passagemath-schemes 10.8.1a4__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/modular/quatalg/brandt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1642 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-schemes
+r"""
+Brandt modules
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+The construction of Brandt modules provides us with a method to
+compute modular forms, as outlined in Pizer's paper [Piz1980]_.
+
+Given a prime number `p` and a positive integer `M` with `p\nmid M`,
+the *Brandt module* `B(p, M)` is the free abelian group on right ideal
+classes of a quaternion order of level `pM` in the quaternion algebra
+ramified precisely at the places `p` and `\infty`. This Brandt module
+carries a natural Hecke action given by Brandt matrices. There exists
+a non-canonical Hecke algebra isomorphism between `B(p, M)` and a
+certain subspace of `S_{2}(\Gamma_0(pM))` containing the newforms.
+
+Quaternion Algebras
+-------------------
+
+A quaternion algebra over `\QQ` is a central simple algebra of
+dimension 4 over `\QQ`. Such an algebra `A` is said to be ramified at
+a place `v` of `\QQ` if and only if `A \otimes \QQ_v` is a division
+algebra. Otherwise `A` is said to be split at `v`.
+
+``A = QuaternionAlgebra(p)`` returns the quaternion algebra `A` over
+`\QQ` ramified precisely at the places `p` and `\infty`.
+
+``A = QuaternionAlgebra(a, b)`` returns the quaternion algebra `A`
+over `\QQ` with basis `\{1, i, j, k\}` such that `i^2 = a`, `j^2 = b`
+and `ij = -ji = k.`
+
+An order `R` in a quaternion algebra `A` over `\QQ` is a 4-dimensional
+lattice in `A` which is also a subring containing the identity.  A
+maximal order is one that is not properly contained in another order.
+
+A particularly important kind of orders are those that have a level;
+see Definition 1.2 in [Piz1980]_.  This is a positive integer `N` such
+that every prime that ramifies in `A` divides `N` to an odd power.
+The maximal orders are those that have level equal to the discriminant
+of `A`.
+
+``R = A.maximal_order()`` returns a maximal order `R` in the quaternion
+algebra `A.`
+
+A right `\mathcal{O}`-ideal `I` is a lattice in `A` such that for
+every prime `p` there exists `a_p\in A_p^*` with `I_p =
+a_p\mathcal{O}_p`. Two right `\mathcal{O}`-ideals `I` and `J` are said
+to belong to the same class if `I=aJ` for some `a \in A^*`. Left
+`\mathcal{O}`-ideals are defined in a similar fashion.
+
+The right order of `I` is the subring of `A` consisting of elements
+`a` with `Ia \subseteq I`.
+
+Brandt Modules
+--------------
+
+``B = BrandtModule(p, M=1)`` returns the Brandt module associated to
+the prime number `p` and the integer `M`, with `p` not dividing `M`.
+
+``A = B.quaternion_algebra()`` returns the quaternion algebra attached
+to `B`; this is the quaternion algebra over `\QQ` ramified exactly at
+`p` and `\infty`.
+
+``O = B.order_of_level_N()`` returns an order `\mathcal{O}` of level
+`N = pM` in `A`.
+
+``B.right_ideals()`` returns a tuple of representatives for all right
+ideal classes of `\mathcal{O}`.
+
+The implementation of this method is especially interesting. It
+depends on the construction of a Hecke module defined as a free
+abelian group on right ideal classes of a quaternion algebra with the
+following action:
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    T_n[I] = \sum_{\phi} [J]
+
+where `(n,pM)=1` and the sum is over cyclic `\mathcal{O}`-module
+homomorphisms `\phi\colon I\rightarrow J` of degree `n` up to
+isomorphism of `J`. Equivalently one can sum over the inclusions of
+the submodules `J \rightarrow n^{-1}I`. The rough idea is to start
+with the trivial ideal class containing the order `\mathcal{O}`
+itself. Using the method ``cyclic_submodules(self, I, q)`` one then
+repeatedly computes `T_q([\mathcal{O}])` for some prime `q` not
+dividing the level of `\mathcal{O}` and tests for equivalence among
+the resulting ideals. A theorem of Serre asserts that one gets a
+complete set of ideal class representatives after a finite number of
+repetitions.
+
+One can prove that two ideals `I` and `J` are equivalent if and only
+if there exists an element `\alpha \in I \overline{J}` such
+`N(\alpha)=N(I)N(J)`.
+
+``is_right_equivalent(I,J)`` returns true if `I` and `J` are equivalent. This
+method first compares the theta series of `I` and `J`. If they are the
+same, it computes the theta series of the lattice `I\overline(J)`. It
+returns true if the `n`-th coefficient of this series is nonzero
+where `n=N(J)N(I)`.
+
+The theta series of a lattice `L` over the quaternion algebra `A` is
+defined as
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \theta_L(q)=\sum_{x \in L} q^{\frac{N(x)}{N(L)}}
+
+``L.theta_series(T,q)`` returns a power series representing `\theta_L(q)`
+up to a precision of `\mathcal{O}(q^{T+1})`.
+
+
+Hecke Structure
+---------------
+
+The Hecke structure defined on the Brandt module is given by the
+Brandt matrices which can be computed using the definition of the
+Hecke operators given earlier.
+
+``hecke_matrix_from_defn(self,n)`` returns the matrix of the `n`-th Hecke
+operator `B_{0}(n)` acting on self, computed directly from the
+definition.
+
+However, one can efficiently compute Brandt matrices using theta
+series. In fact, let `\{I_{1},.....,I_{h}\}` be a set of right
+`\mathcal{O}`-ideal class representatives. The (i,j) entry in the
+Brandt matrix `B_{0}(n)` is the product of the `n`-th coefficient in
+the theta series of the lattice `I_{i}\overline{I_{j}}` and the first
+coefficient in the theta series of the lattice
+`I_{i}\overline{I_{i}}`.
+
+``compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(self,n)`` returns the `n`-th Hecke matrix,
+computed using theta series.
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: B = BrandtModule(23)
+
+    sage: B.maximal_order()
+    Order of Quaternion Algebra (-1, -23) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*j, 1/2*i + 1/2*k, j, k)
+
+    sage: B.right_ideals()
+    (Fractional ideal (4, 4*i, 2 + 2*j, 2*i + 2*k),
+         Fractional ideal (8, 8*i, 2 + 2*j, 6*i + 2*k),
+         Fractional ideal (16, 16*i, 10 + 8*i + 2*j, 8 + 6*i + 2*k))
+
+    sage: B.hecke_matrix(2)
+    [1 2 0]
+    [1 1 1]
+    [0 3 0]
+
+    sage: B.brandt_series(3)
+    [1/4 + q + q^2 + O(q^3)     1/4 + q^2 + O(q^3)           1/4 + O(q^3)]
+    [  1/2 + 2*q^2 + O(q^3) 1/2 + q + q^2 + O(q^3)   1/2 + 3*q^2 + O(q^3)]
+    [          1/6 + O(q^3)     1/6 + q^2 + O(q^3)       1/6 + q + O(q^3)]
+
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [Piz1980]_
+- [Koh2000]_
+
+Further Examples
+----------------
+
+We decompose a Brandt module over both `\ZZ` and `\QQ`. ::
+
+    sage: B = BrandtModule(43, base_ring=ZZ); B
+    Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 43 of weight 2 over Integer Ring
+    sage: D = B.decomposition()
+    sage: D
+    [Subspace of dimension 1 of Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 43 of weight 2 over Integer Ring,
+     Subspace of dimension 1 of Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 43 of weight 2 over Integer Ring,
+     Subspace of dimension 2 of Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 43 of weight 2 over Integer Ring]
+    sage: D[0].basis()
+    ((0, 0, 1, -1),)
+    sage: D[1].basis()
+    ((1, 2, 2, 2),)
+    sage: D[2].basis()
+    ((1, 1, -1, -1), (0, 2, -1, -1))
+    sage: B = BrandtModule(43, base_ring=QQ); B
+    Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 43 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+    sage: B.decomposition()[2].basis()
+    ((1, 0, -1/2, -1/2), (0, 1, -1/2, -1/2))
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Jon Bober
+- Alia Hamieh
+- Victoria de Quehen
+- William Stein
+- Gonzalo Tornaria
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2009 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.arith.misc import gcd, prime_divisors, kronecker, next_prime
+from sage.categories.commutative_rings import CommutativeRings
+from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+from sage.misc.verbose import verbose
+from sage.modular.dirichlet import TrivialCharacter
+from sage.modular.hecke.ambient_module import AmbientHeckeModule
+from sage.modular.hecke.element import HeckeModuleElement
+from sage.modular.hecke.submodule import HeckeSubmodule
+from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import GF
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.rings.power_series_ring import PowerSeriesRing
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+from sage.structure.richcmp import richcmp, richcmp_method
+
+lazy_import('sage.algebras.quatalg.quaternion_algebra', ['QuaternionAlgebra', 'basis_for_quaternion_lattice'])
+lazy_import('sage.algebras.quatalg.quaternion_algebra_cython', 'rational_matrix_from_rational_quaternions')
+
+
+cache = {}
+
+
+def BrandtModule(N, M=1, weight=2, base_ring=QQ, use_cache=True):
+    """
+    Return the Brandt module of given weight associated to the prime
+    power `p^r` and integer `M`, where `p` and `M` are coprime.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``N`` -- a product of primes with odd exponents
+    - ``M`` -- integer coprime to `q` (default: 1)
+    - ``weight`` -- integer that is at least 2 (default: 2)
+    - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring (default: ``QQ``)
+    - ``use_cache`` -- whether to use the cache (default: ``True``)
+
+    OUTPUT: a Brandt module
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: BrandtModule(17)
+        Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 17 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        sage: BrandtModule(17,15)
+        Brandt module of dimension 32 of level 17*15 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        sage: BrandtModule(3,7)
+        Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 3*7 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        sage: BrandtModule(3,weight=2)
+        Brandt module of dimension 1 of level 3 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        sage: BrandtModule(11, base_ring=ZZ)
+        Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 11 of weight 2 over Integer Ring
+        sage: BrandtModule(11, base_ring=QQbar)
+        Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 11 of weight 2 over Algebraic Field
+
+    The ``use_cache`` option determines whether the Brandt module returned
+    by this function is cached::
+
+        sage: BrandtModule(37) is BrandtModule(37)
+        True
+        sage: BrandtModule(37,use_cache=False) is BrandtModule(37,use_cache=False)
+        False
+
+    TESTS:
+
+    Note that `N` and `M` must be coprime::
+
+        sage: BrandtModule(3,15)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: M must be coprime to N
+
+    Only weight 2 is currently implemented::
+
+        sage: BrandtModule(3,weight=4)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: weight != 2 not yet implemented
+
+    Brandt modules are cached::
+
+        sage: B = BrandtModule(3,5,2,ZZ)
+        sage: B is BrandtModule(3,5,2,ZZ)
+        True
+    """
+    N, M, weight = Integer(N), Integer(M), Integer(weight)
+    if not N.is_prime():
+        raise NotImplementedError("Brandt modules currently only implemented when N is a prime")
+    if M < 1:
+        raise ValueError("M must be positive")
+    if M.gcd(N) != 1:
+        raise ValueError("M must be coprime to N")
+    if weight < 2:
+        raise ValueError("weight must be at least 2")
+    if base_ring not in CommutativeRings():
+        raise TypeError("base_ring must be a commutative ring")
+    key = (N, M, weight, base_ring)
+    if use_cache:
+        if key in cache:  # TODO: re-enable caching!
+            return cache[key]
+    if weight != 2:
+        raise NotImplementedError("weight != 2 not yet implemented")
+    B = BrandtModule_class(*key)
+    if use_cache:
+        cache[key] = B
+    return B
+
+
+def class_number(p, r, M):
+    r"""
+    Return the class number of an order of level `N = p^r M` in the
+    quaternion algebra over `\QQ` ramified precisely at `p` and infinity.
+
+    This is an implementation of Theorem 1.12 of [Piz1980]_.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``p`` -- a prime
+    - ``r`` -- an odd positive integer (default: 1)
+    - ``M`` -- integer coprime to `q` (default: 1)
+
+    OUTPUT: integer
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.class_number(389,1,1)
+        33
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.class_number(389,1,2)  # TODO -- right?
+        97
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.class_number(389,3,1)  # TODO -- right?
+        4892713
+    """
+    N = M * p**r
+    D = prime_divisors(M)
+    s = 0
+    t = 0
+    if N % 4:
+        s = (1 - kronecker(-4, p)) / 4 * prod(1 + kronecker(-4, q) for q in D)
+    if N % 9:
+        t = (1 - kronecker(-3, p)) / 3 * prod(1 + kronecker(-3, q) for q in D)
+    h = (N / Integer(12)) * (1 - 1 / p) * prod(1 + 1 / q for q in D) + s + t
+    return Integer(h)
+
+
+def maximal_order(A):
+    """
+    Return a maximal order in the quaternion algebra ramified
+    at `p` and infinity.
+
+    This is an implementation of Proposition 5.2 of [Piz1980]_.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``A`` -- quaternion algebra ramified precisely at `p` and infinity
+
+    OUTPUT: a maximal order in `A`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: A = BrandtModule(17).quaternion_algebra()
+
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.maximal_order(A)
+        doctest:...:  DeprecationWarning: The function maximal_order() is deprecated, use the maximal_order() method of quaternion algebras
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37090 for details.
+        Order of Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*i, 1/2*j - 1/2*k, -1/3*i + 1/3*k, -k)
+
+        sage: A = QuaternionAlgebra(17,names='i,j,k')
+        sage: A.maximal_order()
+        Order of Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*i, 1/2*j - 1/2*k, -1/3*i + 1/3*k, -k)
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37090, "The function maximal_order() is deprecated, use the maximal_order() method of quaternion algebras")
+    return A.maximal_order()
+
+
+def basis_for_left_ideal(R, gens):
+    """
+    Return a basis for the left ideal of `R` with given generators.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- quaternion order
+    - ``gens`` -- list of elements of `R`
+
+    OUTPUT: list of four elements of `R`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: B = BrandtModule(17); A = B.quaternion_algebra(); i,j,k = A.gens()
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.basis_for_left_ideal(B.maximal_order(), [i+j,i-j,2*k,A(3)])
+        doctest:...:  DeprecationWarning: The function basis_for_left_ideal() is deprecated, use the _left_ideal_basis() method of quaternion algebras
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37090 for details.
+        [1, 1/2 + 1/2*i, j, 1/3*i + 1/2*j + 1/6*k]
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.basis_for_left_ideal(B.maximal_order(), [3*(i+j),3*(i-j),6*k,A(3)])
+        [3, 3/2 + 3/2*i, 3*j, i + 3/2*j + 1/2*k]
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37090, "The function basis_for_left_ideal() is deprecated, use the _left_ideal_basis() method of quaternion algebras")
+    return R._left_ideal_basis(gens)
+
+
+def right_order(R, basis):
+    """
+    Given a basis for a left ideal `I`, return the right order in the
+    quaternion order `R` of elements `x` such that `I x` is contained in `I`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- order in quaternion algebra
+    - ``basis`` -- basis for an ideal `I`
+
+    OUTPUT: order in quaternion algebra
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We do a consistency check with the ideal equal to a maximal order::
+
+        sage: B = BrandtModule(17); basis = B.maximal_order()._left_ideal_basis([1])
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.right_order(B.maximal_order(), basis)
+        doctest:...:  DeprecationWarning: The function right_order() is deprecated, use the _right_order_from_ideal_basis() method of quaternion algebras
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37090 for details.
+        Order of Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/6*i + 1/3*k, 1/3*i + 2/3*k, 1/2*j + 1/2*k, k)
+        sage: basis
+        [1, 1/2 + 1/2*i, j, 1/3*i + 1/2*j + 1/6*k]
+
+        sage: B = BrandtModule(17); A = B.quaternion_algebra(); i,j,k = A.gens()
+        sage: basis = B.maximal_order()._left_ideal_basis([i*j - j])
+        sage: sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.right_order(B.maximal_order(), basis)
+        Order of Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/6*i + 1/3*k, 1/3*i + 2/3*k, 1/2*j + 1/2*k, k)
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37090, "The function right_order() is deprecated, use the _right_order_from_ideal_basis() method of quaternion algebras")
+    return R._right_order_from_ideal_basis(basis)
+
+
+def quaternion_order_with_given_level(A, level):
+    """
+    Return an order in the quaternion algebra A with given level.
+
+    This is implemented only when the base field is the rational numbers.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``level`` -- the level of the order to be returned. Currently this
+      is only implemented when the level is divisible by at
+      most one power of a prime that ramifies in this quaternion algebra.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.modular.quatalg.brandt import quaternion_order_with_given_level, maximal_order
+        sage: A.<i,j,k> = QuaternionAlgebra(5)
+        sage: level = 2 * 5 * 17
+        sage: O = quaternion_order_with_given_level(A, level)
+        doctest:...:  DeprecationWarning: The function quaternion_order_with_given_level() is deprecated, use the order_with_level() method of quaternion algebras
+        See https://github.com/sagemath/sage/issues/37090 for details.
+        sage: M = A.maximal_order()
+        sage: L = O.free_module()
+        sage: N = M.free_module()
+        sage: L.index_in(N) == level/5  #check that the order has the right index in the maximal order
+        True
+    """
+    from sage.misc.superseded import deprecation
+    deprecation(37090, "The function quaternion_order_with_given_level() is deprecated, use the order_with_level() method of quaternion algebras")
+    return A.order_with_level(level)
+
+
+class BrandtSubmodule(HeckeSubmodule):
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this Brandt submodule.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(11)[0]._repr_()
+            'Subspace of dimension 1 of Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 11 of weight 2 over Rational Field'
+        """
+        return "Subspace of dimension %s of %s" % (self.dimension(), self.ambient_module())
+
+
+class BrandtModuleElement(HeckeModuleElement):
+    def __init__(self, parent, x):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(37)
+            sage: x = B([1,2,3]); x
+            (1, 2, 3)
+            sage: parent(x)
+            Brandt module of dimension 3 of level 37 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, HeckeModuleElement):
+            x = x.element()
+        HeckeModuleElement.__init__(self, parent, parent.free_module()(x))
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(13,5)
+            sage: B.0
+            (1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+            sage: B.0 == B.1
+            False
+            sage: B.0 == 0
+            False
+            sage: B(0) == 0
+            True
+            sage: B.0 + 2*B.1 == 2*B.1 + B.0
+            True
+            sage: loads(dumps(B.0)) == B.0
+            True
+        """
+        return richcmp(self.element(), other.element(), op)
+
+    def monodromy_pairing(self, x):
+        """
+        Return the monodromy pairing of ``self`` and ``x``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(5,13)
+            sage: B.monodromy_weights()
+            (1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3)
+            sage: (B.0 + B.1).monodromy_pairing(B.0 + B.1)
+            4
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        One check for :issue:`12866`::
+
+            sage: Br = BrandtModule(2,7)
+            sage: g1, g2 = Br.basis()
+            sage: g = g1 - g2
+            sage: g.monodromy_pairing(g)
+            6
+        """
+        B = self.parent()
+        w = B.monodromy_weights()
+        x = B(x).element()
+        v = self.element()
+        return sum(x[i] * v[i] * w[i] for i in range(len(v)))
+
+    def __mul__(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the monodromy pairing of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(7,10)
+            sage: B.monodromy_weights()
+            (1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1)
+            sage: B.0 * B.0
+            1
+            sage: B.3 * B.3
+            2
+            sage: (B.0+B.3) * (B.0 + B.1 + 2*B.3)
+            5
+        """
+        return self.monodromy_pairing(right)
+
+    def _add_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the sum of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11)
+            sage: B.0 + B.1 # indirect doctest
+            (1, 1)
+        """
+        return BrandtModuleElement(self.parent(), self.element() + right.element())
+
+    def _sub_(self, right):
+        """
+        Return the difference of ``self`` and ``right``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11)
+            sage: B.0 - B.1 # indirect doctest
+            (1, -1)
+        """
+        return BrandtModuleElement(self.parent(), self.element() - right.element())
+
+    def _neg_(self):
+        """
+        Return the opposite of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11)
+            sage: -B.0 # indirect doctest
+            (-1, 0)
+        """
+        return BrandtModuleElement(self.parent(), -self.element())
+
+
+@richcmp_method
+class BrandtModule_class(AmbientHeckeModule):
+    """
+    A Brandt module.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: BrandtModule(3, 10)
+        Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 3*10 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+    """
+    def __init__(self, N, M, weight, base_ring):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``N`` -- ramification number (coprime to M)
+        - ``M`` -- auxiliary level
+        - ``weight`` -- integer 2
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(3, 5, weight=2, base_ring=ZZ)
+            Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 3*5 of weight 2 over Integer Ring
+        """
+        assert weight == 2
+        self.__N = N
+        self.__M = M
+        if not N.is_prime():
+            raise NotImplementedError("right now N must be prime")
+        rank = class_number(N, 1, M)
+        self.__key = (N, M, weight, base_ring)
+        AmbientHeckeModule.__init__(self, base_ring, rank, N * M, weight=2)
+        self._populate_coercion_lists_(coerce_list=[self.free_module()])
+
+    Element = BrandtModuleElement
+
+    def _submodule_class(self):
+        """
+        Return the Python class of submodules of this ambient Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(37)._submodule_class()
+            <class 'sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.BrandtSubmodule'>
+        """
+        return BrandtSubmodule
+
+    @cached_method
+    def free_module(self):
+        """
+        Return the underlying free module of the Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(10007,389)
+            sage: B.free_module()
+            Vector space of dimension 325196 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return self.base_ring() ** self.dimension()
+
+    def N(self):
+        """
+        Return ramification level `N`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,5,2,ZZ).N()
+            7
+        """
+        return self.__N
+
+    def M(self):
+        """
+        Return the auxiliary level (prime to `p` part) of the quaternion
+        order used to compute this Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,5,2,ZZ).M()
+            5
+        """
+        return self.__M
+
+    def character(self):
+        r"""
+        The character of this space.
+
+        Always trivial.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(11,5).character()
+            Dirichlet character modulo 55 of conductor 1 mapping 12 |--> 1, 46 |--> 1
+        """
+        return TrivialCharacter(self.__N * self.__M)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return string representation of this Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,5,2,ZZ)._repr_()
+            'Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 7*5 of weight 2 over Integer Ring'
+        """
+        aux = '' if self.__M == 1 else '*%s' % self.__M
+        txt = "Brandt module of dimension %s of level %s%s of weight %s over %s"
+        return txt % (self.rank(), self.__N, aux, self.weight(), self.base_ring())
+
+    def __richcmp__(self, other, op):
+        r"""
+        Compare ``self`` to ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, ZZ) == BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, QQ)
+            False
+            sage: BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, ZZ) == BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, ZZ)
+            True
+            sage: BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, ZZ) == loads(dumps(BrandtModule(37, 5, 2, ZZ)))
+            True
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, BrandtModule_class):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return richcmp((self.__M, self.__N, self.weight(), self.base_ring()),
+                       (other.__M, other.__N, other.weight(), other.base_ring()),
+                       op)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def quaternion_algebra(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the quaternion algebra `A` over `\QQ` ramified precisely at
+        `p` and infinity used to compute this Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(997).quaternion_algebra()
+            Quaternion Algebra (-2, -997) with base ring Rational Field
+            sage: BrandtModule(2).quaternion_algebra()
+            Quaternion Algebra (-1, -1) with base ring Rational Field
+            sage: BrandtModule(3).quaternion_algebra()
+            Quaternion Algebra (-1, -3) with base ring Rational Field
+            sage: BrandtModule(5).quaternion_algebra()
+            Quaternion Algebra (-2, -5) with base ring Rational Field
+            sage: BrandtModule(17).quaternion_algebra()
+            Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field
+        """
+        return QuaternionAlgebra(self.N())
+
+    def maximal_order(self):
+        """
+        Return a maximal order in the quaternion algebra associated to this Brandt module.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(17).maximal_order()
+            Order of Quaternion Algebra (-3, -17) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*i, 1/2*j - 1/2*k, -1/3*i + 1/3*k, -k)
+            sage: BrandtModule(17).maximal_order() is BrandtModule(17).maximal_order()
+            True
+        """
+        return self.quaternion_algebra().maximal_order()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def order_of_level_N(self):
+        """
+        Return an order of level `N = p^{2 r + 1} M` in the
+        quaternion algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(7).order_of_level_N()
+            Order of Quaternion Algebra (-1, -7) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*j, 1/2*i + 1/2*k, j, k)
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,13).order_of_level_N()
+            Order of Quaternion Algebra (-1, -7) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*j + 12*k, 1/2*i + 9/2*k, j + 11*k, 13*k)
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,3*17).order_of_level_N()
+            Order of Quaternion Algebra (-1, -7) with base ring Rational Field with basis (1/2 + 1/2*j + 35*k, 1/2*i + 65/2*k, j + 19*k, 51*k)
+        """
+        return self.quaternion_algebra().order_with_level(self.level())
+
+    def cyclic_submodules(self, I, p):
+        """
+        Return a list of rescaled versions of the fractional right
+        ideals `J` such that `J` contains `I` and the quotient has
+        group structure the product of two cyclic groups of order `p`.
+
+        We emphasize again that `J` is rescaled to be integral.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``I`` -- ideal `I` in ``R = self.order_of_level_N()``
+        - ``p`` -- prime `p` coprime to ``self.level()``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        list of the `p+1` fractional right R-ideals that contain I
+        such that J/I is GF(p) x GF(p).
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11)
+            sage: I = B.order_of_level_N().unit_ideal()
+            sage: B.cyclic_submodules(I, 2)
+            [Fractional ideal (2, 2*i, 3/2 + i + 1/2*j, 1 + 1/2*i + 1/2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (2, 1 + i, 1 + j, 1/2 + 1/2*i + 1/2*j + 1/2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (2, 2*i, 1/2 + i + 1/2*j, 1 + 3/2*i + 1/2*k)]
+            sage: B.cyclic_submodules(I, 3)
+            [Fractional ideal (3, 3*i, 1/2 + 1/2*j, 5/2*i + 1/2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (3, 3*i, 3/2 + 2*i + 1/2*j, 2 + 3/2*i + 1/2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (3, 3*i, 3/2 + i + 1/2*j, 1 + 3/2*i + 1/2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (3, 3*i, 5/2 + 1/2*j, 1/2*i + 1/2*k)]
+            sage: B.cyclic_submodules(I, 11)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: p must be coprime to the level
+        """
+        if not Integer(p).is_prime():
+            raise ValueError("p must be a prime")
+        if not self.level() % p:
+            raise ValueError("p must be coprime to the level")
+
+        R = self.order_of_level_N()
+        A = R.quaternion_algebra()
+        B = R.basis()
+        V = GF(p)**4
+
+        # step 1: Compute alpha, beta, and the matrix of their action on I/pI.
+        # NOTE: Move this code to orders once we have it all working...
+        try:
+            alpha, beta = self.__cyclic_submodules[p]
+            compute = False
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__cyclic_submodules = {}
+            compute = True
+        except KeyError:
+            compute = True
+
+        if compute:
+            d = R.free_module().basis_matrix().determinant()
+            S = None
+            for v in V:
+                if not v:
+                    continue
+                alpha = sum(Integer(v[i]) * B[i] for i in range(4))
+                # If the quadratic polynomial over GF(p) given by
+                #      X^2  -  alpha.reduced_trace() * X  +  alpha.reduced_norm()
+                # is not irreducible, we try again with a new element.
+                if p == 2:
+                    # special case p == 2, since there is a unique quadratic irreducible poly.
+                    if alpha.reduced_trace() % 2 == 0 or alpha.reduced_norm() % 2 == 0:
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    # check if the discriminant is a square -- if so, poly is reducible
+                    b = alpha.reduced_trace()
+                    c = alpha.reduced_norm()
+                    if kronecker(b * b - 4 * c, p) != -1:
+                        continue
+                for w in V:
+                    if not w:
+                        continue
+                    beta = sum(Integer(w[i]) * B[i] for i in range(4))
+                    v = [A(1), alpha, beta, alpha * beta]
+                    M = rational_matrix_from_rational_quaternions(v)
+                    e = M.determinant()
+                    if e and not (d / e).valuation(p):
+                        S = A.quaternion_order(v)
+                        break
+                if S is not None:
+                    break
+            self.__cyclic_submodules[p] = (alpha, beta)
+
+        # right multiplication by X changes something to be written
+        # in terms of the basis for I.
+        basis = basis_for_quaternion_lattice(I.basis(), reverse=False)
+        Y = matrix(map(list, basis))
+        X = ~Y
+
+        # Compute the matrix of right multiplication by alpha acting on
+        # our fixed choice of basis for this ideal.
+
+        M_alpha = (matrix([(i * alpha).coefficient_tuple()
+                           for i in basis]) * X).change_ring(GF(p))
+        M_beta = (matrix([(i * beta).coefficient_tuple()
+                          for i in basis]) * X).change_ring(GF(p))
+
+        # step 2: Find j such that if f=I[j], then mod 2 we have span(I[0],alpha*I[i])
+        #         has trivial intersection with span(I[j],alpha*I[j]).
+        #
+        # In terms of our matrices alpha, beta, we can now think of I/p*I
+        # as being the GF(p)^4 that M_alpha and M_beta naturally act on,
+        # and I[0], I[1], I[2], I[3] correspond to the standard basis.
+        #
+        # We try each of the standard basis vectors.
+        W0 = V.span([V.gen(0), V.gen(0) * M_alpha])
+        assert W0.dimension() == 2
+        j = None
+        for i in range(1, 4):
+            Wi = V.span([V.gen(i), V.gen(i) * M_alpha])
+            if Wi.dimension() == 2 and W0.intersection(Wi).dimension() == 0:
+                j = i
+                break
+        assert j is not None, "bug -- couldn't find basis"
+
+        # step 3: Enumerate the elements of P^1(GF(p^2)), recording each
+        #         cyclic submodule of degree p.
+        answer = []
+        f = V.gen(0)
+        g = V.gen(j)
+        M2_4 = MatrixSpace(GF(p), 4)
+        M2_2 = MatrixSpace(QQ, 2, 4)
+        Yp = p * Y
+        from sage.algebras.quatalg.quaternion_algebra_cython import \
+            rational_quaternions_from_integral_matrix_and_denom
+        for v in [f + g * (a + b * M_alpha)
+                  for a in GF(p) for b in GF(p)] + [g]:
+            v0 = v
+            v1 = v * M_alpha
+            v2 = v * M_beta
+            v3 = v1 * M_beta
+            W = M2_4([v0, v1, v2, v3], coerce=False)
+            if W.rank() == 2:
+                gen_mat = Yp.stack(M2_2([v0.lift() * Y, v1.lift() * Y],
+                                        coerce=False))
+                gen_mat, d = gen_mat._clear_denom()
+                H = gen_mat._hnf_pari(0, include_zero_rows=False)
+                gens = tuple(rational_quaternions_from_integral_matrix_and_denom(A, H, d))
+                answer.append(R.right_ideal(gens, check=False))
+                if len(answer) == p + 1:
+                    break
+        return answer
+
+    def hecke_matrix(self, n, algorithm='default', sparse=False, B=None):
+        """
+        Return the matrix of the `n`-th Hecke operator.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer
+
+        - ``algorithm`` -- string (default: ``'default'``)
+
+           - ``'default'`` -- let Sage guess which algorithm is best
+
+           - ``'direct'`` -- use cyclic subideals (generally much
+             better when you want few Hecke operators and the
+             dimension is very large); uses 'theta' if n divides
+             the level.
+
+           - ``'brandt'`` -- use Brandt matrices (generally much
+             better when you want many Hecke operators and the
+             dimension is very small; bad when the dimension
+             is large)
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+        - ``B`` -- integer or ``None`` (default: ``None``); in direct
+          algorithm, use theta series to this precision as an initial
+          check for equality of ideal classes.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(3,7); B.hecke_matrix(2)
+            [0 3]
+            [1 2]
+            sage: B.hecke_matrix(5, algorithm='brandt')
+            [0 6]
+            [2 4]
+            sage: t = B.hecke_matrix(11, algorithm='brandt', sparse=True); t
+            [ 6  6]
+            [ 2 10]
+            sage: type(t)
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_sparse.Matrix_rational_sparse'>
+            sage: B.hecke_matrix(19, algorithm='direct', B=2)
+            [ 8 12]
+            [ 4 16]
+        """
+        n = ZZ(n)
+        if n <= 0:
+            raise IndexError("n must be positive")
+        if n not in self._hecke_matrices:
+            if algorithm == 'default':
+                try:
+                    pr = len(self.__brandt_series_vectors[0][0])
+                except (AttributeError, IndexError):
+                    pr = 0
+                if n <= pr:
+                    # already trivially know the Hecke operator in this case
+                    algorithm = 'brandt'
+                if algorithm == 'default':  # still don't know
+                    algorithm = 'direct'
+
+            if self.level().gcd(n) != 1:
+                algorithm = 'brandt'
+
+            if algorithm == 'direct':
+                T = self._compute_hecke_matrix(n, sparse=sparse, B=B)
+            elif algorithm == 'brandt':
+                T = self._compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(n, sparse=sparse)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"unknown algorithm '{algorithm}'")
+            T.set_immutable()
+            self._hecke_matrices[n] = T
+        return self._hecke_matrices[n]
+
+    def _compute_hecke_matrix_prime(self, p, sparse=False, B=None):
+        """
+        Return matrix of the `p`-th Hecke operator on ``self``.  The matrix
+        is always computed using the direct algorithm.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``p`` -- prime number
+
+        - ``B`` -- integer or ``None`` (default: ``None``); in direct algorithm,
+          use theta series to this precision as an initial check for
+          equality of ideal classes.
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether matrix should be sparse
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(37)
+            sage: t = B._compute_hecke_matrix_prime(2); t
+            [1 1 1]
+            [1 0 2]
+            [1 2 0]
+            sage: type(t)
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense'>
+            sage: type(B._compute_hecke_matrix_prime(2,sparse=True))
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_sparse.Matrix_rational_sparse'>
+        """
+        return self._compute_hecke_matrix_directly(n=p, B=B, sparse=sparse)
+
+    def _compute_hecke_matrix_directly(self, n, B=None, sparse=False):
+        """
+        Given an integer `n` coprime to the level, return the matrix of
+        the `n`-th Hecke operator on ``self``, computed on our fixed basis
+        by directly using the definition of the Hecke action in terms
+        of fractional ideals.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer, coprime to level
+
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether matrix should be sparse
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(37)
+            sage: t = B._compute_hecke_matrix_directly(2); t
+            [1 1 1]
+            [1 0 2]
+            [1 2 0]
+            sage: type(t)
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_dense.Matrix_rational_dense'>
+            sage: type(B._compute_hecke_matrix_directly(2,sparse=True))
+            <class 'sage.matrix.matrix_rational_sparse.Matrix_rational_sparse'>
+
+        You can't compute the Hecke operator for n not coprime to the level using this function::
+
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_directly(37)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: n must be coprime to the level
+
+        The generic function (which uses theta series) does work, though::
+
+            sage: B.hecke_matrix(37)
+            [1 0 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 1 0]
+
+        An example where the Hecke operator isn't symmetric::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(43)
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_directly(2)
+            [1 2 0 0]
+            [1 0 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 2]
+            [0 1 2 0]
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(2)
+            [1 2 0 0]
+            [1 0 1 1]
+            [0 1 0 2]
+            [0 1 2 0]
+        """
+        level = self.level()
+        if gcd(n, level) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("n must be coprime to the level")
+
+        # For rigor it does not matter at all what bound we chose.
+        # This B is used only for the first phase of checking equality
+        # of ideals modulo equivalence -- we always provably check
+        # equivalence if the theta series are the same up to this
+        # bound.
+        if B is None:
+            B = self.dimension() // 2 + 5
+
+        T = matrix(self.base_ring(), self.dimension(), sparse=sparse)
+        C = self.right_ideals()
+        theta_dict = self._theta_dict(B)
+        # I think the runtime of this algorithm is now dominated by
+        # computing theta series of ideals.  The computation of
+        # cyclic submodules is a lower order term.
+
+        # TODO: temporary!! -- it's not sufficiently *optimized* to be
+        # sure this is best in these cases.
+        # d = lcm([a.denominator() for a in self.order_of_level_N().basis()])
+        # q = self._smallest_good_prime()
+        # if gcd(2*d*q,n) == 1:
+        #     use_fast_alg = True
+        # else:
+        #     use_fast_alg = False
+
+        use_fast_alg = False
+
+        last_percent = 0
+        for r in range(len(C)):
+            percent_done = 100 * r // len(C)
+            if percent_done != last_percent:
+                if not percent_done % 5:
+                    verbose("percent done: %s" % percent_done)
+                last_percent = percent_done
+            if use_fast_alg:
+                v = C[r].cyclic_right_subideals(n)
+            else:
+                v = self.cyclic_submodules(C[r], n)
+            for J in v:
+                J_theta = tuple(J.theta_series_vector(B))
+                v = theta_dict[J_theta]
+                if len(v) == 1:
+                    T[r, v[0]] += 1
+                else:
+                    for i in v:
+                        if C[i].is_right_equivalent(J, 0):
+                            T[r, i] += 1
+                            break
+        return T
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _theta_dict(self, B):
+        """
+        Return a dictionary from theta series vectors of degree `B` to
+        list of integers `i`, where the key is the vector of
+        coefficients of the normalized theta series of the `i`-th right
+        ideal, as indexed by ``self.right_ideals()``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``B`` -- positive integer, precision of theta series vectors
+
+        OUTPUT: dictionary
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        In this example the theta series determine the ideal classes::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(5,11); B
+            Brandt module of dimension 4 of level 5*11 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: sorted(list(B._theta_dict(5).items()))
+            [((1, 0, 0, 4, 0), [3]),
+             ((1, 0, 0, 4, 2), [2]),
+             ((1, 0, 2, 0, 6), [1]),
+             ((1, 2, 4, 0, 6), [0])]
+
+        In this example, the theta series does not determine the ideal class::
+
+             sage: sorted(list(BrandtModule(37)._theta_dict(6).items()))
+             [((1, 0, 2, 2, 6, 4), [1, 2]), ((1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4), [0])]
+        """
+        C = self.right_ideals()
+        theta_dict = {}
+        for i in range(len(C)):
+            I_theta = tuple(C[i].theta_series_vector(B))
+            if I_theta in theta_dict:
+                theta_dict[I_theta].append(i)
+            else:
+                theta_dict[I_theta] = [i]
+        return theta_dict
+
+    def _compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(self, n, sparse=False):
+        """
+        Return the `n`-th Hecke matrix, computed using Brandt matrices
+        (theta series).
+
+        When the `n`-th Hecke operator is requested, we computed theta
+        series to precision `2n+20`, since it only takes slightly
+        longer, and this means that any Hecke operator `T_m` can
+        quickly be computed, for `m<2n+20`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer, coprime to level
+        - ``sparse`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether matrix should be sparse
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(3,17)
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(3)
+            [0 1 0 0]
+            [1 0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0 1]
+            [0 0 1 0]
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(5)
+            [4 1 1 0]
+            [1 4 0 1]
+            [2 0 2 2]
+            [0 2 2 2]
+            sage: B._compute_hecke_matrix_brandt(5).fcp()
+            (x - 6) * (x - 3) * (x^2 - 3*x - 2)
+        """
+        # we go out to 2*n+20 for efficiency, since it takes only a
+        # little longer, but saves a lot of time if one computes
+        # successive Hecke operators, which is a very common thing to
+        # do.
+        B = self._brandt_series_vectors()
+        if len(B[0][0]) <= n:
+            B = self._brandt_series_vectors(2 * n + 10)
+        m = len(B)
+        K = self.base_ring()
+        return matrix(K, m, m, {(i, j): K(B[j][i][n])
+                                for i in range(m)
+                                for j in range(m)}, sparse=sparse)
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _smallest_good_prime(self):
+        """
+        Return the smallest prime number that does not divide the level.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(17,6)._smallest_good_prime()
+            5
+        """
+        level = self.level()
+        p = ZZ(2)
+        while not level % p:
+            p = next_prime(p)
+        return p
+
+    @cached_method
+    def right_ideals(self, B=None):
+        """
+        Return sorted tuple of representatives for the equivalence
+        classes of right ideals in ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: sorted tuple of fractional ideals
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(23)
+            sage: B.right_ideals()
+            (Fractional ideal (4, 4*i, 2 + 2*j, 2*i + 2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (8, 8*i, 2 + 2*j, 6*i + 2*k),
+             Fractional ideal (16, 16*i, 10 + 8*i + 2*j, 8 + 6*i + 2*k))
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(1009)
+            sage: Is = B.right_ideals()
+            sage: n = len(Is)
+            sage: prod(not Is[i].is_right_equivalent(Is[j]) for i in range(n) for j in range(i))
+            1
+        """
+        # TODO: move this code to orders, along with cyclic_submodules()
+        p = self._smallest_good_prime()
+        R = self.order_of_level_N()
+        I = R.unit_ideal()
+        I = R.right_ideal([4 * x for x in I.basis()])
+
+        if B is None:
+            B = self.dimension() // 2 + 5
+
+        ideals = [I]
+        ideals_theta = {tuple(I.theta_series_vector(B)): [I]}
+        new_ideals = [I]
+
+        newly_computed_ideals = []
+        got_something_new = True
+
+        while got_something_new:
+            got_something_new = False
+            newly_computed_ideals = []
+            for I in new_ideals:
+                L = self.cyclic_submodules(I, p)
+                for J in L:
+                    is_new = True
+                    J_theta = tuple(J.theta_series_vector(B))
+                    if J_theta in ideals_theta:
+                        for K in ideals_theta[J_theta]:
+                            if J.is_right_equivalent(K, 0):
+                                is_new = False
+                                break
+                    if is_new:
+                        newly_computed_ideals.append(J)
+                        ideals.append(J)
+                        if J_theta in ideals_theta:
+                            ideals_theta[J_theta].append(J)
+                        else:
+                            ideals_theta[J_theta] = [J]
+                        verbose("found %s of %s ideals" % (len(ideals), self.dimension()), level=2)
+                        if len(ideals) >= self.dimension():
+                            # order by basis matrix (as ideals were previously
+                            # ordered) for backward compatibility and
+                            # deterministic order of the output
+                            ideals = tuple(sorted(ideals, key=lambda x: x.basis_matrix()))
+                            self.__right_ideals = ideals
+                            return ideals
+                        got_something_new = True
+            new_ideals = list(newly_computed_ideals)
+
+        return tuple(sorted(ideals))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _ideal_products(self, diagonal_only=False):
+        """
+        Return all products of right ideals, which are used in computing
+        the Brandt matrices.
+
+        This function is used internally by the Brandt matrices
+        algorithms.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``diagonal_only`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` returns
+          only the diagonal ideal products
+
+        OUTPUT: list of ideals
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(37)
+            sage: B._ideal_products()
+            [[Fractional ideal (16, 16*i, 8 + 8*i + 8*j, 8 + 12*i + 4*k)],
+             [Fractional ideal (32, 32*i, 8 + 24*i + 8*j, 24 + 12*i + 4*k),
+              Fractional ideal (32, 64*i, 16 + 48*i + 16*j, 36*i + 8*j + 4*k)],
+             [Fractional ideal (32, 32*i, 8 + 8*i + 8*j, 8 + 12*i + 4*k),
+              Fractional ideal (64, 32 + 32*i, 16 + 16*i + 16*j, 40 + 12*i + 4*k),
+              Fractional ideal (32, 64*i, 16 + 16*i + 16*j, 16 + 52*i + 8*j + 4*k)]]
+            sage: B._ideal_products(diagonal_only=True)
+            [Fractional ideal (16, 16*i, 8 + 8*i + 8*j, 8 + 12*i + 4*k),
+             Fractional ideal (32, 64*i, 16 + 48*i + 16*j, 36*i + 8*j + 4*k),
+             Fractional ideal (32, 64*i, 16 + 16*i + 16*j, 16 + 52*i + 8*j + 4*k)]
+        """
+        L = self.right_ideals()
+        n = len(L)
+        if not n:
+            return matrix(self.base_ring()[['q']], 0)
+
+        # 1. Compute the diagonal
+        D = [I.multiply_by_conjugate(I) for I in L]
+
+        if diagonal_only:
+            return D
+
+        # 2. Compute the rest of the products
+        P = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            v = [L[i].multiply_by_conjugate(L[j]) for j in range(i)]
+            v.append(D[i])
+            P.append(v)
+        return P
+
+    def _brandt_series_vectors(self, prec=None):
+        """
+        Return Brandt series coefficient vectors out to precision *at least* prec.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(37, use_cache=False)
+            sage: B._brandt_series_vectors(5)
+            [[(1/2, 1, 1, 2, 1), (1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3)],
+             [(1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 1, 0, 0, 3), (1/2, 0, 2, 3, 1)],
+             [(1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 0, 2, 3, 1), (1/2, 1, 0, 0, 3)]]
+
+        If you have computed to higher precision and ask for a lower
+        precision, the higher precision is still returned::
+
+            sage: B._brandt_series_vectors(2)
+            [[(1/2, 1, 1, 2, 1), (1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3)],
+             [(1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 1, 0, 0, 3), (1/2, 0, 2, 3, 1)],
+             [(1/2, 0, 1, 1, 3), (1/2, 0, 2, 3, 1), (1/2, 1, 0, 0, 3)]]
+        """
+        if prec is None:
+            try:
+                return self.__brandt_series_vectors
+            except AttributeError:
+                prec = 2
+        elif prec < 2:
+            raise ValueError("prec must be at least 2")
+        L = self.right_ideals()
+        if not L:
+            return [[]]
+        try:
+            if len(self.__brandt_series_vectors[0][0]) >= prec:
+                return self.__brandt_series_vectors
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        n = len(L)
+        # 1. Compute the theta series
+        theta = [[I.theta_series_vector(prec) for I in x]
+                 for x in self._ideal_products()]
+
+        # 2. Compute the number e_j
+        e = [theta[j][j][1] for j in range(n)]
+
+        B = [[0 for _ in range(n)] for _ in range(n)]
+
+        # 3. Make the Brandt matrix series
+        for i in range(n):
+            B[i][i] = theta[i][i] / e[i]
+            for j in range(i):
+                B[j][i] = theta[i][j] / e[j]
+                B[i][j] = theta[i][j] / e[i]
+
+        self.__brandt_series_vectors = B
+        return B
+
+    def brandt_series(self, prec, var='q'):
+        r"""
+        Return matrix of power series `\sum T_n q^n` to the given
+        precision.
+
+        Note that the Hecke operators in this series are
+        always over `\QQ`, even if the base ring of this Brandt module
+        is not `\QQ`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``prec`` -- positive integer
+        - ``var`` -- string (default: `q`)
+
+        OUTPUT: matrix of power series with coefficients in `\QQ`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11)
+            sage: B.brandt_series(2)
+            [1/4 + q + O(q^2)     1/4 + O(q^2)]
+            [    1/6 + O(q^2) 1/6 + q + O(q^2)]
+            sage: B.brandt_series(5)
+            [1/4 + q + q^2 + 2*q^3 + 5*q^4 + O(q^5)   1/4 + 3*q^2 + 3*q^3 + 3*q^4 + O(q^5)]
+            [  1/6 + 2*q^2 + 2*q^3 + 2*q^4 + O(q^5)         1/6 + q + q^3 + 4*q^4 + O(q^5)]
+
+
+        Asking for a smaller precision works::
+
+            sage: B.brandt_series(3)
+            [1/4 + q + q^2 + O(q^3)   1/4 + 3*q^2 + O(q^3)]
+            [  1/6 + 2*q^2 + O(q^3)       1/6 + q + O(q^3)]
+            sage: B.brandt_series(3,var='t')
+            [1/4 + t + t^2 + O(t^3)   1/4 + 3*t^2 + O(t^3)]
+            [  1/6 + 2*t^2 + O(t^3)       1/6 + t + O(t^3)]
+        """
+        A = self._brandt_series_vectors(prec)
+        R = PowerSeriesRing(QQ, var)
+        n = len(A[0])
+        return matrix(R, n, n,
+                      [[R(x.list()[:prec], prec) for x in Y] for Y in A])
+
+    @cached_method
+    def eisenstein_subspace(self):
+        """
+        Return the 1-dimensional subspace of ``self`` on which the Hecke
+        operators `T_p` act as `p+1` for `p` coprime to the level.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This function assumes that the base field has
+            characteristic 0.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(11); B.eisenstein_subspace()
+            Subspace of dimension 1 of Brandt module of dimension 2 of level 11 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+            sage: B.eisenstein_subspace() is B.eisenstein_subspace()
+            True
+            sage: BrandtModule(3,11).eisenstein_subspace().basis()
+            ((1, 1),)
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,10).eisenstein_subspace().basis()
+            ((1, 1, 1, 1/2, 1, 1, 1/2, 1, 1, 1),)
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,10,base_ring=ZZ).eisenstein_subspace().basis()
+            ((2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2),)
+        """
+        if self.base_ring().characteristic():
+            raise ValueError("characteristic must be 0")
+        # cut down until we get a 1-d space using Hecke operators T_p
+        # with p coprime to the level.
+        V = self
+        p = Integer(2)
+        N = self.level()
+        while V.dimension() >= 2:
+            while not N % p:
+                p = p.next_prime()
+            A = V.T(p) - (p + 1)
+            V = A.kernel()
+        return V
+
+    def is_cuspidal(self) -> bool:
+        r"""
+        Return whether ``self`` is cuspidal, i.e. has no Eisenstein part.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: B = BrandtModule(3, 4)
+            sage: B.is_cuspidal()
+            False
+            sage: B.eisenstein_subspace()
+            Brandt module of dimension 1 of level 3*4 of weight 2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return not self.eisenstein_subspace().dimension()
+
+    @cached_method
+    def monodromy_weights(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the weights for the monodromy pairing on this Brandt
+        module.
+
+        The weights are associated to each ideal class in our
+        fixed choice of basis. The weight of an ideal class `[I]` is
+        half the number of units of the right order `I`.
+
+        .. NOTE:: The base ring must be `\QQ` or `\ZZ`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: BrandtModule(11).monodromy_weights()
+            (2, 3)
+            sage: BrandtModule(37).monodromy_weights()
+            (1, 1, 1)
+            sage: BrandtModule(43).monodromy_weights()
+            (2, 1, 1, 1)
+            sage: BrandtModule(7,10).monodromy_weights()
+            (1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1)
+            sage: BrandtModule(5,13).monodromy_weights()
+            (1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3)
+            sage: BrandtModule(2).monodromy_weights()
+            (12,)
+            sage: BrandtModule(2,7).monodromy_weights()
+            (3, 3)
+        """
+        # Before normalization,
+        #
+        #     theta(R) = 1 + e*q + ....
+        #
+        # where e is the number of units in the order R.
+        #
+        # Since the theta series may be normalized as
+        #
+        #     c * theta(R) = a[0] + a[1]*q + ...
+        #
+        # we recover e = a[1]/a[0] regardless of normalization.
+        orders = self._ideal_products(diagonal_only=True)
+        thetas = (R.theta_series_vector(2) for R in orders)
+        return tuple(a[1] / a[0] / 2 for a in thetas)
+
+
+# ====================
+#     Benchmarking
+# ====================
+def benchmark_magma(levels, silent=False):
+    """
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``levels`` -- list of pairs `(p,M)` where `p` is a prime not
+      dividing `M`
+    - ``silent`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` suppress
+      printing during computation
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    list of 4-tuples ('magma', p, M, tm), where tm is the
+    CPU time in seconds to compute T2 using Magma
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: a = sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.benchmark_magma([(11,1), (37,1), (43,1), (97,1)])  # optional - magma
+        ('magma', 11, 1, ...)
+        ('magma', 37, 1, ...)
+        ('magma', 43, 1, ...)
+        ('magma', 97, 1, ...)
+        sage: a = sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.benchmark_magma([(11,2), (37,2), (43,2), (97,2)])  # optional - magma
+        ('magma', 11, 2, ...)
+        ('magma', 37, 2, ...)
+        ('magma', 43, 2, ...)
+        ('magma', 97, 2, ...)
+    """
+    ans = []
+    from sage.interfaces.magma import magma
+    for p, M in levels:
+        t = magma.cputime()
+        magma.eval('HeckeOperator(BrandtModule(%s, %s),2)' % (p, M))
+        tm = magma.cputime(t)
+        v = ('magma', p, M, tm)
+        if not silent:
+            print(v)
+        ans.append(v)
+    return ans
+
+
+def benchmark_sage(levels, silent=False):
+    """
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``levels`` -- list of pairs `(p,M)` where `p` is a prime
+      not dividing `M`
+    - ``silent`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` suppress
+      printing during computation
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    list of 4-tuples ('sage', p, M, tm), where tm is the
+    CPU time in seconds to compute T2 using Sage
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: a = sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.benchmark_sage([(11,1), (37,1), (43,1), (97,1)])
+        ('sage', 11, 1, ...)
+        ('sage', 37, 1, ...)
+        ('sage', 43, 1, ...)
+        ('sage', 97, 1, ...)
+        sage: a = sage.modular.quatalg.brandt.benchmark_sage([(11,2), (37,2), (43,2), (97,2)])
+        ('sage', 11, 2, ...)
+        ('sage', 37, 2, ...)
+        ('sage', 43, 2, ...)
+        ('sage', 97, 2, ...)
+    """
+    from sage.misc.timing import cputime
+    ans = []
+    for p, M in levels:
+        t = cputime()
+        BrandtModule(p, M, use_cache=False).hecke_matrix(2)
+        tm = cputime(t)
+        v = ('sage', p, M, tm)
+        if not silent:
+            print(v)
+        ans.append(v)
+    return ans