galaaz 0.4.10 → 0.5.0

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Files changed (163) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/README.md +2048 -531
  3. data/Rakefile +3 -2
  4. data/bin/gknit +152 -6
  5. data/bin/gknit-draft +105 -0
  6. data/bin/gknit-draft.rb +28 -0
  7. data/bin/gknit_Rscript +127 -0
  8. data/bin/grun +27 -1
  9. data/bin/gstudio +47 -4
  10. data/bin/{gstudio.rb → gstudio_irb.rb} +0 -0
  11. data/bin/gstudio_pry.rb +7 -0
  12. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.html +10 -195
  13. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.md +404 -0
  14. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-html/midwest_rb.png +0 -0
  15. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-html/scatter_plot_rb.png +0 -0
  16. data/blogs/gknit/gknit.Rmd +5 -3
  17. data/blogs/gknit/gknit.pdf +0 -0
  18. data/blogs/gknit/lst.rds +0 -0
  19. data/blogs/manual/lst.rds +0 -0
  20. data/blogs/manual/manual.Rmd +826 -53
  21. data/blogs/manual/manual.html +2338 -695
  22. data/blogs/manual/manual.md +2032 -539
  23. data/blogs/manual/manual.pdf +0 -0
  24. data/blogs/manual/manual.tex +1804 -594
  25. data/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-html/bubble-1.png +0 -0
  26. data/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-html/diverging_bar.png +0 -0
  27. data/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-latex/bubble-1.png +0 -0
  28. data/blogs/manual/manual_files/figure-latex/diverging_bar.pdf +0 -0
  29. data/blogs/manual/model.rb +41 -0
  30. data/blogs/nse_dplyr/nse_dplyr.Rmd +226 -73
  31. data/blogs/nse_dplyr/nse_dplyr.html +254 -336
  32. data/blogs/nse_dplyr/nse_dplyr.md +353 -158
  33. data/blogs/oh_my/oh_my.html +274 -386
  34. data/blogs/oh_my/oh_my.md +208 -205
  35. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot.html +20 -205
  36. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot.md +14 -15
  37. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/dose_len.png +0 -0
  38. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facet_by_delivery.png +0 -0
  39. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facet_by_dose.png +0 -0
  40. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_by_delivery_color.png +0 -0
  41. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_by_delivery_color2.png +0 -0
  42. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_with_decorations.png +0 -0
  43. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_with_jitter.png +0 -0
  44. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_with_points.png +0 -0
  45. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/final_box_plot.png +0 -0
  46. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/final_violin_plot.png +0 -0
  47. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/violin_with_jitter.png +0 -0
  48. data/examples/Bibliography/master.bib +50 -0
  49. data/examples/Bibliography/stats.bib +72 -0
  50. data/examples/islr/x_y_rnorm.jpg +0 -0
  51. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acm_article/Makefile +16 -0
  52. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acm_article/Test-acm_article.Rmd +65 -0
  53. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acm_article/acm_proc_article-sp.cls +1670 -0
  54. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acm_article/sensys-abstract.cls +703 -0
  55. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acm_article/sigproc.bib +59 -0
  56. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acs_article/Test-acs_article.Rmd +260 -0
  57. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acs_article/Test-acs_article.pdf +0 -0
  58. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acs_article/acs-Test-acs_article.bib +11 -0
  59. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acs_article/acs-my_output.bib +11 -0
  60. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-acs_article/acstest.bib +17 -0
  61. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/AEA.cls +1414 -0
  62. data/{blogs/gknit/marshal.dump → examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/BibFile.bib} +0 -0
  63. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/Test-aea_article.Rmd +108 -0
  64. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/Test-aea_article.pdf +0 -0
  65. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/aea.bst +1269 -0
  66. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/multicol.sty +853 -0
  67. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/references.bib +0 -0
  68. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-aea_article/setspace.sty +546 -0
  69. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-amq_article/Test-amq_article.Rmd +256 -0
  70. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-amq_article/Test-amq_article.pdf +0 -0
  71. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-amq_article/Test-amq_article.pdfsync +3397 -0
  72. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-amq_article/pics/Figure2.pdf +0 -0
  73. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ams_article/Test-ams_article.Rmd +215 -0
  74. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ams_article/amstest.bib +436 -0
  75. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-asa_article/Test-asa_article.Rmd +153 -0
  76. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-asa_article/Test-asa_article.pdf +0 -0
  77. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-asa_article/agsm.bst +1353 -0
  78. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-asa_article/bibliography.bib +233 -0
  79. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ieee_article/IEEEtran.bst +2409 -0
  80. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ieee_article/IEEEtran.cls +6346 -0
  81. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ieee_article/Test-ieee_article.Rmd +175 -0
  82. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ieee_article/Test-ieee_article.pdf +0 -0
  83. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-ieee_article/mybibfile.bib +20 -0
  84. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-rjournal_article/RJournal.sty +335 -0
  85. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-rjournal_article/RJreferences.bib +18 -0
  86. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-rjournal_article/RJwrapper.pdf +0 -0
  87. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-rjournal_article/Test-rjournal_article.Rmd +52 -0
  88. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/Test-springer_article.Rmd +65 -0
  89. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/Test-springer_article.pdf +0 -0
  90. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/bibliography.bib +26 -0
  91. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/spbasic.bst +1658 -0
  92. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/spmpsci.bst +1512 -0
  93. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/spphys.bst +1443 -0
  94. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/svglov3.clo +113 -0
  95. data/examples/latex_templates/Test-springer_article/svjour3.cls +1431 -0
  96. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-anon-ms-example/svm-rmarkdown-anon-ms-example.Rmd +73 -0
  97. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-anon-ms-example/svm-rmarkdown-anon-ms-example.pdf +0 -0
  98. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-article-example/svm-rmarkdown-article-example.Rmd +382 -0
  99. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-article-example/svm-rmarkdown-article-example.pdf +0 -0
  100. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-beamer-example/svm-rmarkdown-beamer-example.Rmd +164 -0
  101. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-beamer-example/svm-rmarkdown-beamer-example.pdf +0 -0
  102. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-cv/svm-rmarkdown-cv.Rmd +92 -0
  103. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-cv/svm-rmarkdown-cv.pdf +0 -0
  104. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-syllabus-example/attend-grade-relationships.csv +482 -0
  105. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-syllabus-example/svm-rmarkdown-syllabus-example.Rmd +280 -0
  106. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-rmarkdown-syllabus-example/svm-rmarkdown-syllabus-example.pdf +0 -0
  107. data/examples/rmarkdown/svm-xaringan-example/svm-xaringan-example.Rmd +386 -0
  108. data/lib/R_interface/r.rb +1 -1
  109. data/lib/R_interface/r_libs.R +1 -1
  110. data/lib/R_interface/r_methods.rb +10 -0
  111. data/lib/R_interface/rpkg.rb +1 -0
  112. data/lib/R_interface/rsupport.rb +4 -6
  113. data/lib/gknit.rb +2 -0
  114. data/lib/gknit/draft.rb +105 -0
  115. data/lib/gknit/knitr_engine.rb +0 -33
  116. data/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb +1 -27
  117. data/specs/figures/bg.jpeg +0 -0
  118. data/specs/figures/bg.png +0 -0
  119. data/specs/figures/dose_len.png +0 -0
  120. data/specs/figures/no_args.jpeg +0 -0
  121. data/specs/figures/no_args.png +0 -0
  122. data/specs/figures/width_height.jpeg +0 -0
  123. data/specs/figures/width_height.png +0 -0
  124. data/specs/figures/width_height_units1.jpeg +0 -0
  125. data/specs/figures/width_height_units1.png +0 -0
  126. data/specs/figures/width_height_units2.jpeg +0 -0
  127. data/specs/figures/width_height_units2.png +0 -0
  128. data/specs/r_dataframe.spec.rb +11 -11
  129. data/specs/ruby_expression.spec.rb +1 -0
  130. data/specs/tmp.rb +41 -20
  131. data/version.rb +1 -1
  132. metadata +73 -35
  133. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.aux +0 -41
  134. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot.out +0 -10
  135. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/midwest_rb.pdf +0 -0
  136. data/blogs/galaaz_ggplot/galaaz_ggplot_files/figure-latex/scatter_plot_rb.pdf +0 -0
  137. data/blogs/gknit/gknit.md +0 -1430
  138. data/blogs/gknit/gknit.tex +0 -1358
  139. data/blogs/manual/graph.rb +0 -29
  140. data/blogs/nse_dplyr/nse_dplyr.tex +0 -1373
  141. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot.Rmd_external_figs +0 -662
  142. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/dose_len.svg +0 -57
  143. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facet_by_delivery.svg +0 -106
  144. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facet_by_dose.svg +0 -110
  145. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_by_delivery_color.svg +0 -174
  146. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_by_delivery_color2.svg +0 -236
  147. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_with_jitter.svg +0 -296
  148. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/facets_with_points.svg +0 -236
  149. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/final_box_plot.svg +0 -218
  150. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/final_violin_plot.svg +0 -128
  151. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-html/violin_with_jitter.svg +0 -150
  152. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/dose_len.png +0 -0
  153. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facet_by_delivery.png +0 -0
  154. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facet_by_dose.png +0 -0
  155. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facets_by_delivery_color.png +0 -0
  156. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facets_by_delivery_color2.png +0 -0
  157. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facets_with_decorations.png +0 -0
  158. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facets_with_jitter.png +0 -0
  159. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/facets_with_points.png +0 -0
  160. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/final_box_plot.png +0 -0
  161. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/final_violin_plot.png +0 -0
  162. data/blogs/ruby_plot/ruby_plot_files/figure-latex/violin_with_jitter.png +0 -0
  163. data/examples/paper/paper.rb +0 -36
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  <title>Non Standard Evaluation in dplyr with Galaaz</title>
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- * Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
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- /**
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- * jQuery Plugin: Sticky Tabs
56
- *
57
- * @author Aidan Lister <aidan@php.net>
58
- * adapted by Ruben Arslan to activate parent tabs too
59
- * http://www.aidanlister.com/2014/03/persisting-the-tab-state-in-bootstrap/
60
- */
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- "use strict";
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- var context = this;
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  <div id="introduction" class="section level1">
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  <h1>Introduction</h1>
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- <p>In this post we will see how to program with <em>dplyr</em> in Galaaz.</p>
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- <div id="but-first-what-is-galaaz" class="section level2">
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- <h2>But first, what is Galaaz??</h2>
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- <p>Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development. However, it lacks libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and many more.</p>
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- <p>With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific libraries in R. However, we allow for very tight coupling between the two languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to know that there is an R engine running. Also, from the point of view of the R user/developer Galaaz looks a lot like R, with just minor syntactic difference, so there is almost no learning courve for the R developer. And as we will see in this post, programming with <em>dplyr</em> is easier in Galaaz than in R.</p>
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- <p>R users are probably quite knowledgeable about <em>dplyr</em>, for the Ruby developer, <em>dplyr</em> and the <em>tidyverse</em> libraries are a set of libraries for data manipulation in R, developed by Hardley Wickham, chief scientis at RStudio and a prolific R coder and writer.</p>
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- <p>For the coupling of Ruby and R we use new technologies provided by Oracle: GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR:</p>
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+ <p>According to Steven Sagaert answer on Quora about “Is programming language R overrated?”:</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>R is a sophisticated language with an unusual (i.e. non-mainstream) set of features. It‘s an impure functional programming language with sophisticated metaprogramming and 3 different OO systems.</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>Just like common lisp you can completely customise how things work via metaprogramming. The biggest example is the tidyverse: by creating it’s own evaluation system (tidyeval) was able to create a custom syntax for dplyr.</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>Mastering R (the language) and its ecosystem is not a matter of weeks or months but takes years. The rabbit hole goes pretty deep…</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p>Although having a highly configurable language might give extreme power to the programmer, it can also be, as stated above, a question of years to master it. Programming with <em>dplyr</em> for instance, requires learning a set of complex concepts and rules that are not easily accessible for casual users or <em>unsofisticated</em> programmers as many users of R are. Being <em>unsofisticated</em> is NOT used here in a negative sense, as R was build for statitians and not programmers, that need to solve real problems, often in a short time spam and are not concerned about creating complex computer systems.</p>
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+ <p>Unfortunatelly, if this <em>unsofisticated</em> programmer decides to move unto more sofisticated coding, the learning curve might become a serious impediment.</p>
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+ <p>In this post we will see how to program with <em>dplyr</em> in Galaaz and how Ruby can simplify the learning curve of mastering <em>dplyr</em> coding.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div id="but-first-what-is-galaaz" class="section level1">
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+ <h1>But first, what is Galaaz??</h1>
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+ <p>Galaaz is a system for tightly coupling Ruby and R. Ruby is a powerful language, with a large community, a very large set of libraries and great for web development. It is also easy to learn. However, it lacks libraries for data science, statistics, scientific plotting and machine learning. On the other hand, R is considered one of the most powerful languages for solving all of the above problems. Maybe the strongest competitor to R is Python with libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, SciPy, SciKit-Learn and many more. We will not get here in the discussion on R versus Python, both are excellent languages with powerful features, benefits and drawbacks. Our interest is to bring to yet another excellent language, Ruby, the data science libraries that it lacks.</p>
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+ <p>With Galaaz we do not intend to re-implement any of the scientific libraries in R. However, we allow for very tight coupling between the two languages to the point that the Ruby developer does not need to know that there is an R engine running. Also, from the point of view of the R user/developer, Galaaz looks a lot like R, with just minor syntactic difference, so there is almost no learning curve for the R developer. And as we will see in this post that programming with <em>dplyr</em> is easier in Galaaz than in R.</p>
217
+ <p>R users are probably quite knowledgeable about <em>dplyr</em>. For the Ruby developer, <em>dplyr</em> and the <em>tidyverse</em> libraries are a set of libraries for data manipulation in R, developed by Hardley Wickham, chief scientis at RStudio and a prolific R coder and writer.</p>
218
+ <p>For the coupling of Ruby and R, we use new technologies provided by Oracle: GraalVM, TruffleRuby and FastR. GraalVM home page had the following definition:</p>
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  <pre><code> GraalVM is a universal virtual machine for running applications
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  written in JavaScript, Python 3, Ruby, R, JVM-based languages like Java,
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  Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++.
@@ -414,22 +242,31 @@ $(document).ready(function () {
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  With GraalVM we aim to allow developers to freely choose the right language
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  for the task at hand without making compromises.</code></pre>
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- <p>Interested readers should also check out the following sites:</p>
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- <ul>
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- <li><a href="https://www.graalvm.org/">GraalVM Home</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby">TruffleRuby</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://github.com/oracle/fastr">FastR</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb">Faster R with FastR</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/how-to-make-beautiful-ruby-plots-with-galaaz-320848058857">How to make Beautiful Ruby Plots with Galaaz</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/ruby-plotting-with-galaaz-an-example-of-tightly-coupling-ruby-and-r-in-graalvm-520b69e21021">Ruby Plotting with Galaaz: An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R in GraalVM</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-do-reproducible-research-in-ruby-with-gknit-c26d2684d64e">How to do reproducible research in Ruby with gKnit</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/">R for Data Science</a></li>
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- <li><a href="https://adv-r.hadley.nz/">Advanced R</a></li>
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- </ul>
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  </div>
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- <div id="programming-with-dplyr" class="section level2">
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- <h2>Programming with dplyr</h2>
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- <p>This post will follow closely the work done in <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/programming.html" class="uri">https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/programming.html</a>, by Hardley Wickham. In it, Hardley states:</p>
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+ <div id="tidyverse-and-dplyr" class="section level1">
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+ <h1>Tidyverse and dplyr</h1>
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+ <p>In <a href="https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/06/08/what-is-the-tidyverse/">What is the tidyverse?</a> the tidyverse is explained as follows:</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>The tidyverse is a coherent system of packages for data manipulation, exploration and visualization that share a common design philosophy. These were mostly developed by Hadley Wickham himself, but they are now being expanded by several contributors. Tidyverse packages are intended to make statisticians and data scientists more productive by guiding them through workflows that facilitate communication, and result in reproducible work products. Fundamentally, the tidyverse is about the connections between the tools that make the workflow possible.</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p><em>dplyr</em> is one of the many packages that are part of the tidyverse. It is:</p>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <p>a grammar of data manipulation, providing a consistent set of verbs that help you solve the most common data manipulation challenges:</p>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <blockquote>
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+ <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
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+ <li>mutate() adds new variables that are functions of existing variables</li>
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+ <li>select() picks variables based on their names.</li>
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+ <li>filter() picks cases based on their values.</li>
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+ <li>summarise() reduces multiple values down to a single summary.</li>
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+ <li>arrange() changes the ordering of the rows.</li>
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+ </ol>
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+ </blockquote>
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+ <p>Very often R is used interactively and users use <em>dplyr</em> to manipulate a single dataset without programming. When users want to replicate their work for multiple datasets, programming becomes necessary.</p>
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+ </div>
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+ <div id="programming-with-dplyr" class="section level1">
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+ <h1>Programming with dplyr</h1>
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+ <p>In the vignette <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/programming.html">“Programming with dplyr”</a>, Hardley Wickham states:</p>
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  <blockquote>
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  <p>Most dplyr functions use non-standard evaluation (NSE). This is a catch-all term that means they don’t follow the usual R rules of evaluation. Instead, they capture the expression that you typed and evaluate it in a custom way. This has two main benefits for dplyr code:</p>
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  </blockquote>
@@ -439,6 +276,7 @@ for the task at hand without making compromises.
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  <blockquote>
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  <p>dplyr can choose to compute results in a different way to base R. This is important for database backends because dplyr itself doesn’t do any work, but instead generates the SQL that tells the database what to do.</p>
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  </blockquote>
279
+ <p>But then he goes on:</p>
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  <blockquote>
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  <p>Unfortunately these benefits do not come for free. There are two main drawbacks:</p>
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  </blockquote>
@@ -461,76 +299,89 @@ filter(df, my_var == 1)
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  <blockquote>
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  <p>This makes it hard to create functions with arguments that change how dplyr verbs are computed.</p>
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  </blockquote>
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- <p>In this post we will see that programming with <em>dplyr</em> in Galaaz does not require knowledge of non-standard evaluation in R and can be accomplished by utilizing normal Ruby constructs.</p>
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- </div>
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+ <p>As a result of this, programming with <em>dplyr</em> requires learning a set of new ideas and concepts. In this vignette Hardley goes on showing how to program ever more difficult problems with <em>dplyr</em>, showing the problems it faces and the new concepts needed to solve them.</p>
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+ <p>In this blog, we will look at all the problems presented by Harley on the vignette and show how those same problems can be solved using Galaaz and the Ruby language.</p>
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+ <p>This blog is organized as follows: first we show how to write expressions using Galaaz.<br />
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+ Expressions are a fundamental concept in <em>dplyr</em> and are not part of basic Ruby. We extend the Ruby language create a manipulate expressions that will be used by <em>dplyr</em> functions.</p>
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+ <p>Then we show very succintly how Ruby and R can be integrated and how R functions are transparently called from Ruby. Galaaz <a href="https://github.com/rbotafogo/galaaz/wiki">user manual</a> (still in development) goes in much deeper detail about this integration.</p>
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+ <p>Next in section “Data manipulation wiht <em>dplyr</em>” we go through all the problems on the <em>dplyr</em> vignette and look at how they are solved in Galaaz. We then discuss why programming with Galaaz and <em>dplyr</em> is easier than programming with <em>dplyr</em> in plain R.</p>
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+ <p>The following section looks at another more advanced problem and shows that Galaaz can still handle it without any difficulty. We then provide further reading and concluding remarks.</p>
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  </div>
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  <div id="writing-expressions-in-galaaz" class="section level1">
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  <h1>Writing Expressions in Galaaz</h1>
469
312
  <p>Galaaz extends Ruby to work with expressions, similar to R’s expressions build with ‘quote’ (base R) or ‘quo’ (tidyverse). Expressions in this context are like mathematical expressions or formulae. For instance, in mathematics, the expression <span class="math inline">\(y = sin(x)\)</span> describes a function but cannot be computed unless the value of <span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> is bound to some value.</p>
470
- <p>Let’s take a look at some of those expressions in Ruby:</p>
313
+ <p>Expressions are fundamental in <em>dplyr</em> programming as they are the input to <em>dplyr</em> functions, for instance, as we will see shortly, if a data frame has a column named ‘x’ and we want to add another column, y, to this dataframe that has the values of ‘x’ times 2, then we would call a <em>dplyr</em> function with the expression ‘y = x * 2’.</p>
314
+ <div id="a-note-on-notation" class="section level2">
315
+ <h2>A note on notation</h2>
316
+ <p>This blog was written in Rmarkdown and automatically converted to HTML or PDF (depending on where you are reading this blog) with gKnit (a tool provided by Galaaz). In Rmarkdown, it is possible to write text and code blocks that are executed to generate the final report. Code blocks appear inside a ‘box’ and the result of their execution appear either in another type of ‘box’ with a different background (HTML) or as normal text (PDF). Every output line from the code execution is preceeded by ‘##’.</p>
317
+ </div>
471
318
  <div id="expressions-from-operators" class="section level2">
472
319
  <h2>Expressions from operators</h2>
473
- <p>The code bellow creates an expression summing two symbols. Note that :a and :b are Ruby symbols and are not bound to any value at the time of expression definition:</p>
320
+ <p>The code below creates an expression summing two symbols. Note that :a and :b are Ruby symbols and are not bound to any values at the time of expression definition:</p>
474
321
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp1 = :a + :b
475
322
  puts exp1</code></pre>
476
323
  <pre><code>## a + b</code></pre>
477
- <p>We can build any complex mathematical expression such as:</p>
324
+ <p>In Galaaz, we can build any complex mathematical expression such as:</p>
478
325
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp2 = (:a + :b) * 2.0 + :c ** 2 / :z
479
326
  puts exp2</code></pre>
480
327
  <pre><code>## (a + b) * 2 + c^2L/z</code></pre>
481
- <p>The ‘L’ after two indicates that 2 is an integer.</p>
328
+ <p>Expressions are printed with the same format as the equivalent R expressions. The ‘L’ after 2 indicates that 2 is an integer.</p>
329
+ <p>The R developer should note that in R, if she writes the number ‘2’, the R interpreter will convert it to float. In order to get an interger she should write ‘2L’. Galaaz follows Ruby notation and ‘2’ is an integer, while ‘2.0’ is a float.</p>
482
330
  <p>It is also possible to use inequality operators in building expressions:</p>
483
331
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp3 = (:a + :b) &gt;= :z
484
332
  puts exp3</code></pre>
485
333
  <pre><code>## a + b &gt;= z</code></pre>
486
334
  <p>Expressions’ definition can also make use of normal Ruby variables without any problem:</p>
487
335
  <pre class="ruby"><code>x = 20
488
- y = 30
336
+ y = 30.0
489
337
  exp_var = (:a + :b) * x &lt;= :z - y
490
338
  puts exp_var</code></pre>
491
- <pre><code>## (a + b) * 20L &lt;= z - 30L</code></pre>
339
+ <pre><code>## (a + b) * 20L &lt;= z - 30</code></pre>
492
340
  <p>Galaaz provides both symbolic representations for operators, such as (&gt;, &lt;, !=) as functional notation for those operators such as (.gt, .ge, etc.). So the same expression written above can also be written as</p>
493
341
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp4 = (:a + :b).ge :z
494
342
  puts exp4</code></pre>
495
343
  <pre><code>## a + b &gt;= z</code></pre>
496
- <p>Two type of expression, however, can only be created with the functional representation of the operators, those are expressions involving ‘==’, and ‘=’. In order to write an expression involving ‘==’ we need to use the method ‘.eq’ and for ‘=’ we need the function ‘.assign’</p>
344
+ <p>Two types of expressions, however, can only be created with the functional representation of the operators. Those are expressions involving ‘==’, and ‘=’. This is the case since those symbols have special meaning in Ruby and should not be redefined.</p>
345
+ <p>In order to write an expression involving ‘==’ we need to use the method ‘.eq’ and for ‘=’ we need the function ‘.assign’:</p>
497
346
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp5 = (:a + :b).eq :z
498
347
  puts exp5</code></pre>
499
348
  <pre><code>## a + b == z</code></pre>
500
349
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp6 = :y.assign :a + :b
501
350
  puts exp6</code></pre>
502
351
  <pre><code>## y &lt;- a + b</code></pre>
503
- <p>In general we think that using the functional notation is preferable to using the symbolic notation as otherwise, we end up writing invalid expressions such as</p>
352
+ <p>Users should be careful when writing expressions not to inadvertently use ‘==’ or ‘=’ as this will generate an error, that might be a bit cryptic (in future releases of Galaza, we plan to improve the error message).</p>
504
353
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp_wrong = (:a + :b) == :z
505
354
  puts exp_wrong</code></pre>
506
355
  <pre><code>## Message:
507
356
  ## Error in function (x, y, num.eq = TRUE, single.NA = TRUE, attrib.as.set = TRUE, :
508
357
  ## object 'a' not found (RError)
509
358
  ## Translated to internal error</code></pre>
510
- <p>and it might be difficult to understand what is going on here. The problem lies with the fact that when using ‘==’ we are comparing expression (:a + :b) to expression :z with ‘==’. When the comparison is executed, the system tries to evaluate :a, :b and :z, and those symbols at this time are not bound to anything and we get a “object ‘a’ not found” message. If we only use functional notation, this type of error will not occur.</p>
359
+ <p>The problem lies with the fact that when using ‘==’ we are comparing expression (:a + :b) to expression :z with ‘==’. When this comparison is executed, the system tries to evaluate :a, :b and :z, and those symbols, at this time, are not bound to anything giving the “object ‘a’ not found” message.</p>
511
360
  </div>
512
361
  <div id="expressions-with-r-methods" class="section level2">
513
362
  <h2>Expressions with R methods</h2>
514
- <p>It is often necessary to create an expression that uses a method or function. For instance, in mathematics, it’s quite natural to write an expressin such as <span class="math inline">\(y = sin(x)\)</span>. In this case, the ‘sin’ function is part of the expression and should not immediately be executed. When we want the function to be part of the expression, we call the function preceeding it by the letter E, such as ‘E.sin(x)’</p>
363
+ <p>It is often necessary to create an expression that uses a method or function. For instance, in mathematics, it’s quite natural to write an expressin such as <span class="math inline">\(y = sin(x)\)</span>. In this case, the ‘sin’ function is part of the expression and should not be immediately executed. When we want the function to be part of the expression, we call the function preceeding it by the letter E, such as ‘E.sin(x)’</p>
515
364
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp7 = :y.assign E.sin(:x)
516
365
  puts exp7</code></pre>
517
366
  <pre><code>## y &lt;- sin(x)</code></pre>
518
- <p>Expressions can also be written using ‘.’ notation:</p>
367
+ <p>Function expressions can also be written using ‘.’ notation:</p>
519
368
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp8 = :y.assign :x.sin
520
369
  puts exp8</code></pre>
521
370
  <pre><code>## y &lt;- sin(x)</code></pre>
522
- <p>When a function has multiple arguments, the first one can be used before the ‘.’:</p>
371
+ <p>When a function has multiple arguments, the first one can be used before the ‘.’. For instance, the R concatenate function ‘c’, that concatenates two or more arguments can be part of an expression as:</p>
523
372
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp9 = :x.c(:y)
524
373
  puts exp9</code></pre>
525
374
  <pre><code>## c(x, y)</code></pre>
375
+ <p>Note that this gives an OO feeling to the code, as if we were saying ‘x’ concatenates ‘y’. As a side note, ‘.’ notation can be used as the R pipe operator ‘%&gt;%’, but is more general than the pipe.</p>
526
376
  </div>
527
377
  <div id="evaluating-an-expression" class="section level2">
528
378
  <h2>Evaluating an Expression</h2>
529
- <p>Expressions can be evaluated by calling function ‘eval’ with a binding. A binding can be provided with a list:</p>
379
+ <p>Although we are mainly focusing on expressions to pass them to <em>dplyr</em> functions, expressions can be evaluated by calling function ‘eval’ with a binding.</p>
380
+ <p>A binding can be provided with a list or a data frame as shown below:</p>
530
381
  <pre class="ruby"><code>exp = (:a + :b) * 2.0 + :c ** 2 / :z
531
382
  puts exp.eval(R.list(a: 10, b: 20, c: 30, z: 40))</code></pre>
532
383
  <pre><code>## [1] 82.5</code></pre>
533
- <p>… with a data frame:</p>
384
+ <p>with a data frame:</p>
534
385
  <pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(
535
386
  a: R.c(1, 2, 3),
536
387
  b: R.c(10, 20, 30),
@@ -544,7 +395,7 @@ puts exp.eval(df)
544
395
  <div id="using-galaaz-to-call-r-functions" class="section level1">
545
396
  <h1>Using Galaaz to call R functions</h1>
546
397
  <p>Galaaz tries to emulate as closely as possible the way R functions are called and migrating from R to Galaaz should be quite easy requiring only minor syntactic changes to an R script. In this post, we do not have enough space to write a complete manual on Galaaz (a short manual can be found at: <a href="https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/galaaz/0.4.9" class="uri">https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/galaaz/0.4.9</a>), so we will present only a few examples scripts using Galaaz.</p>
547
- <p>Basically, to call an R function from Ruby with Galaaz, one only needs to preceed the function with ‘R.’. For instance, to create a vector in R, the ‘c’ function is used. From Galaaz, a vector can be created by using ‘R.c’:</p>
398
+ <p>Basically, to call an R function from Ruby with Galaaz, one only needs to preced the function with ‘R.’. For instance, to create a vector in R, the ‘c’ function is used. In Galaaz, a vector can be created by using ‘R.c’:</p>
548
399
  <pre class="ruby"><code>vec = R.c(1.0, 2, 3)
549
400
  puts vec</code></pre>
550
401
  <pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3</code></pre>
@@ -575,23 +426,82 @@ print(lst)
575
426
  puts exp10</code></pre>
576
427
  <pre><code>## y &lt;- 0.850903524534118</code></pre>
577
428
  </div>
578
- <div id="filtering-using-expressions" class="section level1">
579
- <h1>Filtering using expressions</h1>
580
- <p>Now that we know how to write expression and call R functions let’s do some data manipulation in Galaaz. Let’s first start by creating the same data frame that we created previously in section “Programming with dplyr”:</p>
429
+ <div id="data-manipulation-wiht-dplyr" class="section level1">
430
+ <h1>Data manipulation wiht <em>dplyr</em></h1>
431
+ <p>In this section we will give a brief tour <em>dplyr</em>’s usage in Galaaz and how to manipulate data in Ruby with it. This section will follow <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/dplyr.html"><em>dplyr</em>’s vignette</a> that explores the nycflights13 data set. This dataset contains all 336776 flights that departed from New York City in 2013. The data comes from the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics.</p>
432
+ <p>Let’s start by taking a look at this dataset:</p>
433
+ <pre class="ruby"><code>R.library('nycflights13')
434
+ # check it's dimension
435
+ puts ~:flights.dim
436
+ # and the structure
437
+ ~:flights.str</code></pre>
438
+ <pre><code>## Message:
439
+ ## Method ~ not found in R environment</code></pre>
440
+ <pre><code>## Message:
441
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/rsupport.rb:90:in `eval'
442
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/rsupport.rb:270:in `exec_function_name'
443
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/robject.rb:166:in `method_missing'
444
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:105:in `get_binding'
445
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:102:in `eval'
446
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/util/exec_ruby.rb:102:in `exec_ruby'
447
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/gknit/knitr_engine.rb:650:in `block in initialize'
448
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `call'
449
+ ## /home/rbotafogo/desenv/galaaz/lib/R_interface/ruby_callback.rb:77:in `callback'
450
+ ## (eval):3:in `function(...) {\n rb_method(...)'
451
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `in_dir'
452
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `block_exec'
453
+ ## /usr/local/lib/graalvm-ce-java11-20.0.0/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:92:in `call_block'
454
+ ## /usr/local/lib/graalvm-ce-java11-20.0.0/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:6:in `process_group.block'
455
+ ## /usr/local/lib/graalvm-ce-java11-20.0.0/languages/R/library/knitr/R/block.R:3:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
456
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `withCallingHandlers'
457
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `process_file'
458
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
459
+ ## unknown.r:1:in `&lt;no source&gt;'
460
+ ## &lt;REPL&gt;:4:in `&lt;repl wrapper&gt;'
461
+ ## &lt;REPL&gt;:1</code></pre>
462
+ <p>Now, let’s use a first verb of <em>dplyr</em>: ‘filter’. This verb, obviously, will filter the data by the given expression. In the next block, we filter by columns ‘month’ and ‘day’. The first argument to the filter function is symbol ‘:flights’. A Ruby symbol, when given to an R function will convert to the R variable of the same name, in this case ‘flights’, that holds the nycflights13 data frame.</p>
463
+ <p>The second and third arguments are expressions that will be used by the filter function to filter by columns, looking for entries in which the month and day are equal to 1.</p>
464
+ <pre class="ruby"><code>puts R.filter(:flights, (:month.eq 1), (:day.eq 1))</code></pre>
465
+ <pre><code>## # A tibble: 842 x 19
466
+ ## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time
467
+ ## &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;int&gt;
468
+ ## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830
469
+ ## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850
470
+ ## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923
471
+ ## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004
472
+ ## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812
473
+ ## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740
474
+ ## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913
475
+ ## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709
476
+ ## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838
477
+ ## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753
478
+ ## # … with 832 more rows, and 12 more variables: sched_arr_time &lt;int&gt;,
479
+ ## # arr_delay &lt;dbl&gt;, carrier &lt;chr&gt;, flight &lt;int&gt;, tailnum &lt;chr&gt;,
480
+ ## # origin &lt;chr&gt;, dest &lt;chr&gt;, air_time &lt;dbl&gt;, distance &lt;dbl&gt;, hour &lt;dbl&gt;,
481
+ ## # minute &lt;dbl&gt;, time_hour &lt;dttm&gt;</code></pre>
482
+ <div id="programming-with-dplyr-problems-and-how-to-solve-them-in-galaaz" class="section level2">
483
+ <h2>Programming with <em>dplyr</em>: problems and how to solve them in Galaaz</h2>
484
+ <p>In this section we look at the list of problems that Hardley describes in the “Programming with dplyr” vignette and show how those problems are solved and coded with Galaaz. Readers interested in how those problems are treated in <em>dplyr</em> should read the vignette and use it as a comparison with this blog.</p>
485
+ </div>
486
+ <div id="filtering-using-expressions" class="section level2">
487
+ <h2>Filtering using expressions</h2>
488
+ <p>Now that we know how to write expressions and call R functions, let’s do some data manipulation in Galaaz. Let’s first start by creating a data frame. In R, the ‘data.frame’ function creates a data frame. In Ruby, writing ‘data.frame’ will not parse as a single object. To call R functions that have a ‘.’ in them, we need to substitute the ‘.’ with ’__‘. So, method ’data.frame’ in R, is called in Galaaz as ‘R.data__frame’:</p>
581
489
  <pre class="ruby"><code>df = R.data__frame(x: (1..3), y: (3..1))
582
490
  puts df</code></pre>
583
491
  <pre><code>## x y
584
492
  ## 1 1 3
585
493
  ## 2 2 2
586
494
  ## 3 3 1</code></pre>
587
- <p>The ‘filter’ function can be called on this data frame either by using ‘R.filter(df, …)’ or by using dot notation. We prefer to use dot notation as shown bellow. The argument to ‘filter’ in Galaaz should be an expression. Note that if we gave to filter a Ruby expression such as ‘x == 1’, we would get an error, since there is no variable ‘x’ defined and if ‘x’ was a variable then ‘x == 1’ would either be ‘true’ or ‘false’. Our goal is to filter our data frame returning all rows in which the ‘x’ value is equal to 1. To express this we want: ‘:x.eq 1’, where :x will be interpreted by filter as the ‘x’ column.</p>
495
+ <p><em>dplyr</em> provides the ‘filter’ function, that filters data in a data brame. The ‘filter’ function can be called on this data frame either by using ‘R.filter(df, …)’ or by using dot notation.</p>
496
+ <p>——-FIX———</p>
497
+ <p>We prefer to use dot notation as shown bellow. The argument to ‘filter’ should be an expression. Note that if we gave to filter a Ruby expression such as ‘x == 1’, we would get an error, since there is no variable ‘x’ defined and if ‘x’ was a variable then ‘x == 1’ would either be ‘true’ or ‘false’. Our goal is to filter our data frame returning all rows in which the ‘x’ value is equal to 1. To express this we want: ‘:x.eq 1’, where :x will be interpreted by filter as the ‘x’ column.</p>
588
498
  <pre class="ruby"><code>puts df.filter(:x.eq 1)</code></pre>
589
499
  <pre><code>## x y
590
500
  ## 1 1 3</code></pre>
591
501
  <p>In R, and when coding with ‘tidyverse’, arguments to a function are usually not <em>referencially transparent</em>. That is, you can’t replace a value with a seemingly equivalent object that you’ve defined elsewhere. In other words, this code</p>
592
502
  <pre class="r"><code>my_var &lt;- x
593
503
  filter(df, my_var == 1)</code></pre>
594
- <p>Generates the following error: &quot;object ‘x’ not found.</p>
504
+ <p>Generates the following error: object ‘x’ not found.</p>
595
505
  <p>However, in Galaaz, arguments are referencially transparent as can be seen by the code bellow. Note initally that ‘my_var = :x’ will not give the error “object ‘x’ not found” since ‘:x’ is treated as an expression and assigned to my_var. Then when doing (my_var.eq 1), my_var is a variable that resolves to ‘:x’ and it becomes equivalent to (:x.eq 1) which is what we want.</p>
596
506
  <pre class="ruby"><code>my_var = :x
597
507
  puts df.filter(my_var.eq 1)</code></pre>
@@ -619,8 +529,8 @@ puts df.filter(:x.eq y)
619
529
  <pre><code>## x y
620
530
  ## 1 1 3</code></pre>
621
531
  </div>
622
- <div id="writing-a-function-that-applies-to-different-data-sets" class="section level1">
623
- <h1>Writing a function that applies to different data sets</h1>
532
+ <div id="writing-a-function-that-applies-to-different-data-sets" class="section level2">
533
+ <h2>Writing a function that applies to different data sets</h2>
624
534
  <p>Let’s suppose that we want to write a function that receives as the first argument a data frame and as second argument an expression that adds a column to the data frame that is equal to the sum of elements in column ‘a’ plus ‘x’.</p>
625
535
  <p>Here is the intended behaviour using the ‘mutate’ function of ‘dplyr’:</p>
626
536
  <pre><code>mutate(df1, y = a + x)
@@ -654,8 +564,8 @@ mutate_y(df1)
654
564
  ## mismatched protect/unprotect (unprotect with empty protect stack) (RError)
655
565
  ## Translated to internal error</code></pre>
656
566
  </div>
657
- <div id="different-expressions" class="section level1">
658
- <h1>Different expressions</h1>
567
+ <div id="different-expressions" class="section level2">
568
+ <h2>Different expressions</h2>
659
569
  <p>Let’s move to the next problem as presented by Hardley where trying to write a function in R that will receive two argumens, the first a variable and the second an expression is not trivial. Bellow we create a data frame and we want to write a function that groups data by a variable and summarises it by an expression:</p>
660
570
  <pre class="r"><code>set.seed(123)
661
571
 
@@ -666,29 +576,29 @@ df <- data.frame(
666
576
  b = sample(5)
667
577
  )
668
578
 
669
- as.data.frame(df) </code></pre>
579
+ as.data.frame(df)</code></pre>
670
580
  <pre><code>## g1 g2 a b
671
- ## 1 1 1 2 1
672
- ## 2 1 2 4 3
673
- ## 3 2 1 5 4
674
- ## 4 2 2 3 2
675
- ## 5 2 1 1 5</code></pre>
581
+ ## 1 1 1 3 3
582
+ ## 2 1 2 2 1
583
+ ## 3 2 1 5 2
584
+ ## 4 2 2 4 5
585
+ ## 5 2 1 1 4</code></pre>
676
586
  <pre class="r"><code>d2 &lt;- df %&gt;%
677
587
  group_by(g1) %&gt;%
678
588
  summarise(a = mean(a))
679
589
 
680
- as.data.frame(d2) </code></pre>
681
- <pre><code>## g1 a
682
- ## 1 1 3
683
- ## 2 2 3</code></pre>
590
+ as.data.frame(d2)</code></pre>
591
+ <pre><code>## g1 a
592
+ ## 1 1 2.500000
593
+ ## 2 2 3.333333</code></pre>
684
594
  <pre class="r"><code>d2 &lt;- df %&gt;%
685
595
  group_by(g2) %&gt;%
686
596
  summarise(a = mean(a))
687
597
 
688
598
  as.data.frame(d2) </code></pre>
689
- <pre><code>## g2 a
690
- ## 1 1 2.666667
691
- ## 2 2 3.500000</code></pre>
599
+ <pre><code>## g2 a
600
+ ## 1 1 3
601
+ ## 2 2 3</code></pre>
692
602
  <p>As shown by Hardley, one might expect this function to do the trick:</p>
693
603
  <pre class="r"><code>my_summarise &lt;- function(df, group_var) {
694
604
  df %&gt;%
@@ -708,26 +618,30 @@ def my_summarize(df, group_var)
708
618
  summarize(a: :a.mean)
709
619
  end
710
620
 
711
- puts my_summarize(:df, :g1).as__data__frame</code></pre>
621
+ puts my_summarize(:df, :g1)</code></pre>
712
622
  <pre><code>## g1 g2 a b
713
- ## 1 1 1 2 1
714
- ## 2 1 2 4 3
715
- ## 3 2 1 5 4
716
- ## 4 2 2 3 2
717
- ## 5 2 1 1 5
623
+ ## 1 1 1 3 3
624
+ ## 2 1 2 2 1
625
+ ## 3 2 1 5 2
626
+ ## 4 2 2 4 5
627
+ ## 5 2 1 1 4
718
628
  ##
719
- ## g1 a
720
- ## 1 1 3
721
- ## 2 2 3</code></pre>
629
+ ## # A tibble: 2 x 2
630
+ ## g1 a
631
+ ## &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
632
+ ## 1 1 2.5
633
+ ## 2 2 3.33</code></pre>
722
634
  <p>It works!!! Well, let’s make sure this was not just some coincidence</p>
723
- <pre class="ruby"><code>puts my_summarize(:df, :g2).as__data__frame</code></pre>
724
- <pre><code>## g2 a
725
- ## 1 1 2.666667
726
- ## 2 2 3.500000</code></pre>
635
+ <pre class="ruby"><code>puts my_summarize(:df, :g2)</code></pre>
636
+ <pre><code>## # A tibble: 2 x 2
637
+ ## g2 a
638
+ ## &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
639
+ ## 1 1 3
640
+ ## 2 2 3</code></pre>
727
641
  <p>Great, everything is fine! No magic, no new functions, no complexities, just normal, standard Ruby code. If you’ve ever done NSE in R, this certainly feels much safer and easy to implement.</p>
728
642
  </div>
729
- <div id="different-input-variables" class="section level1">
730
- <h1>Different input variables</h1>
643
+ <div id="different-input-variables" class="section level2">
644
+ <h2>Different input variables</h2>
731
645
  <p>In the previous section we’ve managed to get rid of all NSE formulation for a simple example, but does this remain true for more complex examples, or will the Galaaz way prove inpractical for more complex code?</p>
732
646
  <p>In the next example Hardley proposes us to write a function that given an expression such as ‘a’ or ‘a * b’, calculates three summaries. What we want a function that does the same as these R statements:</p>
733
647
  <pre><code>summarise(df, mean = mean(a), sum = sum(a), n = n())
@@ -758,8 +672,8 @@ puts my_summarise2((~:df), :a * :b)
758
672
  ## 1 9 45 5</code></pre>
759
673
  <p>Once again, there is no need to use any special theory or functions. The only point to be careful about is the use of ‘E’ to build expressions from functions ‘mean’, ‘sum’ and ‘n’.</p>
760
674
  </div>
761
- <div id="different-input-and-output-variable" class="section level1">
762
- <h1>Different input and output variable</h1>
675
+ <div id="different-input-and-output-variable" class="section level2">
676
+ <h2>Different input and output variable</h2>
763
677
  <p>Now the next challenge presented by Hardley is to vary the name of the output variables based on the received expression. So, if the input expression is ‘a’, we want our data frame columns to be named ‘mean_a’ and ‘sum_a’. Now, if the input expression is ‘b’, columns should be named ‘mean_b’ and ‘sum_b’.</p>
764
678
  <pre><code>mutate(df, mean_a = mean(a), sum_a = sum(a))
765
679
  #&gt; # A tibble: 5 x 6
@@ -793,22 +707,22 @@ end
793
707
  puts my_mutate((~:df), :a)
794
708
  puts my_mutate((~:df), :b)</code></pre>
795
709
  <pre><code>## g1 g2 a b mean_a sum_a
796
- ## 1 1 1 2 1 3 15
797
- ## 2 1 2 4 3 3 15
798
- ## 3 2 1 5 4 3 15
799
- ## 4 2 2 3 2 3 15
800
- ## 5 2 1 1 5 3 15
710
+ ## 1 1 1 3 3 3 15
711
+ ## 2 1 2 2 1 3 15
712
+ ## 3 2 1 5 2 3 15
713
+ ## 4 2 2 4 5 3 15
714
+ ## 5 2 1 1 4 3 15
801
715
  ## g1 g2 a b mean_b sum_b
802
- ## 1 1 1 2 1 3 15
803
- ## 2 1 2 4 3 3 15
804
- ## 3 2 1 5 4 3 15
805
- ## 4 2 2 3 2 3 15
806
- ## 5 2 1 1 5 3 15</code></pre>
716
+ ## 1 1 1 3 3 3 15
717
+ ## 2 1 2 2 1 3 15
718
+ ## 3 2 1 5 2 3 15
719
+ ## 4 2 2 4 5 3 15
720
+ ## 5 2 1 1 4 3 15</code></pre>
807
721
  <p>It really seems that “Non Standard Evaluation” is actually quite standard in Galaaz! But, you might have noticed a small change in the way the arguments to the mutate method were called. In a previous example we used df.summarise(mean: E.mean(:a), …) where the column name was followed by a ‘:’ colom. In this example, we have df.mutate(mean_name =&gt; E.mean(expr), …) and variable mean_name is not followed by ‘:’ but by ‘=&gt;’. This is standard Ruby notation.</p>
808
722
  <p>[explain….]</p>
809
723
  </div>
810
- <div id="capturing-multiple-variables" class="section level1">
811
- <h1>Capturing multiple variables</h1>
724
+ <div id="capturing-multiple-variables" class="section level2">
725
+ <h2>Capturing multiple variables</h2>
812
726
  <p>Moving on with new complexities, Hardley proposes us to solve the problem in which the summarise function will receive any number of grouping variables.</p>
813
727
  <p>This again is quite standard Ruby. In order to receive an undefined number of paramenters the paramenter is preceded by ’*’:</p>
814
728
  <pre class="ruby"><code>def my_summarise3(df, *group_vars)
@@ -816,12 +730,16 @@ puts my_mutate((~:df), :b)
816
730
  summarise(a: E.mean(:a))
817
731
  end
818
732
 
819
- puts my_summarise3((~:df), :g1, :g2).as__data__frame</code></pre>
820
- <pre><code>## g1 g2 a
821
- ## 1 1 1 2
822
- ## 2 1 2 4
823
- ## 3 2 1 3
824
- ## 4 2 2 3</code></pre>
733
+ puts my_summarise3((~:df), :g1, :g2)</code></pre>
734
+ <pre><code>## # A tibble: 4 x 3
735
+ ## # Groups: g1 [?]
736
+ ## g1 g2 a
737
+ ## &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
738
+ ## 1 1 1 3
739
+ ## 2 1 2 2
740
+ ## 3 2 1 3
741
+ ## 4 2 2 4</code></pre>
742
+ </div>
825
743
  </div>
826
744
  <div id="why-does-r-require-nse-and-galaaz-does-not" class="section level1">
827
745
  <h1>Why does R require NSE and Galaaz does not?</h1>
@@ -832,41 +750,24 @@ puts my_summarise3((~:df), :g1, :g2).as__data__frame
832
750
  </div>
833
751
  <div id="advanced-dplyr-features" class="section level1">
834
752
  <h1>Advanced dplyr features</h1>
835
- <p>In the blog: Programming with dplyr by using dplyr (<a href="https://www.r-bloggers.com/programming-with-dplyr-by-using-dplyr/" class="uri">https://www.r-bloggers.com/programming-with-dplyr-by-using-dplyr/</a>) Iñaki Úcar shows surprise that some R users are trying to code in dplyr avoiding the use of NSE. For instance he says:</p>
753
+ <p>In the blog: <a href="https://www.r-bloggers.com/programming-with-dplyr-by-using-dplyr/">Programming with dplyr by using dplyr</a> Iñaki Úcar shows surprise that some R users are trying to code in dplyr avoiding the use of NSE. For instance he says:</p>
836
754
  <blockquote>
837
755
  <p>Take the example of seplyr. It stands for standard evaluation dplyr, and enables us to program over dplyr without having “to bring in (or study) any deep-theory or heavy-weight tools such as rlang/tidyeval”.</p>
838
756
  </blockquote>
839
757
  <p>For me, there isn’t really any surprise that users are trying to avoid dplyr deep-theory. R users frequently are not programmers and learning to code is already hard business, on top of that, having to learn how to ‘quote’ or ‘enquo’ or ‘quos’ or ‘enquos’ is not necessarily a ‘piece of cake’. So much so, that ‘tidyeval’ has some more advanced functions that instead of using quoted expressions, uses strings as arguments.</p>
840
758
  <p>In the following examples, we show the use of functions ‘group_by_at’, ‘summarise_at’ and ‘rename_at’ that receive strings as argument. The data frame used in ‘starwars’ that describes features of characters in the Starwars movies:</p>
841
- <pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:starwars).head.as__data__frame</code></pre>
842
- <pre><code>## name height mass hair_color skin_color eye_color birth_year
843
- ## 1 Luke Skywalker 172 77 blond fair blue 19.0
844
- ## 2 C-3PO 167 75 &lt;NA&gt; gold yellow 112.0
845
- ## 3 R2-D2 96 32 &lt;NA&gt; white, blue red 33.0
846
- ## 4 Darth Vader 202 136 none white yellow 41.9
847
- ## 5 Leia Organa 150 49 brown light brown 19.0
848
- ## 6 Owen Lars 178 120 brown, grey light blue 52.0
849
- ## gender homeworld species
850
- ## 1 male Tatooine Human
851
- ## 2 &lt;NA&gt; Tatooine Droid
852
- ## 3 &lt;NA&gt; Naboo Droid
853
- ## 4 male Tatooine Human
854
- ## 5 female Alderaan Human
855
- ## 6 male Tatooine Human
856
- ## films
857
- ## 1 Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
858
- ## 2 Attack of the Clones, The Phantom Menace, Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope
859
- ## 3 Attack of the Clones, The Phantom Menace, Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
860
- ## 4 Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope
861
- ## 5 Revenge of the Sith, Return of the Jedi, The Empire Strikes Back, A New Hope, The Force Awakens
862
- ## 6 Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith, A New Hope
863
- ## vehicles starships
864
- ## 1 Snowspeeder, Imperial Speeder Bike X-wing, Imperial shuttle
865
- ## 2
866
- ## 3
867
- ## 4 TIE Advanced x1
868
- ## 5 Imperial Speeder Bike
869
- ## 6</code></pre>
759
+ <pre class="ruby"><code>puts (~:starwars).head</code></pre>
760
+ <pre><code>## # A tibble: 6 x 13
761
+ ## name height mass hair_color skin_color eye_color birth_year gender
762
+ ## &lt;chr&gt; &lt;int&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt; &lt;chr&gt; &lt;chr&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;
763
+ ## 1 Luke… 172 77 blond fair blue 19 male
764
+ ## 2 C-3PO 167 75 &lt;NA&gt; gold yellow 112 &lt;NA&gt;
765
+ ## 3 R2-D2 96 32 &lt;NA&gt; white, bl… red 33 &lt;NA&gt;
766
+ ## 4 Dart… 202 136 none white yellow 41.9 male
767
+ ## 5 Leia… 150 49 brown light brown 19 female
768
+ ## 6 Owen… 178 120 brown, gr… light blue 52 male
769
+ ## # … with 5 more variables: homeworld &lt;chr&gt;, species &lt;chr&gt;, films &lt;list&gt;,
770
+ ## # vehicles &lt;list&gt;, starships &lt;list&gt;</code></pre>
870
771
  <p>The grouped_mean function bellow will receive a grouping variable and calculate summaries for the value_variables given:</p>
871
772
  <pre class="r"><code>grouped_mean &lt;- function(data, grouping_variables, value_variables) {
872
773
  data %&gt;%
@@ -905,23 +806,40 @@ as.data.frame(gm)
905
806
  rename_at(value_variables, E.funs(E.paste0(&quot;mean_&quot;, value_variables)))
906
807
  end
907
808
 
908
- puts grouped_mean((~:starwars), &quot;eye_color&quot;, E.c(&quot;mass&quot;, &quot;birth_year&quot;)).as__data__frame</code></pre>
909
- <pre><code>## eye_color mean_mass mean_birth_year count
910
- ## 1 black 76.28571 33.00000 10
911
- ## 2 blue 86.51667 67.06923 19
912
- ## 3 blue-gray 77.00000 57.00000 1
913
- ## 4 brown 66.09231 108.96429 21
914
- ## 5 dark NaN NaN 1
915
- ## 6 gold NaN NaN 1
916
- ## 7 green, yellow 159.00000 NaN 1
917
- ## 8 hazel 66.00000 34.50000 3
918
- ## 9 orange 282.33333 231.00000 8
919
- ## 10 pink NaN NaN 1
920
- ## 11 red 81.40000 33.66667 5
921
- ## 12 red, blue NaN NaN 1
922
- ## 13 unknown 31.50000 NaN 3
923
- ## 14 white 48.00000 NaN 1
924
- ## 15 yellow 81.11111 76.38000 11</code></pre>
809
+ puts grouped_mean((~:starwars), &quot;eye_color&quot;, E.c(&quot;mass&quot;, &quot;birth_year&quot;))</code></pre>
810
+ <pre><code>## # A tibble: 15 x 4
811
+ ## eye_color mean_mass mean_birth_year count
812
+ ## &lt;chr&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
813
+ ## 1 black 76.3 33 10
814
+ ## 2 blue 86.5 67.1 19
815
+ ## 3 blue-gray 77 57 1
816
+ ## 4 brown 66.1 109. 21
817
+ ## 5 dark NaN NaN 1
818
+ ## 6 gold NaN NaN 1
819
+ ## 7 green, yellow 159 NaN 1
820
+ ## 8 hazel 66 34.5 3
821
+ ## 9 orange 282. 231 8
822
+ ## 10 pink NaN NaN 1
823
+ ## 11 red 81.4 33.7 5
824
+ ## 12 red, blue NaN NaN 1
825
+ ## 13 unknown 31.5 NaN 3
826
+ ## 14 white 48 NaN 1
827
+ ## 15 yellow 81.1 76.4 11</code></pre>
828
+ </div>
829
+ <div id="further-reading" class="section level1">
830
+ <h1>Further reading</h1>
831
+ <p>For more information on GraalVM, TruffleRuby, fastR, R and Galaaz check out the following sites/posts:</p>
832
+ <ul>
833
+ <li><a href="https://www.graalvm.org/">GraalVM Home</a></li>
834
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby">TruffleRuby</a></li>
835
+ <li><a href="https://github.com/oracle/fastr">FastR</a></li>
836
+ <li><a href="https://medium.com/graalvm/faster-r-with-fastr-4b8db0e0dceb">Faster R with FastR</a></li>
837
+ <li><a href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/how-to-make-beautiful-ruby-plots-with-galaaz-320848058857">How to make Beautiful Ruby Plots with Galaaz</a></li>
838
+ <li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/ruby-plotting-with-galaaz-an-example-of-tightly-coupling-ruby-and-r-in-graalvm-520b69e21021">Ruby Plotting with Galaaz: An example of tightly coupling Ruby and R in GraalVM</a></li>
839
+ <li><a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-do-reproducible-research-in-ruby-with-gknit-c26d2684d64e">How to do reproducible research in Ruby with gKnit</a></li>
840
+ <li><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/">R for Data Science</a></li>
841
+ <li><a href="https://adv-r.hadley.nz/">Advanced R</a></li>
842
+ </ul>
925
843
  </div>
926
844
  <div id="conclusion" class="section level1">
927
845
  <h1>Conclusion</h1>