LilyPond-Ruby 0.1.1 → 0.1.2

data/share/lilypond/2.24.1/python/musicexp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2781 @@
+# musicexp.py
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# This file is part of LilyPond, the GNU music typesetter.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2005--2022 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>,
+#               2007--2011 Reinhold Kainhofer <reinhold@kainhofer.com>
+#
+# LilyPond is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# LilyPond is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with LilyPond.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+
+from fractions import Fraction
+import inspect
+import math
+import re
+import sys
+import utilities
+import warnings
+
+import lilylib as ly
+
+# Store previously converted pitch for \relative conversion as a global state variable
+previous_pitch = None
+relative_pitches = False
+whatOrnament = ""
+ly_dur = None  # stores lilypond durations
+
+
+def escape_instrument_string(input_string):
+    retstring = input_string.replace("\"", "\\\"")
+    if re.match('.*[\r\n]+.*', retstring):
+        rx = re.compile(r'[\n\r]+')
+        strings = rx.split(retstring)
+        retstring = "\\markup { \\center-column { "
+        for s in strings:
+            retstring += "\\line {\"" + s + "\"} "
+        retstring += "} }"
+    else:
+        retstring = "\"" + retstring + "\""
+    return retstring
+
+
+class Output_stack_element:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.factor = Fraction(1)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        o = Output_stack_element()
+        o.factor = self.factor
+        return o
+
+
+class Output_printer(object):
+    """
+    A class that takes care of formatting (eg.: indenting) a
+    Music expression as a .ly file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._line = ''
+        self._indent = 4
+        self._nesting = 0
+        self._file = sys.stdout
+        self._line_len = 72
+        self._output_state_stack = [Output_stack_element()]
+        self._skipspace = False
+        self._last_duration = None
+
+    def set_file(self, file):
+        self._file = file
+
+    def dump_version(self, version):
+        self.print_verbatim('\\version "' + version + '"')
+        self.newline()
+
+    def get_indent(self):
+        return self._nesting * self._indent
+
+    def override(self):
+        last = self._output_state_stack[-1]
+        self._output_state_stack.append(last.copy())
+
+    def add_factor(self, factor):
+        self.override()
+        self._output_state_stack[-1].factor *= factor
+
+    def revert(self):
+        del self._output_state_stack[-1]
+        if not self._output_state_stack:
+            raise RuntimeError('empty stack')
+
+    def duration_factor(self):
+        return self._output_state_stack[-1].factor
+
+    def print_verbatim(self, s):
+        self._line += s
+
+    def unformatted_output(self, s):
+        # don't indent on \< and indent only once on <<
+        self._nesting += (s.count('<')
+                          - s.count(r'\<') - s.count('<<')
+                          + s.count('{'))
+        self._nesting -= (s.count('>') - s.count(r'\>') - s.count('>>')
+                          - s.count('->') - s.count('_>')
+                          - s.count('^>')
+                          + s.count('}'))
+        self.print_verbatim(s)
+
+    def print_duration_string(self, s):
+        if self._last_duration == s:
+            return
+
+        self.unformatted_output(s)
+
+#    def print_note_color (self, object, rgb=None):
+#        if rgb:
+#            str = ("\\once\\override %s.color = #(rgb-color %s # %s %s)" % (object, rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]))
+#        else:
+#            str = "\\revert %s.color" % object
+#            self.newline()
+#            self.add_word(str)
+#            self.newline()
+
+    def add_word(self, s):
+        if len(s) + 1 + len(self._line) > self._line_len:
+            self.newline()
+            self._skipspace = True
+
+        if not self._skipspace:
+            self._line += ' '
+        self.unformatted_output(s)
+        self._skipspace = False
+
+    def newline(self):
+        self._file.write(self._line + '\n')
+        self._line = ' ' * self._indent * self._nesting
+        self._skipspace = True
+
+    def skipspace(self):
+        self._skipspace = True
+
+    def __call__(self, arg):
+        self.dump(arg)
+
+    def dump(self, s):
+        if self._skipspace:
+            self._skipspace = False
+            self.unformatted_output(s)
+        else:
+            # Avoid splitting quoted strings (e.g. "1. Wie") when indenting.
+            words = utilities.split_string_and_preserve_doublequoted_substrings(
+                s)
+            for w in words:
+                self.add_word(w)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.newline()
+        self._file.close()
+        self._file = None
+
+
+class Duration:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.duration_log = 0
+        self.dots = 0
+        self.factor = Fraction(1)
+
+    def lisp_expression(self):
+        return '(ly:make-duration %d %d %d %d)' % (self.duration_log,
+                                                   self.dots,
+                                                   self.factor.numerator,
+                                                   self.factor.denominator)
+
+    def ly_expression(self, factor=None, scheme_mode=False):
+        global ly_dur  # stores lilypond durations
+        if not factor:
+            factor = self.factor
+
+        if self.duration_log < 0:
+            if scheme_mode:
+                longer_dict = {-1: "breve", -2: "longa"}
+            else:
+                longer_dict = {-1: "\\breve", -2: "\\longa"}
+            dur_str = longer_dict.get(self.duration_log, "1")
+        else:
+            dur_str = '%d' % (1 << self.duration_log)
+        dur_str += '.' * self.dots
+
+        if factor != Fraction(1, 1):
+            if factor.denominator != 1:
+                dur_str += '*%d/%d' % (factor.numerator, factor.denominator)
+            else:
+                dur_str += '*%d' % factor.numerator
+
+        if dur_str.isdigit():
+            ly_dur = int(dur_str)
+        # TODO: We need to deal with dotted notes and scaled durations
+        # otherwise ly_dur won't work in combination with tremolos.
+        return dur_str
+
+    def print_ly(self, outputter):
+        dur_str = self.ly_expression(self.factor / outputter.duration_factor())
+        outputter.print_duration_string(dur_str)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.ly_expression()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        d = Duration()
+        d.dots = self.dots
+        d.duration_log = self.duration_log
+        d.factor = self.factor
+        return d
+
+    def get_length(self):
+        dot_fact = Fraction((1 << (1 + self.dots)) - 1,
+                            1 << self.dots)
+
+        log = abs(self.duration_log)
+        dur = 1 << log
+        if self.duration_log < 0:
+            base = Fraction(dur)
+        else:
+            base = Fraction(1, dur)
+
+        return base * dot_fact * self.factor
+
+
+def set_create_midi(option):
+    """
+    Implement the midi command line option '-m' and '--midi'.
+    If True, add midi-block to .ly file (see L{musicexp.Score.print_ly}).
+
+    @param option: Indicates whether the midi-block has to be added or not.
+    @type option: boolean
+    """
+    global midi_option
+    midi_option = option
+
+
+def get_create_midi():
+    """
+    Return, if exists the state of the midi-option.
+
+    @return: The state of the midi-option.
+    @rtype: boolean
+    """
+    try:
+        return midi_option
+    except NameError:
+        return False
+
+# implement the command line option '--transpose'
+
+
+def set_transpose(option):
+    global transpose_option
+    transpose_option = option
+
+
+def get_transpose(optType):
+    try:
+        if optType == "string":
+            return '\\transpose c %s' % transpose_option
+        elif optType == "integer":
+            p = generic_tone_to_pitch(transpose_option)
+            return p.semitones()
+    except Exception: ## TODO: find out what the possible exception is here.
+        if optType == "string":
+            return ""
+        elif optType == "integer":
+            return 0
+
+# implement the command line option '--tab-clef'
+
+
+def set_tab_clef(option):
+    global tab_clef_option
+    tab_clef_option = option
+
+
+def get_tab_clef():
+    try:
+        return ("tab", tab_clef_option)[tab_clef_option == "tab" or tab_clef_option == "moderntab"]
+    except NameError:
+        return "tab"
+
+# definitions of the command line option '--string-numbers'
+
+
+def set_string_numbers(option):
+    global string_numbers_option
+    string_numbers_option = option
+
+
+def get_string_numbers():
+    try:
+        return ("t", string_numbers_option)[string_numbers_option == "t" or string_numbers_option == "f"]
+    except NameError:
+        return "t"
+
+
+def generic_tone_to_pitch(tone):
+    accidentals_dict = {
+        "": 0,
+        "es": -1,
+        "s": -1,
+        "eses": -2,
+        "ses": -2,
+        "is": 1,
+        "isis": 2
+    }
+    p = Pitch()
+    tone_ = tone.strip().lower()
+    p.octave = tone_.count("'") - tone_.count(",")
+    tone_ = tone_.replace(",", "").replace("'", "")
+    p.step = ((ord(tone_[0]) - ord('a') + 5) % 7)
+    p.alteration = accidentals_dict.get(tone_[1:], 0)
+    return p
+
+# Implement the different note names for the various languages
+
+
+def pitch_generic(pitch, notenames, accidentals):
+    s = notenames[pitch.step]
+    halftones = int(pitch.alteration)
+    if halftones < 0:
+        s += accidentals[0] * (-halftones)
+    elif pitch.alteration > 0:
+        s += accidentals[3] * (halftones)
+    # Handle remaining fraction to pitch.alteration (for microtones)
+    if halftones != pitch.alteration:
+        if None in accidentals[1:3]:
+            ly.warning(
+                _("Language does not support microtones contained in the piece"))
+        else:
+            try:
+                s += {-0.5: accidentals[1], 0.5: accidentals[2]
+                        }[pitch.alteration - halftones]
+            except KeyError:
+                ly.warning(
+                    _("Language does not support microtones contained in the piece"))
+    return s
+
+
+def pitch_general(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'b'], [
+                        'es', 'eh', 'ih', 'is'])
+    if "h" in s:    # no short forms for quarter tones
+        return s
+    return s.replace('aes', 'as').replace('ees', 'es')
+
+
+def pitch_nederlands(pitch):
+    return pitch_general(pitch)
+
+
+def pitch_catalan(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'qb', 'qd', 'd'])
+    return s.replace('bq', 'tq').replace('dq', 'tq').replace('bt', 'c').replace('dt', 'c')
+
+
+def pitch_deutsch(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'h'], [
+                        'es', 'eh', 'ih', 'is'])
+    if s == 'hes':
+        return 'b'
+    if s[0] == "a":
+        return s.replace('e', 'a').replace('aa', 'a')
+    return s.replace('ee', 'e')
+
+
+def pitch_english(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'b'], [
+                        'f', 'qf', 'qs', 's'])
+    return s[0] + s[1:].replace('fq', 'tq').replace('sq', 'tq')
+
+
+def pitch_espanol(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'cb', 'cs', 's'])
+    return s.replace('bc', 'tc').replace('sc', 'tc')
+
+
+def pitch_francais(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 'ré', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'sb', 'sd', 'd'])
+    return s
+
+
+def pitch_italiano(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'sb', 'sd', 'd'])
+    return s
+
+
+def pitch_norsk(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'h'], [
+                        'ess', 'eh', 'ih', 'iss'])
+    return s.replace('hess', 'b')
+
+
+def pitch_portugues(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'bqt', 'sqt', 's'])
+    return s.replace('bbq', 'btq').replace('ssq', 'stq')
+
+
+def pitch_suomi(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'h'], [
+                        'es', 'eh', 'ih', 'is'])
+    if s == 'hes':
+        return 'b'
+    return s.replace('aes', 'as').replace('ees', 'es')
+
+
+def pitch_svenska(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'a', 'h'], [
+                        'ess', 'eh', 'ih', 'iss'])
+    if s == 'hess':
+        return 'b'
+    return s.replace('aes', 'as').replace('ees', 'es')
+
+
+def pitch_vlaams(pitch):
+    s = pitch_generic(pitch, ['do', 're', 'mi', 'fa', 'sol', 'la', 'si'], [
+                        'b', 'hb', 'hk', 'k'])
+    return s
+
+
+def set_pitch_language(language):
+    global pitch_generating_function
+    function_dict = {
+        "nederlands": pitch_nederlands,
+        "català": pitch_catalan,
+        "deutsch": pitch_deutsch,
+        "english": pitch_english,
+        "español": pitch_espanol,
+        "français": pitch_francais,
+        "italiano": pitch_italiano,
+        "norsk": pitch_norsk,
+        "português": pitch_portugues,
+        "suomi": pitch_suomi,
+        "svenska": pitch_svenska,
+        "vlaams": pitch_vlaams}
+    pitch_generating_function = function_dict.get(language, pitch_general)
+
+
+# global variable to hold the formatting function.
+pitch_generating_function = pitch_general
+
+
+class Pitch:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.alteration = 0
+        self.step = 0
+        self.octave = 0
+        self._force_absolute_pitch = False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.ly_expression()
+
+    def transposed(self, interval):
+        c = self.copy()
+        c.alteration += interval.alteration
+        c.step += interval.step
+        c.octave += interval.octave
+        c.normalize()
+
+        target_st = self.semitones() + interval.semitones()
+        c.alteration += target_st - c.semitones()
+        return c
+
+    def normalize(c):
+        while c.step < 0:
+            c.step += 7
+            c.octave -= 1
+        c.octave += c.step // 7
+        c.step = c.step % 7
+
+    def lisp_expression(self):
+        return '(ly:make-pitch %d %d %d)' % (self.octave,
+                                             self.step,
+                                             self.alteration)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = Pitch()
+        p.alteration = self.alteration
+        p.step = self.step
+        p.octave = self.octave
+        p._force_absolute_pitch = self._force_absolute_pitch
+        return p
+
+    def steps(self):
+        return self.step + self.octave * 7
+
+    def semitones(self):
+        return self.octave * 12 + [0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11][self.step] + self.alteration
+
+    def normalize_alteration(c):
+        if(c.alteration < 0 and [True, False, False, True, False, False, False][c.step]):
+            c.alteration += 1
+            c.step -= 1
+        elif(c.alteration > 0 and [False, False, True, False, False, False, True][c.step]):
+            c.alteration -= 1
+            c.step += 1
+        c.normalize()
+
+    def add_semitones(self, number):
+        semi = number + self.alteration
+        self.alteration = 0
+        if semi == 0:
+            return
+        sign = (1, -1)[semi < 0]
+        prev = self.semitones()
+        while abs((prev + semi) - self.semitones()) > 1:
+            self.step += sign
+            self.normalize()
+        self.alteration += (prev + semi) - self.semitones()
+        self.normalize_alteration()
+
+    def ly_step_expression(self):
+        return pitch_generating_function(self)
+
+    def absolute_pitch(self):
+        if self.octave >= 0:
+            return "'" * (self.octave + 1)
+        elif self.octave < -1:
+            return "," * (-self.octave - 1)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def relative_pitch(self):
+        global previous_pitch
+        if not previous_pitch:
+            previous_pitch = self
+            return self.absolute_pitch()
+        previous_pitch_steps = previous_pitch.octave * 7 + previous_pitch.step
+        this_pitch_steps = self.octave * 7 + self.step
+        pitch_diff = (this_pitch_steps - previous_pitch_steps)
+        previous_pitch = self
+        if pitch_diff > 3:
+            return "'" * ((pitch_diff + 3) // 7)
+        elif pitch_diff < -3:
+            return "," * ((-pitch_diff + 3) // 7)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        s = self.ly_step_expression()
+        if relative_pitches and not self._force_absolute_pitch:
+            s += self.relative_pitch()
+        else:
+            s += self.absolute_pitch()
+        return s
+
+    def print_ly(self, outputter):
+        outputter(self.ly_expression())
+
+
+class Music:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.parent = None
+        self.start = Fraction(0)
+        self.comment = ''
+        self.identifier = None
+
+    def get_length(self):
+        return Fraction(0)
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return ''
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return False
+
+    def get_index(self):
+        if self.parent:
+            return self.parent.elements.index(self)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def name(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def lisp_expression(self):
+        name = self.name()
+
+        props = self.get_properties()
+
+        return "(make-music '%s %s)" % (name, props)
+
+    def set_start(self, start):
+        self.start = start
+
+    def find_first(self, predicate):
+        if predicate(self):
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def print_comment(self, printer, text=None):
+        if not text:
+            text = self.comment
+
+        if not text:
+            return
+
+        if text == '\n':
+            printer.newline()
+            return
+
+        lines = text.split('\n')
+        for l in lines:
+            if l:
+                printer.unformatted_output('% ' + l)
+            printer.newline()
+
+    def print_with_identifier(self, printer):
+        if self.identifier:
+            printer("\\%s" % self.identifier)
+        else:
+            self.print_ly(printer)
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        printer(self.ly_expression())
+
+
+class MusicWrapper (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.element = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, func):
+        self.element.print_ly(func)
+
+
+class ModeChangingMusicWrapper (MusicWrapper):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MusicWrapper.__init__(self)
+        self.mode = 'notemode'
+
+    def print_ly(self, func):
+        func('\\%s' % self.mode)
+        MusicWrapper.print_ly(self, func)
+
+
+class RelativeMusic (MusicWrapper):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MusicWrapper.__init__(self)
+        self.basepitch = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, func):
+        global previous_pitch
+        global relative_pitches
+        prev_relative_pitches = relative_pitches
+        relative_pitches = True
+        previous_pitch = self.basepitch
+        if not previous_pitch:
+            previous_pitch = Pitch()
+        func('\\relative %s%s' % (pitch_generating_function(previous_pitch),
+                                  previous_pitch.absolute_pitch()))
+        MusicWrapper.print_ly(self, func)
+        relative_pitches = prev_relative_pitches
+
+
+class TimeScaledMusic (MusicWrapper):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MusicWrapper.__init__(self)
+        self.numerator = 1
+        self.denominator = 1
+        self.display_number = "actual"  # valid values "actual" | "both" | None
+        # Display the basic note length for the tuplet:
+        self.display_type = None       # value values "actual" | "both" | None
+        self.display_bracket = "bracket"  # valid values "bracket" | "curved" | None
+        self.actual_type = None   # The actually played unit of the scaling
+        self.normal_type = None   # The basic unit of the scaling
+        self.display_numerator = None
+        self.display_denominator = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, func):
+        if self.display_bracket is None:
+            func("\\once \\omit TupletBracket")
+            func.newline()
+        elif self.display_bracket == "curved":
+            ly.warning(
+                _("Tuplet brackets of curved shape are not correctly implemented"))
+            func("\\once \\override TupletBracket.stencil = #ly:slur::print")
+            func.newline()
+
+        base_number_function = {None: "#f",
+                                "actual": "tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text",
+                                "both": "tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text"}.get(self.display_number, None)
+        # If we have non-standard numerator/denominator, use our custom function
+        if self.display_number == "actual" and self.display_denominator:
+            base_number_function = "(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-denominator-text %s)" % self.display_denominator
+        elif self.display_number == "both" and (self.display_denominator or self.display_numerator):
+            if self.display_numerator:
+                num = self.display_numerator
+            else:
+                num = "#f"
+            if self.display_denominator:
+                den = self.display_denominator
+            else:
+                den = "#f"
+            base_number_function = "(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-fraction-text %s %s)" % (
+                den, num)
+
+        if self.display_type == "actual" and self.normal_type:
+            base_duration = self.normal_type.lisp_expression()
+            func("\\once \\override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper %s %s)" %
+                 (base_number_function, base_duration))
+            func.newline()
+        elif self.display_type == "both":  # TODO: Implement this using actual_type and normal_type!
+            if self.display_number is None:
+                func("\\once \\omit TupletNumber")
+                func.newline()
+            elif self.display_number == "both":
+                den_duration = self.normal_type.lisp_expression()
+                # If we don't have an actual type set, use the normal duration!
+                if self.actual_type:
+                    num_duration = self.actual_type.lisp_expression()
+                else:
+                    num_duration = den_duration
+                if (self.display_denominator or self.display_numerator):
+                    func("\\once \\override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-fraction-with-notes %s %s %s %s)" %
+                         (self.display_denominator, den_duration,
+                          self.display_numerator, num_duration))
+                    func.newline()
+                else:
+                    func("\\once \\override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::fraction-with-notes %s %s)" %
+                         (den_duration, num_duration))
+                    func.newline()
+        else:
+            if self.display_number is None:
+                func("\\once \\omit TupletNumber")
+                func.newline()
+            elif self.display_number == "both":
+                func("\\once \\override TupletNumber.text = #%s" %
+                     base_number_function)
+                func.newline()
+
+        func('\\times %d/%d ' %
+             (self.numerator, self.denominator))
+        func.add_factor(Fraction(self.numerator, self.denominator))
+        MusicWrapper.print_ly(self, func)
+        func.revert()
+
+
+class NestedMusic(Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.elements = []
+
+    def append(self, what):
+        if what:
+            self.elements.append(what)
+
+    def has_children(self):
+        return self.elements
+
+    def insert_around(self, succ, elt, dir):
+        assert elt.parent is None
+        assert succ is None or succ in self.elements
+
+        idx = 0
+        if succ:
+            idx = self.elements.index(succ)
+            if dir > 0:
+                idx += 1
+        else:
+            if dir < 0:
+                idx = 0
+            elif dir > 0:
+                idx = len(self.elements)
+
+        self.elements.insert(idx, elt)
+        elt.parent = self
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return ("'elements (list %s)"
+                % " ".join([x.lisp_expression() for x in self.elements]))
+
+    def get_subset_properties(self, predicate):
+        return ("'elements (list %s)"
+                % " ".join([x.lisp_expression() for x in list(filter(predicate, self.elements))]))
+
+    def get_neighbor(self, music, dir):
+        assert music.parent == self
+        idx = self.elements.index(music)
+        idx += dir
+        idx = min(idx, len(self.elements) - 1)
+        idx = max(idx, 0)
+
+        return self.elements[idx]
+
+    def delete_element(self, element):
+        assert element in self.elements
+
+        self.elements.remove(element)
+        element.parent = None
+
+    def set_start(self, start):
+        self.start = start
+        for e in self.elements:
+            e.set_start(start)
+
+    def find_first(self, predicate):
+        r = Music.find_first(self, predicate)
+        if r:
+            return r
+
+        for e in self.elements:
+            r = e.find_first(predicate)
+            if r:
+                return r
+        return None
+
+
+class SequentialMusic (NestedMusic):
+    def get_last_event_chord(self):
+        value = None
+        at = len(self.elements) - 1
+        while (at >= 0 and
+               not isinstance(self.elements[at], ChordEvent) and
+               not isinstance(self.elements[at], BarLine)):
+            at -= 1
+
+        if (at >= 0 and isinstance(self.elements[at], ChordEvent)):
+            value = self.elements[at]
+        return value
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer, newline=True):
+        printer('{')
+        if self.comment:
+            self.print_comment(printer)
+
+        if newline:
+            printer.newline()
+        for e in self.elements:
+            e.print_ly(printer)
+
+        printer('}')
+        if newline:
+            printer.newline()
+
+    def lisp_sub_expression(self, pred):
+        name = self.name()
+
+        props = self.get_subset_properties(pred)
+
+        return "(make-music '%s %s)" % (name, props)
+
+    def set_start(self, start):
+        for e in self.elements:
+            e.set_start(start)
+            start += e.get_length()
+
+
+class RepeatedMusic:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.repeat_type = "volta"
+        self.repeat_count = 2
+        self.endings = []
+        self.music = None
+
+    def set_music(self, music):
+        if isinstance(music, Music):
+            self.music = music
+        elif isinstance(music, list):
+            self.music = SequentialMusic()
+            self.music.elements = music
+        else:
+            ly.warning(_("unable to set the music %(music)s for the repeat %(repeat)s") %
+                       {'music': music, 'repeat': self})
+
+    def add_ending(self, music):
+        self.endings.append(music)
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        printer.dump('\\repeat %s %s' % (self.repeat_type, self.repeat_count))
+        if self.music:
+            self.music.print_ly(printer)
+        else:
+            ly.warning(_("encountered repeat without body"))
+            printer.dump('{}')
+        if self.endings:
+            printer.dump('\\alternative {')
+            for e in self.endings:
+                e.print_ly(printer)
+            printer.dump('}')
+
+
+class Lyrics:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.lyrics_syllables = []
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        printer.dump(self.ly_expression())
+        printer.newline()
+        printer.dump('}')
+        printer.newline()
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        lstr = r"\lyricmode {\set ignoreMelismata = ##t"
+        for l in self.lyrics_syllables:
+            lstr += l
+        #lstr += "\n}"
+        return lstr
+
+
+class Header:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.header_fields = {}
+
+    def set_field(self, field, value):
+        self.header_fields[field] = value
+
+    def format_header_strings(self, key, value, printer):
+        printer.dump(key + ' = ')
+
+        # If a header item contains a line break, it is segmented. The
+        # substrings are formatted with the help of \markup, using
+        # \column and \line. An exception, however, are texidoc items,
+        # which should not contain LilyPond formatting commands.
+        if (key != 'texidoc') and ('\n' in value):
+            value = value.replace('"', '')
+            printer.dump(r'\markup \column {')
+            substrings = value.split('\n')
+            for s in substrings:
+                printer.newline()
+                printer.dump(r'\line { "' + s + '"}')
+            printer.dump('}')
+            printer.newline()
+        else:
+            printer.dump(value)
+        printer.newline()
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        printer.dump(r"\header {")
+        printer.newline()
+        for (k, v) in list(self.header_fields.items()):
+            if v:
+                self.format_header_strings(k, v, printer)
+        # printer.newline()
+        printer.dump("}")
+        printer.newline()
+        printer.newline()
+
+
+class Paper:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.global_staff_size = -1
+        # page size
+        self.page_width = -1
+        self.page_height = -1
+        # page margins
+        self.top_margin = -1
+        self.bottom_margin = -1
+        self.left_margin = -1
+        self.right_margin = -1
+        self.system_left_margin = -1
+        self.system_right_margin = -1
+        self.system_distance = -1
+        self.top_system_distance = -1
+        self.indent = 0
+        self.short_indent = 0
+        self.instrument_names = []
+
+    def print_length_field(self, printer, field, value):
+        if value >= 0:
+            printer.dump("%s = %s\\cm" % (field, value))
+            printer.newline()
+
+    def get_longest_instrument_name(self):
+        result = ''
+        for name in self.instrument_names:
+            lines = name.split('\n')
+            for line in lines:
+                if len(line) > len(result):
+                    result = line
+        return result
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if self.global_staff_size > 0:
+            printer.dump('#(set-global-staff-size %s)' %
+                         self.global_staff_size)
+            printer.newline()
+        printer.dump('\\paper {')
+        printer.newline()
+        printer.newline()
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "paper-width", self.page_width)
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "paper-height", self.page_height)
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "top-margin", self.top_margin)
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "bottom-margin", self.bottom_margin)
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "left-margin", self.left_margin)
+        # TODO: maybe set line-width instead of right-margin?
+        self.print_length_field(printer, "right-margin", self.right_margin)
+        # TODO: What's the corresponding setting for system_left_margin and
+        #        system_right_margin in LilyPond?
+        self.print_length_field(
+            printer, "between-system-space", self.system_distance)
+        self.print_length_field(
+            printer, "page-top-space", self.top_system_distance)
+        # TODO: Compute the indentation with the instrument name lengths
+
+        # TODO: font width ?
+        char_per_cm = (len(self.get_longest_instrument_name())
+                       * 13) / self.page_width
+        if self.indent != 0:
+            self.print_length_field(printer, "indent", self.indent/char_per_cm)
+        if self.short_indent != 0:
+            self.print_length_field(
+                printer, "short-indent", self.short_indent/char_per_cm)
+
+        printer.dump('}')
+        printer.newline()
+
+
+class Layout:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.context_dict = {}
+
+    def add_context(self, context):
+        if context not in self.context_dict:
+            self.context_dict[context] = []
+
+    def set_context_item(self, context, item):
+        self.add_context(context)
+        if not item in self.context_dict[context]:
+            self.context_dict[context].append(item)
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if list(self.context_dict.items()):
+            printer.dump('\\layout {')
+            printer.newline()
+            for (context, defs) in list(self.context_dict.items()):
+                printer.dump('\\context { \\%s' % context)
+                printer.newline()
+                for d in defs:
+                    printer.dump(d)
+                    printer.newline()
+                printer.dump('}')
+                printer.newline()
+            printer.dump('}')
+            printer.newline()
+
+
+class ChordEvent (NestedMusic):
+    def __init__(self):
+        NestedMusic.__init__(self)
+        self.after_grace_elements = None
+        self.grace_elements = None
+        self.grace_type = None
+
+    def append_grace(self, element):
+        if element:
+            if not self.grace_elements:
+                self.grace_elements = SequentialMusic()
+            self.grace_elements.append(element)
+
+    def append_after_grace(self, element):
+        if element:
+            if not self.after_grace_elements:
+                self.after_grace_elements = SequentialMusic()
+            self.after_grace_elements.append(element)
+
+    def has_elements(self):
+        return [e for e in self.elements if
+                isinstance(e, NoteEvent) or isinstance(e, RestEvent)] != []
+
+    def get_length(self):
+        l = Fraction(0)
+        for e in self.elements:
+            l = max(l, e.get_length())
+        return l
+
+    def get_duration(self):
+        note_events = [e for e in self.elements if
+                       isinstance(e, NoteEvent) or isinstance(e, RestEvent)]
+        if note_events:
+            return note_events[0].duration
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        note_events = [e for e in self.elements if
+                       isinstance(e, NoteEvent)]
+
+        rest_events = [e for e in self.elements if
+                       isinstance(e, RhythmicEvent)
+                       and not isinstance(e, NoteEvent)]
+
+        other_events = [e for e in self.elements if
+                        not isinstance(e, RhythmicEvent)]
+
+        if self.after_grace_elements:
+            printer('\\afterGrace {')
+
+        if self.grace_elements and self.elements:
+            if self.grace_type:
+                printer('\\%s' % self.grace_type)
+            else:
+                printer('\\grace')
+            # don't print newlines after the { and } braces
+            self.grace_elements.print_ly(printer, False)
+        elif self.grace_elements:  # no self.elements!
+            ly.warning(_("Grace note with no following music: %s") %
+                       self.grace_elements)
+            if self.grace_type:
+                printer('\\%s' % self.grace_type)
+            else:
+                printer('\\grace')
+            self.grace_elements.print_ly(printer, False)
+            printer('{}')
+
+        # Print all overrides and other settings needed by the
+        # articulations/ornaments before the note
+
+        for e in other_events:
+            if not hasattr(e, 'print_before_note'):
+                continue
+            e.print_before_note(printer)
+
+        if rest_events:
+            rest_events[0].print_ly(printer)
+        elif len(note_events) == 1:
+            note_events[0].print_ly(printer)
+        elif note_events:
+            global previous_pitch
+            pitches = []
+            basepitch = None
+            stem = None
+            for x in note_events:
+                if x.associated_events:
+                    for aev in x.associated_events:
+                        if (isinstance(aev, StemEvent) and aev.value):
+                            stem = aev
+                pitches.append(x.chord_element_ly())
+                if not basepitch:
+                    basepitch = previous_pitch
+            if stem:
+                printer(stem.ly_expression())
+            printer('<%s>' % ' '.join(pitches))
+            previous_pitch = basepitch
+            duration = self.get_duration()
+            if duration:
+                duration.print_ly(printer)
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        for e in other_events:
+            e.print_ly(printer)
+
+        for e in other_events:
+            if not hasattr(e, 'print_after_note'):
+                continue
+            e.print_after_note(printer)
+
+        if self.after_grace_elements:
+            printer('}')
+            self.after_grace_elements.print_ly(printer, False)
+
+        self.print_comment(printer)
+
+
+class Partial (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.partial = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if self.partial:
+            printer.dump("\\partial %s" % self.partial.ly_expression())
+
+
+class BarLine (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.bar_number = 0
+        self.type = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        bar_symbol = {
+            'dashed': '!',
+            'dotted': ';',
+            'heavy': '.',
+            'heavy-heavy': '..',
+            'heavy-light': '.|',
+            'light-heavy': '|.',
+            'light-light': '||',
+            'none': '',
+            'regular': '|',
+            'short': ',',
+            'tick': "'"}.get(self.type, None)
+        if bar_symbol is not None:
+            printer.dump('\\bar "%s"' % bar_symbol)
+        else:
+            printer.dump("|")
+
+        if self.bar_number > 0 and (self.bar_number % 10) == 0:
+            printer.dump("\\barNumberCheck #%d " % self.bar_number)
+        elif self.bar_number > 0:
+            printer.print_verbatim(' %% %d' % self.bar_number)
+        printer.newline()
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return " | "
+
+
+class Event(Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # strings to print before the note to which an event is attached.
+        # Ignored for notes etc.
+        super(Event, self).__init__()
+        self.before_note = None
+        self.after_note = None
+   # print something before the note to which an event is attached, e.g. overrides
+
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        if self.before_note:
+            printer.dump(self.before_note)
+   # print something after the note to which an event is attached, e.g. resetting
+
+    def print_after_note(self, printer):
+        if self.after_note:
+            printer.dump(self.after_note)
+    pass
+
+
+class SpanEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.span_direction = 0  # start/stop
+        self.line_type = 'solid'
+        self.span_type = 0  # e.g. cres/decrescendo, ottava up/down
+        self.size = 0  # size of e.g. octave shift
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return True
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return "'span-direction  %d" % self.span_direction
+
+    def set_span_type(self, type):
+        self.span_type = type
+
+
+class BreatheEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.after_note = "\\breathe"
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return ''
+
+
+class CaesuraEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.after_note = "\\caesura"
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return ''
+
+
+class SlurEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        command = {'dotted': '\\slurDotted',
+                   'dashed': '\\slurDashed'}.get(self.line_type, '')
+        if command and self.span_direction == -1:
+            printer.dump(command)
+
+    def print_after_note(self, printer):
+        # reset non-solid slur types!
+        command = {'dotted': '\\slurSolid',
+                   'dashed': '\\slurSolid'}.get(self.line_type, '')
+        if command and self.span_direction == -1:
+            printer.dump(command)
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return {-1: '(', 1: ')'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class BeamEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return {-1: '[', 1: ']'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class PedalEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return {-1: '\\sustainOn',
+                0: '\\sustainOff\\sustainOn',
+                1: '\\sustainOff'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class TextSpannerEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        if hasattr(self, 'style') and self.style == "wave":
+            printer.dump(r"\once \override TextSpanner.style = #'trill")
+        if hasattr(self, 'force_direction'):
+            x = {-1: '\\textSpannerDown', 0: '\\textSpannerNeutral',
+                 1: '\\textSpannerUp'}.get(self.force_direction, '')
+            printer.dump(x)
+    def print_after_note(self, printer):
+        pass
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        global whatOrnament
+        if hasattr(self, 'style') and self.style == "ignore":
+            return ""
+        # if self.style=="wave":
+        if whatOrnament == "wave":
+            return {-1: '\\startTextSpan',
+                    1: '\\stopTextSpan'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self, 'style') and self.style == "stop" and whatOrnament != "trill":
+                return ""
+            return {-1: '\\startTrillSpan',
+                    1: '\\stopTrillSpan'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class BracketSpannerEvent (SpanEvent):
+    # Ligature brackets use prefix-notation!!!
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        if self.span_direction == -1:
+            if self.force_direction == 1:
+                printer.dump(r"\once \override LigatureBracket.direction = #UP")
+            elif self.force_direction == -1:
+                printer.dump(
+                    r"\once \override LigatureBracket.direction = #DOWN")
+            printer.dump(r'\[')
+    # the bracket after the last note
+
+    def print_after_note(self, printer):
+        if self.span_direction == 1:
+            printer.dump(r'\]')
+    # we're printing everything in print_(before|after)_note...
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return ''
+
+
+class OctaveShiftEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return False
+
+    def set_span_type(self, type):
+        self.span_type = {'up': 1, 'down': -1}.get(type, 0)
+
+    def ly_octave_shift_indicator(self):
+        # convert 8/15 to lilypond indicators (+-1/+-2)
+        try:
+            value = {8: 1, 15: 2}[self.size]
+        except KeyError:
+            ly.warning(
+                _("Invalid octave shift size found: %s. Using no shift.") % self.size)
+            value = 0
+        # negative values go up!
+        value *= -1 * self.span_type
+        return value
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        dir = self.ly_octave_shift_indicator()
+        value = ''
+        if dir:
+            value = r'\ottava #%s' % dir
+        return {
+            - 1: value,
+            1: r'\ottava #0'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class TrillSpanEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return {-1: '\\startTrillSpan',
+                0: '',  # no need to write out anything for type='continue'
+                1: '\\stopTrillSpan'}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class GlissandoEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        if self.span_direction == -1:
+            style = {
+                "dashed": "dashed-line",
+                "dotted": "dotted-line",
+                "wavy": "zigzag"
+            }. get(self.line_type, None)
+            if style:
+                printer.dump(
+                    "\\once \\override Glissando.style = #'%s" % style)
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return {-1: '\\glissando',
+                1: ''}.get(self.span_direction, '')
+
+
+class ArpeggioEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.direction = 0
+        self.non_arpeggiate = False
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return True
+
+    def print_before_note(self, printer):
+        if self.non_arpeggiate:
+            printer.dump("\\arpeggioBracket")
+        else:
+            dir = {-1: "\\arpeggioArrowDown",
+                   1: "\\arpeggioArrowUp"}.get(self.direction, '')
+            if dir:
+                printer.dump(dir)
+
+    def print_after_note(self, printer):
+        if self.non_arpeggiate or self.direction:
+            printer.dump("\\arpeggioNormal")
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return '\\arpeggio'
+
+
+class TieEvent(Event):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return '~'
+
+
+class HairpinEvent (SpanEvent):
+    def set_span_type(self, type):
+        self.span_type = {'crescendo': 1, 'decrescendo': -
+                          1, 'diminuendo': -1}.get(type, 0)
+
+    def hairpin_to_ly(self):
+        if self.span_direction == 1:
+            return r'\!'
+        else:
+            return {1: r'\<', -1: r'\>'}.get(self.span_type, '')
+
+    def direction_mod(self):
+        return {1: '^', -1: '_', 0: '-'}.get(self.force_direction, '-')
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return self.hairpin_to_ly()
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        val = self.hairpin_to_ly()
+        if val:
+            # printer.dump (val)
+            printer.dump('%s%s' % (self.direction_mod(), val))
+
+
+class DynamicsEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.type = None
+        self.force_direction = 0
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return True
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.type:
+            return r'\%s' % self.type
+        else:
+            return
+
+    def direction_mod(self):
+        return {1: '^', -1: '_', 0: '-'}.get(self.force_direction, '-')
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if self.type:
+            printer.dump('%s\\%s' % (self.direction_mod(), self.type))
+
+
+class MarkEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self, text="\\default"):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.mark = text
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return False
+
+    def ly_contents(self):
+        if self.mark:
+            return '%s' % self.mark
+        else:
+            return "\"ERROR\""
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return '\\mark %s' % self.ly_contents()
+
+
+class MusicGlyphMarkEvent (MarkEvent):
+    def ly_contents(self):
+        if self.mark:
+            return '\\markup { \\musicglyph "scripts.%s" }' % self.mark
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class TextEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.Text = None
+        self.force_direction = None
+        self.markup = ''
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        r""" This is problematic: the lilypond-markup ^"text"
+        requires wait_for_note to be true. Otherwise the
+        compilation will fail.  So we are forced to set return to True.
+        But in some cases this might lead to a wrong placement of the text.
+        In case of words like Allegro the text should be put in a '\tempo'-command.
+        In this case we don't want to wait for the next note.
+        In some other cases the text is supposed to be used in a r'\mark\markup' construct.
+        We would not want to wait for the next note either.
+        There might be other problematic situations.
+        In the long run we should differentiate between various contexts in MusicXML, e.g.
+        the following markup should be interpreted as '\tempo "Allegretto"':
+                <direction placement="above">
+                    <direction-type>
+                        <words>Allegretto</words>
+                    </direction-type>
+                    <sound tempo="120"/>
+                </direction>
+        In the mean time arising problems have to be corrected manually after the conversion.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def direction_mod(self):
+        """ 1: placement="above"; -1: placement="below"; 0: no placement attribute.
+        see musicxml_direction_to_indicator in musicxml2ly_conversion.py """
+        return {1: '^', -1: '_', 0: '-'}.get(self.force_direction, '-')
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        # self.text will be enclosed by quotes, and the direction
+        # modifier must be separated from the opening quote by a space.
+        # This is so that subsequent line breaking for the output file
+        # using utilities.split_string_and_preserve_doublequoted_strings()
+        # properly detects the opening quote.
+        base_string = '%s \"%s\"'
+        if self.markup:
+            base_string = r'%s\markup{ ' + self.markup + ' {%s} }'
+        return base_string % (self.direction_mod(), self.text)
+
+
+class ArticulationEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.type = None
+        self.force_direction = None
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return True
+
+    def direction_mod(self):
+        return {1: '^', -1: '_', 0: '-'}.get(self.force_direction, '')
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return '%s\\%s' % (self.direction_mod(), self.type)
+
+
+class ShortArticulationEvent (ArticulationEvent):
+    def direction_mod(self):
+        # default is -
+        return {1: '^', -1: '_', 0: '-'}.get(self.force_direction, '-')
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.type:
+            return '%s%s' % (self.direction_mod(), self.type)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class NoDirectionArticulationEvent (ArticulationEvent):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.type:
+            return '\\%s' % self.type
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+class MarkupEvent (ShortArticulationEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        ArticulationEvent.__init__(self)
+        self.contents = None
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.contents:
+            return "%s\\markup { %s }" % (self.direction_mod(), self.contents)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class FretEvent (MarkupEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MarkupEvent.__init__(self)
+        self.force_direction = 1
+        self.strings = 6
+        self.frets = 4
+        self.barre = None
+        self.elements = []
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        val = ""
+        if self.strings != 6:
+            val += "w:%s;" % self.strings
+        if self.frets != 4:
+            val += "h:%s;" % self.frets
+        if self.barre and len(self.barre) >= 3:
+            val += "c:%s-%s-%s;" % (self.barre[0], self.barre[1],
+                                    self.barre[2]+get_transpose("integer"))
+        have_fingering = False
+        for i in self.elements:
+            if len(i) > 1:
+                val += "%s-%s" % (i[0], i[1]+(get_transpose("integer"),
+                                              '')[isinstance(i[1], str)])
+            if len(i) > 2:
+                have_fingering = True
+                val += "-%s" % i[2]
+            val += ";"
+        if have_fingering:
+            val = "f:1;" + val
+        if val:
+            return "%s\\markup { \\fret-diagram #\"%s\" }" % (self.direction_mod(), val)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class FretBoardNote (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.pitch = None
+        self.string = None
+        self.fingering = None
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        s = self.pitch.ly_expression()
+        if self.fingering:
+            s += "-%s" % self.fingering
+        if self.string:
+            s += r"\%s" % self.string
+        return s
+
+
+class FretBoardEvent (NestedMusic):
+    def __init__(self):
+        NestedMusic.__init__(self)
+        self.duration = None
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        fretboard_notes = [
+            n for n in self.elements if isinstance(n, FretBoardNote)]
+        if fretboard_notes:
+            notes = []
+            for n in fretboard_notes:
+                notes.append(n.ly_expression())
+            contents = ' '.join(notes)
+            printer('<%s>%s' % (contents, self.duration))
+
+
+class FunctionWrapperEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self, function_name=None):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.function_name = function_name
+
+    def pre_note_ly(self, is_chord_element):
+        if self.function_name:
+            return "\\%s" % self.function_name
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def pre_chord_ly(self):
+        return ''
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.function_name:
+            return "\\%s" % self.function_name
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class ParenthesizeEvent (FunctionWrapperEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        FunctionWrapperEvent.__init__(self, "parenthesize")
+
+
+class StemEvent (Event):
+    """"
+    A class to take care of stem values (up, down, double, none)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.value = None
+
+    def pre_chord_ly(self):
+        if self.value:
+            return "\\%s" % self.value
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def pre_note_ly(self, is_chord_element):
+        return ''
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return self.pre_chord_ly()
+
+
+class NotestyleEvent (Event):  # class changed by DaLa: additional attribute color
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.style = None
+        self.filled = None
+        self.color = None
+
+    def pre_chord_ly(self):
+        return_string = ''
+        if self.style:
+            return_string += " \\once \\override NoteHead.style = #%s" % self.style
+        if self.color:
+            return_string += " \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #(rgb-color %s %s %s)" % (
+                self.color[0], self.color[1], self.color[2])
+        return return_string
+
+    def pre_note_ly(self, is_chord_element):
+        if self.style and is_chord_element:
+            return "\\tweak style #%s" % self.style
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return self.pre_chord_ly()
+
+
+class StemstyleEvent (Event):  # class added by DaLa
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.color = None
+
+    def pre_chord_ly(self):
+        if self.color:
+            return "\\once \\override Stem.color = #(rgb-color %s %s %s)" % (self.color[0], self.color[1], self.color[2])
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def pre_note_ly(self, is_chord_element):
+        return ''
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return self.pre_chord_ly()
+
+
+class ChordPitch:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.alteration = 0
+        self.step = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.ly_expression()
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return pitch_generating_function(self)
+
+
+class ChordModification:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.alteration = 0
+        self.step = 0
+        self.type = 0
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.type:
+            val = {1: ".", -1: "^"}.get(self.type, "")
+            val += "%s" % self.step
+            val += {1: "+", -1: "-"}.get(self.alteration, "")
+            return val
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class ChordNameEvent (Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.root = None
+        self.kind = None
+        self.duration = None
+        self.modifications = []
+        self.bass = None
+
+    def add_modification(self, mod):
+        self.modifications.append(mod)
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+
+        if not self.root:
+            return ''
+        value = self.root.ly_expression()
+        if self.duration:
+            value += self.duration.ly_expression()
+        if self.kind:
+            value = value + self.kind
+        # First print all additions/changes, and only afterwards all subtractions
+        for m in self.modifications:
+            if m.type == 1:
+                value += m.ly_expression()
+        for m in self.modifications:
+            if m.type == -1:
+                value += m.ly_expression()
+        if self.bass:
+            value += "/+%s" % self.bass.ly_expression()
+        return value
+
+
+class TremoloEvent(ArticulationEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.strokes = 0
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        ly_str = ''
+        if self.strokes and int(self.strokes) > 0:
+            # ly_dur is a global variable defined in class Duration
+            # ly_dur stores the value of the reciprocal values of notes
+            # ly_dur is used here to check the current note duration
+            # if the duration is smaller than 8, e.g.
+            # quarter, half and whole notes,
+            # `:(2 ** (2 + number of tremolo strokes))'
+            # should be appended to the pitch and duration, e.g.
+            # 1 stroke: `c4:8' or `c2:8' or `c1:8'
+            # 2 strokes: `c4:16' or `c2:16' or `c1:16'
+            # ...
+            # else (if ly_dur is equal to or greater than 8):
+            # we need to make sure that the tremolo value that is to
+            # be appended to the pitch and duration is twice the
+            # duration (if there is only one tremolo stroke.
+            # Each additional stroke doubles the tremolo value, e.g.:
+            # 1 stroke: `c8:16', `c16:32', `c32:64', ...
+            # 2 strokes: `c8:32', `c16:64', `c32:128', ...
+            # ...
+            if ly_dur < 8:
+                ly_str += ':%s' % (2 ** (2 + int(self.strokes)))
+            else:
+                ly_str += ':%s' % (2 **
+                                   int((math.log(ly_dur, 2)) + int(self.strokes)))
+        return ly_str
+
+
+class BendEvent (ArticulationEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.alter = None
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.alter is not None:
+            return "-\\bendAfter #%s" % self.alter
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class RhythmicEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Event.__init__(self)
+        self.duration = Duration()
+        self.associated_events = []
+
+    def add_associated_event(self, ev):
+        if ev:
+            self.associated_events.append(ev)
+
+    def pre_chord_ly(self):
+        return [ev.pre_chord_ly() for ev in self.associated_events]
+
+    def pre_note_ly(self, is_chord_element):
+        return [ev.pre_note_ly(is_chord_element) for ev in self.associated_events]
+
+    def ly_expression_pre_note(self, is_chord_element):
+        res = ' '.join(self.pre_note_ly(is_chord_element))
+        if res != '':
+            res = res + ' '
+        return res
+
+    def get_length(self):
+        return self.duration.get_length()
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        return ("'duration %s"
+                % self.duration.lisp_expression())
+
+
+class RestEvent (RhythmicEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        RhythmicEvent.__init__(self)
+        self.pitch = None
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        res = self.ly_expression_pre_note(False)
+        if self.pitch:
+            return res + "%s%s\\rest" % (self.pitch.ly_expression(), self.duration.ly_expression())
+        else:
+            return 'r%s' % self.duration.ly_expression()
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        for ev in self.associated_events:
+            ev.print_ly(printer)
+#        if hasattr(self, 'color'):
+#            printer.print_note_color("NoteHead", self.color)
+#            printer.print_note_color("Stem", self.color)
+#            printer.print_note_color("Beam", self.color)
+        if self.pitch:
+            self.pitch.print_ly(printer)
+            self.duration.print_ly(printer)
+            printer('\\rest')
+        else:
+            printer('r')
+            self.duration.print_ly(printer)
+
+
+class SkipEvent (RhythmicEvent):
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return 's%s' % self.duration.ly_expression()
+
+
+class NoteEvent(RhythmicEvent):
+    def __init__(self):
+        RhythmicEvent.__init__(self)
+        self.pitch = Pitch()
+        self.cautionary = False
+        self.forced_accidental = False
+
+    def get_properties(self):
+        s = RhythmicEvent.get_properties(self)
+
+        if self.pitch:
+            s += self.pitch.lisp_expression()
+
+        return s
+
+    def pitch_mods(self):
+        excl_question = ''
+        if self.cautionary:
+            excl_question += '?'
+        if self.forced_accidental:
+            excl_question += '!'
+
+        return excl_question
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        # obtain all stuff that needs to be printed before the note:
+        res = self.ly_expression_pre_note(True)
+        if self.pitch:
+            return res + '%s%s%s' % (self.pitch.ly_expression(),
+                                     self.pitch_mods(),
+                                     self.duration.ly_expression())
+
+    def chord_element_ly(self):
+        # obtain all stuff that needs to be printed before the note:
+        res = self.ly_expression_pre_note(True)
+        if self.pitch:
+            return res + '%s%s' % (self.pitch.ly_expression(),
+                                   self.pitch_mods())
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        for ev in self.associated_events:
+            ev.print_ly(printer)
+        if hasattr(self, 'color'):
+            printer.print_note_color("NoteHead", self.color)
+            printer.print_note_color("Stem", self.color)
+            printer.print_note_color("Beam", self.color)
+
+        if hasattr(self, "pitch"):
+            self.pitch.print_ly(printer)
+            printer(self.pitch_mods())
+
+        self.duration.print_ly(printer)
+
+#        if hasattr(self, 'color'):
+#            printer.print_note_color("NoteHead")
+#            printer.print_note_color("Stem")
+#            printer.print_note_color("Beam")
+
+
+class KeySignatureChange (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.tonic = None
+        self.mode = 'major'
+        self.non_standard_alterations = None
+
+    def format_non_standard_alteration(self, a):
+        alter_dict = {-2:   ",DOUBLE-FLAT",
+                      - 1.5: ",THREE-Q-FLAT",
+                      - 1:   ",FLAT",
+                      - 0.5: ",SEMI-FLAT",
+                      0:   ",NATURAL",
+                      0.5: ",SEMI-SHARP",
+                      1:   ",SHARP",
+                      1.5: ",THREE-Q-SHARP",
+                      2:   ",DOUBLE-SHARP"}
+        try:
+            accidental = alter_dict[a[1]]
+        except KeyError:
+            ly.warning(
+                _("Unable to convert alteration %s to a lilypond expression") % a[1])
+            return ''
+        if len(a) == 2:
+            return "( %s . %s )" % (a[0], accidental)
+        elif len(a) == 3:
+            return "(( %s . %s ) . %s )" % (a[2], a[0], accidental)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.tonic:
+            return '\\key %s \\%s' % (self.tonic.ly_step_expression(),
+                                      self.mode)
+        elif self.non_standard_alterations:
+            alterations = [self.format_non_standard_alteration(a) for
+                           a in self.non_standard_alterations]
+            return "\\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(%s)" % " ".join(alterations)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class ShiftDurations (MusicWrapper):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MusicWrapper.__init__(self)
+        self.params = [0, 0]
+
+    def set_shift_durations_parameters(self, timeSigChange):
+        self.params = timeSigChange.get_shift_durations_parameters()
+
+    def print_ly(self, func):
+        func(' \\shiftDurations #%d #%d ' % tuple(self.params))
+        MusicWrapper.print_ly(self, func)
+
+
+class TimeSignatureChange (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.fractions = [4, 4]
+        self.style = None
+        # Used for the --time-signature option of musicxml2ly
+        self.originalFractions = [4, 4]
+        self.visible = True
+
+    def get_fractions_ratio(self):
+        """
+        Calculate the ratio between the original time fraction and the new one.
+        Used for the "--time-signature" option.
+
+        @return: The ratio between the two time fractions.
+        @rtype: float
+        """
+        return (float(self.originalFractions[0])/self.originalFractions[1])*(float(self.fractions[1])/self.fractions[0])
+
+    def get_shift_durations_parameters(self):
+        dur = math.ceil(math.log(self.get_fractions_ratio(), 2))
+        dots = (1/self.get_fractions_ratio())/(math.pow(2, -dur))
+        dots = int(math.log(2-dots, 0.5))
+        return [dur, dots]
+
+    def format_fraction(self, frac):
+        if isinstance(frac, list):
+            l = [self.format_fraction(f) for f in frac]
+            return "(" + " ".join(l) + ")"
+        else:
+            return "%s" % frac
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        st = ''
+        # Print out the style if we have ome, but the '() should only be
+        # forced for 2/2 or 4/4, since in all other cases we'll get numeric
+        # signatures anyway despite the default 'C signature style!
+        is_common_signature = self.fractions in ([2, 2], [4, 4], [4, 2])
+        if self.style and self.visible:
+            if self.style == "common":
+                st = "\\defaultTimeSignature"
+            elif self.style != "'()":
+                st = "\\once \\override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #%s " % self.style
+            elif (self.style != "'()") or is_common_signature:
+                st = "\\numericTimeSignature"
+
+        if self.visible:
+            omit = ''
+        else:
+            omit = r'\omit Staff.TimeSignature'
+
+        # Easy case: self.fractions = [n,d] => normal \time n/d call:
+        if len(self.fractions) == 2 and isinstance(self.fractions[0], int):
+            return st + '\\time %d/%d ' % tuple(self.fractions) + omit
+        elif self.fractions:
+            return st + "\\compoundMeter #'%s" % self.format_fraction(self.fractions) + omit
+        else:
+            return st + ''
+
+
+class ClefChange (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.type = 'G'
+        self.position = 2
+        self.octave = 0
+
+    def octave_modifier(self):
+        return {1: "^8", 2: "^15", -1: "_8", -2: "_15"}.get(self.octave, '')
+
+    def clef_name(self):
+        return {('G', 2): "treble",
+                ('G', 1): "french",
+                ('C', 1): "soprano",
+                ('C', 2): "mezzosoprano",
+                ('C', 3): "alto",
+                ('C', 4): "tenor",
+                ('C', 5): "baritone",
+                ('F', 3): "varbaritone",
+                ('F', 4): "bass",
+                ('F', 5): "subbass",
+                ("percussion", 2): "percussion",
+                # Workaround: MuseScore uses PERC instead of percussion
+                ("PERC", 2): "percussion",
+                ("TAB", 5): get_tab_clef()}.get((self.type, self.position), None)
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return '\\clef "%s%s"' % (self.clef_name(), self.octave_modifier())
+
+    clef_dict = {
+        "G": ("clefs.G", -2, -6),
+        "C": ("clefs.C", 0, 0),
+        "F": ("clefs.F", 2, 6),
+    }
+
+    def lisp_expression(self):
+        try:
+            (glyph, pos, c0) = self.clef_dict[self.type]
+        except KeyError:
+            return ""
+        clefsetting = """
+        (make-music 'SequentialMusic
+        'elements (list
+   (context-spec-music
+   (make-property-set 'clefGlyph "%s") 'Staff)
+   (context-spec-music
+   (make-property-set 'clefPosition %d) 'Staff)
+   (context-spec-music
+   (make-property-set 'middleCPosition %d) 'Staff)))
+""" % (glyph, pos, c0)
+        return clefsetting
+
+
+class Transposition (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.pitch = None
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        self.pitch._force_absolute_pitch = True
+        return '\\transposition %s' % self.pitch.ly_expression()
+
+
+class StaffChange (Music):
+    def __init__(self, staff):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.staff = staff
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.staff:
+            return "\\change Staff=\"%s\"" % self.staff
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class SetEvent (Music):
+    def __init__(self, contextprop, value):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.context_prop = contextprop
+        self.value = value
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.value:
+            return "\\set %s = %s" % (self.context_prop, self.value)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+
+class StaffLinesEvent (Music):
+    def __init__(self, lines):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.lines = lines
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        if self.lines > 0:
+            return "\\stopStaff \\override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count = #%s \\startStaff" % self.lines
+        else:
+            return "\\stopStaff \\revert Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count \\startStaff"
+
+
+class TempoMark (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.baseduration = None
+        self.newduration = None
+        self.beats = None
+        self.parentheses = False
+        self.text = None
+
+    def set_base_duration(self, dur):
+        self.baseduration = dur
+
+    def set_new_duration(self, dur):
+        self.newduration = dur
+
+    def set_beats_per_minute(self, beats):
+        self.beats = beats
+
+    def set_parentheses(self, parentheses):
+        self.parentheses = parentheses
+
+    def set_text(self, text):
+        self.text = text
+
+    def wait_for_note(self):
+        return False
+
+    def duration_to_markup(self, dur):
+        if dur:
+            # Generate the markup to print the note
+            return "\\general-align #Y #DOWN \\smaller \\note {%s} #UP" % dur.ly_expression()
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def tempo_markup_template(self):
+        return "\\mark\\markup { \\fontsize #-2 \\line { %s } }"
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        res = ''
+        if not self.baseduration:
+            return res
+        if self.beats:
+            if self.parentheses or self.text:
+                res += "\\tempo \"%s\" %s=%s" % (self.text or '',
+                                                 self.baseduration.ly_expression(), self.beats)
+            else:
+                res += "\\tempo %s=%s" % (
+                    self.baseduration.ly_expression(), self.beats)
+        elif self.newduration:
+            dm = self.duration_to_markup(self.baseduration)
+            ndm = self.duration_to_markup(self.newduration)
+            if self.parentheses:
+                contents = "\"(\" %s = %s \")\"" % (dm, ndm)
+            else:
+                contents = " %s = %s " % (dm, ndm)
+            res += self.tempo_markup_template() % contents
+        else:
+            return ''
+        return res
+
+
+class FiguredBassNote (Music):
+    def __init__(self):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.number = ''
+        self.prefix = ''
+        self.suffix = ''
+
+    def set_prefix(self, prefix):
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def set_suffix(self, suffix):
+        self.prefix = suffix
+
+    def set_number(self, number):
+        self.number = number
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        res = ''
+        if self.number:
+            res += self.number
+        else:
+            res += '_'
+        if self.prefix:
+            res += self.prefix
+        if self.suffix:
+            res += self.suffix
+        return res
+
+
+class FiguredBassEvent (NestedMusic):
+    def __init__(self):
+        NestedMusic.__init__(self)
+        self.duration = None
+        self.real_duration = 0
+        self.parentheses = False
+        return
+
+    def set_duration(self, dur):
+        self.duration = dur
+
+    def set_parentheses(self, par):
+        self.parentheses = par
+
+    def set_real_duration(self, dur):
+        self.real_duration = dur
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        figured_bass_events = [e for e in self.elements if
+                               isinstance(e, FiguredBassNote)]
+        if figured_bass_events:
+            notes = []
+            for x in figured_bass_events:
+                notes.append(x.ly_expression())
+            contents = ' '.join(notes)
+            if self.parentheses:
+                contents = '[%s]' % contents
+            printer('<%s>' % contents)
+            self.duration.print_ly(printer)
+
+
+class MultiMeasureRest(Music):
+
+    def lisp_expression(self):
+        return """
+(make-music
+  'MultiMeasureRestMusicGroup
+  'elements
+  (list (make-music (quote BarCheck))
+        (make-music
+          'ChordEvent
+          'elements
+          (list (make-music
+                  'MultiMeasureRestEvent
+                  'duration
+                  %s)))
+        (make-music (quote BarCheck))))
+""" % self.duration.lisp_expression()
+
+    def ly_expression(self):
+        return 'R%s' % self.duration.ly_expression()
+
+
+class Break (Music):
+    def __init__(self, tp="break"):
+        Music.__init__(self)
+        self.type = tp
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if self.type:
+            printer.dump("\\%s" % self.type)
+
+
+class StaffGroup:
+    def __init__(self, command="StaffGroup"):
+        self.stafftype = command
+        self.id = None
+        self.instrument_name = None
+        self.sound = None
+        self.short_instrument_name = None
+        self.symbol = None
+        self.spanbar = None
+        self.children = []
+        self.is_group = True
+        self.context_modifications = []
+        # part_information is a list with entries of the form
+        #     [staffid, voicelist]
+        # where voicelist is a list with entries of the form
+        #     [voiceid1, [lyricsid11, lyricsid12,...] ]
+        self.part_information = None
+
+    def append_staff(self, staff):
+        self.children.append(staff)
+
+    def set_part_information(self, part_name, staves_info):
+        if part_name == self.id:
+            self.part_information = staves_info
+        else:
+            for c in self.children:
+                if hasattr(c, 'set_part_information'):
+                    c.set_part_information(part_name, staves_info)
+
+    def add_context_modification(self, modification):
+        self.context_modifications.append(modification)
+
+    def print_ly_contents(self, printer):
+        for c in self.children:
+            if c:
+                c.print_ly(printer)
+        # Intention: I want to put the content of new StaffGroup in angled brackets (<< >>)
+        # printer.dump ("test")# test is printed twice at the end of a staffgroup with two staves.
+        # printer ("test") # test is printed twice at the end of a staffgroup with two staves.
+
+    def needs_with(self):
+        needs_with = False
+        needs_with |= self.spanbar == "no"
+        needs_with |= self.instrument_name is not None
+        needs_with |= self.short_instrument_name is not None
+        needs_with |= (self.symbol is not None) and (self.symbol != "bracket")
+        return needs_with
+
+    def print_ly_context_mods(self, printer):
+        if self.instrument_name or self.short_instrument_name:
+            printer.dump("\\consists \"Instrument_name_engraver\"")
+        if self.spanbar == "no":
+            printer.dump("\\hide SpanBar")
+        brack = {"brace": "SystemStartBrace",
+                 "none": "SystemStartBar",
+                 "line": "SystemStartSquare"}.get(self.symbol, None)
+        if brack:
+            printer.dump("systemStartDelimiter = #'%s" % brack)
+
+    def print_ly_overrides(self, printer):
+        needs_with = self.needs_with() | (len(self.context_modifications) > 0)
+        if needs_with:
+            printer.dump("\\with {")
+            self.print_ly_context_mods(printer)
+            for m in self.context_modifications:
+                printer.dump(m)
+            printer.dump("}")
+            printer.newline()
+        # print a single << after StaffGroup only when the with-block is not needed.
+        # This doesn't work. << is printed before and after StaffGroup!
+        # else:
+        #    printer.dump (" <<")
+        # prints loads off << before and after StaffGroup and before \set Staff.instrumentName
+        # elif not needs_with:
+        #    printer.dump (" <<")
+
+    def print_chords(self, printer):
+        try:
+            for [staff_id, voices] in self.part_information:
+                for [v, lyrics, figuredbass, chordnames, fretboards] in voices:
+                    if chordnames:
+                        printer(r'\context ChordNames = "%s" {%s \%s}' % (
+                            chordnames, get_transpose("string"), chordnames))
+                        printer.newline()
+        except TypeError:
+            return
+
+    def print_fretboards(self, printer):
+        try:
+            for [staff_id, voices] in self.part_information:
+                for [v, lyrics, figuredbass, chordnames, fretboards] in voices:
+                    if fretboards:
+                        printer(r'\context FretBoards = "%s" {%s \%s}' % (
+                            fretboards, get_transpose("string"), fretboards))
+                        printer.newline()
+        except TypeError:
+            return
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        self.print_chords(printer)
+        self.print_fretboards(printer)
+        if self.stafftype:
+            printer.dump("\\new %s" % self.stafftype)
+        self.print_ly_overrides(printer)
+        printer.newline()
+        if self.stafftype:
+            printer.dump("<<")
+            printer.newline()
+        if self.stafftype and self.instrument_name:
+            printer.dump("\\set %s.instrumentName = %s" % (self.stafftype,
+                                                           escape_instrument_string(self.instrument_name)))
+            printer.newline()
+        if self.stafftype and self.short_instrument_name:
+            printer.dump("\\set %s.shortInstrumentName = %s" % (self.stafftype,
+                                                                escape_instrument_string(self.short_instrument_name)))
+            printer.newline()
+        if self.sound:
+            printer.dump(r'\set %s.midiInstrument = "%s"' %
+                         (self.stafftype, self.sound))
+            printer.newline()
+        self.print_ly_contents(printer)
+        printer.newline()
+        if self.stafftype:
+            printer.dump(">>")
+            printer.newline()
+
+
+class Staff (StaffGroup):
+    def __init__(self, command="Staff"):
+        StaffGroup.__init__(self, command)
+        self.is_group = False
+        self.part = None
+        self.voice_command = "Voice"
+        self.substafftype = None
+        self.sound = None
+
+    def needs_with(self):
+        return False
+
+    def print_ly_context_mods(self, printer):
+        # printer.dump ("test") #does nothing.
+        pass
+
+    def print_ly_contents(self, printer):
+        if not self.id or not self.part_information:
+            return
+        sub_staff_type = self.substafftype
+        if not sub_staff_type:
+            sub_staff_type = self.stafftype
+        # printer.dump ("test") #prints test in each staff after the definitions of the instrument name and before the definition of the contexts.
+        printer.newline()
+
+        for [staff_id, voices] in self.part_information:
+            # now comes the real staff definition:
+            if staff_id:
+                printer('\\context %s = "%s" << ' % (sub_staff_type, staff_id))
+            else:
+                printer('\\context %s << ' % sub_staff_type)
+            printer.newline()
+            printer.dump(r"\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn")
+            printer.newline()
+            n = 0
+            nr_voices = len(voices)
+            for [v, lyrics, figuredbass, chordnames, fretboards] in voices:
+                n += 1
+                voice_count_text = ''
+                if nr_voices > 1:
+                    """
+The next line contains a bug: The voices might not appear in numerical order! Some voices might be missing e.g. if the xml file contains only voice one, three and four, this would result in: \voiceOne, \voiceTwo and \voiceThree. This causes wrong stem directions and collisions.
+                    """
+                    voice_count_text = {
+                        1: ' \\voiceOne', 2: ' \\voiceTwo', 3: ' \\voiceThree'}.get(n, ' \\voiceFour')
+                printer('\\context %s = "%s" {%s %s \\%s }' % (
+                    self.voice_command, v, get_transpose("string"), voice_count_text, v))
+                printer.newline()
+                lyrics_id = 1
+                for l in lyrics:
+                    printer('\\new Lyrics \\lyricsto "%s" { \\set stanza = "%s." \\%s }' % (
+                        v, lyrics_id, l))
+                    lyrics_id += 1
+                    printer.newline()
+                if figuredbass:
+                    printer(r'\context FiguredBass = "%s" \%s' %
+                            (figuredbass, figuredbass))
+            printer('>>')
+            # printer.dump ("test") #prints test after each definition of a context.
+            #printer.newline ()
+        # printer.dump ("test") #prints test after each definition of a context.
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        if self.part_information and len(self.part_information) > 1:
+            self.stafftype = "PianoStaff"
+            self.substafftype = "Staff"
+            #printer.dump ('test')
+        StaffGroup.print_ly(self, printer)
+
+
+class TabStaff (Staff):
+    def __init__(self, command="TabStaff"):
+        Staff.__init__(self, command)
+        self.string_tunings = []
+        self.tablature_format = None
+        self.voice_command = "TabVoice"
+
+    def print_ly_overrides(self, printer):
+        if self.string_tunings or self.tablature_format:
+            printer.dump("\\with {")
+            if self.string_tunings:
+                printer.dump("stringTunings = #`(")
+                for i in self.string_tunings:
+                    printer.dump(",%s" % i.lisp_expression())
+                printer.dump(")")
+            if self.tablature_format:
+                printer.dump("tablatureFormat = #%s" % self.tablature_format)
+            printer.dump("}")
+
+
+class DrumStaff (Staff):
+    def __init__(self, command="DrumStaff"):
+        Staff.__init__(self, command)
+        self.drum_style_table = None
+        self.voice_command = "DrumVoice"
+
+    def print_ly_overrides(self, printer):
+        if self.drum_style_table:
+            printer.dump(r"\with {")
+            printer.dump("drumStyleTable = #%s" % self.drum_style_table)
+            printer.dump("}")
+
+
+class RhythmicStaff (Staff):
+    def __init__(self, command="RhythmicStaff"):
+        Staff.__init__(self, command)
+
+# Test
+# def print_staffgroup_closing_brackets (self, printer): #test see class Score / class Staff
+#       printer.dump ("test")
+
+
+class Score:
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Constructs a new Score object.
+        """
+        self.contents = None
+        self.create_midi = False
+
+    def set_contents(self, contents):
+        self.contents = contents
+
+    def set_part_information(self, part_id, staves_info):
+        if self.contents:
+            self.contents.set_part_information(part_id, staves_info)
+
+    def set_tempo(self, tempo):
+        """
+        Set the tempo attribute of the Score.
+        This attribute can be used in L{print_ly} for the midi output (see L{musicxml.Sound}).
+
+        @param tempo: The value of the tempo, in beats per minute.
+        @type tempo: String
+        """
+        self.tempo = tempo
+    # Test
+#    def print_staffgroup_closing_brackets (self, printer): #test see class Score / class Staff
+#       printer.dump ("test")
+
+    def print_ly(self, printer):
+        """
+        Print the content of the score to the printer, in lilypond format.
+
+        @param printer: A printer given to display correctly the output.
+        @type printer: L{Output_printer<musicexp.Output_printer>}
+        """
+        self.create_midi = get_create_midi()
+        printer.dump("\\score {")
+        printer.newline()
+        # prints opening <<:
+        printer.dump('<<')
+        printer.newline()
+        if self.contents:
+            self.contents.print_ly(printer)
+            # printer.dump ("test") prints test once before the >> of the score block, independent of the existence of a staffgroup.
+        # if StaffGroup == False: # True or False: nothing happens.
+        #    printer.dump ('>>')
+        printer.dump('>>')
+        printer.newline()
+        # StaffGroup.print_staffgroup_closing_brackets(self, printer) #TypeError: unbound method print_staffgroup_closing_brackets() must be called with StaffGroup instance as first argument (got Score instance instead)
+        # print_staffgroup_closing_brackets(self, printer) #NameError: global name 'print_staffgroup_closing_brackets' is not defined. prints test once before the >> of the score block, independent of the existence of a staffgroup.
+        printer.dump("\\layout {}")
+        printer.newline()
+        # If the --midi option was not passed to musicxml2ly, that comments the "midi" line
+        if self.create_midi:
+            printer.dump("}")
+            printer.newline()
+            printer.dump("\\score {")
+            printer.newline()
+            printer.dump("\\unfoldRepeats \\articulate {")
+            printer.newline()
+            self.contents.print_ly(printer)
+            printer.dump("}")
+            printer.newline()
+        else:
+            printer.dump(
+                "% To create MIDI output, uncomment the following line:")
+            printer.newline()
+            printer.dump("% ")
+        printer.dump("\\midi {\\tempo 4 = "+self.tempo+" }")
+        printer.newline()
+        printer.dump("}")
+        printer.newline()
+
+
+def test_pitch():
+    bflat = Pitch()
+    bflat.alteration = -1
+    bflat.step = 6
+    bflat.octave = -1
+    fifth = Pitch()
+    fifth.step = 4
+    down = Pitch()
+    down.step = -4
+    down.normalize()
+
+    print(bflat.semitones())
+    print(bflat.transposed(fifth), bflat.transposed(fifth).transposed(fifth))
+    print(bflat.transposed(fifth).transposed(fifth).transposed(fifth))
+
+    print(bflat.semitones(), 'down')
+    print(bflat.transposed(down))
+    print(bflat.transposed(down).transposed(down))
+    print(bflat.transposed(down).transposed(down).transposed(down))
+
+
+def test_printer():
+    def make_note():
+        evc = ChordEvent()
+        n = NoteEvent()
+        evc.append(n)
+        return n
+
+    def make_tup():
+        m = SequentialMusic()
+        m.append(make_note())
+        m.append(make_note())
+        m.append(make_note())
+
+        t = TimeScaledMusic()
+        t.numerator = 2
+        t.denominator = 3
+        t.element = m
+        return t
+
+    m = SequentialMusic()
+    m.append(make_tup())
+    m.append(make_tup())
+    m.append(make_tup())
+
+    printer = Output_printer()
+    m.print_ly(printer)
+    printer.newline()
+
+
+def test_expr():
+    m = SequentialMusic()
+    l = 2
+    evc = ChordEvent()
+    n = NoteEvent()
+    n.duration.duration_log = l
+    n.pitch.step = 1
+    evc.insert_around(None, n, 0)
+    m.insert_around(None, evc, 0)
+
+    evc = ChordEvent()
+    n = NoteEvent()
+    n.duration.duration_log = l
+    n.pitch.step = 3
+    evc.insert_around(None, n, 0)
+    m.insert_around(None, evc, 0)
+
+    evc = ChordEvent()
+    n = NoteEvent()
+    n.duration.duration_log = l
+    n.pitch.step = 2
+    evc.insert_around(None, n, 0)
+    m.insert_around(None, evc, 0)
+
+    evc = ClefChange()
+    evc.type = 'treble'
+    m.insert_around(None, evc, 0)
+
+    evc = ChordEvent()
+    tonic = Pitch()
+    tonic.step = 2
+    tonic.alteration = -2
+    n = KeySignatureChange()
+    n.tonic = tonic.copy()
+    n.scale = [0, 0, -2, 0, 0, -2, -2]
+
+    evc.insert_around(None, n, 0)
+    m.insert_around(None, evc, 0)
+
+    return m
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_printer()
+    test_pitch()
+
+    expr = test_expr()
+    expr.set_start(Fraction(0))
+    expr.print_ly(Output_printer())
+    start = Fraction(0, 4)
+    stop = Fraction(4, 2)
+
+    def sub(x, start=start, stop=stop):
+        ok = x.start >= start and x.start + x.get_length() <= stop
+        return ok
+
+    print(expr.lisp_sub_expression(sub))