activerecord 4.2.0 → 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -1,31 +1,34 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements'
+# Make sure we're using pg high enough for type casts and Ruby 2.2+ compatibility
+gem "pg", ">= 0.18", "< 2.0"
+require "pg"
 
-require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
-
-# Make sure we're using pg high enough for PGResult#values
-gem 'pg', '~> 0.15'
-require 'pg'
+# Use async_exec instead of exec_params on pg versions before 1.1
+class ::PG::Connection # :nodoc:
+  unless self.public_method_defined?(:async_exec_params)
+    remove_method :exec_params
+    alias exec_params async_exec
+  end
+end
 
-require 'ipaddr'
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/explain_pretty_printer"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
-    VALID_CONN_PARAMS = [:host, :hostaddr, :port, :dbname, :user, :password, :connect_timeout,
-                         :client_encoding, :options, :application_name, :fallback_application_name,
-                         :keepalives, :keepalives_idle, :keepalives_interval, :keepalives_count,
-                         :tty, :sslmode, :requiressl, :sslcompression, :sslcert, :sslkey,
-                         :sslrootcert, :sslcrl, :requirepeer, :krbsrvname, :gsslib, :service]
-
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
     def postgresql_connection(config)
       conn_params = config.symbolize_keys
@@ -36,12 +39,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
       conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
 
-      # Forward only valid config params to PGconn.connect.
-      conn_params.keep_if { |k, _| VALID_CONN_PARAMS.include?(k) }
+      # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
+      valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
+      conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
 
-      # The postgres drivers don't allow the creation of an unconnected PGconn object,
-      # so just pass a nil connection object for the time being.
-      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(nil, logger, conn_params, config)
+      conn = PG.connect(conn_params)
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(conn, logger, conn_params, config)
+    rescue ::PG::Error => error
+      if error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+      else
+        raise
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -64,24 +73,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
     # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
     #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
-    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use or <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use of <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
     #   defaults to true.
     #
     # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
-    # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html for the
+    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html for the
     # list of parameters.
     #
     # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
-    # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
+    # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-envars.html .
     class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
+      ADAPTER_NAME = "PostgreSQL"
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # PostgreSQL allows the creation of "unlogged" tables, which do not record
+      # data in the PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Log. This can make the tables faster,
+      # but significantly increases the risk of data loss if the database
+      # crashes. As a result, this should not be used in production
+      # environments. If you would like all created tables to be unlogged in
+      # the test environment you can add the following line to your test.rb
+      # file:
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.create_unlogged_tables = true
+      class_attribute :create_unlogged_tables, default: false
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
-        primary_key: "serial primary key",
-        bigserial: "bigserial",
+        primary_key: "bigserial primary key",
         string:      { name: "character varying" },
         text:        { name: "text" },
-        integer:     { name: "integer" },
+        integer:     { name: "integer", limit: 4 },
         float:       { name: "float" },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
@@ -95,7 +116,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         int8range:   { name: "int8range" },
         binary:      { name: "bytea" },
         boolean:     { name: "boolean" },
-        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
         xml:         { name: "xml" },
         tsvector:    { name: "tsvector" },
         hstore:      { name: "hstore" },
@@ -108,9 +128,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
         citext:      { name: "citext" },
         point:       { name: "point" },
+        line:        { name: "line" },
+        lseg:        { name: "lseg" },
+        box:         { name: "box" },
+        path:        { name: "path" },
+        polygon:     { name: "polygon" },
+        circle:      { name: "circle" },
         bit:         { name: "bit" },
         bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
         money:       { name: "money" },
+        interval:    { name: "interval" },
+        oid:         { name: "oid" },
       }
 
       OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
@@ -119,204 +147,185 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
       include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
       include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
-      include Savepoints
 
-      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
-        PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new self
+      def supports_bulk_alter?
+        true
       end
 
-      # Adds +:array+ option to the default set provided by the
-      # AbstractAdapter
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types) # :nodoc:
-        spec = super
-        spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
-        spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
-        spec
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        true
       end
 
-      # Adds +:array+ as a valid migration key
-      def migration_keys
-        super + [:array]
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        true
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
-      # caching.
-      def supports_statement_cache?
+      def supports_expression_index?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_index_sort_order?
+      def supports_transaction_isolation?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_partial_index?
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_transaction_isolation?
+      def supports_validate_constraints?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_foreign_keys?
+      def supports_views?
         true
       end
 
-      def supports_views?
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_json?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_comments?
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_returning?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_conflict?
+        database_version >= 90500
+      end
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_conflict_target? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+
       def index_algorithms
-        { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
+        { concurrently: "CONCURRENTLY" }
       end
 
-      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
         def initialize(connection, max)
-          super
+          super(max)
+          @connection = connection
           @counter = 0
-          @cache   = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
         end
 
-        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
-        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
-        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
-        def length;       cache.length; end
-
         def next_key
           "a#{@counter + 1}"
         end
 
         def []=(sql, key)
-          while @max <= cache.size
-            dealloc(cache.shift.last)
-          end
-          @counter += 1
-          cache[sql] = key
-        end
-
-        def clear
-          cache.each_value do |stmt_key|
-            dealloc stmt_key
-          end
-          cache.clear
-        end
-
-        def delete(sql_key)
-          dealloc cache[sql_key]
-          cache.delete sql_key
+          super.tap { @counter += 1 }
         end
 
         private
-
-          def cache
-            @cache[Process.pid]
-          end
-
           def dealloc(key)
             @connection.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if connection_active?
+          rescue PG::Error
           end
 
           def connection_active?
-            @connection.status == PGconn::CONNECTION_OK
-          rescue PGError
+            @connection.status == PG::CONNECTION_OK
+          rescue PG::Error
             false
           end
       end
 
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
-        super(connection, logger)
-
-        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
-        if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
-          @prepared_statements = true
-        else
-          @prepared_statements = false
-        end
+        super(connection, logger, config)
 
-        @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
+        @connection_parameters = connection_parameters
 
         # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
         @local_tz = nil
-        @table_alias_length = nil
+        @max_identifier_length = nil
 
-        connect
-        @statements = StatementPool.new @connection,
-                                        self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
-
-        if postgresql_version < 80200
-          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
-        end
+        configure_connection
+        add_pg_encoders
+        add_pg_decoders
 
         @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
-        initialize_type_map(type_map)
-        @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
+        initialize_type_map
+        @local_tz = execute("SHOW TIME ZONE", "SCHEMA").first["TimeZone"]
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
       end
 
-      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
-      def clear_cache!
-        @statements.clear
-      end
-
-      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
-        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      def self.database_exists?(config)
+        !!ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(config)
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        false
       end
 
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
-        @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          @connection.query "SELECT 1"
+        end
         true
-      rescue PGError
+      rescue PG::Error
         false
       end
 
       # Close then reopen the connection.
       def reconnect!
-        super
-        @connection.reset
-        configure_connection
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          super
+          @connection.reset
+          configure_connection
+        rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+          connect
+        end
       end
 
       def reset!
-        clear_cache!
-        reset_transaction
-        unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
-          @connection.query 'ROLLBACK'
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          clear_cache!
+          reset_transaction
+          unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+            @connection.query "ROLLBACK"
+          end
+          @connection.query "DISCARD ALL"
+          configure_connection
         end
-        @connection.query 'DISCARD ALL'
-        configure_connection
       end
 
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
       # method does nothing.
       def disconnect!
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          super
+          @connection.close rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def discard! # :nodoc:
         super
-        @connection.close rescue nil
+        @connection.socket_io.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
+        @connection = nil
       end
 
       def native_database_types #:nodoc:
         NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
-      def supports_migrations?
-        true
+      def set_standard_conforming_strings
+        execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on", "SCHEMA")
       end
 
-      # Does PostgreSQL support finding primary key on non-Active Record tables?
-      def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
 
-      # Enable standard-conforming strings if available.
-      def set_standard_conforming_strings
-        old, self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages, 'panic'
-        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on', 'SCHEMA') rescue nil
-      ensure
-        self.client_min_messages = old
-      end
-
-      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
         true
       end
 
@@ -324,18 +333,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true if pg > 9.1
       def supports_extensions?
-        postgresql_version >= 90100
+        true
       end
 
-      # Range datatypes weren't introduced until PostgreSQL 9.2
       def supports_ranges?
-        postgresql_version >= 90200
+        true
       end
+      deprecate :supports_ranges?
 
       def supports_materialized_views?
-        postgresql_version >= 90300
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_tables?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_pgcrypto_uuid?
+        database_version >= 90400
+      end
+
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        unless defined?(@has_pg_hint_plan)
+          @has_pg_hint_plan = extension_available?("pg_hint_plan")
+        end
+        @has_pg_hint_plan
+      end
+
+      def supports_lazy_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "PostgreSQL requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        query_value("SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(#{lock_id})")
+      end
+
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "PostgreSQL requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        query_value("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(#{lock_id})")
       end
 
       def enable_extension(name)
@@ -350,50 +391,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
+      def extension_available?(name)
+        query_value("SELECT true FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
       def extension_enabled?(name)
-        if supports_extensions?
-          res = exec_query "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled",
-            'SCHEMA'
-          res.cast_values.first
-        end
+        query_value("SELECT installed_version IS NOT NULL FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
       end
 
       def extensions
-        if supports_extensions?
-          exec_query("SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
-        else
-          super
-        end
+        exec_query("SELECT extname FROM pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
       end
 
       # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
-      def table_alias_length
-        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length', 'SCHEMA')[0][0].to_i
+      def max_identifier_length
+        @max_identifier_length ||= query_value("SHOW max_identifier_length", "SCHEMA").to_i
       end
 
       # Set the authorized user for this session
       def session_auth=(user)
         clear_cache!
-        exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
+        execute("SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}")
       end
 
       def use_insert_returning?
         @use_insert_returning
       end
 
-      def valid_type?(type)
-        !native_database_types[type].nil?
-      end
-
-      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
-        PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
-      end
-
-      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
-        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").first['oid'].to_i
-        super(oid)
-      end
-
       def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
         OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
       end
@@ -404,94 +428,137 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "average" => "avg",
       }
 
-      protected
+      # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
+      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
+        @connection.server_version
+      end
+      alias :postgresql_version :database_version
+
+      def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
+        index.using == :btree || super
+      end
+
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
+          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
+        end
+
+        sql << " RETURNING #{insert.returning}" if insert.returning
+        sql
+      end
 
-        # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
-        def postgresql_version
-          @connection.server_version
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < 90300
+          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports PostgreSQL >= 9.3."
         end
+      end
+
+      private
 
-        # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION = "22001"
+        NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE = "22003"
+        NOT_NULL_VIOLATION    = "23502"
         FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
         UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
+        SERIALIZATION_FAILURE = "40001"
+        DEADLOCK_DETECTED     = "40P01"
+        LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
+        QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
 
-        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
           return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
 
-          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
           when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
+            SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+          when QUERY_CANCELED
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
           else
             super
           end
         end
 
-      private
-
-        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '') # :nodoc:
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = "")
           if !type_map.key?(oid)
-            load_additional_types(type_map, [oid])
+            load_additional_types([oid])
           end
 
           type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
             warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
-            Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+            Type.default_value.tap do |cast_type|
               type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
             end
           }
         end
 
-        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
-          register_class_with_limit m, 'int2', OID::Integer
-          m.alias_type 'int4', 'int2'
-          m.alias_type 'int8', 'int2'
-          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
-          m.register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
-          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
-          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
-          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
-          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
-          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
-          register_class_with_limit m, 'bit', OID::Bit
-          register_class_with_limit m, 'varbit', OID::BitVarying
-          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
-          m.register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
-          m.register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
-
-          m.register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
-          m.register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
-          m.register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
-          m.register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
-          m.register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
-          m.register_type 'jsonb', OID::Jsonb.new
-          m.register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
-          m.register_type 'inet', OID::Inet.new
-          m.register_type 'uuid', OID::Uuid.new
-          m.register_type 'xml', OID::Xml.new
-          m.register_type 'tsvector', OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
-          m.register_type 'macaddr', OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
-          m.register_type 'citext', OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
-          m.register_type 'ltree', OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
-
-          # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
-          m.alias_type 'interval', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'path', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'line', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'polygon', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'circle', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'lseg', 'varchar'
-          m.alias_type 'box', 'varchar'
-
-          m.register_type 'timestamp' do |_, _, sql_type|
+        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+          m.register_type "int2", Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
+          m.register_type "int4", Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
+          m.register_type "int8", Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
+          m.register_type "oid", OID::Oid.new
+          m.register_type "float4", Type::Float.new
+          m.alias_type "float8", "float4"
+          m.register_type "text", Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, "varchar", Type::String
+          m.alias_type "char", "varchar"
+          m.alias_type "name", "varchar"
+          m.alias_type "bpchar", "varchar"
+          m.register_type "bool", Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, "bit", OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, "varbit", OID::BitVarying
+          m.alias_type "timestamptz", "timestamp"
+          m.register_type "date", OID::Date.new
+
+          m.register_type "money", OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type "bytea", OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type "point", OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type "hstore", OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type "json", Type::Json.new
+          m.register_type "jsonb", OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type "cidr", OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type "inet", OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type "uuid", OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type "xml", OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type "tsvector", OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type "macaddr", OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type "citext", OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type "ltree", OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+          m.register_type "line", OID::SpecializedString.new(:line)
+          m.register_type "lseg", OID::SpecializedString.new(:lseg)
+          m.register_type "box", OID::SpecializedString.new(:box)
+          m.register_type "path", OID::SpecializedString.new(:path)
+          m.register_type "polygon", OID::SpecializedString.new(:polygon)
+          m.register_type "circle", OID::SpecializedString.new(:circle)
+
+          m.register_type "interval" do |_, _, sql_type|
             precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
-            OID::DateTime.new(precision: precision)
+            OID::SpecializedString.new(:interval, precision: precision)
           end
 
-          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+          register_class_with_precision m, "time", Type::Time
+          register_class_with_precision m, "timestamp", OID::DateTime
+
+          m.register_type "numeric" do |_, fmod, sql_type|
             precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
             scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
 
@@ -511,116 +578,148 @@ module ActiveRecord
             end
           end
 
-          load_additional_types(m)
-        end
-
-        def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
-          case sql_type
-          when /^bigint/i, /^int8/i
-            8
-          when /^smallint/i
-            2
-          else
-            super
-          end
+          load_additional_types
         end
 
         # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
-        def extract_value_from_default(oid, default) # :nodoc:
+        def extract_value_from_default(default)
           case default
             # Quoted types
-            when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'::/m
-              $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
+          when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'.*::"?([\w. ]+)"?(?:\[\])?\z/m
+            # The default 'now'::date is CURRENT_DATE
+            if $1 == "now" && $2 == "date"
+              nil
+            else
+              $1.gsub("''", "'")
+            end
             # Boolean types
-            when 'true', 'false'
-              default
+          when "true", "false"
+            default
             # Numeric types
-            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
-              $1
+          when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
+            $1
             # Object identifier types
-            when /\A-?\d+\z/
-              $1
-            else
-              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
-              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
-              nil
+          when /\A-?\d+\z/
+            $1
+          else
+            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+            nil
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_default_function(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default)
           default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
         end
 
-        def has_default_function?(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
-          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+          !default_value && %r{\w+\(.*\)|\(.*\)::\w+|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP}.match?(default)
         end
 
-        def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil) # :nodoc:
-          if supports_ranges?
-            query = <<-SQL
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
-              FROM pg_type as t
-              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
-            SQL
-          else
-            query = <<-SQL
-              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
-              FROM pg_type as t
-            SQL
-          end
+        def load_additional_types(oids = nil)
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+
+          query = <<~SQL
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+          SQL
 
           if oids
             query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
+          else
+            query += initializer.query_conditions_for_initial_load
           end
 
-          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
-          records = execute(query, 'SCHEMA')
-          initializer.run(records)
+          execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |records|
+            initializer.run(records)
+          end
         end
 
         FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
-        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds)
-          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
-                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false)
+          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
+            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
+          end
+
+          if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, [])
+          elsif !prepare
+            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          else
+            result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          end
           ret = yield result
           result.clear
           ret
         end
 
         def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, []) }
+          materialize_transactions
+
+          # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
+          # made since we established the connection
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+
+          type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
+          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds) do
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+              @connection.exec_params(sql, type_casted_binds)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
-          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
-            [col, type_cast(val, col)]
-          }
+          materialize_transactions
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+
+          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql, binds)
+          type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
 
-          log(sql, name, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
-            @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
+          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+              @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
+            end
           end
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
-          pgerror = e.original_exception
-
-          # Get the PG code for the failure.  Annoyingly, the code for
-          # prepared statements whose return value may have changed is
-          # FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.  Check here for more details:
-          # http://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
-          begin
-            code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
-          rescue
-            raise e
-          end
-          if FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED == code
-            @statements.delete sql_key(sql)
-            retry
+          raise unless is_cached_plan_failure?(e)
+
+          # Nothing we can do if we are in a transaction because all commands
+          # will raise InFailedSQLTransaction
+          if in_transaction?
+            raise ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementCacheExpired.new(e.cause.message)
           else
-            raise e
+            @lock.synchronize do
+              # outside of transactions we can simply flush this query and retry
+              @statements.delete sql_key(sql)
+            end
+            retry
           end
         end
 
+        # Annoyingly, the code for prepared statements whose return value may
+        # have changed is FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.
+        #
+        # This covers various different error types so we need to do additional
+        # work to classify the exception definitively as a
+        # ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementCacheExpired
+        #
+        # Check here for more details:
+        # https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
+        CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC = "cached plan must not change result type"
+        def is_cached_plan_failure?(e)
+          pgerror = e.cause
+          code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          code == FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED && pgerror.message.include?(CACHED_PLAN_HEURISTIC)
+        rescue
+          false
+        end
+
+        def in_transaction?
+          open_transactions > 0
+        end
+
         # Returns the statement identifier for the client side cache
         # of statements
         def sql_key(sql)
@@ -629,39 +728,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
         # the statement key.
-        def prepare_statement(sql)
-          sql_key = sql_key(sql)
-          unless @statements.key? sql_key
-            nextkey = @statements.next_key
-            begin
-              @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
-            rescue => e
-              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+        def prepare_statement(sql, binds)
+          @lock.synchronize do
+            sql_key = sql_key(sql)
+            unless @statements.key? sql_key
+              nextkey = @statements.next_key
+              begin
+                @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+              rescue => e
+                raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
+              end
+              # Clear the queue
+              @connection.get_last_result
+              @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
             end
-            # Clear the queue
-            @connection.get_last_result
-            @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
+            @statements[sql_key]
           end
-          @statements[sql_key]
         end
 
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
-          @connection = PGconn.connect(@connection_parameters)
-
-          # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
-          # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
-          # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
-          OID::Money.precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
-
+          @connection = PG.connect(@connection_parameters)
           configure_connection
-        rescue ::PG::Error => error
-          if error.message.include?("does not exist")
-            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
-          else
-            raise
-          end
+          add_pg_encoders
+          add_pg_decoders
         end
 
         # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
@@ -670,51 +761,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if @config[:encoding]
             @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
           end
-          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || 'warning'
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || "warning"
           self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
 
-          # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
+          # Use standard-conforming strings so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
           set_standard_conforming_strings
 
+          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
           # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
           # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
-          # (SET TIME ZONE does not use an equals sign like other SET variables)
-          if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
-            execute("SET time zone 'UTC'", 'SCHEMA')
-          elsif @local_tz
-            execute("SET time zone '#{@local_tz}'", 'SCHEMA')
+          unless variables["timezone"]
+            if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
+              variables["timezone"] = "UTC"
+            elsif @local_tz
+              variables["timezone"] = @local_tz
+            end
           end
 
           # SET statements from :variables config hash
-          # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/sql-set.html
-          variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+          # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
           variables.map do |k, v|
-            if v == ':default' || v == :default
+            if v == ":default" || v == :default
               # Sets the value to the global or compile default
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", "SCHEMA")
             elsif !v.nil?
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", "SCHEMA")
             end
           end
         end
 
-        # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
-        def last_insert_id(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
-          Integer(last_insert_id_value(sequence_name))
-        end
-
-        def last_insert_id_value(sequence_name)
-          last_insert_id_result(sequence_name).rows.first.first
-        end
-
-        def last_insert_id_result(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
-        end
-
         # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
         #
         # The underlying query is roughly:
-        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value
+        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value, column.comment
         #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
         #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
         #     AND column.num = default.column_num
@@ -729,26 +809,141 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Query implementation notes:
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
-        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
-          exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
+        def column_definitions(table_name)
+          query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
-                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
-                FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
-                  ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
-               WHERE a.attrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
+                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
+                     c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment
+                FROM pg_attribute a
+                LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+                LEFT JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
+                LEFT JOIN pg_collation c ON a.attcollation = c.oid AND a.attcollation <> t.typcollation
+               WHERE a.attrelid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table_name))}::regclass
                  AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
                ORDER BY a.attnum
-          end_sql
+          SQL
         end
 
-        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql) # :nodoc:
-          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
+        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
+          sql[/into\s("[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]\s]+"|[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]]+)\s*/im]
           $1.strip if $1
         end
 
-        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil) # :nodoc:
-          PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
+        def arel_visitor
+          Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new(self)
+        end
+
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(@connection, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+        end
+
+        def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
+          @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
+            sql = <<~SQL
+              SELECT exists(
+                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                  AND proargtypes = ARRAY[#{quote column.sql_type}::regtype]::oidvector
+              ) OR exists(
+                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                  ON ARRAY[casttarget]::oidvector = proargtypes
+                WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                  AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
+              )
+            SQL
+            execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+              result.getvalue(0, 0)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_pg_encoders
+          map = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
+          map[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new
+          map[TrueClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          map[FalseClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          @connection.type_map_for_queries = map
         end
+
+        def update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          if @default_timezone != ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
+            decoder_class = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ?
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc :
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithoutTimeZone
+
+            @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
+            @connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
+            @default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_pg_decoders
+          @default_timezone = nil
+          @timestamp_decoder = nil
+
+          coders_by_name = {
+            "int2" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "int4" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "int8" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "oid" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "float4" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            "float8" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            "bool" => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
+          }
+
+          if defined?(PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc)
+            # Use native PG encoders available since pg-1.1
+            coders_by_name["timestamp"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc
+            coders_by_name["timestamptz"] = PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone
+          end
+
+          known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
+          query = <<~SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
+          SQL
+          coders = execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+            result
+              .map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row["typname"]]) }
+              .compact
+          end
+
+          map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
+          @connection.type_map_for_results = map
+
+          # extract timestamp decoder for use in update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          @timestamp_decoder = coders.find { |coder| coder.name == "timestamp" }
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+        end
+
+        def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
+          return unless coder_class
+          coder_class.new(oid: row["oid"].to_i, name: row["typname"])
+        end
+
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ array: true }, OID::Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ range: true }, OID::Range, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit, OID::Bit, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit_varying, OID::BitVarying, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:binary, OID::Bytea, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:cidr, OID::Cidr, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:date, OID::Date, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:datetime, OID::DateTime, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:decimal, OID::Decimal, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:enum, OID::Enum, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:hstore, OID::Hstore, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:inet, OID::Inet, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:jsonb, OID::Jsonb, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, OID::Money, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:point, OID::Point, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:legacy_point, OID::LegacyPoint, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:uuid, OID::Uuid, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:vector, OID::Vector, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:xml, OID::Xml, adapter: :postgresql)
     end
   end
 end