badline 0.12.1 → 0.13.0

data/lib/badline/chips/vic.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "badline/chips/vic/bank"
+require "badline/chips/vic/registers"
+require "badline/chips/vic/display_state"
+require "badline/chips/vic/sequencer"
+require "badline/chips/vic/sprites"
+require "badline/chips/vic/saved_state"
+
+module Badline
+  module Chips
+    class VIC
+      include Addressable
+      include IntegerHelper
+      include SavedState
+
+      # The 6569 of the breadbin C64, the HMOS 8565 of the C64C, and the
+      # C128's VIC-IIe, the 8566 (PAL) and 8564 (NTSC). The VIC-IIe draws as
+      # the 8565 and adds the $D02F and $D030 registers.
+      MODELS = %i[mos6569 mos8565 mos8566 mos8564].freeze
+
+      # The sixteen colours #display's palette indices stand for, as RGB.
+      PALETTE = [
+        0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x924a40, 0x84c5cc,
+        0x9351b6, 0x72b14b, 0x483aaa, 0xd5df7c,
+        0x675200, 0xc33d00, 0xc18178, 0x606060,
+        0x8a8a8a, 0xb3ec91, 0x867ade, 0xb3b3b3
+      ].freeze
+
+      # The sixteen colours' luminances, out of 32, as Philip Timmermann
+      # (Pepto) measured them on the 6569.
+      LUMINANCES = [0, 32, 10, 20, 12, 16, 8, 24, 12, 8, 16, 10, 15, 24, 15, 20].freeze
+
+      # The sixteen colours on a green monochrome monitor, which shows only
+      # their luminance, as the PET 64's does.
+      GREEN_PALETTE = LUMINANCES.map do |luminance|
+        green = luminance * 255 / 32
+        ((green / 4) << 16) | (green << 8) | (green / 4)
+      end.freeze
+
+      attr_reader :display, :width, :height, :vic_bank, :column,
+                  :rasterline, :dirty_lines, :model, :region
+
+      # The RGB colours #display's palette indices stand for: PALETTE, or
+      # GREEN_PALETTE on a monochrome monitor.
+      attr_accessor :palette
+
+      # The line of #display the beam draws, which is the raster line unless
+      # the VIC-IIe's TEST bit has moved the raster counter on since the
+      # last vertical sync (#test_step!).
+      attr_reader :output_line
+
+      # The parts a VICE snapshot reads and sets.
+      attr_reader :registers, :display_state, :sequencer, :sprites, :character_buffer, :color_buffer,
+                  :fetch_d011
+
+      # Returns the byte the CPU's halted read would see, for the c-accesses
+      # that run before AEC. Without it they read colour RAM.
+      attr_writer :open_bus
+
+      LIGHTPEN_IRQ = 0x08 # $D019 latch bit
+      COLOR_REGISTERS = 0x20..0x2e
+
+      # What the 8565 shows on the pixel before a color register write takes
+      # hold, where the 6569 shows the old color: the grey dot.
+      GREY_DOT = 0x0f
+
+      # A g-access reaches the pixel output this many columns after it runs.
+      GRAPHICS_DELAY = 2
+
+      # What a column's g-access passed to the sequencer.
+      G_BLANK = 0
+      G_IDLE = 1
+      G_DISPLAY = 2
+
+      # The idle g-access in the column a mid-row bad line opens display
+      # state reads here on a 6569.
+      DMA_DELAY_IDLE_ADDRESS = 0x38ff
+
+      # The $d011 mode bits a g-access still sees for a cycle after they fall:
+      # BMM always, and ECM too when the access it leaves read the character
+      # ROM.
+      FETCH_HOLD = 0x20
+      FETCH_HOLD_ROM = 0x60
+
+      # The hooks a column can carry, as bits: MCBASE, the left border
+      # compare with the end of the sprite, the sprite DMA compare, the
+      # expansion flip-flop, the sprite display compare, and the start of the
+      # vertical border for the line after the last column.
+      HOOK_MCBASE = 1
+      HOOK_LEFT = 2
+      HOOK_DMA = 4
+      HOOK_EXPANSION = 8
+      HOOK_DISPLAY = 16
+      HOOK_LAST = 32
+
+      # The vertical sync starts this many lines into the vertical blank,
+      # and lasts VSYNC_LINES.
+      VSYNC_DELAY = 3
+      VSYNC_LINES = 3
+
+      # On the 6569 the DMA compares fall in columns 53 and 54 and the
+      # display compare in column 57. A region whose sprite fetches run later
+      # moves them with the fetches (Region::Profile#sprite_cycle).
+      DMA_COLUMN = 53
+      EXPANSION_COLUMN = 54
+
+      # BA falls three columns ahead of each sprite's pair of s-accesses, and
+      # the five-column windows step two columns apart from sprite 0 at column
+      # 54 on the 6569, a column later where the fetches are. From sprite 3 on
+      # they reach past the end of the line, so each is split: the tail
+      # columns fall on the line whose DMA compare started the fetch, the head
+      # columns on the line after it.
+      SPRITE_BA_FIRST = 54
+      SPRITE_BA_LENGTH = 5
+
+      def initialize(debug: false, model: :mos6569, region: Region::PAL)
+        raise ArgumentError, "unknown VIC-II model #{model}" unless MODELS.include?(model)
+
+        addressable_at(0xd000, length: 2**10)
+        @model = model
+        @iie = %i[mos8566 mos8564].include?(model)
+        @core = model == :mos6569 ? :mos6569 : :mos8565
+        @region = region
+        @palette = PALETTE
+        @lightpen_extra = @core == :mos8565 ? 1 : 2
+        @grey_dots = @core == :mos8565
+        @delayed_fetch = @core == :mos8565
+        @dma_delay_idle = @core == :mos6569
+        @bank_swaps = @core == :mos8565
+        @vic_bank = VIC::Bank.new(self)
+        @debug = debug
+
+        @columns_per_line = region.cycles_per_line
+        @sprite_cycle = region.sprite_cycle
+        @sprite_shift = region.sprite_cycle - Region::PAL.sprite_cycle
+        @width = @columns_per_line * 8
+        @height = region.lines_per_frame
+        @last_column = @columns_per_line - 1
+        @last_line = @height - 1
+        @vsync_line = region.vblank[0] + VSYNC_DELAY
+        layout_columns
+        @blank_columns = Array.new(@columns_per_line) { |column| Region.blanked?(column, region.hblank) }.freeze
+        @blank_lines = Array.new(@height) { |line| Region.blanked?(line, region.vblank) }.freeze
+        @display = Array.new(@width * @height, 0)
+        @lines = Array.new(@height) { Array.new(@width, 0) }
+        @dirty_lines = Array.new(@height, true)
+        @render = true
+
+        power_on!
+      end
+
+      # The VIC has no reset pin, so only a power cycle brings back the
+      # registers, the raster position and the fetch and sprite state it
+      # starts with. The display keeps its buffers, cleared to black.
+      def power_on!
+        @registers = VIC::Registers.new(iie: @iie)
+        @register_bytes = @registers.bytes
+        @display_state = VIC::DisplayState.new(@registers, @last_column)
+        @sequencer = VIC::Sequencer.new(@width, @registers, @vic_bank, model: @core, region: @region)
+        @sequencer.render = @render
+        @sprites = VIC::Sprites.new(@registers, @vic_bank, @width, model: @core, region: @region)
+        @display.fill(0)
+        @lines.each { |line| line.fill(0) }
+        @dirty_lines.fill(true)
+
+        @column = 0
+        @rasterline = 0
+        @output_line = 0
+
+        @character_buffer = Array.new(40, 0)
+        @color_buffer = Array.new(40, 0)
+        @sprite_ba = Array.new(@width / 8, false)
+        @g_tick = 0
+        @g_kind = Array.new(4, G_BLANK)
+        @g_kept_char = 0
+        @g_kept_color = 0
+        @g_data = @sequencer.ring_data
+        @g_char = @sequencer.ring_char
+        @g_color = @sequencer.ring_color
+        @g_display = false
+        @fetch_d011 = @register_bytes[0x11]
+        @lp_triggered = false
+        @lp_low = false
+        @raster_match = false
+        @test_wrap = false
+      end
+
+      def cycle!
+        start_line! if @column.zero?
+
+        # The g-access runs in the first half of the cycle, ahead of the bad
+        # line compare, and the c-access in the second half, after it.
+        draw!
+        dma_delay_idle_access if @display_state.cycle(@rasterline, @column)
+
+        fetch_character_data! if dma_active?
+
+        hooks = @hook_columns[@column]
+        column_hooks(hooks) if hooks
+
+        @column += 1
+        if @column == @columns_per_line
+          finish_line!
+          @column = 0
+          step_output_line
+          @rasterline = @rasterline == @last_line ? 0 : @rasterline + 1
+          check_raster_irq!(@rasterline.zero? ? @last_line : @rasterline)
+        end
+        watch_collisions
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # The sprite and border hooks that fall on named cycles, one column
+      # ahead of Bauer's numbering — two for MCBASE, the DMA compares and the
+      # expansion flip-flop, which the `spriteenable` and `spritecrunch`
+      # references place a column earlier still. Guarded in
+      # #cycle! so an ordinary column pays an array read rather than the
+      # dispatch.
+      def column_hooks(hooks)
+        @sprites.advance_mcbase if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_MCBASE)
+        if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_LEFT)
+          @sequencer.left_compare_vertical_border
+          finish_sprite_mcbase
+        end
+        check_sprite_dma if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_DMA)
+        @sprites.toggle_expansion if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_EXPANSION)
+        @sprites.check_display(@rasterline) if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_DISPLAY)
+        @sequencer.start_vertical_border(@rasterline == @last_line ? 0 : @rasterline + 1) if hooks.anybits?(HOOK_LAST)
+      end
+
+      # The IRQ line is held asserted while any enabled latch bit is set in
+      # $D019/$D01A, until the program acknowledges it by writing to $D019.
+      def interrupted?
+        @registers.irq_line?
+      end
+
+      # The VIC-IIe's $D02F lines K0-K2 and $D030 bits, for the machine to
+      # read. The 6569 and 8565 give 7, false and false.
+      def extra_keyboard_lines = @registers.extra_keyboard_lines
+      def fast? = @registers.fast?
+      def test? = @registers.test?
+
+      # $D030's FAST and TEST bits as bits 0 and 1, which the C128 reads once
+      # a cycle.
+      def clock_bits = @registers.clock_bits
+
+      # Whether the cycle just run was one of the five refresh cycles, Bauer's
+      # 11-15, whose phi1 half the VIC keeps in the VIC-IIe's FAST mode.
+      # @column has already advanced, so it is the Bauer cycle less one.
+      def refresh_cycle? = @column.between?(10, 14)
+
+      # In the VIC-IIe's FAST mode the 8502 drives the bus in both halves of
+      # the cycle, and the VIC's accesses in the cycle just run latched what
+      # it put there. The g-access, or the idle access, took the byte of
+      # phi1. A c-access took the byte of phi2 as one made before AEC does
+      # (#fetch_character_data!): $ff for the video matrix, unless the CPU
+      # was reading or writing the VIC's own registers, and the byte's low
+      # nibble for colour. AEC can't follow BA down while the CPU runs at
+      # 2 MHz, so on a bad line it falls three cycles after FAST mode ends.
+      def take_cpu_bus(phi1, phi2, register_access)
+        slot = @g_tick
+        @g_data[slot] = phi1 unless @g_kind[slot] == G_BLANK
+        display_state = @display_state
+        display_state.keep_bus(@column)
+        return unless display_state.fetching?(@column.zero? ? @last_column : @column - 1)
+
+        vmli = display_state.vmli
+        @character_buffer[vmli] = register_access ? phi2 : 0xff
+        @color_buffer[vmli] = phi2 & 0x0f
+      end
+
+      # The VIC-IIe's TEST bit clocks the raster counter in every cycle, and
+      # the C128 calls this ahead of each cycle the bit is set in. The line's
+      # last cycle, whose own step it falls in with, adds nothing more. The
+      # counter takes two steps from the frame's last line to line 0, as line
+      # 0 reads the last line for its first cycle.
+      def test_step!
+        return if @column == @last_column
+
+        if @rasterline == @last_line
+          @test_wrap = !@test_wrap
+          return if @test_wrap
+
+          @rasterline = 0
+          @display_state.new_frame
+        else
+          @test_wrap = false
+          @rasterline += 1
+        end
+        @display_state.raster_step(@rasterline)
+        check_raster_irq!
+      end
+
+      def peek(addr)
+        i = offset_of(addr) % (2**6)
+        case i
+        when 0x11 then (@registers[0x11] & 0x7f) | ((raster_counter & 0x100) >> 1)
+        when 0x12 then raster_counter & 0xff
+        when 0x19 then irq_status # Latch + master IRQ bit, unused bits read 1
+        when 0x1e, 0x1f then read_collision(i)
+        else @registers.read(i)
+        end.tap { |value| @sprites.bus_data(@column, value) }
+      end
+
+      # The register file as stored, read without a bus access's side effects.
+      def register_file = Array.new(0x40) { |reg| @registers[reg] }
+
+      def poke(addr, value)
+        reg = offset_of(addr) % (2**6)
+        @sprites.bus_data(@column, value)
+        log_register_change(reg, value)
+        @registers.write(reg, value)
+        compare_raster_writes(reg)
+      end
+
+      def position
+        (@rasterline * @width) + (@column * 8)
+      end
+
+      def dma_active?
+        @display_state.fetching?(@column)
+      end
+
+      # Asked once the VIC has advanced, so @column is one ahead of the cycle
+      # the CPU is about to run. A bad line holds BA on the condition as it
+      # stands rather than the latched match.
+      def ba_low?
+        return true if @sprite_ba[@column]
+
+        @display_state.bad_line_condition? &&
+          @column > DisplayState::DMA_FIRST && @column <= DisplayState::DMA_LAST + 1
+      end
+
+      # Whether this is the first cycle of sprite 0's BA window on the line
+      # whose raster matches its Y, where the sprite's DMA starts. An REU
+      # that moved a byte on the cycle before doesn't see BA fall here. Pinned by
+      # REU/bonzai/spritetiming.
+      def reu_ba_late?
+        @column == SPRITE_BA_FIRST + @sprite_shift && sprite_zero_starting?
+      end
+
+      # Whether BA passes straight from a bad line's window to sprite 0's on
+      # this cycle, the first of sprite 0's. An REU sees the bad line's DMA
+      # end here. Pinned by REU/reutiming2/e4-m2 and e6-m2.
+      def reu_ba_handed_on?
+        @column == DisplayState::DMA_LAST + 2 && @sprite_ba[@column] && @display_state.bad_line_condition?
+      end
+
+      # Light pen input level (CIA1 PB4). A falling edge triggers the latch.
+      def lightpen_level(high)
+        @lp_low = !high
+        trigger_lightpen if @lp_low
+      end
+
+      # The first trigger per frame latches the beam position into LPX/LPY and
+      # raises the LP IRQ. The latch happens one cycle after the edge, with
+      # the model's extra half-pixels, two on the 6569 and one on the 8565; a
+      # trigger on the last line is consumed without latching unless it lands
+      # on the line's first cycle.
+      def trigger_lightpen
+        return if @lp_triggered
+
+        @lp_triggered = true
+        column = @column + 1
+        line = @rasterline
+        if column == @columns_per_line
+          column = 0
+          line = line == @last_line ? 0 : line + 1
+        end
+        return if line == @last_line && column.positive?
+
+        vic_x = Sprite::Timing.xpos(column * 8, @width, @region.x_hold)
+        latch_lightpen((vic_x >> 1) + @lightpen_extra, line)
+      end
+
+      # The byte the VIC fetched in the phi1 half of the cycle the CPU is
+      # running, worked out from the VIC's state. The CPU cycle after column
+      # c is Bauer cycle c + 2, and each Bauer cycle has a fixed access (VICE
+      # `cycle_phi1_fetch`).
+      def phi1_data
+        vic_bank.peek(phi1_address)
+      end
+
+      def hblank? = @blank_columns[@column]
+      def vblank? = @blank_lines[@rasterline]
+      def blanking? = @blank_lines[@rasterline] || @blank_columns[@column]
+
+      def render? = @render
+
+      # Whether finished lines are painted into #display. A headless run that
+      # only reads the machine's state can turn it off: the sprite
+      # collisions, lightpen and every register still behave the same, but
+      # #display keeps the last lines painted. Turned back on, it is whole
+      # again from the start of the next frame.
+      def render=(on)
+        @render = on
+        @sequencer.render = on
+      end
+
+      # Puts the beam at the start of `line`.
+      def restore_line(line)
+        @rasterline = @output_line = line
+        @column = 0
+      end
+
+      # The latches a VICE snapshot holds: the raster match, the light pen's
+      # line held low and its trigger, as bits 0, 1 and 2.
+      def latch_bits = (@raster_match ? 1 : 0) | (@lp_low ? 2 : 0) | (@lp_triggered ? 4 : 0)
+
+      # Sets the latches from latch_bits, and the $D011 the next g-access
+      # holds.
+      def restore_latches(bits, fetch_d011)
+        @raster_match = bits.anybits?(1)
+        @lp_low = bits.anybits?(2)
+        @lp_triggered = bits.anybits?(4)
+        @fetch_d011 = fetch_d011
+      end
+
+      # Marks the columns BA is low for the sprites whose DMA runs.
+      def rebuild_sprite_ba
+        @sprite_ba.fill(false)
+        8.times do |n|
+          next unless @sprites[n].displaying?
+
+          @sprite_ba_tail[n].each { |c| @sprite_ba[c] = true }
+          @sprite_ba_head[n].each { |c| @sprite_ba[c] = true }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Reset the dirty flags once the frontend has consumed them.
+      def clear_dirty_lines!
+        @dirty_lines.fill(false)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # The raster counter as $D011/$D012 read it. Every line advances on the
+      # CPU cycle paired with column 62 except line 0, which the counter
+      # reaches a cycle later, together with the line 0 raster compare.
+      def raster_counter
+        @column.zero? && @rasterline.zero? ? @last_line : @rasterline
+      end
+
+      # Mid-line writes to the color and sprite registers are logged against
+      # the cycle after the write (the CPU runs after the VIC within a machine
+      # cycle, so @column already points there); each register adds its own
+      # pixel delay on top. On the 8565 a color register write that leaves
+      # the value as it was still shows its grey dot.
+      def log_register_change(reg, value)
+        old = @registers[reg]
+        return if old == value && !grey_dot?(reg)
+
+        if (0x20..0x24).cover?(reg)
+          @sequencer.colors_changed! unless reg == 0x20
+          @sequencer.color_patches.log(reg, old, value, @column * 8) if @render && !blanking?
+        else
+          log_sprite_change(reg, old, value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def grey_dot?(reg) = @grey_dots && COLOR_REGISTERS.cover?(reg)
+
+      # A sprite color shows its grey dot as a write of light grey on the
+      # pixel before the new color.
+      def log_sprite_change(reg, old, value)
+        beam_x = @column * 8
+        @sprites.log_change(reg, old, GREY_DOT, beam_x - 1) if grey_dot?(reg)
+        @sprites.log_change(reg, old, value, beam_x)
+      end
+
+      # On the 6569 Bauer cycles 1-10 and 58-63 are sprite p- and s-accesses,
+      # 11-15 refresh, 16-55 g-accesses and 56-57 idle. Where the sprite
+      # fetches start later, the idle cycles before them grow, and on the
+      # 6567R8 cycle 10 idles too. @column has already advanced, so it is the
+      # Bauer cycle less one.
+      def phi1_address
+        cycle = @column + 1
+        slot = (cycle - @sprite_cycle) % @columns_per_line
+        if slot < 16
+          sprite_phi1_address(slot)
+        elsif cycle.between?(11, 15)
+          0x3f00 | ((0xff - (5 * @rasterline) - (cycle - 11)) & 0xff)
+        elsif cycle.between?(16, 55)
+          graphics_phi1_address
+        else
+          0x3fff
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Each sprite takes two cycles from sprite 0's, the p-access and then
+      # the middle s-access.
+      def sprite_phi1_address(slot)
+        n = slot >> 1
+        return @registers.screen_base + 0x3f8 + n if slot.even?
+
+        @sprites[n].phi1_address || 0x3fff
+      end
+
+      # The g-access of the column just run. In display state it used the
+      # VC and VMLI it then stepped past.
+      def graphics_phi1_address
+        return @registers.ecm.nonzero? ? 0x39ff : 0x3fff unless @g_display
+
+        graphics_address(@registers[0x11], @display_state.vmli - 1, (@display_state.vc - 1) & 0x3ff)
+      end
+
+      # A $d011/$d012 write is compared in the next column. A write in the
+      # line's second last column is left to its last, which compares the
+      # next line.
+      def compare_raster_writes(reg)
+        return unless (0x11..0x12).cover?(reg)
+        return if @column == @last_column
+
+        check_raster_irq!
+        @sequencer.compare_vertical_border(@rasterline) if reg == 0x11
+      end
+
+      def check_sprite_dma
+        rebuild_sprite_ba if @sprites.check_dma(@rasterline, @column)
+      end
+
+      # A sprite whose DMA ends here fetches nothing at the end of this line,
+      # so its BA tail goes too.
+      def finish_sprite_mcbase
+        @sprites.finish_mcbase
+        rebuild_sprite_ba if @sprites.stopped_dma?
+      end
+
+      # The trigger re-arms at the start of each frame; if the pen line is
+      # still low, the latch retriggers immediately with a fixed LPX of $d1.
+      def start_lightpen_frame
+        @lp_triggered = false
+        return unless @lp_low
+
+        @lp_triggered = true
+        latch_lightpen(0xd1, 0)
+      end
+
+      def latch_lightpen(lpx, line)
+        @registers.write(0x13, lpx & 0xff)
+        @registers.write(0x14, line & 0xff)
+        @registers.latch_irq!(LIGHTPEN_IRQ)
+      end
+
+      def sprite_zero_starting?
+        @registers[0x15].anybits?(0x01) && @registers[0x01] == (@rasterline & 0xff)
+      end
+
+      # Splits the sprite BA windows at the end of the line and marks the hook
+      # columns, for a line of the region's length: 14, 15, 53, 54 and 57, and
+      # the line's last column, which starts the vertical border for the line
+      # after it. The marks let an ordinary column cost one array read instead
+      # of the dispatch.
+      def layout_columns
+        last = @last_column
+        windows = Array.new(8) do |n|
+          first = SPRITE_BA_FIRST + @sprite_shift + (2 * n)
+          first...(first + SPRITE_BA_LENGTH)
+        end
+        @sprite_ba_tail = windows.map { |w| w.select { |c| c <= last } }.freeze
+        @sprite_ba_head = windows.map { |w| w.filter_map { |c| c - last - 1 if c > last } }.freeze
+        @hook_columns = layout_hooks.map { |hooks| hooks unless hooks.zero? }.freeze
+      end
+
+      def layout_hooks
+        hooks = Array.new(@columns_per_line, 0)
+        hooks[14] |= HOOK_MCBASE
+        hooks[15] |= HOOK_LEFT
+        hooks[DMA_COLUMN + @sprite_shift] |= HOOK_DMA
+        hooks[DMA_COLUMN + @sprite_shift + 1] |= HOOK_DMA
+        hooks[EXPANSION_COLUMN] |= HOOK_EXPANSION
+        hooks[@region.sprite_display_cycle - 1] |= HOOK_DISPLAY
+        hooks[@last_column] |= HOOK_LAST
+        hooks
+      end
+
+      # Runs this column's g-access and draws the one from GRAPHICS_DELAY
+      # columns earlier. The access reads its byte now, through the mode,
+      # $d018 and bank of this cycle. A column with no g-access, or one made
+      # while the vertical border flip-flop is set, latches nothing: it passes
+      # on zero data with the screen byte and colour the last g-access
+      # latched, which an idle g-access clears.
+      def draw!
+        @vic_bank.sample_lines if @bank_swaps
+        slot = @g_tick = (@g_tick + 1) & 3
+        display_state = @display_state
+        access = display_state.graphics_column?(@column) && !@sequencer.vertical_closed?
+        if access
+          latch_graphics(slot, display_state)
+        else
+          @g_kind[slot] = G_BLANK
+          @g_data[slot] = 0
+          @g_char[slot] = @g_kept_char
+          @g_color[slot] = @g_kept_color
+        end
+        @g_display = display_state.display?
+        display_state.graphics_access(@column) if @g_display
+        emit_graphics((slot - GRAPHICS_DELAY) & 3, @column - 16) unless blanking?
+        @sequencer.latch_xscroll(@register_bytes[0x16] & 0b111) if access
+        @fetch_d011 = @register_bytes[0x11]
+      end
+
+      def latch_graphics(slot, display_state)
+        unless display_state.display?
+          @g_kind[slot] = G_IDLE
+          @g_data[slot] = vic_bank.peek(@registers.ecm.zero? ? 0x3fff : 0x39ff)
+          @g_char[slot] = @g_color[slot] = @g_kept_char = @g_kept_color = 0
+          return
+        end
+
+        vmli = display_state.vmli
+        @g_kind[slot] = G_DISPLAY
+        @g_data[slot] = fetch_graphics(vmli, display_state.vc)
+        @g_char[slot] = @g_kept_char = @character_buffer[vmli] || 0
+        @g_color[slot] = @g_kept_color = @color_buffer[vmli] || 1
+      end
+
+      # On the 6569 a bad line that opens display state mid-row (DMA delay)
+      # moves the idle g-access of the column that triggers it from $3fff (or
+      # $39ff) to DMA_DELAY_IDLE_ADDRESS, unless YSCROLL is 0 (vsp-tester,
+      # colorfetchbug/main).
+      def dma_delay_idle_access
+        slot = @g_tick
+        return unless @dma_delay_idle && @g_kind[slot] == G_IDLE
+        return if @registers.yscroll.zero?
+
+        @g_data[slot] = vic_bank.peek(DMA_DELAY_IDLE_ADDRESS)
+      end
+
+      # The 6569's g-access sees a mode bit that falls a cycle late: it
+      # addresses with $d011 as this column has it, OR-ed with the held bits
+      # the column before had. When BMM changes and the access moves from RAM
+      # onto the character ROM, the low address byte still comes from the old
+      # mode. The 8565's addresses with $d011 as the column before had it
+      # (VICE x64sc `vicii_fetch_graphics`).
+      def fetch_graphics(vmli, counter)
+        d011 = @register_bytes[0x11]
+        last = @fetch_d011
+        return vic_bank.peek(graphics_address(d011, vmli, counter)) if d011 == last
+        return vic_bank.peek(graphics_address(last, vmli, counter)) if @delayed_fetch
+
+        from = graphics_address(last, vmli, counter)
+        from_rom = vic_bank.character_rom?(from)
+        address = graphics_address(d011 | (last & (from_rom ? FETCH_HOLD_ROM : FETCH_HOLD)), vmli, counter)
+        if (d011 ^ last).anybits?(0x20) && !from_rom
+          to = graphics_address(d011, vmli, counter)
+          address = (from & 0xff) | (to & 0x3f00) if vic_bank.character_rom?(to)
+        end
+        vic_bank.peek(address)
+      end
+
+      def graphics_address(d011, vmli, counter)
+        rc = @display_state.rc
+        case d011 & 0x60
+        when 0x00 then @registers.char_base | ((@character_buffer[vmli] || 0) << 3) | rc
+        when 0x20 then @registers.bitmap_base | (counter << 3) | rc
+        when 0x40 then (@registers.char_base | ((@character_buffer[vmli] || 0) << 3) | rc) & 0x39ff
+        else (@registers.bitmap_base | (counter << 3) | rc) & 0x39ff
+        end
+      end
+
+      def emit_graphics(slot, col)
+        @sequencer.emit(slot, col, @g_kind[slot] == G_DISPLAY)
+      end
+
+      # Fold the rest of the line's sprite collisions in — they latch whether
+      # or not there is a line to draw — then composite the active sprites
+      # over the finished background and copy the line into the frame display.
+      def finish_line!
+        return finish_blank_line if vblank? || !@render
+
+        composite = @sprites.active?
+        @sequencer.apply_color_patches
+        @sequencer.snapshot_line if composite
+        @sprites.finish_line(composite ? @sequencer.colors : nil, @sequencer.fg)
+        @sequencer.apply_border if composite
+
+        colors = @sequencer.colors
+        output_line = @output_line
+        line = @lines[output_line]
+        return if line == colors
+
+        line[0, @width] = colors
+        @display[output_line * @width, @width] = colors
+        @dirty_lines[output_line] = true
+      end
+
+      # A blanked line paints nothing, and is never shown unless the TEST
+      # bit has moved the beam off the raster line, where it shows black.
+      def finish_blank_line
+        @sprites.finish_line(nil, @sequencer.fg)
+        return if @output_line == @rasterline || !@render
+
+        line = @output_line
+        @lines[line].fill(0)
+        @display.fill(0, line * @width, @width)
+        @dirty_lines[line] = true
+      end
+
+      # The display line the beam draws next follows the one before it, and
+      # a line that ends in the vertical sync puts it back on the raster
+      # line. Only the VIC-IIe's TEST bit moves the raster counter on between
+      # the two, so the lines it skips shift the picture up until the next
+      # sync.
+      def step_output_line
+        @output_line = if @rasterline.between?(@vsync_line, @vsync_line + VSYNC_LINES - 1)
+                         @rasterline + 1
+                       else
+                         @output_line == @last_line ? 0 : @output_line + 1
+                       end
+      end
+
+      def video_matrix(index)
+        vic_bank.peek_phi2(@registers.screen_base + index)
+      end
+
+      def start_line!
+        if @rasterline.zero?
+          @display_state.new_frame
+          start_lightpen_frame
+          # The line 0 raster compare happens one cycle later than on all
+          # other lines (Bauer 3.12).
+          check_raster_irq!
+        end
+        @sequencer.new_line(@rasterline)
+        @sprites.start_line
+        rebuild_sprite_ba
+        @display_state.new_line(@rasterline)
+      end
+
+      # The raster compare latches the flag only as the line and the target
+      # come to match, so a target moved along with the raster line holds the
+      # match without latching again (VICE x64sc). It runs at each line step
+      # and after each $d011/$d012 write. The line asserts via #interrupted?
+      # when the mask bit in $D01A is set.
+      def check_raster_irq!(line = @rasterline)
+        match = line == @registers.raster_target
+        @registers.latch_raster_irq! if match && !@raster_match
+        @raster_match = match
+      end
+
+      # A collision register carries the pixels drawn up to the cycle before
+      # the read — the VIC runs ahead of the CPU within a machine cycle, so
+      # the column the read lands on has not latched yet — and the reset the
+      # read asserts outlives it, swallowing the pixels drawn under it.
+      def read_collision(reg)
+        beam_x = @column * 8
+        @sprites.collide_upto(beam_x, @sequencer.fg)
+        @registers.read(reg).tap { @sprites.clear_collision(reg, beam_x) }
+      end
+
+      # A collision raises its $D019 bit as the beam crosses the pixel rather
+      # than when the line is folded at its end, so while an enabled
+      # collision IRQ is still unlatched the fold keeps up with the beam.
+      def watch_collisions
+        return if (@registers[0x1a] & ~@registers[0x19]).nobits?(0x06)
+
+        @sprites.collide_upto(@column * 8, @sequencer.fg)
+      end
+
+      def irq_status
+        @sprites.collide_upto(@column * 8, @sequencer.fg)
+        (@registers[0x19] & 0x0f) | 0x70 | (interrupted? ? 0x80 : 0)
+      end
+
+      # A c-access that falls between BA and AEC reads a bus the CPU still
+      # drives: the video matrix byte comes back as $ff, and the colour
+      # nibble is the low nibble of the byte at the halted CPU's PC.
+      def fetch_character_data!
+        vmli = @display_state.vmli
+        vc = @display_state.vc
+        if @display_state.bus_taken?(@column)
+          @character_buffer[vmli] = video_matrix(vc)
+          @color_buffer[vmli] = vic_bank.peek_color(vc)
+        else
+          @character_buffer[vmli] = 0xff
+          @color_buffer[vmli] = @open_bus ? @open_bus.call & 0x0f : vic_bank.peek_color(vc)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end