
+
validate the second added column, which is not in the database when the <em>first</em>
|
|
1122
|
+
migration runs:</p>
|
|
1123
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1124
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1125
|
+
rake aborted!
|
|
1126
|
+
An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:
|
|
1127
|
+
|
|
1128
|
+
undefined method `fuzz' for #<Product:0x000001049b14a0>
|
|
1129
|
+
|
|
1130
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1131
|
+
</div>
|
|
1132
|
+
<p>A fix for this is to create a local model within the migration. This keeps
|
|
1133
|
+
Rails from running the validations, so that the migrations run to completion.</p>
|
|
1134
|
+
<p>When using a local model, it's a good idea to call
|
|
1135
|
+
<code>Product.reset_column_information</code> to refresh the Active Record cache for the
|
|
1136
|
+
<code>Product</code> model prior to updating data in the database.</p>
|
|
1137
|
+
<p>If Alice had done this instead, there would have been no problem:</p>
|
|
1138
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1139
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1140
|
+
# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
|
|
1141
|
+
|
|
1142
|
+
class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
1143
|
+
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
1144
|
+
end
|
|
1145
|
+
|
|
1146
|
+
def change
|
|
1147
|
+
add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
|
|
1148
|
+
Product.reset_column_information
|
|
1149
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
1150
|
+
dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
|
|
1151
|
+
end
|
|
1152
|
+
end
|
|
1153
|
+
end
|
|
1154
|
+
|
|
1155
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1156
|
+
</div>
|
|
1157
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
1158
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
1159
|
+
# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
|
|
1160
|
+
|
|
1161
|
+
class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
|
|
1162
|
+
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
1163
|
+
end
|
|
1164
|
+
|
|
1165
|
+
def change
|
|
1166
|
+
add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
|
|
1167
|
+
Product.reset_column_information
|
|
1168
|
+
reversible do |dir|
|
|
1169
|
+
dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
|
|
1170
|
+
end
|
|
1171
|
+
end
|
|
1172
|
+
end
|
|
1173
|
+
|
|
1174
|
+
</pre>
|
|
1175
|
+
</div>
|
|
1176
|
+
<p>There are other ways in which the above example could have gone badly.</p>
|
|
1177
|
+
<p>For example, imagine that Alice creates a migration that selectively
|
|
1178
|
+
updates the <code>description</code> field on certain products. She runs the
|
|
1179
|
+
migration, commits the code, and then begins working on the next feature,
|
|
1180
|
+
which is to add a new column <code>fuzz</code> to the products table.</p>
|
|
1181
|
+
<p>She creates two migrations for this new feature, one which adds the new
|
|
1182
|
+
column, and a second which selectively updates the <code>fuzz</code> column based on
|
|
1183
|
+
other product attributes.</p>
|
|
1184
|
+
<p>These migrations run just fine, but when Bob comes back from his vacation
|
|
1185
|
+
and calls <code>rake db:migrate</code> to run all the outstanding migrations, he gets a
|
|
1186
|
+
subtle bug: The descriptions have defaults, and the <code>fuzz</code> column is present,
|
|
1187
|
+
but <code>fuzz</code> is <code>nil</code> on all products.</p>
|
|
1188
|
+
<p>The solution is again to use <code>Product.reset_column_information</code> before
|
|
1189
|
+
referencing the Product model in a migration, ensuring the Active Record's
|
|
1190
|
+
knowledge of the table structure is current before manipulating data in those
|
|
1191
|
+
records.</p>
|
|
1192
|
+
<h3 id="schema-dumping-and-you">7 Schema Dumping and You</h3>
|
|
1193
|
+
<h4 id="what-are-schema-files-for-questionmark">7.1 What are Schema Files for?</h4>
|
|
1194
|
+
<p>Migrations, mighty as they may be, are not the authoritative source for your
|
|
1195
|
+
database schema. That role falls to either <code>db/schema.rb</code> or an SQL file which
|
|
1196
|
+
Active Record generates by examining the database. They are not designed to be
|
|
1197
|
+
edited, they just represent the current state of the database.</p>
|
|
1198
|
+
<p>There is no need (and it is error prone) to deploy a new instance of an app by
|
|
1199
|
+
replaying the entire migration history. It is much simpler and faster to just
|
|
1200
|
+
load into the database a description of the current schema.</p>
|
|
1201
|
+
<p>For example, this is how the test database is created: the current development
|
|
1202
|
+
database is dumped (either to <code>db/schema.rb</code> or <code>db/structure.sql</code>) and then
|
|
1203
|
+
loaded into the test database.</p>
|
|
1204
|
+
<p>Schema files are also useful if you want a quick look at what attributes an
|
|
1205
|
+
Active Record object has. This information is not in the model's code and is
|
|
1206
|
+
frequently spread across several migrations, but the information is nicely
|
|
1207
|
+
summed up in the schema file. The
|
|
1208
|
+
<a href="https://github.com/ctran/annotate_models">annotate_models</a> gem automatically
|
|
1209
|
+
adds and updates comments at the top of each model summarizing the schema if
|
|
1210
|
+
you desire that functionality.</p>
|
|
1211
|
+
<h4 id="types-of-schema-dumps">7.2 Types of Schema Dumps</h4>
|
|
1212
|
+
<p>There are two ways to dump the schema. This is set in <code>config/application.rb</code>
|
|
1213
|
+
by the <code>config.active_record.schema_format</code> setting, which may be either <code>:sql</code>
|
|
1214
|
+
or <code>:ruby</code>.</p>
|
|
1215
|
+
<p>If <code>:ruby</code> is selected then the schema is stored in <code>db/schema.rb</code>. If you look
|
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at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big
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migration:</p>
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<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20080906171750) do
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create_table "authors", force: true do |t|
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t.string "name"
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t.datetime "created_at"
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t.datetime "updated_at"
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end
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create_table "products", force: true do |t|
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t.string "name"
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t.text "description"
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t.datetime "created_at"
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t.datetime "updated_at"
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t.string "part_number"
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end
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end
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+
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>In many ways this is exactly what it is. This file is created by inspecting the
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database and expressing its structure using <code>create_table</code>, <code>add_index</code>, and so
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on. Because this is database-independent, it could be loaded into any database
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that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
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distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.</p>
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<p>There is however a trade-off: <code>db/schema.rb</code> cannot express database specific
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items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
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a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
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reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
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this, then you should set the schema format to <code>:sql</code>.</p>
|
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<p>Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will
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be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the <code>db:structure:dump</code>
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Rake task) into <code>db/structure.sql</code>. For example, for PostgreSQL, the <code>pg_dump</code>
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utility is used. For MySQL, this file will contain the output of
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<code>SHOW CREATE TABLE</code> for the various tables.</p>
|
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<p>Loading these schemas is simply a question of executing the SQL statements they
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contain. By definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's
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structure. Using the <code>:sql</code> schema format will, however, prevent loading the
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schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.</p>
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<h4 id="schema-dumps-and-source-control">7.3 Schema Dumps and Source Control</h4>
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<p>Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
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is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.</p>
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<h3 id="active-record-and-referential-integrity">8 Active Record and Referential Integrity</h3>
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<p>The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
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the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
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which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
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used.</p>
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<p>Validations such as <code>validates :foreign_key, uniqueness: true</code> are one way in
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which models can enforce data integrity. The <code>:dependent</code> option on
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associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
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parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
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these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
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with foreign key constraints in the database.</p>
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<p>Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
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such features, the <code>execute</code> method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
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can also use a gem like
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<a href="https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner">foreigner</a> which adds foreign key
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support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
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+
<code>db/schema.rb</code>).</p>
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<h3 id="migrations-and-seed-data">9 Migrations and Seed Data</h3>
|
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+
<p>Some people use migrations to add data to the database:</p>
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+
<div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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+
class AddInitialProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
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+
def up
|
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+
5.times do |i|
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Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
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end
|
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end
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+
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def down
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+
Product.delete_all
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end
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end
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|
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</pre>
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</div>
|
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<p>However, Rails has a 'seeds' feature that should be used for seeding a database
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+
with initial data. It's a really simple feature: just fill up <code>db/seeds.rb</code>
|
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with some Ruby code, and run <code>rake db:seed</code>:</p>
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+
<div class="code_container">
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+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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+
5.times do |i|
|
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+
Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
|
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+
end
|
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+
|
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</pre>
|
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</div>
|
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<p>This is generally a much cleaner way to set up the database of a blank
|
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+
application.</p>
|
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+
</body></html>
|
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<h3>Feedback</h3>
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<p>
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You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
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</p>
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<p>
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Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
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To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
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</p>
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<p>
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You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
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Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
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<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
|
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if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
|
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Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
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for style and conventions.
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</p>
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<p>
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If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
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<a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
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</p>
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<p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
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documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr class="hide" />
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<div id="footer">
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<div class="wrapper">
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<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
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<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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