capybara 2.7.0 → 3.35.3

data/lib/capybara/node/base.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Capybara
   module Node
-
     ##
     #
     # A {Capybara::Node::Base} represents either an element on a page through the subclass
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ module Capybara
     #
     #     session = Capybara::Session.new(:rack_test, my_app)
     #     session.visit('/')
-    #     session.fill_in('Foo', :with => 'Bar')    # from Capybara::Node::Actions
+    #     session.fill_in('Foo', with: 'Bar')    # from Capybara::Node::Actions
     #     bar = session.find('#bar')                # from Capybara::Node::Finders
-    #     bar.select('Baz', :from => 'Quox')        # from Capybara::Node::Actions
+    #     bar.select('Baz', from: 'Quox')        # from Capybara::Node::Actions
     #     session.has_css?('#foobar')               # from Capybara::Node::Matchers
     #
     class Base
-      attr_reader :session, :base, :parent
+      attr_reader :session, :base, :query_scope
 
       include Capybara::Node::Finders
       include Capybara::Node::Actions
@@ -67,54 +67,72 @@ module Capybara
       # time has passed. On rubies/platforms which don't support access to a monotonic process clock
       # if the return value of `Time.now` is stubbed out, Capybara will raise `Capybara::FrozenInTime`.
       #
-      # @param  [Integer] seconds         Number of seconds to retry this block
-      # @param options [Hash]
-      # @option options [Array<Exception>] :errors (driver.invalid_element_errors +
+      # @param  [Integer] seconds  (current sessions default_max_wait_time) Maximum number of seconds to retry this block
+      # @param  [Array<Exception>] errors (driver.invalid_element_errors +
       #   [Capybara::ElementNotFound]) exception types that cause the block to be rerun
       # @return [Object]                  The result of the given block
       # @raise  [Capybara::FrozenInTime]  If the return value of `Time.now` appears stuck
       #
-      def synchronize(seconds=Capybara.default_max_wait_time, options = {})
-        start_time = Capybara::Helpers.monotonic_time
+      def synchronize(seconds = nil, errors: nil)
+        return yield if session.synchronized
 
-        if session.synchronized
+        seconds = session_options.default_max_wait_time if [nil, true].include? seconds
+        session.synchronized = true
+        timer = Capybara::Helpers.timer(expire_in: seconds)
+        begin
           yield
-        else
-          session.synchronized = true
-          begin
-            yield
-          rescue => e
-            session.raise_server_error!
-            raise e unless driver.wait?
-            raise e unless catch_error?(e, options[:errors])
-            raise e if (Capybara::Helpers.monotonic_time - start_time) >= seconds
-            sleep(0.05)
-            raise Capybara::FrozenInTime, "time appears to be frozen, Capybara does not work with libraries which freeze time, consider using time travelling instead" if Capybara::Helpers.monotonic_time == start_time
-            reload if Capybara.automatic_reload
-            retry
-          ensure
-            session.synchronized = false
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          session.raise_server_error!
+          raise e unless catch_error?(e, errors)
+
+          if driver.wait?
+            raise e if timer.expired?
+
+            sleep(0.01)
+            reload if session_options.automatic_reload
+          else
+            old_base = @base
+            reload if session_options.automatic_reload
+            raise e if old_base == @base
           end
+          retry
+        ensure
+          session.synchronized = false
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def find_css(css, **options)
+        if base.method(:find_css).arity == 1
+          base.find_css(css)
+        else
+          base.find_css(css, **options)
         end
       end
 
       # @api private
-      def find_css(css)
-        base.find_css(css)
+      def find_xpath(xpath, **options)
+        if base.method(:find_xpath).arity == 1
+          base.find_xpath(xpath)
+        else
+          base.find_xpath(xpath, **options)
+        end
       end
 
       # @api private
-      def find_xpath(xpath)
-        base.find_xpath(xpath)
+      def session_options
+        session.config
+      end
+
+      def to_capybara_node
+        self
       end
 
     protected
 
       def catch_error?(error, errors = nil)
         errors ||= (driver.invalid_element_errors + [Capybara::ElementNotFound])
-        errors.any? do |type|
-          error.is_a?(type)
-        end
+        errors.any? { |type| error.is_a?(type) }
       end
 
       def driver

data/lib/capybara/node/document.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Capybara
   module Node
-
     ##
     #
     # A {Capybara::Document} represents an HTML document. Any operation
@@ -20,13 +20,29 @@ module Capybara
       #
       # @return [String]    The text of the document
       #
-      def text(type=nil)
-        find(:xpath, '/html').text(type)
+      def text(type = nil, normalize_ws: false)
+        find(:xpath, '/html').text(type, normalize_ws: normalize_ws)
       end
 
+      ##
+      #
+      # @return [String]    The title of the document
+      #
       def title
         session.driver.title
       end
+
+      def execute_script(*args)
+        find(:xpath, '/html').execute_script(*args)
+      end
+
+      def evaluate_script(*args)
+        find(:xpath, '/html').evaluate_script(*args)
+      end
+
+      def scroll_to(*args, **options)
+        find(:xpath, '//body').scroll_to(*args, **options)
+      end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/capybara/node/document_matchers.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Capybara
   module Node
     module DocumentMatchers
@@ -6,22 +7,19 @@ module Capybara
       # Asserts that the page has the given title.
       #
       # @!macro title_query_params
-      #   @overload $0(string, options = {})
+      #   @overload $0(string, **options)
       #     @param string [String]           The string that title should include
-      #   @overload $0(regexp, options = {})
+      #   @overload $0(regexp, **options)
       #     @param regexp [Regexp]           The regexp that title should match to
       #   @option options [Numeric] :wait (Capybara.default_max_wait_time) Maximum time that Capybara will wait for title to eq/match given string/regexp argument
+      #   @option options [Boolean] :exact (false) When passed a string should the match be exact or just substring
       # @raise [Capybara::ExpectationNotMet] if the assertion hasn't succeeded during wait time
       # @return [true]
       #
-      def assert_title(title, options = {})
-        query = Capybara::Queries::TitleQuery.new(title, options)
-        synchronize(query.wait) do
-          unless query.resolves_for?(self)
-            raise Capybara::ExpectationNotMet, query.failure_message
-          end
+      def assert_title(title, **options)
+        _verify_title(title, options) do |query|
+          raise Capybara::ExpectationNotMet, query.failure_message unless query.resolves_for?(self)
         end
-        return true
       end
 
       ##
@@ -31,14 +29,10 @@ module Capybara
       # @raise [Capybara::ExpectationNotMet] if the assertion hasn't succeeded during wait time
       # @return [true]
       #
-      def assert_no_title(title, options = {})
-        query = Capybara::Queries::TitleQuery.new(title, options)
-        synchronize(query.wait) do
-          if query.resolves_for?(self)
-            raise Capybara::ExpectationNotMet, query.negative_failure_message
-          end
+      def assert_no_title(title, **options)
+        _verify_title(title, options) do |query|
+          raise Capybara::ExpectationNotMet, query.negative_failure_message if query.resolves_for?(self)
         end
-        return true
       end
 
       ##
@@ -47,10 +41,8 @@ module Capybara
       # @macro title_query_params
       # @return [Boolean]
       #
-      def has_title?(title, options = {})
-        assert_title(title, options)
-      rescue Capybara::ExpectationNotMet
-        return false
+      def has_title?(title, **options)
+        make_predicate(options) { assert_title(title, **options) }
       end
 
       ##
@@ -59,10 +51,16 @@ module Capybara
       # @macro title_query_params
       # @return [Boolean]
       #
-      def has_no_title?(title, options = {})
-        assert_no_title(title, options)
-      rescue Capybara::ExpectationNotMet
-        return false
+      def has_no_title?(title, **options)
+        make_predicate(options) { assert_no_title(title, **options) }
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      def _verify_title(title, options)
+        query = Capybara::Queries::TitleQuery.new(title, **options)
+        synchronize(query.wait) { yield(query) }
+        true
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/capybara/node/element.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Capybara
   module Node
-
     ##
     #
     # A {Capybara::Node::Element} represents a single element on the page. It is possible
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module Capybara
     #     session = Capybara::Session.new(:rack_test, my_app)
     #
     #     bar = session.find('#bar')              # from Capybara::Node::Finders
-    #     bar.select('Baz', :from => 'Quox')      # from Capybara::Node::Actions
+    #     bar.select('Baz', from: 'Quox')      # from Capybara::Node::Actions
     #
     # {Capybara::Node::Element} also has access to HTML attributes and other properties of the
     # element:
@@ -22,14 +22,16 @@ module Capybara
     # @see Capybara::Node
     #
     class Element < Base
-
-      def initialize(session, base, parent, query)
+      def initialize(session, base, query_scope, query)
         super(session, base)
-        @parent = parent
+        @query_scope = query_scope
         @query = query
+        @allow_reload = false
+        @query_idx = nil
       end
 
-      def allow_reload!
+      def allow_reload!(idx = nil)
+        @query_idx = idx
         @allow_reload = true
       end
 
@@ -43,30 +45,25 @@ module Capybara
 
       ##
       #
-      # Retrieve the text of the element. If `Capybara.ignore_hidden_elements`
+      # Retrieve the text of the element. If {Capybara.configure ignore_hidden_elements}
       # is `true`, which it is by default, then this will return only text
       # which is visible. The exact semantics of this may differ between
       # drivers, but generally any text within elements with `display:none` is
       # ignored. This behaviour can be overridden by passing `:all` to this
       # method.
       #
-      # @param [:all, :visible] type  Whether to return only visible or all text
+      # @param type [:all, :visible]  Whether to return only visible or all text
       # @return [String]              The text of the element
       #
-      def text(type=nil)
-        type ||= :all unless Capybara.ignore_hidden_elements or Capybara.visible_text_only
-        synchronize do
-          if type == :all
-            base.all_text
-          else
-            base.visible_text
-          end
-        end
+      def text(type = nil, normalize_ws: false)
+        type ||= :all unless session_options.ignore_hidden_elements || session_options.visible_text_only
+        txt = synchronize { type == :all ? base.all_text : base.visible_text }
+        normalize_ws ? txt.gsub(/[[:space:]]+/, ' ').strip : txt
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Retrieve the given attribute
+      # Retrieve the given attribute.
       #
       #     element[:title] # => HTML title attribute
       #
@@ -77,6 +74,30 @@ module Capybara
         synchronize { base[attribute] }
       end
 
+      ##
+      #
+      # Retrieve the given CSS styles.
+      #
+      #     element.style('color', 'font-size') # => Computed values of CSS 'color' and 'font-size' styles
+      #
+      # @param [Array<String>] styles   Names of the desired CSS properties
+      # @return [Hash]            Hash of the CSS property names to computed values
+      #
+      def style(*styles)
+        styles = styles.flatten.map(&:to_s)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'You must specify at least one CSS style' if styles.empty?
+
+        begin
+          synchronize { base.style(styles) }
+        rescue NotImplementedError => e
+          begin
+            evaluate_script(STYLE_SCRIPT, *styles)
+          rescue Capybara::NotSupportedByDriverError
+            raise e
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       ##
       #
       # @return [String]    The value of the form element
@@ -90,147 +111,179 @@ module Capybara
       # Set the value of the form element to the given value.
       #
       # @param [String] value    The new value
-      # @param [Hash{}] options  Driver specific options for how to set the value
+      # @param [Hash] options    Driver specific options for how to set the value. Take default values from {Capybara.configure default_set_options}.
       #
-      def set(value, options={})
-        options ||= {}
-
-        driver_supports_options = (base.method(:set).arity != 1)
-
-        unless options.empty? || driver_supports_options
-          warn "Options passed to Capybara::Node#set but the driver doesn't support them"
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def set(value, **options)
+        if ENV['CAPYBARA_THOROUGH'] && readonly?
+          raise Capybara::ReadOnlyElementError, "Attempt to set readonly element with value: #{value}"
         end
 
-        synchronize do
-          if driver_supports_options
-            base.set(value, options)
-          else
-            base.set(value)
-          end
-        end
+        options = session_options.default_set_options.to_h.merge(options)
+        synchronize { base.set(value, **options) }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Select this node if is an option element inside a select tag
+      # Select this node if it is an option element inside a select tag.
       #
-      def select_option
-        warn "Attempt to select disabled option: #{value || text}" if disabled?
-        synchronize { base.select_option }
+      # @!macro action_waiting_behavior
+      #   If the driver dynamic pages (JS) and the element is currently non-interactable, this method will
+      #   continuously retry the action until either the element becomes interactable or the maximum
+      #   wait time expires.
+      #
+      #   @param [false, Numeric] wait
+      #     Maximum time to wait for the action to succeed. Defaults to {Capybara.configure default_max_wait_time}.
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def select_option(wait: nil)
+        synchronize(wait) { base.select_option }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Unselect this node if is an option element inside a multiple select tag
+      # Unselect this node if it is an option element inside a multiple select tag.
       #
-      def unselect_option
-        synchronize { base.unselect_option }
+      # @macro action_waiting_behavior
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def unselect_option(wait: nil)
+        synchronize(wait) { base.unselect_option }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Click the Element
-      #
-      def click
-        synchronize { base.click }
+      # Click the Element.
+      #
+      # @macro action_waiting_behavior
+      # @!macro click_modifiers
+      #   Both x: and y: must be specified if an offset is wanted, if not specified the click will occur at the middle of the element.
+      #   @overload $0(*modifier_keys, wait: nil, **offset)
+      #     @param *modifier_keys [:alt, :control, :meta, :shift] ([]) Keys to be held down when clicking
+      #     @option options [Integer] x  X coordinate to offset the click location. If {Capybara.configure w3c_click_offset} is `true` the
+      #       offset will be from the element center, otherwise it will be from the top left corner of the element
+      #     @option options [Integer] y  Y coordinate to offset the click location. If {Capybara.configure w3c_click_offset} is `true` the
+      #       offset will be from the element center, otherwise it will be from the top left corner of the element
+      # @option options [Float] delay  Delay between the mouse down and mouse up events in seconds (0)
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def click(*keys, **options)
+        perform_click_action(keys, **options) do |k, opts|
+          base.click(k, **opts)
+        end
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Right Click the Element
+      # Right Click the Element.
       #
-      def right_click
-        synchronize { base.right_click }
+      # @macro action_waiting_behavior
+      # @macro click_modifiers
+      # @option options [Float] delay  Delay between the mouse down and mouse up events in seconds (0)
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def right_click(*keys, **options)
+        perform_click_action(keys, **options) do |k, opts|
+          base.right_click(k, **opts)
+        end
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Double Click the Element
+      # Double Click the Element.
       #
-      def double_click
-        synchronize { base.double_click }
+      # @macro action_waiting_behavior
+      # @macro click_modifiers
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def double_click(*keys, **options)
+        perform_click_action(keys, **options) do |k, opts|
+          base.double_click(k, **opts)
+        end
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Send Keystrokes to the Element
+      # Send Keystrokes to the Element.
       #
       # @overload send_keys(keys, ...)
-      #   @param [String, Symbol, Array<String,Symbol>] keys
+      #   @param keys [String, Symbol, Array<String,Symbol>]
       #
       # Examples:
       #
       #     element.send_keys "foo"                     #=> value: 'foo'
-      #     element.send_keys "tet", :left, "s"   #=> value: 'test'
+      #     element.send_keys "tet", :left, "s"         #=> value: 'test'
       #     element.send_keys [:control, 'a'], :space   #=> value: ' ' - assuming ctrl-a selects all contents
       #
-      # Symbols supported for keys
-      # :cancel
-      # :help
-      # :backspace
-      # :tab
-      # :clear
-      # :return
-      # :enter
-      # :shift
-      # :control
-      # :alt
-      # :pause
-      # :escape
-      # :space
-      # :page_up
-      # :page_down
-      # :end
-      # :home
-      # :left
-      # :up
-      # :right
-      # :down
-      # :insert
-      # :delete
-      # :semicolon
-      # :equals
-      # :numpad0
-      # :numpad1
-      # :numpad2
-      # :numpad3
-      # :numpad4
-      # :numpad5
-      # :numpad6
-      # :numpad7
-      # :numpad8
-      # :numpad9
-      # :multiply      - numeric keypad *
-      # :add           - numeric keypad +
-      # :separator     - numeric keypad 'separator' key ??
-      # :subtract      - numeric keypad -
-      # :decimal       - numeric keypad .
-      # :divide        - numeric keypad /
-      # :f1
-      # :f2
-      # :f3
-      # :f4
-      # :f5
-      # :f6
-      # :f7
-      # :f8
-      # :f9
-      # :f10
-      # :f11
-      # :f12
-      # :meta
-      # :command      - alias of :meta
-      #
+      # Symbols supported for keys:
+      # * :cancel
+      # * :help
+      # * :backspace
+      # * :tab
+      # * :clear
+      # * :return
+      # * :enter
+      # * :shift
+      # * :control
+      # * :alt
+      # * :pause
+      # * :escape
+      # * :space
+      # * :page_up
+      # * :page_down
+      # * :end
+      # * :home
+      # * :left
+      # * :up
+      # * :right
+      # * :down
+      # * :insert
+      # * :delete
+      # * :semicolon
+      # * :equals
+      # * :numpad0
+      # * :numpad1
+      # * :numpad2
+      # * :numpad3
+      # * :numpad4
+      # * :numpad5
+      # * :numpad6
+      # * :numpad7
+      # * :numpad8
+      # * :numpad9
+      # * :multiply      - numeric keypad *
+      # * :add           - numeric keypad +
+      # * :separator     - numeric keypad 'separator' key ??
+      # * :subtract      - numeric keypad -
+      # * :decimal       - numeric keypad .
+      # * :divide        - numeric keypad /
+      # * :f1
+      # * :f2
+      # * :f3
+      # * :f4
+      # * :f5
+      # * :f6
+      # * :f7
+      # * :f8
+      # * :f9
+      # * :f10
+      # * :f11
+      # * :f12
+      # * :meta
+      # * :command      - alias of :meta
+      #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
       def send_keys(*args)
         synchronize { base.send_keys(*args) }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
       #
-      # Hover on the Element
+      # Hover on the Element.
       #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
       def hover
         synchronize { base.hover }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
@@ -238,7 +291,8 @@ module Capybara
       # @return [String]      The tag name of the element
       #
       def tag_name
-        synchronize { base.tag_name }
+        # Element type is immutable so cache it
+        @tag_name ||= initial_cache[:tag_name] || synchronize { base.tag_name }
       end
 
       ##
@@ -252,6 +306,17 @@ module Capybara
         synchronize { base.visible? }
       end
 
+      ##
+      #
+      # Whether or not the element is currently in the viewport and it (or descendants)
+      # would be considered clickable at the elements center point.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]     Whether the elements center is obscured.
+      #
+      def obscured?
+        synchronize { base.obscured? }
+      end
+
       ##
       #
       # Whether or not the element is checked.
@@ -284,7 +349,27 @@ module Capybara
 
       ##
       #
-      # An XPath expression describing where on the page the element can be found
+      # Whether or not the element is readonly.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]     Whether the element is readonly
+      #
+      def readonly?
+        synchronize { base.readonly? }
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Whether or not the element supports multiple results.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]     Whether the element supports multiple results.
+      #
+      def multiple?
+        synchronize { base.multiple? }
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # An XPath expression describing where on the page the element can be found.
       #
       # @return [String]      An XPath expression
       #
@@ -292,15 +377,23 @@ module Capybara
         synchronize { base.path }
       end
 
+      def rect
+        synchronize { base.rect }
+      end
+
       ##
       #
       # Trigger any event on the current element, for example mouseover or focus
-      # events. Does not work in Selenium.
+      # events. Not supported with the Selenium driver, and SHOULDN'T BE USED IN TESTING unless you
+      # fully understand why you're using it, that it can allow actions a user could never
+      # perform, and that it may completely invalidate your test.
       #
       # @param [String] event       The name of the event to trigger
       #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
       def trigger(event)
         synchronize { base.trigger(event) }
+        self
       end
 
       ##
@@ -312,27 +405,197 @@ module Capybara
       #     source.drag_to(target)
       #
       # @param [Capybara::Node::Element] node     The element to drag to
+      # @param [Hash] options  Driver specific options for dragging. May not be supported by all drivers.
+      # @option options [Numeric] :delay   (0.05) When using Chrome/Firefox with Selenium and HTML5 dragging this is the number
+      #                                    of seconds between each stage of the drag.
+      # @option options [Boolean] :html5   When using Chrome/Firefox with Selenium enables to force the use of HTML5
+      #                                    (true) or legacy (false) dragging. If not specified the driver will attempt to
+      #                                    detect the correct method to use.
+      # @option options [Array<Symbol>,Symbol] :drop_modifiers   Modifier keys which should be held while the dragged element is dropped.
+      #
+      #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The dragged element
+      def drag_to(node, **options)
+        synchronize { base.drag_to(node.base, **options) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Drop items on the current element.
+      #
+      #     target = page.find('#foo')
+      #     target.drop('/some/path/file.csv')
+      #
+      # @overload drop(path, ...)
+      #   @param [String, #to_path] path Location of the file to drop on the element
+      #
+      # @overload drop(strings, ...)
+      #   @param [Hash] strings A hash of type to data to be dropped - `{ "text/url" => "https://www.google.com" }`
+      #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def drop(*args)
+        options = args.map { |arg| arg.respond_to?(:to_path) ? arg.to_path : arg }
+        synchronize { base.drop(*options) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Scroll the page or element.
+      #
+      # @overload scroll_to(position, offset: [0,0])
+      #   Scroll the page or element to its top, bottom or middle.
+      #   @param [:top, :bottom, :center, :current] position
+      #   @param [[Integer, Integer]] offset
+      #
+      # @overload scroll_to(element, align: :top)
+      #   Scroll the page or current element until the given element is aligned at the top, bottom, or center of it.
+      #   @param [Capybara::Node::Element] element   The element to be scrolled into view
+      #   @param [:top, :bottom, :center] align Where to align the element being scrolled into view with relation to the current page/element if possible
+      #
+      # @overload scroll_to(x,y)
+      #   @param [Integer] x    Horizontal scroll offset
+      #   @param [Integer] y    Vertical scroll offset
+      #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def scroll_to(pos_or_el_or_x, y = nil, align: :top, offset: nil)
+        case pos_or_el_or_x
+        when Symbol
+          synchronize { base.scroll_to(nil, pos_or_el_or_x) } unless pos_or_el_or_x == :current
+        when Capybara::Node::Element
+          synchronize { base.scroll_to(pos_or_el_or_x.base, align) }
+        else
+          synchronize { base.scroll_to(nil, nil, [pos_or_el_or_x, y]) }
+        end
+        synchronize { base.scroll_by(*offset) } unless offset.nil?
+        self
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Execute the given JS in the context of the element not returning a result. This is useful for scripts that return
+      # complex objects, such as jQuery statements. {#execute_script} should be used over
+      # {#evaluate_script} whenever a result is not expected or needed. `this` in the script will refer to the element this is called on.
+      #
+      # @param [String] script   A string of JavaScript to execute
+      # @param args  Optional arguments that will be passed to the script. Driver support for this is optional and types of objects supported may differ between drivers
+      #
+      def execute_script(script, *args)
+        session.execute_script(<<~JS, self, *args)
+          (function (){
+            #{script}
+          }).apply(arguments[0], Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1));
+        JS
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Evaluate the given JS in the context of the element and return the result. Be careful when using this with
+      # scripts that return complex objects, such as jQuery statements. {#execute_script} might
+      # be a better alternative. `this` in the script will refer to the element this is called on.
+      #
+      # @param  [String] script   A string of JavaScript to evaluate
+      # @return [Object]          The result of the evaluated JavaScript (may be driver specific)
       #
-      def drag_to(node)
-        synchronize { base.drag_to(node.base) }
+      def evaluate_script(script, *args)
+        session.evaluate_script(<<~JS, self, *args)
+          (function(){
+            return #{script.strip}
+          }).apply(arguments[0], Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1));
+        JS
       end
 
+      ##
+      #
+      # Evaluate the given JavaScript in the context of the element and obtain the result from a
+      # callback function which will be passed as the last argument to the script. `this` in the
+      # script will refer to the element this is called on.
+      #
+      # @param  [String] script   A string of JavaScript to evaluate
+      # @return [Object]          The result of the evaluated JavaScript (may be driver specific)
+      #
+      def evaluate_async_script(script, *args)
+        session.evaluate_async_script(<<~JS, self, *args)
+          (function (){
+            #{script}
+          }).apply(arguments[0], Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1));
+        JS
+      end
+
+      ##
+      #
+      # Toggle the elements background color between white and black for a period of time.
+      #
+      # @return [Capybara::Node::Element]  The element
+      def flash
+        execute_script(<<~JS, 100)
+          async function flash(el, delay){
+            var old_bg = el.style.backgroundColor;
+            var colors = ["black", "white"];
+            for(var i=0; i<20; i++){
+              el.style.backgroundColor = colors[i % colors.length];
+              await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
+            }
+            el.style.backgroundColor = old_bg;
+          }
+          flash(this, arguments[0]);
+        JS
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      # @api private
       def reload
-        if @allow_reload
-          begin
-            reloaded = parent.reload.first(@query.name, @query.locator, @query.options)
-            @base = reloaded.base if reloaded
-          rescue => e
-            raise e unless catch_error?(e)
-          end
+        return self unless @allow_reload
+
+        begin
+          reloaded = @query.resolve_for(query_scope.reload)[@query_idx.to_i]
+          @base = reloaded.base if reloaded
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          raise e unless catch_error?(e)
         end
         self
       end
 
+      ##
+      #
+      # A human-readable representation of the element.
+      #
+      # @return [String]  A string representation
       def inspect
-        %(#<Capybara::Node::Element tag="#{tag_name}" path="#{path}">)
+        %(#<Capybara::Node::Element tag="#{base.tag_name}" path="#{base.path}">)
       rescue NotSupportedByDriverError
-        %(#<Capybara::Node::Element tag="#{tag_name}">)
+        %(#<Capybara::Node::Element tag="#{base.tag_name}">)
+      rescue *session.driver.invalid_element_errors
+        %(Obsolete #<Capybara::Node::Element>)
+      end
+
+      # @api private
+      def initial_cache
+        base.respond_to?(:initial_cache) ? base.initial_cache : {}
+      end
+
+      STYLE_SCRIPT = <<~JS
+        (function(){
+          var s = window.getComputedStyle(this);
+          var result = {};
+          for (var i = arguments.length; i--; ) {
+            var property_name = arguments[i];
+            result[property_name] = s.getPropertyValue(property_name);
+          }
+          return result;
+        }).apply(this, arguments)
+      JS
+
+    private
+
+      def perform_click_action(keys, wait: nil, **options)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'You must specify both x: and y: for a click offset' if nil ^ options[:x] ^ options[:y]
+
+        options[:offset] ||= :center if session_options.w3c_click_offset
+        synchronize(wait) { yield keys, options }
+        self
       end
     end
   end