ultralytics 8.1.29__py3-none-any.whl → 8.3.62__py3-none-any.whl

ultralytics/engine/model.py

@@ -1,17 +1,29 @@
-# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
+# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
 
 import inspect
-import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
+from PIL import Image
 
 from ultralytics.cfg import TASK2DATA, get_cfg, get_save_dir
-from ultralytics.hub.utils import HUB_WEB_ROOT
+from ultralytics.engine.results import Results
+from ultralytics.hub import HUB_WEB_ROOT, HUBTrainingSession
 from ultralytics.nn.tasks import attempt_load_one_weight, guess_model_task, nn, yaml_model_load
-from ultralytics.utils import ASSETS, DEFAULT_CFG_DICT, LOGGER, RANK, SETTINGS, callbacks, checks, emojis, yaml_load
+from ultralytics.utils import (
+    ARGV,
+    ASSETS,
+    DEFAULT_CFG_DICT,
+    LOGGER,
+    RANK,
+    SETTINGS,
+    callbacks,
+    checks,
+    emojis,
+    yaml_load,
+)
 
 
 class Model(nn.Module):
@@ -20,26 +32,18 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     This class provides a common interface for various operations related to YOLO models, such as training,
     validation, prediction, exporting, and benchmarking. It handles different types of models, including those
-    loaded from local files, Ultralytics HUB, or Triton Server. The class is designed to be flexible and
-    extendable for different tasks and model configurations.
-
-    Args:
-        model (Union[str, Path], optional): Path or name of the model to load or create. This can be a local file
-            path, a model name from Ultralytics HUB, or a Triton Server model. Defaults to 'yolov8n.pt'.
-        task (Any, optional): The task type associated with the YOLO model. This can be used to specify the model's
-            application domain, such as object detection, segmentation, etc. Defaults to None.
-        verbose (bool, optional): If True, enables verbose output during the model's operations. Defaults to False.
+    loaded from local files, Ultralytics HUB, or Triton Server.
 
     Attributes:
-        callbacks (dict): A dictionary of callback functions for various events during model operations.
+        callbacks (Dict): A dictionary of callback functions for various events during model operations.
         predictor (BasePredictor): The predictor object used for making predictions.
         model (nn.Module): The underlying PyTorch model.
         trainer (BaseTrainer): The trainer object used for training the model.
-        ckpt (dict): The checkpoint data if the model is loaded from a *.pt file.
+        ckpt (Dict): The checkpoint data if the model is loaded from a *.pt file.
         cfg (str): The configuration of the model if loaded from a *.yaml file.
         ckpt_path (str): The path to the checkpoint file.
-        overrides (dict): A dictionary of overrides for model configuration.
-        metrics (dict): The latest training/validation metrics.
+        overrides (Dict): A dictionary of overrides for model configuration.
+        metrics (Dict): The latest training/validation metrics.
         session (HUBTrainingSession): The Ultralytics HUB session, if applicable.
         task (str): The type of task the model is intended for.
         model_name (str): The name of the model.
@@ -65,120 +69,136 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         add_callback: Adds a callback function for an event.
         clear_callback: Clears all callbacks for an event.
         reset_callbacks: Resets all callbacks to their default functions.
-        _get_hub_session: Retrieves or creates an Ultralytics HUB session.
-        is_triton_model: Checks if a model is a Triton Server model.
-        is_hub_model: Checks if a model is an Ultralytics HUB model.
-        _reset_ckpt_args: Resets checkpoint arguments when loading a PyTorch model.
-        _smart_load: Loads the appropriate module based on the model task.
-        task_map: Provides a mapping from model tasks to corresponding classes.
-
-    Raises:
-        FileNotFoundError: If the specified model file does not exist or is inaccessible.
-        ValueError: If the model file or configuration is invalid or unsupported.
-        ImportError: If required dependencies for specific model types (like HUB SDK) are not installed.
-        TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch model when required.
-        AttributeError: If required attributes or methods are not implemented or available.
-        NotImplementedError: If a specific model task or mode is not supported.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from ultralytics import YOLO
+        >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+        >>> results = model.predict("image.jpg")
+        >>> model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=3)
+        >>> metrics = model.val()
+        >>> model.export(format="onnx")
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        model: Union[str, Path] = "yolov8n.pt",
+        model: Union[str, Path] = "yolo11n.pt",
         task: str = None,
         verbose: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Initializes a new instance of the YOLO model class.
 
-        This constructor sets up the model based on the provided model path or name. It handles various types of model
-        sources, including local files, Ultralytics HUB models, and Triton Server models. The method initializes several
-        important attributes of the model and prepares it for operations like training, prediction, or export.
+        This constructor sets up the model based on the provided model path or name. It handles various types of
+        model sources, including local files, Ultralytics HUB models, and Triton Server models. The method
+        initializes several important attributes of the model and prepares it for operations like training,
+        prediction, or export.
 
         Args:
-            model (Union[str, Path], optional): The path or model file to load or create. This can be a local
-                file path, a model name from Ultralytics HUB, or a Triton Server model. Defaults to 'yolov8n.pt'.
-            task (Any, optional): The task type associated with the YOLO model, specifying its application domain.
-                Defaults to None.
-            verbose (bool, optional): If True, enables verbose output during the model's initialization and subsequent
-                operations. Defaults to False.
+            model (Union[str, Path]): Path or name of the model to load or create. Can be a local file path, a
+                model name from Ultralytics HUB, or a Triton Server model.
+            task (str | None): The task type associated with the YOLO model, specifying its application domain.
+            verbose (bool): If True, enables verbose output during the model's initialization and subsequent
+                operations.
 
         Raises:
             FileNotFoundError: If the specified model file does not exist or is inaccessible.
             ValueError: If the model file or configuration is invalid or unsupported.
             ImportError: If required dependencies for specific model types (like HUB SDK) are not installed.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model = Model("path/to/model.yaml", task="detect")
+            >>> model = Model("hub_model", verbose=True)
         """
         super().__init__()
         self.callbacks = callbacks.get_default_callbacks()
         self.predictor = None  # reuse predictor
         self.model = None  # model object
         self.trainer = None  # trainer object
-        self.ckpt = None  # if loaded from *.pt
+        self.ckpt = {}  # if loaded from *.pt
         self.cfg = None  # if loaded from *.yaml
         self.ckpt_path = None
         self.overrides = {}  # overrides for trainer object
         self.metrics = None  # validation/training metrics
         self.session = None  # HUB session
         self.task = task  # task type
-        self.model_name = model = str(model).strip()  # strip spaces
+        model = str(model).strip()
 
         # Check if Ultralytics HUB model from https://hub.ultralytics.com
         if self.is_hub_model(model):
             # Fetch model from HUB
-            checks.check_requirements("hub-sdk>0.0.2")
-            self.session = self._get_hub_session(model)
-            model = self.session.model_file
+            checks.check_requirements("hub-sdk>=0.0.12")
+            session = HUBTrainingSession.create_session(model)
+            model = session.model_file
+            if session.train_args:  # training sent from HUB
+                self.session = session
 
         # Check if Triton Server model
         elif self.is_triton_model(model):
-            self.model = model
-            self.task = task
+            self.model_name = self.model = model
+            self.overrides["task"] = task or "detect"  # set `task=detect` if not explicitly set
             return
 
         # Load or create new YOLO model
-        model = checks.check_model_file_from_stem(model)  # add suffix, i.e. yolov8n -> yolov8n.pt
-        if Path(model).suffix in (".yaml", ".yml"):
+        if Path(model).suffix in {".yaml", ".yml"}:
             self._new(model, task=task, verbose=verbose)
         else:
             self._load(model, task=task)
 
-        self.model_name = model
+        # Delete super().training for accessing self.model.training
+        del self.training
 
     def __call__(
         self,
-        source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
+        source: Union[str, Path, int, Image.Image, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
         stream: bool = False,
-        **kwargs,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> list:
         """
-        An alias for the predict method, enabling the model instance to be callable.
+        Alias for the predict method, enabling the model instance to be callable for predictions.
 
-        This method simplifies the process of making predictions by allowing the model instance to be called directly
-        with the required arguments for prediction.
+        This method simplifies the process of making predictions by allowing the model instance to be called
+        directly with the required arguments.
 
         Args:
-            source (str | Path | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray, optional): The source of the image for making
-                predictions. Accepts various types, including file paths, URLs, PIL images, and numpy arrays.
-                Defaults to None.
-            stream (bool, optional): If True, treats the input source as a continuous stream for predictions.
-                Defaults to False.
-            **kwargs (any): Additional keyword arguments for configuring the prediction process.
+            source (str | Path | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor | List | Tuple): The source of
+                the image(s) to make predictions on. Can be a file path, URL, PIL image, numpy array, PyTorch
+                tensor, or a list/tuple of these.
+            stream (bool): If True, treat the input source as a continuous stream for predictions.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to configure the prediction process.
 
         Returns:
-            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, encapsulated in the Results class.
+            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, each encapsulated in a
+                Results object.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model("https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg")
+            >>> for r in results:
+            ...     print(f"Detected {len(r)} objects in image")
         """
         return self.predict(source, stream, **kwargs)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_hub_session(model: str):
-        """Creates a session for Hub Training."""
-        from ultralytics.hub.session import HUBTrainingSession
+    def is_triton_model(model: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Checks if the given model string is a Triton Server URL.
 
-        session = HUBTrainingSession(model)
-        return session if session.client.authenticated else None
+        This static method determines whether the provided model string represents a valid Triton Server URL by
+        parsing its components using urllib.parse.urlsplit().
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def is_triton_model(model: str) -> bool:
-        """Is model a Triton Server URL string, i.e. <scheme>://<netloc>/<endpoint>/<task_name>"""
+        Args:
+            model (str): The model string to be checked.
+
+        Returns:
+            (bool): True if the model string is a valid Triton Server URL, False otherwise.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> Model.is_triton_model("http://localhost:8000/v2/models/yolov8n")
+            True
+            >>> Model.is_triton_model("yolo11n.pt")
+            False
+        """
         from urllib.parse import urlsplit
 
         url = urlsplit(model)
@@ -186,24 +206,48 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     @staticmethod
     def is_hub_model(model: str) -> bool:
-        """Check if the provided model is a HUB model."""
-        return any(
-            (
-                model.startswith(f"{HUB_WEB_ROOT}/models/"),  # i.e. https://hub.ultralytics.com/models/MODEL_ID
-                [len(x) for x in model.split("_")] == [42, 20],  # APIKEY_MODELID
-                len(model) == 20 and not Path(model).exists() and all(x not in model for x in "./\\"),  # MODELID
-            )
-        )
+        """
+        Check if the provided model is an Ultralytics HUB model.
+
+        This static method determines whether the given model string represents a valid Ultralytics HUB model
+        identifier.
+
+        Args:
+            model (str): The model string to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            (bool): True if the model is a valid Ultralytics HUB model, False otherwise.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> Model.is_hub_model("https://hub.ultralytics.com/models/MODEL")
+            True
+            >>> Model.is_hub_model("yolo11n.pt")
+            False
+        """
+        return model.startswith(f"{HUB_WEB_ROOT}/models/")
 
     def _new(self, cfg: str, task=None, model=None, verbose=False) -> None:
         """
         Initializes a new model and infers the task type from the model definitions.
 
+        This method creates a new model instance based on the provided configuration file. It loads the model
+        configuration, infers the task type if not specified, and initializes the model using the appropriate
+        class from the task map.
+
         Args:
-            cfg (str): model configuration file
-            task (str | None): model task
-            model (BaseModel): Customized model.
-            verbose (bool): display model info on load
+            cfg (str): Path to the model configuration file in YAML format.
+            task (str | None): The specific task for the model. If None, it will be inferred from the config.
+            model (torch.nn.Module | None): A custom model instance. If provided, it will be used instead of creating
+                a new one.
+            verbose (bool): If True, displays model information during loading.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the configuration file is invalid or the task cannot be inferred.
+            ImportError: If the required dependencies for the specified task are not installed.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model()
+            >>> model._new("yolov8n.yaml", task="detect", verbose=True)
         """
         cfg_dict = yaml_model_load(cfg)
         self.cfg = cfg
@@ -215,31 +259,63 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         # Below added to allow export from YAMLs
         self.model.args = {**DEFAULT_CFG_DICT, **self.overrides}  # combine default and model args (prefer model args)
         self.model.task = self.task
+        self.model_name = cfg
 
     def _load(self, weights: str, task=None) -> None:
         """
-        Initializes a new model and infers the task type from the model head.
+        Loads a model from a checkpoint file or initializes it from a weights file.
+
+        This method handles loading models from either .pt checkpoint files or other weight file formats. It sets
+        up the model, task, and related attributes based on the loaded weights.
 
         Args:
-            weights (str): model checkpoint to be loaded
-            task (str | None): model task
+            weights (str): Path to the model weights file to be loaded.
+            task (str | None): The task associated with the model. If None, it will be inferred from the model.
+
+        Raises:
+            FileNotFoundError: If the specified weights file does not exist or is inaccessible.
+            ValueError: If the weights file format is unsupported or invalid.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model()
+            >>> model._load("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model._load("path/to/weights.pth", task="detect")
         """
-        suffix = Path(weights).suffix
-        if suffix == ".pt":
+        if weights.lower().startswith(("https://", "http://", "rtsp://", "rtmp://", "tcp://")):
+            weights = checks.check_file(weights, download_dir=SETTINGS["weights_dir"])  # download and return local file
+        weights = checks.check_model_file_from_stem(weights)  # add suffix, i.e. yolov8n -> yolov8n.pt
+
+        if Path(weights).suffix == ".pt":
             self.model, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(weights)
             self.task = self.model.args["task"]
             self.overrides = self.model.args = self._reset_ckpt_args(self.model.args)
             self.ckpt_path = self.model.pt_path
         else:
-            weights = checks.check_file(weights)
+            weights = checks.check_file(weights)  # runs in all cases, not redundant with above call
             self.model, self.ckpt = weights, None
             self.task = task or guess_model_task(weights)
             self.ckpt_path = weights
         self.overrides["model"] = weights
         self.overrides["task"] = self.task
+        self.model_name = weights
 
     def _check_is_pytorch_model(self) -> None:
-        """Raises TypeError is model is not a PyTorch model."""
+        """
+        Checks if the model is a PyTorch model and raises a TypeError if it's not.
+
+        This method verifies that the model is either a PyTorch module or a .pt file. It's used to ensure that
+        certain operations that require a PyTorch model are only performed on compatible model types.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch module or a .pt file. The error message provides detailed
+                information about supported model formats and operations.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model._check_is_pytorch_model()  # No error raised
+            >>> model = Model("yolov8n.onnx")
+            >>> model._check_is_pytorch_model()  # Raises TypeError
+        """
         pt_str = isinstance(self.model, (str, Path)) and Path(self.model).suffix == ".pt"
         pt_module = isinstance(self.model, nn.Module)
         if not (pt_module or pt_str):
@@ -253,17 +329,21 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     def reset_weights(self) -> "Model":
         """
-        Resets the model parameters to randomly initialized values, effectively discarding all training information.
+        Resets the model's weights to their initial state.
 
         This method iterates through all modules in the model and resets their parameters if they have a
-        'reset_parameters' method. It also ensures that all parameters have 'requires_grad' set to True, enabling them
-        to be updated during training.
+        'reset_parameters' method. It also ensures that all parameters have 'requires_grad' set to True,
+        enabling them to be updated during training.
 
         Returns:
-            self (ultralytics.engine.model.Model): The instance of the class with reset weights.
+            (Model): The instance of the class with reset weights.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.reset_weights()
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         for m in self.model.modules():
@@ -273,7 +353,7 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
             p.requires_grad = True
         return self
 
-    def load(self, weights: Union[str, Path] = "yolov8n.pt") -> "Model":
+    def load(self, weights: Union[str, Path] = "yolo11n.pt") -> "Model":
         """
         Loads parameters from the specified weights file into the model.
 
@@ -281,73 +361,103 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         name and shape and transfers them to the model.
 
         Args:
-            weights (str | Path): Path to the weights file or a weights object. Defaults to 'yolov8n.pt'.
+            weights (Union[str, Path]): Path to the weights file or a weights object.
 
         Returns:
-            self (ultralytics.engine.model.Model): The instance of the class with loaded weights.
+            (Model): The instance of the class with loaded weights.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model()
+            >>> model.load("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.load(Path("path/to/weights.pt"))
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         if isinstance(weights, (str, Path)):
+            self.overrides["pretrained"] = weights  # remember the weights for DDP training
             weights, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(weights)
         self.model.load(weights)
         return self
 
-    def save(self, filename: Union[str, Path] = "saved_model.pt", use_dill=True) -> None:
+    def save(self, filename: Union[str, Path] = "saved_model.pt") -> None:
         """
         Saves the current model state to a file.
 
-        This method exports the model's checkpoint (ckpt) to the specified filename.
+        This method exports the model's checkpoint (ckpt) to the specified filename. It includes metadata such as
+        the date, Ultralytics version, license information, and a link to the documentation.
 
         Args:
-            filename (str | Path): The name of the file to save the model to. Defaults to 'saved_model.pt'.
-            use_dill (bool): Whether to try using dill for serialization if available. Defaults to True.
+            filename (Union[str, Path]): The name of the file to save the model to.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.save("my_model.pt")
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
-        from ultralytics import __version__
+        from copy import deepcopy
         from datetime import datetime
 
+        from ultralytics import __version__
+
         updates = {
+            "model": deepcopy(self.model).half() if isinstance(self.model, nn.Module) else self.model,
             "date": datetime.now().isoformat(),
             "version": __version__,
             "license": "AGPL-3.0 License (https://ultralytics.com/license)",
             "docs": "https://docs.ultralytics.com",
         }
-        torch.save({**self.ckpt, **updates}, filename, use_dill=use_dill)
+        torch.save({**self.ckpt, **updates}, filename)
 
     def info(self, detailed: bool = False, verbose: bool = True):
         """
         Logs or returns model information.
 
-        This method provides an overview or detailed information about the model, depending on the arguments passed.
-        It can control the verbosity of the output.
+        This method provides an overview or detailed information about the model, depending on the arguments
+        passed. It can control the verbosity of the output and return the information as a list.
 
         Args:
-            detailed (bool): If True, shows detailed information about the model. Defaults to False.
-            verbose (bool): If True, prints the information. If False, returns the information. Defaults to True.
+            detailed (bool): If True, shows detailed information about the model layers and parameters.
+            verbose (bool): If True, prints the information. If False, returns the information as a list.
 
         Returns:
-            (list): Various types of information about the model, depending on the 'detailed' and 'verbose' parameters.
+            (List[str]): A list of strings containing various types of information about the model, including
+                model summary, layer details, and parameter counts. Empty if verbose is True.
 
         Raises:
-            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.info()  # Prints model summary
+            >>> info_list = model.info(detailed=True, verbose=False)  # Returns detailed info as a list
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         return self.model.info(detailed=detailed, verbose=verbose)
 
     def fuse(self):
         """
-        Fuses Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers in the model.
+        Fuses Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers in the model for optimized inference.
 
-        This method optimizes the model by fusing Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers, which can improve inference speed.
+        This method iterates through the model's modules and fuses consecutive Conv2d and BatchNorm2d layers
+        into a single layer. This fusion can significantly improve inference speed by reducing the number of
+        operations and memory accesses required during forward passes.
+
+        The fusion process typically involves folding the BatchNorm2d parameters (mean, variance, weight, and
+        bias) into the preceding Conv2d layer's weights and biases. This results in a single Conv2d layer that
+        performs both convolution and normalization in one step.
 
         Raises:
-            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+            TypeError: If the model is not a PyTorch nn.Module.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.fuse()
+            >>> # Model is now fused and ready for optimized inference
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         self.model.fuse()
@@ -356,25 +466,31 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         self,
         source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
         stream: bool = False,
-        **kwargs,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ) -> list:
         """
         Generates image embeddings based on the provided source.
 
-        This method is a wrapper around the 'predict()' method, focusing on generating embeddings from an image source.
-        It allows customization of the embedding process through various keyword arguments.
+        This method is a wrapper around the 'predict()' method, focusing on generating embeddings from an image
+        source. It allows customization of the embedding process through various keyword arguments.
 
         Args:
-            source (str | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray): The source of the image for generating embeddings.
-                The source can be a file path, URL, PIL image, numpy array, etc. Defaults to None.
-            stream (bool): If True, predictions are streamed. Defaults to False.
-            **kwargs (any): Additional keyword arguments for configuring the embedding process.
+            source (str | Path | int | List | Tuple | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor): The source of the image for
+                generating embeddings. Can be a file path, URL, PIL image, numpy array, etc.
+            stream (bool): If True, predictions are streamed.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the embedding process.
 
         Returns:
             (List[torch.Tensor]): A list containing the image embeddings.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> image = "https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg"
+            >>> embeddings = model.embed(image)
+            >>> print(embeddings[0].shape)
         """
         if not kwargs.get("embed"):
             kwargs["embed"] = [len(self.model.model) - 2]  # embed second-to-last layer if no indices passed
@@ -382,45 +498,48 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     def predict(
         self,
-        source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
+        source: Union[str, Path, int, Image.Image, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
         stream: bool = False,
         predictor=None,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> list:
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> List[Results]:
         """
         Performs predictions on the given image source using the YOLO model.
 
         This method facilitates the prediction process, allowing various configurations through keyword arguments.
         It supports predictions with custom predictors or the default predictor method. The method handles different
-        types of image sources and can operate in a streaming mode. It also provides support for SAM-type models
-        through 'prompts'.
-
-        The method sets up a new predictor if not already present and updates its arguments with each call.
-        It also issues a warning and uses default assets if the 'source' is not provided. The method determines if it
-        is being called from the command line interface and adjusts its behavior accordingly, including setting defaults
-        for confidence threshold and saving behavior.
+        types of image sources and can operate in a streaming mode.
 
         Args:
-            source (str | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray, optional): The source of the image for making predictions.
-                Accepts various types, including file paths, URLs, PIL images, and numpy arrays. Defaults to ASSETS.
-            stream (bool, optional): Treats the input source as a continuous stream for predictions. Defaults to False.
-            predictor (BasePredictor, optional): An instance of a custom predictor class for making predictions.
-                If None, the method uses a default predictor. Defaults to None.
-            **kwargs (any): Additional keyword arguments for configuring the prediction process. These arguments allow
-                for further customization of the prediction behavior.
+            source (str | Path | int | PIL.Image | np.ndarray | torch.Tensor | List | Tuple): The source
+                of the image(s) to make predictions on. Accepts various types including file paths, URLs, PIL
+                images, numpy arrays, and torch tensors.
+            stream (bool): If True, treats the input source as a continuous stream for predictions.
+            predictor (BasePredictor | None): An instance of a custom predictor class for making predictions.
+                If None, the method uses a default predictor.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the prediction process.
 
         Returns:
-            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, encapsulated in the Results class.
-
-        Raises:
-            AttributeError: If the predictor is not properly set up.
+            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of prediction results, each encapsulated in a
+                Results object.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.predict(source="path/to/image.jpg", conf=0.25)
+            >>> for r in results:
+            ...     print(r.boxes.data)  # print detection bounding boxes
+
+        Notes:
+            - If 'source' is not provided, it defaults to the ASSETS constant with a warning.
+            - The method sets up a new predictor if not already present and updates its arguments with each call.
+            - For SAM-type models, 'prompts' can be passed as a keyword argument.
         """
         if source is None:
             source = ASSETS
             LOGGER.warning(f"WARNING ⚠️ 'source' is missing. Using 'source={source}'.")
 
-        is_cli = (sys.argv[0].endswith("yolo") or sys.argv[0].endswith("ultralytics")) and any(
-            x in sys.argv for x in ("predict", "track", "mode=predict", "mode=track")
+        is_cli = (ARGV[0].endswith("yolo") or ARGV[0].endswith("ultralytics")) and any(
+            x in ARGV for x in ("predict", "track", "mode=predict", "mode=track")
         )
 
         custom = {"conf": 0.25, "batch": 1, "save": is_cli, "mode": "predict"}  # method defaults
@@ -428,7 +547,7 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         prompts = args.pop("prompts", None)  # for SAM-type models
 
         if not self.predictor:
-            self.predictor = predictor or self._smart_load("predictor")(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
+            self.predictor = (predictor or self._smart_load("predictor"))(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
             self.predictor.setup_model(model=self.model, verbose=is_cli)
         else:  # only update args if predictor is already setup
             self.predictor.args = get_cfg(self.predictor.args, args)
@@ -443,31 +562,38 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         source: Union[str, Path, int, list, tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor] = None,
         stream: bool = False,
         persist: bool = False,
-        **kwargs,
-    ) -> list:
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> List[Results]:
         """
         Conducts object tracking on the specified input source using the registered trackers.
 
-        This method performs object tracking using the model's predictors and optionally registered trackers. It is
-        capable of handling different types of input sources such as file paths or video streams. The method supports
-        customization of the tracking process through various keyword arguments. It registers trackers if they are not
-        already present and optionally persists them based on the 'persist' flag.
-
-        The method sets a default confidence threshold specifically for ByteTrack-based tracking, which requires low
-        confidence predictions as input. The tracking mode is explicitly set in the keyword arguments.
+        This method performs object tracking using the model's predictors and optionally registered trackers. It handles
+        various input sources such as file paths or video streams, and supports customization through keyword arguments.
+        The method registers trackers if not already present and can persist them between calls.
 
         Args:
-            source (str, optional): The input source for object tracking. It can be a file path, URL, or video stream.
-            stream (bool, optional): Treats the input source as a continuous video stream. Defaults to False.
-            persist (bool, optional): Persists the trackers between different calls to this method. Defaults to False.
-            **kwargs (any): Additional keyword arguments for configuring the tracking process. These arguments allow
-                for further customization of the tracking behavior.
+            source (Union[str, Path, int, List, Tuple, np.ndarray, torch.Tensor], optional): Input source for object
+                tracking. Can be a file path, URL, or video stream.
+            stream (bool): If True, treats the input source as a continuous video stream. Defaults to False.
+            persist (bool): If True, persists trackers between different calls to this method. Defaults to False.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for configuring the tracking process.
 
         Returns:
-            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of tracking results, encapsulated in the Results class.
+            (List[ultralytics.engine.results.Results]): A list of tracking results, each a Results object.
 
         Raises:
             AttributeError: If the predictor does not have registered trackers.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.track(source="path/to/video.mp4", show=True)
+            >>> for r in results:
+            ...     print(r.boxes.id)  # print tracking IDs
+
+        Notes:
+            - This method sets a default confidence threshold of 0.1 for ByteTrack-based tracking.
+            - The tracking mode is explicitly set in the keyword arguments.
+            - Batch size is set to 1 for tracking in videos.
         """
         if not hasattr(self.predictor, "trackers"):
             from ultralytics.trackers import register_tracker
@@ -481,31 +607,30 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
     def val(
         self,
         validator=None,
-        **kwargs,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         """
         Validates the model using a specified dataset and validation configuration.
 
-        This method facilitates the model validation process, allowing for a range of customization through various
-        settings and configurations. It supports validation with a custom validator or the default validation approach.
-        The method combines default configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure
-        the validation process. After validation, it updates the model's metrics with the results obtained from the
-        validator.
-
-        The method supports various arguments that allow customization of the validation process. For a comprehensive
-        list of all configurable options, users should refer to the 'configuration' section in the documentation.
+        This method facilitates the model validation process, allowing for customization through various settings. It
+        supports validation with a custom validator or the default validation approach. The method combines default
+        configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure the validation process.
 
         Args:
-            validator (BaseValidator, optional): An instance of a custom validator class for validating the model. If
-                None, the method uses a default validator. Defaults to None.
-            **kwargs (any): Arbitrary keyword arguments representing the validation configuration. These arguments are
-                used to customize various aspects of the validation process.
+            validator (ultralytics.engine.validator.BaseValidator | None): An instance of a custom validator class for
+                validating the model.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments for customizing the validation process.
 
         Returns:
-            (dict): Validation metrics obtained from the validation process.
+            (ultralytics.utils.metrics.DetMetrics): Validation metrics obtained from the validation process.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.val(data="coco8.yaml", imgsz=640)
+            >>> print(results.box.map)  # Print mAP50-95
         """
         custom = {"rect": True}  # method defaults
         args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "val"}  # highest priority args on the right
@@ -517,29 +642,37 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     def benchmark(
         self,
-        **kwargs,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         """
         Benchmarks the model across various export formats to evaluate performance.
 
         This method assesses the model's performance in different export formats, such as ONNX, TorchScript, etc.
-        It uses the 'benchmark' function from the ultralytics.utils.benchmarks module. The benchmarking is configured
-        using a combination of default configuration values, model-specific arguments, method-specific defaults, and
-        any additional user-provided keyword arguments.
-
-        The method supports various arguments that allow customization of the benchmarking process, such as dataset
-        choice, image size, precision modes, device selection, and verbosity. For a comprehensive list of all
-        configurable options, users should refer to the 'configuration' section in the documentation.
+        It uses the 'benchmark' function from the ultralytics.utils.benchmarks module. The benchmarking is
+        configured using a combination of default configuration values, model-specific arguments, method-specific
+        defaults, and any additional user-provided keyword arguments.
 
         Args:
-            **kwargs (any): Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the benchmarking process. These are combined with
-                default configurations, model-specific arguments, and method defaults.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the benchmarking process. These are combined with
+                default configurations, model-specific arguments, and method defaults. Common options include:
+                - data (str): Path to the dataset for benchmarking.
+                - imgsz (int | List[int]): Image size for benchmarking.
+                - half (bool): Whether to use half-precision (FP16) mode.
+                - int8 (bool): Whether to use int8 precision mode.
+                - device (str): Device to run the benchmark on (e.g., 'cpu', 'cuda').
+                - verbose (bool): Whether to print detailed benchmark information.
 
         Returns:
-            (dict): A dictionary containing the results of the benchmarking process.
+            (Dict): A dictionary containing the results of the benchmarking process, including metrics for
+                different export formats.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.benchmark(data="coco8.yaml", imgsz=640, half=True)
+            >>> print(results)
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         from ultralytics.utils.benchmarks import benchmark
@@ -558,66 +691,92 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
 
     def export(
         self,
-        **kwargs,
-    ):
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
         """
         Exports the model to a different format suitable for deployment.
 
         This method facilitates the export of the model to various formats (e.g., ONNX, TorchScript) for deployment
         purposes. It uses the 'Exporter' class for the export process, combining model-specific overrides, method
-        defaults, and any additional arguments provided. The combined arguments are used to configure export settings.
-
-        The method supports a wide range of arguments to customize the export process. For a comprehensive list of all
-        possible arguments, refer to the 'configuration' section in the documentation.
+        defaults, and any additional arguments provided.
 
         Args:
-            **kwargs (any): Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the export process. These are combined with the
-                model's overrides and method defaults.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments to customize the export process. These are combined with
+                the model's overrides and method defaults. Common arguments include:
+                format (str): Export format (e.g., 'onnx', 'engine', 'coreml').
+                half (bool): Export model in half-precision.
+                int8 (bool): Export model in int8 precision.
+                device (str): Device to run the export on.
+                workspace (int): Maximum memory workspace size for TensorRT engines.
+                nms (bool): Add Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) module to model.
+                simplify (bool): Simplify ONNX model.
 
         Returns:
-            (object): The exported model in the specified format, or an object related to the export process.
+            (str): The path to the exported model file.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+            ValueError: If an unsupported export format is specified.
+            RuntimeError: If the export process fails due to errors.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.export(format="onnx", dynamic=True, simplify=True)
+            'path/to/exported/model.onnx'
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         from .exporter import Exporter
 
-        custom = {"imgsz": self.model.args["imgsz"], "batch": 1, "data": None, "verbose": False}  # method defaults
+        custom = {
+            "imgsz": self.model.args["imgsz"],
+            "batch": 1,
+            "data": None,
+            "device": None,  # reset to avoid multi-GPU errors
+            "verbose": False,
+        }  # method defaults
         args = {**self.overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "export"}  # highest priority args on the right
         return Exporter(overrides=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)(model=self.model)
 
     def train(
         self,
         trainer=None,
-        **kwargs,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         """
         Trains the model using the specified dataset and training configuration.
 
-        This method facilitates model training with a range of customizable settings and configurations. It supports
-        training with a custom trainer or the default training approach defined in the method. The method handles
-        different scenarios, such as resuming training from a checkpoint, integrating with Ultralytics HUB, and
-        updating model and configuration after training.
+        This method facilitates model training with a range of customizable settings. It supports training with a
+        custom trainer or the default training approach. The method handles scenarios such as resuming training
+        from a checkpoint, integrating with Ultralytics HUB, and updating model and configuration after training.
 
-        When using Ultralytics HUB, if the session already has a loaded model, the method prioritizes HUB training
-        arguments and issues a warning if local arguments are provided. It checks for pip updates and combines default
-        configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure the training process. After
-        training, it updates the model and its configurations, and optionally attaches metrics.
+        When using Ultralytics HUB, if the session has a loaded model, the method prioritizes HUB training
+        arguments and warns if local arguments are provided. It checks for pip updates and combines default
+        configurations, method-specific defaults, and user-provided arguments to configure the training process.
 
         Args:
-            trainer (BaseTrainer, optional): An instance of a custom trainer class for training the model. If None, the
-                method uses a default trainer. Defaults to None.
-            **kwargs (any): Arbitrary keyword arguments representing the training configuration. These arguments are
-                used to customize various aspects of the training process.
+            trainer (BaseTrainer | None): Custom trainer instance for model training. If None, uses default.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments for training configuration. Common options include:
+                data (str): Path to dataset configuration file.
+                epochs (int): Number of training epochs.
+                batch_size (int): Batch size for training.
+                imgsz (int): Input image size.
+                device (str): Device to run training on (e.g., 'cuda', 'cpu').
+                workers (int): Number of worker threads for data loading.
+                optimizer (str): Optimizer to use for training.
+                lr0 (float): Initial learning rate.
+                patience (int): Epochs to wait for no observable improvement for early stopping of training.
 
         Returns:
-            (dict | None): Training metrics if available and training is successful; otherwise, None.
+            (Dict | None): Training metrics if available and training is successful; otherwise, None.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
             PermissionError: If there is a permission issue with the HUB session.
             ModuleNotFoundError: If the HUB SDK is not installed.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=3)
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         if hasattr(self.session, "model") and self.session.model.id:  # Ultralytics HUB session with loaded model
@@ -628,7 +787,12 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         checks.check_pip_update_available()
 
         overrides = yaml_load(checks.check_yaml(kwargs["cfg"])) if kwargs.get("cfg") else self.overrides
-        custom = {"data": DEFAULT_CFG_DICT["data"] or TASK2DATA[self.task]}  # method defaults
+        custom = {
+            # NOTE: handle the case when 'cfg' includes 'data'.
+            "data": overrides.get("data") or DEFAULT_CFG_DICT["data"] or TASK2DATA[self.task],
+            "model": self.overrides["model"],
+            "task": self.task,
+        }  # method defaults
         args = {**overrides, **custom, **kwargs, "mode": "train"}  # highest priority args on the right
         if args.get("resume"):
             args["resume"] = self.ckpt_path
@@ -638,25 +802,12 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
             self.trainer.model = self.trainer.get_model(weights=self.model if self.ckpt else None, cfg=self.model.yaml)
             self.model = self.trainer.model
 
-            if SETTINGS["hub"] is True and not self.session:
-                # Create a model in HUB
-                try:
-                    self.session = self._get_hub_session(self.model_name)
-                    if self.session:
-                        self.session.create_model(args)
-                        # Check model was created
-                        if not getattr(self.session.model, "id", None):
-                            self.session = None
-                except (PermissionError, ModuleNotFoundError):
-                    # Ignore PermissionError and ModuleNotFoundError which indicates hub-sdk not installed
-                    pass
-
         self.trainer.hub_session = self.session  # attach optional HUB session
         self.trainer.train()
         # Update model and cfg after training
-        if RANK in (-1, 0):
+        if RANK in {-1, 0}:
             ckpt = self.trainer.best if self.trainer.best.exists() else self.trainer.last
-            self.model, _ = attempt_load_one_weight(ckpt)
+            self.model, self.ckpt = attempt_load_one_weight(ckpt)
             self.overrides = self.model.args
             self.metrics = getattr(self.trainer.validator, "metrics", None)  # TODO: no metrics returned by DDP
         return self.metrics
@@ -665,8 +816,8 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         self,
         use_ray=False,
         iterations=10,
-        *args,
-        **kwargs,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         """
         Conducts hyperparameter tuning for the model, with an option to use Ray Tune.
@@ -679,14 +830,19 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         Args:
             use_ray (bool): If True, uses Ray Tune for hyperparameter tuning. Defaults to False.
             iterations (int): The number of tuning iterations to perform. Defaults to 10.
-            *args (list): Variable length argument list for additional arguments.
-            **kwargs (any): Arbitrary keyword arguments. These are combined with the model's overrides and defaults.
+            *args: Variable length argument list for additional arguments.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments. These are combined with the model's overrides and defaults.
 
         Returns:
-            (dict): A dictionary containing the results of the hyperparameter search.
+            (Dict): A dictionary containing the results of the hyperparameter search.
 
         Raises:
             AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> results = model.tune(use_ray=True, iterations=20)
+            >>> print(results)
         """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         if use_ray:
@@ -701,7 +857,27 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
             return Tuner(args=args, _callbacks=self.callbacks)(model=self, iterations=iterations)
 
     def _apply(self, fn) -> "Model":
-        """Apply to(), cpu(), cuda(), half(), float() to model tensors that are not parameters or registered buffers."""
+        """
+        Applies a function to model tensors that are not parameters or registered buffers.
+
+        This method extends the functionality of the parent class's _apply method by additionally resetting the
+        predictor and updating the device in the model's overrides. It's typically used for operations like
+        moving the model to a different device or changing its precision.
+
+        Args:
+            fn (Callable): A function to be applied to the model's tensors. This is typically a method like
+                to(), cpu(), cuda(), half(), or float().
+
+        Returns:
+            (Model): The model instance with the function applied and updated attributes.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the model is not a PyTorch model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model = model._apply(lambda t: t.cuda())  # Move model to GPU
+        """
         self._check_is_pytorch_model()
         self = super()._apply(fn)  # noqa
         self.predictor = None  # reset predictor as device may have changed
@@ -709,30 +885,55 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         return self
 
     @property
-    def names(self) -> list:
+    def names(self) -> Dict[int, str]:
         """
         Retrieves the class names associated with the loaded model.
 
         This property returns the class names if they are defined in the model. It checks the class names for validity
-        using the 'check_class_names' function from the ultralytics.nn.autobackend module.
+        using the 'check_class_names' function from the ultralytics.nn.autobackend module. If the predictor is not
+        initialized, it sets it up before retrieving the names.
 
         Returns:
-            (list | None): The class names of the model if available, otherwise None.
+            (Dict[int, str]): A dict of class names associated with the model.
+
+        Raises:
+            AttributeError: If the model or predictor does not have a 'names' attribute.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> print(model.names)
+            {0: 'person', 1: 'bicycle', 2: 'car', ...}
         """
         from ultralytics.nn.autobackend import check_class_names
 
-        return check_class_names(self.model.names) if hasattr(self.model, "names") else None
+        if hasattr(self.model, "names"):
+            return check_class_names(self.model.names)
+        if not self.predictor:  # export formats will not have predictor defined until predict() is called
+            self.predictor = self._smart_load("predictor")(overrides=self.overrides, _callbacks=self.callbacks)
+            self.predictor.setup_model(model=self.model, verbose=False)
+        return self.predictor.model.names
 
     @property
     def device(self) -> torch.device:
         """
         Retrieves the device on which the model's parameters are allocated.
 
-        This property is used to determine whether the model's parameters are on CPU or GPU. It only applies to models
-        that are instances of nn.Module.
+        This property determines the device (CPU or GPU) where the model's parameters are currently stored. It is
+        applicable only to models that are instances of nn.Module.
 
         Returns:
-            (torch.device | None): The device (CPU/GPU) of the model if it is a PyTorch model, otherwise None.
+            (torch.device): The device (CPU/GPU) of the model.
+
+        Raises:
+            AttributeError: If the model is not a PyTorch nn.Module instance.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> print(model.device)
+            device(type='cuda', index=0)  # if CUDA is available
+            >>> model = model.to("cpu")
+            >>> print(model.device)
+            device(type='cpu')
         """
         return next(self.model.parameters()).device if isinstance(self.model, nn.Module) else None
 
@@ -741,10 +942,20 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         """
         Retrieves the transformations applied to the input data of the loaded model.
 
-        This property returns the transformations if they are defined in the model.
+        This property returns the transformations if they are defined in the model. The transforms
+        typically include preprocessing steps like resizing, normalization, and data augmentation
+        that are applied to input data before it is fed into the model.
 
         Returns:
             (object | None): The transform object of the model if available, otherwise None.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> transforms = model.transforms
+            >>> if transforms:
+            ...     print(f"Model transforms: {transforms}")
+            ... else:
+            ...     print("No transforms defined for this model.")
         """
         return self.model.transforms if hasattr(self.model, "transforms") else None
 
@@ -752,15 +963,25 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         """
         Adds a callback function for a specified event.
 
-        This method allows the user to register a custom callback function that is triggered on a specific event during
-        model training or inference.
+        This method allows registering custom callback functions that are triggered on specific events during
+        model operations such as training or inference. Callbacks provide a way to extend and customize the
+        behavior of the model at various stages of its lifecycle.
 
         Args:
-            event (str): The name of the event to attach the callback to.
-            func (callable): The callback function to be registered.
+            event (str): The name of the event to attach the callback to. Must be a valid event name recognized
+                by the Ultralytics framework.
+            func (Callable): The callback function to be registered. This function will be called when the
+                specified event occurs.
 
         Raises:
-            ValueError: If the event name is not recognized.
+            ValueError: If the event name is not recognized or is invalid.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> def on_train_start(trainer):
+            ...     print("Training is starting!")
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", on_train_start)
+            >>> model.train(data="coco8.yaml", epochs=1)
         """
         self.callbacks[event].append(func)
 
@@ -769,12 +990,26 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         Clears all callback functions registered for a specified event.
 
         This method removes all custom and default callback functions associated with the given event.
+        It resets the callback list for the specified event to an empty list, effectively removing all
+        registered callbacks for that event.
 
         Args:
-            event (str): The name of the event for which to clear the callbacks.
-
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If the event name is not recognized.
+            event (str): The name of the event for which to clear the callbacks. This should be a valid event name
+                recognized by the Ultralytics callback system.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", lambda: print("Training started"))
+            >>> model.clear_callback("on_train_start")
+            >>> # All callbacks for 'on_train_start' are now removed
+
+        Notes:
+            - This method affects both custom callbacks added by the user and default callbacks
+              provided by the Ultralytics framework.
+            - After calling this method, no callbacks will be executed for the specified event
+              until new ones are added.
+            - Use with caution as it removes all callbacks, including essential ones that might
+              be required for proper functioning of certain operations.
         """
         self.callbacks[event] = []
 
@@ -783,14 +1018,45 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
         Resets all callbacks to their default functions.
 
         This method reinstates the default callback functions for all events, removing any custom callbacks that were
-        added previously.
+        previously added. It iterates through all default callback events and replaces the current callbacks with the
+        default ones.
+
+        The default callbacks are defined in the 'callbacks.default_callbacks' dictionary, which contains predefined
+        functions for various events in the model's lifecycle, such as on_train_start, on_epoch_end, etc.
+
+        This method is useful when you want to revert to the original set of callbacks after making custom
+        modifications, ensuring consistent behavior across different runs or experiments.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> model.add_callback("on_train_start", custom_function)
+            >>> model.reset_callbacks()
+            # All callbacks are now reset to their default functions
         """
         for event in callbacks.default_callbacks.keys():
             self.callbacks[event] = [callbacks.default_callbacks[event][0]]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _reset_ckpt_args(args: dict) -> dict:
-        """Reset arguments when loading a PyTorch model."""
+        """
+        Resets specific arguments when loading a PyTorch model checkpoint.
+
+        This static method filters the input arguments dictionary to retain only a specific set of keys that are
+        considered important for model loading. It's used to ensure that only relevant arguments are preserved
+        when loading a model from a checkpoint, discarding any unnecessary or potentially conflicting settings.
+
+        Args:
+            args (dict): A dictionary containing various model arguments and settings.
+
+        Returns:
+            (dict): A new dictionary containing only the specified include keys from the input arguments.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> original_args = {"imgsz": 640, "data": "coco.yaml", "task": "detect", "batch": 16, "epochs": 100}
+            >>> reset_args = Model._reset_ckpt_args(original_args)
+            >>> print(reset_args)
+            {'imgsz': 640, 'data': 'coco.yaml', 'task': 'detect'}
+        """
         include = {"imgsz", "data", "task", "single_cls"}  # only remember these arguments when loading a PyTorch model
         return {k: v for k, v in args.items() if k in include}
 
@@ -800,7 +1066,31 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
     #    raise AttributeError(f"'{name}' object has no attribute '{attr}'. See valid attributes below.\n{self.__doc__}")
 
     def _smart_load(self, key: str):
-        """Load model/trainer/validator/predictor."""
+        """
+        Loads the appropriate module based on the model task.
+
+        This method dynamically selects and returns the correct module (model, trainer, validator, or predictor)
+        based on the current task of the model and the provided key. It uses the task_map attribute to determine
+        the correct module to load.
+
+        Args:
+            key (str): The type of module to load. Must be one of 'model', 'trainer', 'validator', or 'predictor'.
+
+        Returns:
+            (object): The loaded module corresponding to the specified key and current task.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If the specified key is not supported for the current task.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model(task="detect")
+            >>> predictor = model._smart_load("predictor")
+            >>> trainer = model._smart_load("trainer")
+
+        Notes:
+            - This method is typically used internally by other methods of the Model class.
+            - The task_map attribute should be properly initialized with the correct mappings for each task.
+        """
         try:
             return self.task_map[self.task][key]
         except Exception as e:
@@ -813,9 +1103,71 @@ class Model(nn.Module):
     @property
     def task_map(self) -> dict:
         """
-        Map head to model, trainer, validator, and predictor classes.
+        Provides a mapping from model tasks to corresponding classes for different modes.
+
+        This property method returns a dictionary that maps each supported task (e.g., detect, segment, classify)
+        to a nested dictionary. The nested dictionary contains mappings for different operational modes
+        (model, trainer, validator, predictor) to their respective class implementations.
+
+        The mapping allows for dynamic loading of appropriate classes based on the model's task and the
+        desired operational mode. This facilitates a flexible and extensible architecture for handling
+        various tasks and modes within the Ultralytics framework.
 
         Returns:
-            task_map (dict): The map of model task to mode classes.
+            (Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]): A dictionary where keys are task names (str) and values are
+            nested dictionaries. Each nested dictionary has keys 'model', 'trainer', 'validator', and
+            'predictor', mapping to their respective class implementations.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = Model()
+            >>> task_map = model.task_map
+            >>> detect_class_map = task_map["detect"]
+            >>> segment_class_map = task_map["segment"]
+
+        Note:
+            The actual implementation of this method may vary depending on the specific tasks and
+            classes supported by the Ultralytics framework. The docstring provides a general
+            description of the expected behavior and structure.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError("Please provide task map for your model!")
+
+    def eval(self):
+        """
+        Sets the model to evaluation mode.
+
+        This method changes the model's mode to evaluation, which affects layers like dropout and batch normalization
+        that behave differently during training and evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            (Model): The model instance with evaluation mode set.
+
+        Examples:
+            >> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >> model.eval()
+        """
+        self.model.eval()
+        return self
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        """
+        Enables accessing model attributes directly through the Model class.
+
+        This method provides a way to access attributes of the underlying model directly through the Model class
+        instance. It first checks if the requested attribute is 'model', in which case it returns the model from
+        the module dictionary. Otherwise, it delegates the attribute lookup to the underlying model.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The name of the attribute to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            (Any): The requested attribute value.
+
+        Raises:
+            AttributeError: If the requested attribute does not exist in the model.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> model = YOLO("yolo11n.pt")
+            >>> print(model.stride)
+            >>> print(model.task)
+        """
+        return self._modules["model"] if name == "model" else getattr(self.model, name)