activerecord 4.2.0 → 6.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb

@@ -1,40 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module PostgreSQL
-      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
-        private
-
-        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-          sql = super
-          if o.primary_key? && o.type != :primary_key
-            sql << " PRIMARY KEY "
-            add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-          end
-          sql
-        end
-
-        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-          if options[:array] || options[:column].try(:array)
-            sql << '[]'
-          end
-
-          column = options.fetch(:column) { return super }
-          if column.type == :uuid && options[:default] =~ /\(\)/
-            sql << " DEFAULT #{options[:default]}"
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type_for_column(column)
-          if column.array
-            @conn.lookup_cast_type("#{column.sql_type}[]")
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
       module SchemaStatements
         # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
         # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
@@ -52,26 +20,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   create_database config[:database], config
         #   create_database 'foo_development', encoding: 'unicode'
         def create_database(name, options = {})
-          options = { encoding: 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-          option_string = options.inject("") do |memo, (key, value)|
-            memo += case key
-            when :owner
-              " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
-            when :template
-              " TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
-            when :encoding
-              " ENCODING = '#{value}'"
-            when :collation
-              " LC_COLLATE = '#{value}'"
-            when :ctype
-              " LC_CTYPE = '#{value}'"
-            when :tablespace
-              " TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
-            when :connection_limit
-              " CONNECTION LIMIT = #{value}"
-            else
-              ""
+          options = { encoding: "utf8" }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
+
+          option_string = options.each_with_object(+"") do |(key, value), memo|
+            memo << case key
+                    when :owner
+                      " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
+                    when :template
+                      " TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
+                    when :encoding
+                      " ENCODING = '#{value}'"
+                    when :collation
+                      " LC_COLLATE = '#{value}'"
+                    when :ctype
+                      " LC_CTYPE = '#{value}'"
+                    when :tablespace
+                      " TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
+                    when :connection_limit
+                      " CONNECTION LIMIT = #{value}"
+                    else
+                      ""
             end
           end
 
@@ -86,150 +54,149 @@ module ActiveRecord
           execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
         end
 
-        # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
-        def tables(name = nil)
-          query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').map { |row| row[0] }
-            SELECT tablename
-            FROM pg_tables
-            WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
-          SQL
-        end
-
-        # Returns true if table exists.
-        # If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
-        # the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
-        def table_exists?(name)
-          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s)
-          return false unless name.identifier
-
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
-              SELECT COUNT(*)
-              FROM pg_class c
-              LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
-              WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
-              AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
-              AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
-          SQL
-        end
-
-        def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
-          execute "DROP TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
+        def drop_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+          execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
         end
 
         # Returns true if schema exists.
         def schema_exists?(name)
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
-            SELECT COUNT(*)
-            FROM pg_namespace
-            WHERE nspname = '#{name}'
-          SQL
+          query_value("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA").to_i > 0
         end
 
-        def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, default)
-          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+        # Verifies existence of an index with a given name.
+        def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
+          table = quoted_scope(table_name)
+          index = quoted_scope(index_name)
+
+          query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA").to_i > 0
             SELECT COUNT(*)
             FROM pg_class t
             INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
             INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = i.relnamespace
             WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
-              AND i.relname = '#{index_name}'
-              AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
-              AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
+              AND i.relname = #{index[:name]}
+              AND t.relname = #{table[:name]}
+              AND n.nspname = #{index[:schema]}
           SQL
         end
 
         # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
-        def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
-           result = query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
-             SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid
-             FROM pg_class t
-             INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
-             INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
-             WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
-               AND d.indisprimary = 'f'
-               AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
-               AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
+        def indexes(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
+
+          result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+            SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid,
+                            pg_catalog.obj_description(i.oid, 'pg_class') AS comment
+            FROM pg_class t
+            INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
+            INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
+            LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = i.relnamespace
+            WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
+              AND d.indisprimary = 'f'
+              AND t.relname = #{scope[:name]}
+              AND n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
             ORDER BY i.relname
           SQL
 
           result.map do |row|
             index_name = row[0]
-            unique = row[1] == 't'
-            indkey = row[2].split(" ")
+            unique = row[1]
+            indkey = row[2].split(" ").map(&:to_i)
             inddef = row[3]
             oid = row[4]
+            comment = row[5]
 
-            columns = Hash[query(<<-SQL, "SCHEMA")]
-            SELECT a.attnum, a.attname
-            FROM pg_attribute a
-            WHERE a.attrelid = #{oid}
-            AND a.attnum IN (#{indkey.join(",")})
-            SQL
-
-            column_names = columns.values_at(*indkey).compact
+            using, expressions, where = inddef.scan(/ USING (\w+?) \((.+?)\)(?: WHERE (.+))?\z/m).flatten
 
-            unless column_names.empty?
-              # add info on sort order for columns (only desc order is explicitly specified, asc is the default)
-              desc_order_columns = inddef.scan(/(\w+) DESC/).flatten
-              orders = desc_order_columns.any? ? Hash[desc_order_columns.map {|order_column| [order_column, :desc]}] : {}
-              where = inddef.scan(/WHERE (.+)$/).flatten[0]
-              using = inddef.scan(/USING (.+?) /).flatten[0].to_sym
+            orders = {}
+            opclasses = {}
 
-              IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, unique, column_names, [], orders, where, nil, using)
+            if indkey.include?(0)
+              columns = expressions
+            else
+              columns = Hash[query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")].values_at(*indkey).compact
+                SELECT a.attnum, a.attname
+                FROM pg_attribute a
+                WHERE a.attrelid = #{oid}
+                AND a.attnum IN (#{indkey.join(",")})
+              SQL
+
+              # add info on sort order (only desc order is explicitly specified, asc is the default)
+              # and non-default opclasses
+              expressions.scan(/(?<column>\w+)"?\s?(?<opclass>\w+_ops)?\s?(?<desc>DESC)?\s?(?<nulls>NULLS (?:FIRST|LAST))?/).each do |column, opclass, desc, nulls|
+                opclasses[column] = opclass.to_sym if opclass
+                if nulls
+                  orders[column] = [desc, nulls].compact.join(" ")
+                else
+                  orders[column] = :desc if desc
+                end
+              end
             end
-          end.compact
+
+            IndexDefinition.new(
+              table_name,
+              index_name,
+              unique,
+              columns,
+              orders: orders,
+              opclasses: opclasses,
+              where: where,
+              using: using.to_sym,
+              comment: comment.presence
+            )
+          end
         end
 
-        # Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
-        def columns(table_name)
-          # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
-          column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
-            oid = get_oid_type(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i, column_name, type)
-            default_value = extract_value_from_default(oid, default)
-            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
-            new_column(column_name, default_value, oid, type, notnull == 'f', default_function)
+        def table_options(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          if comment = table_comment(table_name)
+            { comment: comment }
           end
         end
 
-        def new_column(name, default, cast_type, sql_type = nil, null = true, default_function = nil) # :nodoc:
-          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, cast_type, sql_type, null, default_function)
+        # Returns a comment stored in database for given table
+        def table_comment(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          scope = quoted_scope(table_name, type: "BASE TABLE")
+          if scope[:name]
+            query_value(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+              SELECT pg_catalog.obj_description(c.oid, 'pg_class')
+              FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
+                LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+              WHERE c.relname = #{scope[:name]}
+                AND c.relkind IN (#{scope[:type]})
+                AND n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
+            SQL
+          end
         end
 
         # Returns the current database name.
         def current_database
-          query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          query_value("SELECT current_database()", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the current schema name.
         def current_schema
-          query('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          query_value("SELECT current_schema", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the current database encoding format.
         def encoding
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
-            WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          query_value("SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding) FROM pg_database WHERE datname = current_database()", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the current database collation.
         def collation
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_database.datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          query_value("SELECT datcollate FROM pg_database WHERE datname = current_database()", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the current database ctype.
         def ctype
-          query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
-            SELECT pg_database.datctype FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
-          end_sql
+          query_value("SELECT datctype FROM pg_database WHERE datname = current_database()", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns an array of schema names.
         def schema_names
-          query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').flatten
+          query_values(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
             SELECT nspname
               FROM pg_namespace
              WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*'
@@ -239,56 +206,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Creates a schema for the given schema name.
-        def create_schema schema_name
-          execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{schema_name}"
+        def create_schema(schema_name)
+          execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)}"
         end
 
         # Drops the schema for the given schema name.
-        def drop_schema schema_name
-          execute "DROP SCHEMA #{schema_name} CASCADE"
+        def drop_schema(schema_name, options = {})
+          execute "DROP SCHEMA#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_schema_name(schema_name)} CASCADE"
         end
 
         # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
         # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
-        # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
+        # See: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
         #
         # This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
         def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
           if schema_csv
-            execute("SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}", 'SCHEMA')
+            execute("SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}", "SCHEMA")
             @schema_search_path = schema_csv
           end
         end
 
         # Returns the active schema search path.
         def schema_search_path
-          @schema_search_path ||= query('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          @schema_search_path ||= query_value("SHOW search_path", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the current client message level.
         def client_min_messages
-          query('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
+          query_value("SHOW client_min_messages", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Set the client message level.
         def client_min_messages=(level)
-          execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'", 'SCHEMA')
+          execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
-        def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
-          result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
+        def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = "id") #:nodoc:
+          result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk)
           return nil unless result
           Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(result).to_s
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-          PostgreSQL::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq").to_s
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq").to_s
         end
 
         def serial_sequence(table, column)
-          result = exec_query(<<-eosql, 'SCHEMA')
-            SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('#{table}', '#{column}')
-          eosql
-          result.rows.first.first
+          query_value("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence(#{quote(table)}, #{quote(column)})", "SCHEMA")
         end
 
         # Sets the sequence of a table's primary key to the specified value.
@@ -299,18 +263,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if sequence
               quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
 
-              select_value <<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA'
-              SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', #{value})
-              end_sql
+              query_value("SELECT setval(#{quote(quoted_sequence)}, #{value})", "SCHEMA")
             else
-              @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
+              @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence." if @logger
             end
           end
         end
 
         # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
         def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
-          unless pk and sequence
+          unless pk && sequence
             default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
 
             pk ||= default_pk
@@ -318,15 +280,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           if @logger && pk && !sequence
-            @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence"
+            @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence."
           end
 
           if pk && sequence
             quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
+            max_pk = query_value("SELECT MAX(#{quote_column_name pk}) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}", "SCHEMA")
+            if max_pk.nil?
+              if database_version >= 100000
+                minvalue = query_value("SELECT seqmin FROM pg_sequence WHERE seqrelid = #{quote(quoted_sequence)}::regclass", "SCHEMA")
+              else
+                minvalue = query_value("SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence}", "SCHEMA")
+              end
+            end
 
-            select_value <<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA'
-              SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
-            end_sql
+            query_value("SELECT setval(#{quote(quoted_sequence)}, #{max_pk ? max_pk : minvalue}, #{max_pk ? true : false})", "SCHEMA")
           end
         end
 
@@ -334,7 +302,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
           # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
           # given table's primary key.
-          result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
+          result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")[0]
             SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname, seq.relname
             FROM pg_class      seq,
                  pg_attribute  attr,
@@ -350,11 +318,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
               AND seq.relnamespace  = nsp.oid
               AND cons.contype      = 'p'
               AND dep.classid       = 'pg_class'::regclass
-              AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
-          end_sql
+              AND dep.refobjid      = #{quote(quote_table_name(table))}::regclass
+          SQL
 
-          if result.nil? or result.empty?
-            result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
+          if result.nil? || result.empty?
+            result = query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")[0]
               SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname,
                 CASE
                   WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL
@@ -368,10 +336,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
               JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
               JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
               JOIN pg_namespace   nsp  ON (t.relnamespace = nsp.oid)
-              WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
+              WHERE t.oid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table))}::regclass
                 AND cons.contype = 'p'
                 AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'
-            end_sql
+            SQL
           end
 
           pk = result.shift
@@ -384,17 +352,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
           nil
         end
 
-        # Returns just a table's primary key
-        def primary_key(table)
-          row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
-            SELECT attr.attname
-            FROM pg_attribute attr
-            INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
-            WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
-              AND cons.conrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
-          end_sql
-
-          row && row.first
+        def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          query_values(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+            SELECT a.attname
+              FROM (
+                     SELECT indrelid, indkey, generate_subscripts(indkey, 1) idx
+                       FROM pg_index
+                      WHERE indrelid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table_name))}::regclass
+                        AND indisprimary
+                   ) i
+              JOIN pg_attribute a
+                ON a.attrelid = i.indrelid
+               AND a.attnum = i.indkey[i.idx]
+             ORDER BY i.idx
+          SQL
         end
 
         # Renames a table.
@@ -407,92 +378,109 @@ module ActiveRecord
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
           pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
-          if seq && seq.identifier == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
-            new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          if pk
             idx = "#{table_name}_pkey"
             new_idx = "#{new_name}_pkey"
-            execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
             execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_table_name(idx)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_idx)}"
+            if seq && seq.identifier == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+              new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+              execute "ALTER TABLE #{seq.quoted} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
+            end
           end
-
           rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
         end
 
-        # Adds a new column to the named table.
-        # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
-        def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           super
+          change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) if options.key?(:comment)
         end
 
-        # Changes the column of a table.
-        def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
-          quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
-          sql_type << "[]" if options[:array]
-          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
-          sql << " USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using]
-          if options[:cast_as]
-            sql << " USING CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
-          end
-          execute sql
-
-          change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
-          change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+          sqls, procs = Array(change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options)).partition { |v| v.is_a?(String) }
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls.join(", ")}"
+          procs.each(&:call)
         end
 
         # Changes the default value of a table column.
-        def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
-          clear_cache!
-          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
-          return unless column
-
-          alter_column_query = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
-          if default.nil?
-            # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
-            # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
-            execute alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
-          else
-            execute alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_value(default, column)}"
-          end
+        def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)}"
         end
 
-        def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           unless null || default.nil?
             column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
-            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_value(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
+            execute "UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_expression(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL" if column
           end
-          execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_null_for_alter(table_name, column_name, null, default)}"
+        end
+
+        # Adds comment for given table column or drops it if +comment+ is a +nil+
+        def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+          clear_cache!
+          comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
+          execute "COMMENT ON COLUMN #{quote_table_name(table_name)}.#{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS #{quote(comment)}"
+        end
+
+        # Adds comment for given table or drops it if +comment+ is a +nil+
+        def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+          clear_cache!
+          comment = extract_new_comment_value(comment_or_changes)
+          execute "COMMENT ON TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} IS #{quote(comment)}"
         end
 
         # Renames a column in a table.
-        def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
           rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
         end
 
         def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-          index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
-          execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{index_algorithm} #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_options}"
+          index_name, index_type, index_columns_and_opclasses, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using, comment = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+          execute("CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{index_algorithm} #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns_and_opclasses})#{index_options}").tap do
+            execute "COMMENT ON INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} IS #{quote(comment)}" if comment
+          end
         end
 
-        def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
-          execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
+        def remove_index(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          table = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(table_name.to_s)
+
+          if options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name)
+            provided_index = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(options[:name].to_s)
+
+            options[:name] = provided_index.identifier
+            table = PostgreSQL::Name.new(provided_index.schema, table.identifier) unless table.schema.present?
+
+            if provided_index.schema.present? && table.schema != provided_index.schema
+              raise ArgumentError.new("Index schema '#{provided_index.schema}' does not match table schema '#{table.schema}'")
+            end
+          end
+
+          index_to_remove = PostgreSQL::Name.new(table.schema, index_name_for_remove(table.to_s, options))
+          algorithm =
+            if options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:algorithm)
+              index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) do
+                raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+              end
+            end
+          execute "DROP INDEX #{algorithm} #{quote_table_name(index_to_remove)}"
         end
 
+        # Renames an index of a table. Raises error if length of new
+        # index name is greater than allowed limit.
         def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
-          if new_name.length > allowed_index_name_length
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
-          end
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
           execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_column_name(old_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         end
 
         def foreign_keys(table_name)
-          fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
-            SELECT t2.oid::regclass::text AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete
+          scope = quoted_scope(table_name)
+          fk_info = exec_query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+            SELECT t2.oid::regclass::text AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete, c.convalidated AS valid
             FROM pg_constraint c
             JOIN pg_class t1 ON c.conrelid = t1.oid
             JOIN pg_class t2 ON c.confrelid = t2.oid
@@ -500,88 +488,288 @@ module ActiveRecord
             JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON a2.attnum = c.confkey[1] AND a2.attrelid = t2.oid
             JOIN pg_namespace t3 ON c.connamespace = t3.oid
             WHERE c.contype = 'f'
-              AND t1.relname = #{quote(table_name)}
-              AND t3.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+              AND t1.relname = #{scope[:name]}
+              AND t3.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
             ORDER BY c.conname
           SQL
 
           fk_info.map do |row|
             options = {
-              column: row['column'],
-              name: row['name'],
-              primary_key: row['primary_key']
+              column: row["column"],
+              name: row["name"],
+              primary_key: row["primary_key"]
             }
 
-            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_delete'])
-            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_update'])
+            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_delete"])
+            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row["on_update"])
+            options[:validate] = row["valid"]
 
-            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row["to_table"], options)
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier) # :nodoc:
-          case specifier
-          when 'c'; :cascade
-          when 'n'; :nullify
-          when 'r'; :restrict
-          end
+        def foreign_tables
+          query_values(data_source_sql(type: "FOREIGN TABLE"), "SCHEMA")
         end
 
-        def index_name_length
-          63
+        def foreign_table_exists?(table_name)
+          query_values(data_source_sql(table_name, type: "FOREIGN TABLE"), "SCHEMA").any? if table_name.present?
         end
 
         # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
-          case type.to_s
-          when 'binary'
-            # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
-            # The hard limit is 1Gb, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
-            case limit
-            when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
-            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
-            end
-          when 'text'
-            # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
-            # The hard limit is 1Gb, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
-            case limit
-            when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
-            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte.")
-            end
-          when 'integer'
-            return 'integer' unless limit
-
-            case limit
-              when 1, 2; 'smallint'
-              when 3, 4; 'integer'
-              when 5..8; 'bigint'
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+        def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, array: nil, **) # :nodoc:
+          sql = \
+            case type.to_s
+            when "binary"
+              # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
+              # The hard limit is 1GB, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
+              case limit
+              when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}. The limit on binary can be at most 1GB - 1byte."
+              end
+            when "text"
+              # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
+              # The hard limit is 1GB, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
+              case limit
+              when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type)
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No text type has byte size #{limit}. The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte."
+              end
+            when "integer"
+              case limit
+              when 1, 2; "smallint"
+              when nil, 3, 4; "integer"
+              when 5..8; "bigint"
+              else raise ArgumentError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with scale 0 instead."
+              end
+            else
+              super
             end
-          when 'datetime'
-            return super unless precision
 
-            case precision
-              when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
+          sql = "#{sql}[]" if array && type != :primary_key
+          sql
         end
 
         # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
         # requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
         def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
-          order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map{ |s|
+          order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map { |s|
               # Convert Arel node to string
               s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
               # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
-              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, '')
-               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, '')
+              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, "")
+               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, "")
             }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
 
-          [super, *order_columns].join(', ')
+          (order_columns << super).join(", ")
+        end
+
+        def update_table_definition(table_name, base) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
+        end
+
+        def create_schema_dumper(options) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
+        end
+
+        # Validates the given constraint.
+        #
+        # Validates the constraint named +constraint_name+ on +accounts+.
+        #
+        #   validate_constraint :accounts, :constraint_name
+        def validate_constraint(table_name, constraint_name)
+          return unless supports_validate_constraints?
+
+          at = create_alter_table table_name
+          at.validate_constraint constraint_name
+
+          execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+        end
+
+        # Validates the given foreign key.
+        #
+        # Validates the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
+        #
+        #   validate_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+        #
+        # Validates the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+        #
+        #   validate_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+        #
+        # Validates the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
+        #
+        #   validate_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+        #
+        # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key.
+        def validate_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
+          return unless supports_validate_constraints?
+
+          fk_name_to_validate = foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).name
+
+          validate_constraint from_table, fk_name_to_validate
         end
+
+        private
+          def schema_creation
+            PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new(self)
+          end
+
+          def create_table_definition(*args)
+            PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new(self, *args)
+          end
+
+          def create_alter_table(name)
+            PostgreSQL::AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
+          end
+
+          def new_column_from_field(table_name, field)
+            column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod, collation, comment = field
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(column_name, type, oid.to_i, fmod.to_i)
+            default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
+            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+
+            if match = default_function&.match(/\Anextval\('"?(?<sequence_name>.+_(?<suffix>seq\d*))"?'::regclass\)\z/)
+              serial = sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, column_name, match[:suffix]) == match[:sequence_name]
+            end
+
+            PostgreSQL::Column.new(
+              column_name,
+              default_value,
+              type_metadata,
+              !notnull,
+              default_function,
+              collation: collation,
+              comment: comment.presence,
+              serial: serial
+            )
+          end
+
+          def fetch_type_metadata(column_name, sql_type, oid, fmod)
+            cast_type = get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type)
+            simple_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+              sql_type: sql_type,
+              type: cast_type.type,
+              limit: cast_type.limit,
+              precision: cast_type.precision,
+              scale: cast_type.scale,
+            )
+            PostgreSQL::TypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+          end
+
+          def sequence_name_from_parts(table_name, column_name, suffix)
+            over_length = [table_name, column_name, suffix].sum(&:length) + 2 - max_identifier_length
+
+            if over_length > 0
+              column_name_length = [(max_identifier_length - suffix.length - 2) / 2, column_name.length].min
+              over_length -= column_name.length - column_name_length
+              column_name = column_name[0, column_name_length - [over_length, 0].min]
+            end
+
+            if over_length > 0
+              table_name = table_name[0, table_name.length - over_length]
+            end
+
+            "#{table_name}_#{column_name}_#{suffix}"
+          end
+
+          def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
+            case specifier
+            when "c"; :cascade
+            when "n"; :nullify
+            when "r"; :restrict
+            end
+          end
+
+          def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+            return super unless options.key?(:comment)
+            [super, Proc.new { change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) }]
+          end
+
+          def change_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+            td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+            cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
+            sqls = [schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column_name))]
+            sqls << Proc.new { change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, options[:comment]) } if options.key?(:comment)
+            sqls
+          end
+
+          def change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            return unless column
+
+            default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+            alter_column_query = "ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
+            if default.nil?
+              # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
+              # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
+              alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
+            else
+              alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_expression(default, column)}"
+            end
+          end
+
+          def change_column_null_for_alter(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+            "ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL"
+          end
+
+          def add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+            options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+            if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+              options[:precision] = 6
+            end
+
+            [add_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
+          end
+
+          def remove_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, options = {})
+            [remove_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at)]
+          end
+
+          def add_index_opclass(quoted_columns, **options)
+            opclasses = options_for_index_columns(options[:opclass])
+            quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
+              column << " #{opclasses[name]}" if opclasses[name].present?
+            end
+          end
+
+          def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
+            quoted_columns = add_index_opclass(quoted_columns, options)
+            super
+          end
+
+          def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
+            scope = quoted_scope(name, type: type)
+            scope[:type] ||= "'r','v','m','p','f'" # (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view, (p)artitioned table, (f)oreign table
+
+            sql = +"SELECT c.relname FROM pg_class c LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace"
+            sql << " WHERE n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}"
+            sql << " AND c.relname = #{scope[:name]}" if scope[:name]
+            sql << " AND c.relkind IN (#{scope[:type]})"
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
+            schema, name = extract_schema_qualified_name(name)
+            type = \
+              case type
+              when "BASE TABLE"
+                "'r','p'"
+              when "VIEW"
+                "'v','m'"
+              when "FOREIGN TABLE"
+                "'f'"
+              end
+            scope = {}
+            scope[:schema] = schema ? quote(schema) : "ANY (current_schemas(false))"
+            scope[:name] = quote(name) if name
+            scope[:type] = type if type
+            scope
+          end
+
+          def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
+            name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(string.to_s)
+            [name.schema, name.identifier]
+          end
       end
     end
   end