passagemath-schemes 10.8.1a4__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/hecke/hecke_operator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.libs.flint sage.libs.pari
+"""
+Hecke operators
+"""
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2004 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from sage.structure.element import AlgebraElement
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp, rich_to_bool
+from sage.categories.homset import End
+import sage.arith.misc as arith
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+
+from . import algebra
+from . import morphism
+
+
+class HeckeAlgebraElement(AlgebraElement):
+    r"""
+    Base class for elements of Hecke algebras.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent) -> None:
+        r"""
+        Create an element of a Hecke algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = ModularForms(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_algebra()
+            sage: sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement(R)  # please don't do this!
+            Generic element of a structure
+        """
+        if not isinstance(parent, algebra.HeckeAlgebra_base):
+            raise TypeError("parent (=%s) must be a Hecke algebra" % parent)
+        AlgebraElement.__init__(self, parent)
+
+    def domain(self):
+        r"""
+        The domain of this operator. This is the Hecke module associated to the
+        parent Hecke algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = ModularForms(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_algebra()
+            sage: sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement(R).domain()
+            Modular Forms space of dimension 3 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(7)
+             of weight 4 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.parent().module()
+
+    def codomain(self):
+        r"""
+        The codomain of this operator. This is the Hecke module associated to the
+        parent Hecke algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = ModularForms(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_algebra()
+            sage: sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement(R).codomain()
+            Modular Forms space of dimension 3 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(7)
+             of weight 4 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.parent().module()
+
+    def hecke_module_morphism(self):
+        """
+        Return the endomorphism of Hecke modules defined by the matrix
+        attached to this Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(13))
+            sage: t = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: t
+            Hecke operator T_2 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 15 for Gamma_1(13)
+             of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: t.hecke_module_morphism()
+            Hecke module morphism T_2 defined by the matrix
+            [ 2  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  1  0  0  0  0]
+            [ 0  2  0  1  0  1  0  0 -1  0  0  0  0  0  1]
+            [ 0  1  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 -1  1  0  0]
+            [ 1  0  0  2  0 -1  1  0  1  0 -1  1 -1  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  1  0  2  0 -1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1 -2  2 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  2 -1  0 -1  0  0  0  0  1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  1  0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0 -1  0  2 -1  0  2 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  1  0  0 -1  0  1 -1  2  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  2  0  0 -1 -1  1 -1  0  1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  0  0  0 -1  1  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  1 -1  2  0  0  0 -1]
+            [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0 -1  2  0 -1]
+            Domain:   Modular Symbols space of dimension 15 for Gamma_1(13) of weight ...
+            Codomain: Modular Symbols space of dimension 15 for Gamma_1(13) of weight ...
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__hecke_module_morphism
+        except AttributeError:
+            T = self.matrix()
+            M = self.domain()
+            H = End(M)
+            if isinstance(self, HeckeOperator):
+                name = "T_%s" % self.index()
+            else:
+                name = ""
+            self.__hecke_module_morphism = morphism.HeckeModuleMorphism_matrix(H, T, name)
+            return self.__hecke_module_morphism
+
+    def _add_(self, other):
+        """
+        Add ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
+            sage: t = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: t
+            Hecke operator T_2 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: t + t # indirect doctest
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [ 6  0 -2]
+            [ 0 -4  0]
+            [ 0  0 -4]
+
+        We can also add Hecke operators with different indexes::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(6),4)
+            sage: t2 = M.hecke_operator(2); t3 = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: t2 + t3
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_1(6) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [   35     0     0   8/5   8/5 -16/5]
+            [    4    28     0 -19/5 -19/5  38/5]
+            [   18     0     9    -6     8    -2]
+            [    0    18     4 -23/5 -13/5  46/5]
+            [    0    18     4   2/5 -38/5  46/5]
+            [    0    18     4   2/5 -13/5  21/5]
+            sage: (t2 - t3).charpoly('x')
+            x^6 + 36*x^5 + 104*x^4 - 3778*x^3 + 7095*x^2 - 3458*x
+        """
+        return self.parent()(self.matrix() + other.matrix(), check=False)
+
+    def __call__(self, x):
+        """
+        Apply this Hecke operator to `x`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11); t2 = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: t2(M.gen(0))
+            3*(1,0) - (1,9)
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: t2 = M.hecke_operator(2); t3 = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: t3(t2(M.gen(0)))
+            12*(1,0) - 2*(1,9)
+            sage: (t3*t2)(M.gen(0))
+            12*(1,0) - 2*(1,9)
+        """
+        T = self.hecke_module_morphism()
+        return T(x)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, left):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11); t2 = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: 2*t2
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [ 6  0 -2]
+            [ 0 -4  0]
+            [ 0  0 -4]
+        """
+        return self.parent()(left * self.matrix())
+
+    def _sub_(self, other):
+        """
+        Compute the difference of ``self`` and ``other``, where ``other`` has
+        already been coerced into the parent of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(6),4)
+            sage: t2 = M.hecke_operator(2); t3 = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: t2 - t3 # indirect doctest
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_1(6) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [  -19     0     0  -4/5  -4/5   8/5]
+            [    4   -26     0  17/5  17/5 -34/5]
+            [  -18     0     7 -18/5  12/5   6/5]
+            [    0   -18     4   3/5  23/5 -26/5]
+            [    0   -18     4  -2/5  28/5 -26/5]
+            [    0   -18     4  -2/5  23/5 -21/5]
+        """
+        return self.parent()(self.matrix() - other.matrix(), check=False)
+
+    def apply_sparse(self, x):
+        """
+        Apply this Hecke operator to x, where we avoid computing the matrix
+        of x if possible.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(23)
+            sage: T.apply_sparse(M.gen(0))
+            24*(1,0) - 5*(1,9)
+        """
+        if x not in self.domain():
+            raise TypeError("x (=%s) must be in %s" % (x, self.domain()))
+        # Generic implementation which doesn't actually do anything
+        # special regarding sparseness.  Override this for speed.
+        T = self.hecke_module_morphism()
+        return T(x)
+
+    def charpoly(self, var='x'):
+        """
+        Return the characteristic polynomial of this Hecke operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``var`` -- string (default: ``'x'``)
+
+        OUTPUT: a monic polynomial in the given variable
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(6),4)
+            sage: M.hecke_operator(2).charpoly('x')
+            x^6 - 14*x^5 + 29*x^4 + 172*x^3 - 124*x^2 - 320*x + 256
+        """
+        return self.matrix().charpoly(var)
+
+    def decomposition(self):
+        """
+        Decompose the Hecke module under the action of this Hecke
+        operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
+            sage: t2 = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: t2.decomposition()
+            [Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field,
+             Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 2 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field]
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(33, sign=1).new_submodule()
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: T.decomposition()
+            [Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_0(33) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field,
+             Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 6 for Gamma_0(33) of weight 2 with sign 1 over Rational Field]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__decomposition
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        if isinstance(self, HeckeOperator) and \
+           arith.gcd(self.index(), self.domain().level()) == 1:
+            D = self.hecke_module_morphism().decomposition(is_diagonalizable=True)
+        else:
+            # TODO: There are other weaker hypotheses that imply diagonalizability.
+            D = self.hecke_module_morphism().decomposition()
+        D.sort()
+        D.set_immutable()
+        self.__decomposition = D
+        return D
+
+    def det(self):
+        """
+        Return the determinant of this Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(23)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: T.det()
+            100
+        """
+        return self.hecke_module_morphism().det()
+
+    def fcp(self, var='x'):
+        """
+        Return the factorization of the characteristic polynomial of this
+        Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(23)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: T.fcp('x')
+            (x - 4) * (x^2 - 5)^2
+        """
+        return self.hecke_module_morphism().fcp(var)
+
+    def image(self):
+        """
+        Return the image of this Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(23)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: T.fcp('x')
+            (x - 4) * (x^2 - 5)^2
+            sage: T.image()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 5 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: (T-4).image()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: (T**2-5).image()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.hecke_module_morphism().image()
+
+    def kernel(self):
+        """
+        Return the kernel of this Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(23)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: T.fcp('x')
+            (x - 4) * (x^2 - 5)^2
+            sage: T.kernel()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 0 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: (T-4).kernel()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 1 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: (T**2-5).kernel()
+            Modular Symbols subspace of dimension 4 of Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(23) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.hecke_module_morphism().kernel()
+
+    def trace(self):
+        """
+        Return the trace of this Hecke operator.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(2)
+            sage: T.trace()
+            2001
+        """
+        return self.hecke_module_morphism().trace()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, ij):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(2).matrix_form()
+            sage: T[0,0]
+            -24
+        """
+        return self.matrix()[ij]
+
+
+class HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix(HeckeAlgebraElement):
+    r"""
+    An element of the Hecke algebra represented by a matrix.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, A):
+        r"""
+        Initialise an element from a matrix. This *must* be over the base ring
+        of ``self`` and have the right size.
+
+        This is a bit overkill as similar checks will be performed by the call
+        and coerce methods of the parent of self, but it can't hurt to be
+        paranoid. Any fancy coercion / base_extension / etc happens there, not
+        here.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: T = ModularForms(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_algebra()
+            sage: M = sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix(T, matrix(QQ,3,[2,3,0,1,2,3,7,8,9])); M
+            Hecke operator on Modular Forms space of dimension 3 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(7) of weight 4 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [2 3 0]
+            [1 2 3]
+            [7 8 9]
+            sage: loads(dumps(M)) == M
+            True
+            sage: sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix(T, matrix(Integers(2),3,[2,3,0,1,2,3,7,8,9]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: base ring of matrix (Ring of integers modulo 2) does not match base ring of space (Rational Field)
+            sage: sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix(T, matrix(QQ,2,[2,3,0,1]))
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: A must be a square matrix of rank 3
+        """
+        HeckeAlgebraElement.__init__(self, parent)
+        from sage.structure.element import Matrix
+        if not isinstance(A, Matrix):
+            raise TypeError("A must be a matrix")
+        if not A.base_ring() == self.parent().base_ring():
+            raise TypeError("base ring of matrix (%s) does not match base ring of space (%s)" % (A.base_ring(), self.parent().base_ring()))
+        if not A.nrows() == A.ncols() == self.parent().module().rank():
+            raise TypeError("A must be a square matrix of rank %s" % self.parent().module().rank())
+        self.__matrix = A
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``, where the coercion model has already ensured
+        that ``other`` has the same parent as ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = ModularForms(SL2Z, 12).hecke_algebra()
+            sage: m = T(matrix(QQ, 2, [1,2,0,1]), check=False); n = T.hecke_operator(14)
+            sage: m == n
+            False
+            sage: m == n.matrix_form()
+            False
+            sage: n.matrix_form() == T(matrix(QQ, 2, [401856,0,0,4051542498456]), check=False)
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix):
+            if isinstance(other, HeckeOperator):
+                return richcmp(self, other.matrix_form(), op)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("Bug in coercion code")  # can't get here
+
+        return richcmp(self.__matrix, other.__matrix, op)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: M.hecke_operator(2).matrix_form()._repr_()
+            'Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 12 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:\n[ -24    0    0]\n[   0  -24    0]\n[4860    0 2049]'
+            sage: ModularForms(Gamma0(100)).hecke_operator(4).matrix_form()._repr_()
+            'Hecke operator on Modular Forms space of dimension 24 for Congruence Subgroup Gamma0(100) of weight 2 over Rational Field defined by:\n24 x 24 dense matrix over Rational Field'
+        """
+        return "Hecke operator on %s defined by:\n%r" % (self.parent().module(), self.__matrix)
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        Latex representation of ``self`` (just prints the matrix).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: M.hecke_operator(2).matrix_form()._latex_()
+            '\\left(\\begin{array}{rrr}\n-24 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & -24 & 0 \\\\\n4860 & 0 & 2049\n\\end{array}\\right)'
+        """
+        return self.__matrix._latex_()
+
+    def matrix(self):
+        """
+        Return the matrix that defines this Hecke algebra element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(2).matrix_form()
+            sage: T.matrix()
+            [ -24    0    0]
+            [   0  -24    0]
+            [4860    0 2049]
+        """
+        return self.__matrix
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Multiply ``self`` by ``other`` (which has already been coerced into an element
+        of the parent of ``self``).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(1,12)
+            sage: T = M.hecke_operator(2).matrix_form()
+            sage: T * T # indirect doctest
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(1) of weight 12 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [    576       0       0]
+            [      0     576       0]
+            [9841500       0 4198401]
+        """
+        return self.parent()(other.matrix() * self.matrix(), check=False)
+
+
+class DiamondBracketOperator(HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix):
+    r"""
+    The diamond bracket operator `\langle d \rangle` for some `d \in \ZZ /
+    N\ZZ` (which need not be a unit, although if it is not, the operator will
+    be zero).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, d):
+        r"""
+        Standard init function.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma1(5),6)
+            sage: d = M.diamond_bracket_operator(2); d # indirect doctest
+            Diamond bracket operator <2> on Modular Symbols space of dimension 10 for Gamma_1(5) of weight 6 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: type(d)
+            <class 'sage.modular.hecke.hecke_operator.DiamondBracketOperator'>
+            sage: d.matrix()
+            [    0     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0]
+            [    1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0]
+            [    0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0]
+            [    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     0     1]
+            [    0     0     0     0     0     0     0     1     0     0]
+            [    0     0 17/16 11/16  -3/4    -1 17/16  -3/4     0 11/16]
+            [    0     0     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0]
+            [    0     0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0     0]
+            [    0     0  -1/2   1/2     1     0  -1/2     1    -1   1/2]
+            [    0     0     0     1     0     0     0     0     0     0]
+            sage: d**4 == 1
+            True
+        """
+        self.__d = d
+        A = parent.diamond_bracket_matrix(d)
+        HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix.__init__(self, parent, A)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma1(5), 6).diamond_bracket_operator(2)._repr_()
+            'Diamond bracket operator <2> on Modular Symbols space of dimension 10 for Gamma_1(5) of weight 6 with sign 0 over Rational Field'
+        """
+        return "Diamond bracket operator <%s> on %s" % (self.__d, self.domain())
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: latex(ModularSymbols(Gamma1(5), 12).diamond_bracket_operator(2)) # indirect doctest
+            \langle 2 \rangle
+        """
+        return r"\langle %s \rangle" % self.__d
+
+
+class HeckeOperator(HeckeAlgebraElement):
+    r"""
+    The Hecke operator `T_n` for some `n` (which need not be coprime to the
+    level). The matrix is not computed until it is needed.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, n):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
+            sage: H = M.hecke_operator(2005); H
+            Hecke operator T_2005 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: H == loads(dumps(H))
+            True
+
+        We create a Hecke operator of large index (greater than 32 bits)::
+
+            sage: M1 =  ModularSymbols(21,2)
+            sage: M1.hecke_operator(13^9)
+            Hecke operator T_10604499373 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 5 for Gamma_0(21) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+        """
+        HeckeAlgebraElement.__init__(self, parent)
+        if not isinstance(n, (int, Integer)):
+            raise TypeError("n must be an int")
+        self.__n = int(n)
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` and ``other`` (where the coercion model has already ensured
+        that ``self`` and ``other`` have the same parent). Hecke operators on the same
+        space compare as equal if and only if their matrices are equal, so we
+        check if the indices are the same and if not we compute the matrices
+        (which is potentially expensive).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(Gamma0(7), 4)
+            sage: m = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: m == m
+            True
+            sage: m == 2*m
+            False
+            sage: m == M.hecke_operator(5)
+            False
+
+        These last two tests involve a coercion::
+
+            sage: m == m.matrix_form()
+            True
+            sage: m == m.matrix()
+            False
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, HeckeOperator):
+            if isinstance(other, HeckeAlgebraElement_matrix):
+                return richcmp(self.matrix_form(), other, op)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("Bug in coercion code")  # can't get here
+
+        if self.__n == other.__n:
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 0)
+        return richcmp(self.matrix(), other.matrix(), op)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_operator(6)._repr_()
+            'Hecke operator T_6 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 4 for Gamma_0(7) of weight 4 with sign 0 over Rational Field'
+        """
+        return "Hecke operator T_%s on %s" % (self.__n, self.domain())
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ModularSymbols(Gamma0(7), 4).hecke_operator(6)._latex_()
+            'T_{6}'
+        """
+        return "T_{%s}" % self.__n
+
+    def _mul_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Multiply this Hecke operator by another element of the same algebra.
+
+        If the other element is of the form `T_m` for some m, we check
+        whether the product is equal to `T_{mn}` and return that; if
+        the product is not (easily seen to be) of the form `T_{mn}`,
+        then we calculate the product of the two matrices and return a
+        Hecke algebra element defined by that.
+
+        EXAMPLES: We create the space of modular symbols of level
+        `11` and weight `2`, then compute `T_2`
+        and `T_3` on it, along with their composition.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: M = ModularSymbols(11)
+            sage: t2 = M.hecke_operator(2); t3 = M.hecke_operator(3)
+            sage: t2*t3 # indirect doctest
+            Hecke operator T_6 on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field
+            sage: t3.matrix() * t2.matrix()
+            [12  0 -2]
+            [ 0  2  0]
+            [ 0  0  2]
+            sage: (t2*t3).matrix()
+            [12  0 -2]
+            [ 0  2  0]
+            [ 0  0  2]
+
+        When we compute `T_2^5` the result is not (easily seen to
+        be) a Hecke operator of the form `T_n`, so it is returned
+        as a Hecke module homomorphism defined as a matrix::
+
+            sage: t2**5
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [243   0 -55]
+            [  0 -32   0]
+            [  0   0 -32]
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, HeckeOperator) and other.parent() == self.parent():
+            n = None
+            if arith.gcd(self.__n, other.__n) == 1:
+                n = self.__n * other.__n
+            else:
+                P = set(arith.prime_divisors(self.domain().level()))
+                if P.issubset(set(arith.prime_divisors(self.__n))) and \
+                   P.issubset(set(arith.prime_divisors(other.__n))):
+                    n = self.__n * other.__n
+            if n:
+                return HeckeOperator(self.parent(), n)
+        # otherwise
+        return self.matrix_form() * other
+
+    def index(self):
+        """
+        Return the index of this Hecke operator, i.e., if this Hecke
+        operator is `T_n`, return the int `n`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = ModularSymbols(11).hecke_operator(17)
+            sage: T.index()
+            17
+        """
+        return self.__n
+
+    def matrix(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return the matrix underlying this Hecke operator.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: T = ModularSymbols(11).hecke_operator(17)
+            sage: T.matrix()
+            [18  0 -4]
+            [ 0 -2  0]
+            [ 0  0 -2]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__matrix
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__matrix = self.parent().hecke_matrix(self.__n, *args, **kwds)
+            return self.__matrix
+
+    def matrix_form(self):
+        """
+        Return the matrix form of this element of a Hecke algebra.
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: T = ModularSymbols(11).hecke_operator(17)
+            sage: T.matrix_form()
+            Hecke operator on Modular Symbols space of dimension 3 for Gamma_0(11) of weight 2 with sign 0 over Rational Field defined by:
+            [18  0 -4]
+            [ 0 -2  0]
+            [ 0  0 -2]
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__matrix_form
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__matrix_form = self.parent()(self.matrix(), check=False)
+            return self.__matrix_form