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installed. Older versions are not supported.</p><p>To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
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It describes how to properly setup Active Record for PostgreSQL.</p><h3 id="datatypes">1 Datatypes</h3><p>PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types,
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# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
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create_table :documents do |t|
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t.binary 'payload'
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# Usage
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data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
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create_table :books do |t|
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t.string 'title'
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t.string 'tags', array: true
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t.integer 'ratings', array: true
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end
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add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
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add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'
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# app/models/book.rb
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class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
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end
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# Usage
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Book.create title: "Brave New World",
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tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
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ratings: [4, 5]
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## Books for a single tag
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Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")
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## Books for multiple tags
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Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])
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## Books with 3 or more ratings
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Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
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</pre>
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<h4 id="hstore">1.3 Hstore</h4>
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<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html">type definition</a></li>
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
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ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
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create_table :profiles do |t|
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t.hstore 'settings'
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end
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end
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# app/models/profile.rb
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class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
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end
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# Usage
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Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })
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profile = Profile.first
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profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}
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profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
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profile.save!
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## you need to call _will_change! if you are editing the store in place
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profile.settings["color"] = "green"
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profile.settings_will_change!
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profile.save!
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</pre>
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<h4 id="json">1.4 JSON</h4>
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<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-json.html">type definition</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-json.html">functions and operators</a></li>
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# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
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create_table :events do |t|
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t.json 'payload'
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end
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# app/models/event.rb
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class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
|
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end
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|
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# Usage
|
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Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})
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event = Event.first
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event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}
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## Query based on JSON document
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Event.where("payload->'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
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</pre>
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</div>
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<h4 id="range-types">1.5 Range Types</h4>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rangetypes.html">type definition</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-range.html">functions and operators</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p>This type is mapped to Ruby <a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Range.html"><code>Range</code></a> objects.</p><div class="code_container">
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<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
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# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
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create_table :events do |t|
|
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337
|
+
t.daterange 'duration'
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
|
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+
# app/models/event.rb
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+
class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
|
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|
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# Usage
|
|
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|
+
Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
event = Event.first
|
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|
+
event.duration # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014
|
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|
+
|
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+
## All Events on a given date
|
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Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
|
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|
+
|
|
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+
## Working with range bounds
|
|
354
|
+
event = Event.
|
|
355
|
+
select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").
|
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|
+
select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first
|
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|
+
|
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event.starts_at # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014
|
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event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014
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</pre>
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</div>
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<h4 id="composite-types">1.6 Composite Types</h4>
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<ul>
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365
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+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rowtypes.html">type definition</a></li>
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|
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</ul>
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|
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<p>Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to
|
|
368
|
+
normal text columns:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
369
|
+
<pre class="brush: sql; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
370
|
+
CREATE TYPE full_address AS
|
|
371
|
+
(
|
|
372
|
+
city VARCHAR(90),
|
|
373
|
+
street VARCHAR(90)
|
|
374
|
+
);
|
|
375
|
+
|
|
376
|
+
</pre>
|
|
377
|
+
</div>
|
|
378
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
379
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
380
|
+
# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
|
|
381
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
382
|
+
CREATE TYPE full_address AS
|
|
383
|
+
(
|
|
384
|
+
city VARCHAR(90),
|
|
385
|
+
street VARCHAR(90)
|
|
386
|
+
);
|
|
387
|
+
SQL
|
|
388
|
+
create_table :contacts do |t|
|
|
389
|
+
t.column :address, :full_address
|
|
390
|
+
end
|
|
391
|
+
|
|
392
|
+
# app/models/contact.rb
|
|
393
|
+
class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
394
|
+
end
|
|
395
|
+
|
|
396
|
+
# Usage
|
|
397
|
+
Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
|
|
398
|
+
contact = Contact.first
|
|
399
|
+
contact.address # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
|
|
400
|
+
contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
|
|
401
|
+
contact.save!
|
|
402
|
+
|
|
403
|
+
</pre>
|
|
404
|
+
</div>
|
|
405
|
+
<h4 id="enumerated-types">1.7 Enumerated Types</h4>
|
|
406
|
+
<ul>
|
|
407
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-enum.html">type definition</a></li>
|
|
408
|
+
</ul>
|
|
409
|
+
<p>Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as
|
|
410
|
+
normal text columns:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
411
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
412
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
|
|
413
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
414
|
+
CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published');
|
|
415
|
+
SQL
|
|
416
|
+
create_table :articles do |t|
|
|
417
|
+
t.column :status, :article_status
|
|
418
|
+
end
|
|
419
|
+
|
|
420
|
+
# app/models/article.rb
|
|
421
|
+
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
422
|
+
end
|
|
423
|
+
|
|
424
|
+
# Usage
|
|
425
|
+
Article.create status: "draft"
|
|
426
|
+
article = Article.first
|
|
427
|
+
article.status # => "draft"
|
|
428
|
+
|
|
429
|
+
article.status = "published"
|
|
430
|
+
article.save!
|
|
431
|
+
|
|
432
|
+
</pre>
|
|
433
|
+
</div>
|
|
434
|
+
<h4 id="uuid">1.8 UUID</h4>
|
|
435
|
+
<ul>
|
|
436
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-uuid.html">type definition</a></li>
|
|
437
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/uuid-ossp.html">generator functions</a></li>
|
|
438
|
+
</ul>
|
|
439
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
440
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
441
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
|
|
442
|
+
create_table :revisions do |t|
|
|
443
|
+
t.column :identifier, :uuid
|
|
444
|
+
end
|
|
445
|
+
|
|
446
|
+
# app/models/revision.rb
|
|
447
|
+
class Revision < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
448
|
+
end
|
|
449
|
+
|
|
450
|
+
# Usage
|
|
451
|
+
Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"
|
|
452
|
+
|
|
453
|
+
revision = Revision.first
|
|
454
|
+
revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
|
|
455
|
+
|
|
456
|
+
</pre>
|
|
457
|
+
</div>
|
|
458
|
+
<h4 id="bit-string-types">1.9 Bit String Types</h4>
|
|
459
|
+
<ul>
|
|
460
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-bit.html">type definition</a></li>
|
|
461
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-bitstring.html">functions and operators</a></li>
|
|
462
|
+
</ul>
|
|
463
|
+
<div class="code_container">
|
|
464
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
465
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
|
|
466
|
+
create_table :users, force: true do |t|
|
|
467
|
+
t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
|
|
468
|
+
end
|
|
469
|
+
|
|
470
|
+
# app/models/device.rb
|
|
471
|
+
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
472
|
+
end
|
|
473
|
+
|
|
474
|
+
# Usage
|
|
475
|
+
User.create settings: "01010011"
|
|
476
|
+
user = User.first
|
|
477
|
+
user.settings # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
|
|
478
|
+
user.settings = "0xAF"
|
|
479
|
+
user.settings # => 10101111
|
|
480
|
+
user.save!
|
|
481
|
+
|
|
482
|
+
</pre>
|
|
483
|
+
</div>
|
|
484
|
+
<h4 id="network-address-types">1.10 Network Address Types</h4>
|
|
485
|
+
<ul>
|
|
486
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-net-types.html">type definition</a></li>
|
|
487
|
+
</ul>
|
|
488
|
+
<p>The types <code>inet</code> and <code>cidr</code> are mapped to Ruby
|
|
489
|
+
<a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.1/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html"><code>IPAddr</code></a>
|
|
490
|
+
objects. The <code>macaddr</code> type is mapped to normal text.</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
491
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
492
|
+
# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
|
|
493
|
+
create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
|
|
494
|
+
t.inet 'ip'
|
|
495
|
+
t.cidr 'network'
|
|
496
|
+
t.macaddr 'address'
|
|
497
|
+
end
|
|
498
|
+
|
|
499
|
+
# app/models/device.rb
|
|
500
|
+
class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
501
|
+
end
|
|
502
|
+
|
|
503
|
+
# Usage
|
|
504
|
+
macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12",
|
|
505
|
+
network: "192.168.2.0/24",
|
|
506
|
+
address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")
|
|
507
|
+
|
|
508
|
+
macbook.ip
|
|
509
|
+
# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>
|
|
510
|
+
|
|
511
|
+
macbook.network
|
|
512
|
+
# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
|
|
513
|
+
|
|
514
|
+
macbook.address
|
|
515
|
+
# => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
|
|
516
|
+
|
|
517
|
+
</pre>
|
|
518
|
+
</div>
|
|
519
|
+
<h4 id="geometric-types">1.11 Geometric Types</h4>
|
|
520
|
+
<ul>
|
|
521
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-geometric.html">type definition</a></li>
|
|
522
|
+
</ul>
|
|
523
|
+
<p>All geometric types, with the exception of <code>points</code> are mapped to normal text.
|
|
524
|
+
A point is casted to an array containing <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> coordinates.</p><h3 id="uuid-primary-keys">2 UUID Primary Keys</h3><div class="note"><p>you need to enable the <code>uuid-ossp</code> extension to generate UUIDs.</p></div><div class="code_container">
|
|
525
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
526
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
|
|
527
|
+
enable_extension 'uuid-ossp' unless extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
|
|
528
|
+
create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()' do |t|
|
|
529
|
+
t.string :kind
|
|
530
|
+
end
|
|
531
|
+
|
|
532
|
+
# app/models/device.rb
|
|
533
|
+
class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
534
|
+
end
|
|
535
|
+
|
|
536
|
+
# Usage
|
|
537
|
+
device = Device.create
|
|
538
|
+
device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
|
|
539
|
+
|
|
540
|
+
</pre>
|
|
541
|
+
</div>
|
|
542
|
+
<h3 id="full-text-search">3 Full Text Search</h3><div class="code_container">
|
|
543
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
544
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
|
|
545
|
+
create_table :documents do |t|
|
|
546
|
+
t.string 'title'
|
|
547
|
+
t.string 'body'
|
|
548
|
+
end
|
|
549
|
+
|
|
550
|
+
execute "CREATE INDEX documents_idx ON documents USING gin(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));"
|
|
551
|
+
|
|
552
|
+
# app/models/document.rb
|
|
553
|
+
class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
554
|
+
end
|
|
555
|
+
|
|
556
|
+
# Usage
|
|
557
|
+
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
|
|
558
|
+
|
|
559
|
+
## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
|
|
560
|
+
Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
|
|
561
|
+
"cat & dog")
|
|
562
|
+
|
|
563
|
+
</pre>
|
|
564
|
+
</div>
|
|
565
|
+
<h3 id="database-views">4 Database Views</h3>
|
|
566
|
+
<ul>
|
|
567
|
+
<li><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-createview.html">view creation</a></li>
|
|
568
|
+
</ul>
|
|
569
|
+
<p>Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
570
|
+
<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
571
|
+
rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
|
|
572
|
+
Table "public.TBL_ART"
|
|
573
|
+
Column | Type | Modifiers
|
|
574
|
+
------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
575
|
+
INT_ID | integer | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
|
|
576
|
+
STR_TITLE | character varying |
|
|
577
|
+
STR_STAT | character varying | default 'draft'::character varying
|
|
578
|
+
DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
|
|
579
|
+
BL_ARCH | boolean | default false
|
|
580
|
+
Indexes:
|
|
581
|
+
"TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
|
|
582
|
+
|
|
583
|
+
</pre>
|
|
584
|
+
</div>
|
|
585
|
+
<p>This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all.
|
|
586
|
+
Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default,
|
|
587
|
+
we can wrap it as follows:</p><div class="code_container">
|
|
588
|
+
<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
|
|
589
|
+
# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
|
|
590
|
+
execute <<-SQL
|
|
591
|
+
CREATE VIEW articles AS
|
|
592
|
+
SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
|
|
593
|
+
"STR_TITLE" AS title,
|
|
594
|
+
"STR_STAT" AS status,
|
|
595
|
+
"DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
|
|
596
|
+
"BL_ARCH" AS archived
|
|
597
|
+
FROM "TBL_ART"
|
|
598
|
+
WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
|
|
599
|
+
SQL
|
|
600
|
+
|
|
601
|
+
# app/models/article.rb
|
|
602
|
+
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
|
|
603
|
+
self.primary_key = "id"
|
|
604
|
+
def archive!
|
|
605
|
+
update_attribute :archived, true
|
|
606
|
+
end
|
|
607
|
+
end
|
|
608
|
+
|
|
609
|
+
# Usage
|
|
610
|
+
first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming",
|
|
611
|
+
status: "published",
|
|
612
|
+
published_at: 1.year.ago
|
|
613
|
+
second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself",
|
|
614
|
+
status: "draft",
|
|
615
|
+
published_at: 1.month.ago
|
|
616
|
+
|
|
617
|
+
Article.count # => 1
|
|
618
|
+
first.archive!
|
|
619
|
+
Article.count # => 2
|
|
620
|
+
|
|
621
|
+
</pre>
|
|
622
|
+
</div>
|
|
623
|
+
<div class="note"><p>This application only cares about non-archived <code>Articles</code>. A view also
|
|
624
|
+
allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived <code>Articles</code> directly.</p></div>
|
|
625
|
+
|
|
626
|
+
<h3>Feedback</h3>
|
|
627
|
+
<p>
|
|
628
|
+
You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
|
|
629
|
+
</p>
|
|
630
|
+
<p>
|
|
631
|
+
Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
|
|
632
|
+
To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
|
|
633
|
+
</p>
|
|
634
|
+
<p>
|
|
635
|
+
You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
|
|
636
|
+
Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
|
|
637
|
+
<a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
|
|
638
|
+
if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
|
|
639
|
+
Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
|
|
640
|
+
for style and conventions.
|
|
641
|
+
</p>
|
|
642
|
+
<p>
|
|
643
|
+
If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
|
|
644
|
+
<a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
|
|
645
|
+
</p>
|
|
646
|
+
<p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
|
|
647
|
+
documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
|
|
648
|
+
</p>
|
|
649
|
+
</div>
|
|
650
|
+
</div>
|
|
651
|
+
</div>
|
|
652
|
+
|
|
653
|
+
<hr class="hide" />
|
|
654
|
+
<div id="footer">
|
|
655
|
+
<div class="wrapper">
|
|
656
|
+
<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
|
|
657
|
+
<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
|
|
658
|
+
|
|
659
|
+
</div>
|
|
660
|
+
</div>
|
|
661
|
+
|
|
662
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/jquery.min.js"></script>
|
|
663
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/responsive-tables.js"></script>
|
|
664
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/guides.js"></script>
|
|
665
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js"></script>
|
|
666
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js"></script>
|
|
667
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js"></script>
|
|
668
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js"></script>
|
|
669
|
+
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js"></script>
|
|
670
|
+
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
671
|
+
SyntaxHighlighter.all();
|
|
672
|
+
$(guidesIndex.bind);
|
|
673
|
+
</script>
|
|
674
|
+
</body>
|
|
675
|
+
</html>
|